LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA          LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIF 
:*? 


LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA          LIBRARY   OF  THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIF 


LIBRARY    OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA         LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIF) 


oy^Q 

LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

•  Y 


ojr^D 

LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   Of   CALIFO 


ARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA 


LIBRARY    OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA 


ARY   OF   THE    UNIVERS 
5? 


VE«SITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


ARY   OF   THE   UNIVERS 


VERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 


URT   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 


LIBRARY   OF  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


, 

rNVERTKBKATE  ANIMALS  OF  VINEYARD  SOUND,  ETC.-      3 

• 

i;-  ts-of  the  species  found  in  them  were  made.  Most  of  those  tin:  ,  as 
certained  to  be  their  ordinary  food  were  traced  to  their  natural  haiuijs 
i'roui  whence  the  fishes  obtain  them. 

9 th.  The  parasites  of  fishes,  both  external  and  internal,  were  to  be 
collected  and  preserved  for  future  study. 

A  large  collection  of  such  parasites  was  made,  but  the  internal  para 
sites,  which  are  very  numerous,  have  not  yet  been  studied.  The  inter 
nal  parasites  were  collected  chiefly  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer. 

The  map  accompanying  the  present  report  serves  to  show  the  locali 
ties  explored,  and  the  extent  of  the  labor  in  dredging  and  sounding. 
The  operations  during  the  first  six  weeks  were  under  the  charge  of  Mr. 
S.  I.  Siiiith,  who  remained  until  July  25.  He  was  assisted  by  Dr.  W. 
(I.  Farlow,  who  also  investigated  the  algre.  Professor  J.  E.  Todd,  of 
Tabor,  Iowa,  then  took  charge  of  the  work  for  three  weeks,  until  I  was 
able  to  join  the  party,  on  the  16th  of  August.  During  the  remainder 
(ff  the  season,  until  September  20,  the  operations  were  under  my  im  me 
diate  superintendence ;  but  Professor  A.  Hyatt,  of  Boston ;  Dr.  A.  S. 
Packard,  of  Salem ;  Dr.  Farlow,  of  Cambridge ;  and  Professor  D.  0.  Eaton, 
of  !New  Haven,  gave  very  important  aid  in  carrying  out  our  investiga 
tions,  and  our  thanks  are  due  to  all  of  these  gentlemen  for  their  assist 
ance.  Several  other  naturalists  were  present,  from  time  to  time,  and 
cooperated  with  our  party  in  various  ways. 

The  dredging  operations  in  the  shallow  waters  of  Vineyard  Sound 
and  Buzzard's  Bay  were  carried  on  at  ilrst  by  means  of  a  sail-boat,  but 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  time  by  means  of  a  strain-launch.  The 
dredgings  outsid'e  of  these  waters,  and  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  were  all 
done  by  means  of  a  United  States  revenue-cutter,  the  steamer  Mocca 
sin,  under  command  of  Captain  J.  G.  Baker.  Oar  thanks  are  due  to 
the  officers  of  the  Moccasin,  who  were  very  courteous,  and  gave  us  all 
the  facilities  within  their  power  for  carrying  out  our  investigations  suc 
cessfully.  Without  this  important  assistance  we  should  have  remained 
in  complete  ignorance  of  the  temperature  and  peculiar  fauna  of  the 
deeper  waters  oil'  this  shore,  for  the  localities  were  too  distant  to  be 
reached  by  means  of  the  steam-launch  or  sail-boats. 

The  examination  of  the  bottom  was  done  by  means  of  dredges  of 
various  si/.es,  constructed  much  like  those  in  general  use  for  this  pur 
pose  ;  by  "rake-dredges'1  of  novel  construction,  consisting  of  a  heavy 
A-shaped  iron  frame,  to  the  arms  of  which  bars  of  iron  armed  with 
long,  thin,  and  sharp  teeth,  arranged  like  those  of  a  rake,  are  bolted, 
back  to  back  ;  a  rectangular  frame  of  round  iron,  supporting  a  deep 
and  fine  dredge-net,  follows  just  behind  the  rake  to  receive  and  retain 
the  animals  raked  from  the»soft  mud  or  sand  by  the  rake;  a  trawl-net 
with  a  beam  about  fourteen  feet  long,  made  of  stout,  iron  gas-pipe,  and 
having  a  net,  fine  toward  the  end,  about  forty  feet  deep,  and  provided 
with  numerous  pockets;  "tangles,"  consisting  of  an  A-shaped  iron 
frame,  to  which  frayed-out  hemp-ropes  are  attached.  The  best  form 


4  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [298] 

has  several  small  chains  of  galvanized  iron  attached  to  the  frame  by 
one  end,  so  as  to  drag  over  the  bottom,  and  the  pieces  of  frayed-out 
rope  are  attached  along  the  sides  of  the  chains. 

The  ordinary  dredges  can  be  used  on  all  kinds  of  bottom,  except 
where  there  are  rough  rocks  and  ledges,  but  they  generally  merely 
scrape  the  surface  or  sink  into  the  bottom  but  slightly.  The  rake- 
dredges  are  used  only  on  bottoms  of  soft  mud  or  sand,  and  are  intended 
to  catch  burrowing  animals  of  all  kinds,  which  are  always  numerous  on 
such  bottoms.  The  trawl  is  adapted  for  the  capture  of  bottom-iishes, 
as  well  as  for  crabs,  lobsters,  large  shells,  and  all  other  animals  of  con 
siderable  size,  which  creep  over  or  rest  upon  the  bottom.  It  cannot  be 
used  where  the  bottom  is  rocky  or  rough,  and  does  not  usually  capture 
many  animals  of  small  size,  or  those  that  burrow.  It  is,  however,  a 
very  important  instrument  when  used  in  connection  with  the  ordinary 
dredge,  for  it  will  capture  those  species  which  are  too  active  to  be 
caught  by  the  dredge,  and  much  greater  quantities  of  the  larger  spe 
cies  than  can  be  obtained  by  the  dredge  alone.  The  "  tangles "  are 
particularly  useful  on  rough,  rocky,  or  ledgy  bottoms,  where  the  dredge 
and  trawl  cannot  be  used,  but  they  cannot  be  depended  upon  for  ob 
taining  all  the  small  species,  especially  of  shells  and  worms.  They 
capture  mainly  those  kinds  of  animals  which  have  rough  or  spiny  sur 
faces,  such  as  star-fishes,  sea-urchins,  corals,  bryozoa,  rough  crabs,  &c., 
and  those  kinds  which  are  disposed  to  cling  to  foreign  objects,  such  as 
many  of  the  small  Crustacea,  which  are  often  taken  in  countless  numbers 
by  this  means.  Star-fishes  and  sea-urchins  are  especially  adapted  to  be 
caught  by  this  instrument,  and  are  often  brought  up  in  great  quanti 
ties.  The  tangles  can  be  used  on  all  kinds  of  bottoms,  wherever  there 
are  any  of  those  kinds  of  animals  which  they  are  adapted  to  capture. 

The  localities  where  dredgings  were  made  by  these  various  instru 
ments  were  located  on  Coast  Survey  charts  as  accurately  as  possible, 
and  were  sufficiently  numerous  to  give  a  pretty  satisfactory  knowledge 
of  the  nature  of  the  bottom  and  its  inhabitants  throughout  the  region 
explored.  The  total  number  of  casts  of  the  dredges  made  during  the 
three  months  devoted  to  this  work  was  about  400.  A  large  part  of 
these,  including  all  the  more  important  ones,  have  been  located  on  the 
map  accompanying  this  report.  The  more  important  points  where  the 
temperature  of  the  water  was  observed  have  also  been  indicated  on 
the  map  and  the  temperatures  given,  the  figures  above  two  parallel  lines 
indicating  the  surface  temperature,  those  below  such  lines  indicating 
the  bottom  temperature — thus :  -|f  . 

lu  prosecuting  our  explorations  we  soon  found  that  there  are,  in  the 
waters  of  this  region,  three  quite  distinct  assemblages  of  animal  life, 
which  are  dependent  upon  and  limited  by  definite  physical  conditions  of 
the  waters  which  they  inhabit.  The  first  of  these  includes  all  those  kinds 
which  inhabit  the  bottom  and  shores  of  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's 
Bay,  and  the  other  similar  bodies  of  shallow  water  along  this  coast  from 


[299]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.   Ci  L,  .& 

Cape  Cod  westward  and  southward.  These  shallow  waters  consist  of 
nearly  pure  sea-water,  which  has  a  relatively  high  temperature,  especi 
ally  in  summer,  for  it  is  warmed  up  both  by  the  direct  heat  of  the  sun, 
acting  on  the  shallow  waters  spread  over  broad  surfaces  of  sand,  and  by 
water  coming  directly  from  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  bringing  not  only  its 
heat,  but  also  its  peculiar  pelagic  animals.  The  temperature  at  the 
surface  in  August  was  66°  to  72°  Fahrenheit.  Owing  to  this  influence 
of  the  Gulf  Stream  these  waters  never  become  very  cold  in  winter,  for 
some  of  the  small,  shallow  harbors  never  freeze  over.  The  greater  part 
of  the  animals  iuhabitin'g  these  bays  and  sounds  are  southern  forms. 

The  second  assemblage  is  a  very  peculiar  one,  which  inhabits  the 
estuaries,  ponds,  lagoons,  harbors,  and  other  similar  places,  where  the 
water  is  shallow  and  more  or  less  brackish,  and  very  warm  in  summer, 
but  cold  in  the  winter.  The  third  group  inhabits  the  shores  of  the 
outer  islands  and  headlands  and  the  bottoms  in  moderately  deep  water, 
outside  of  the  bays  and  sounds.  These  outer  waters  are  comparatively 
cold,  even  in  summer,  and  are  no  doubt  derived  from  an  offshoot  of  the 
arctic  current,  which  drifts  southward  along  our  shores  in  deep  water 
and  always  has  a  tendency  to  crowd  against  and  up  its  submarine 
slopes,  in  which  it  is  also  aided  in  many  cases  by  the  tides.  In  August, 
the  temperature  of  the  surface  was  62°  to  65°,  of  the  bottom  57°  to  62° 
Fahrenheit.  The  animals  inhabiting  these  cold  waters  are  mostly 
northern  in  character  and  much  like  those  of  the  coast  of  Maine  and 
Bay  of  Fundy.  The  surface  waters  in  the  bays  and  sounds,  although 
usually  somewhat  warmer  in  summer  than  those  outside,  differ  less  in 
temperature  than  the  bottom  waters.  Consequently  we  find  less  differ 
ence  in  the  surface  animals.  We  have  therefore  found  it  most  conveni 
ent  to  group  all  the  surface  animals  together,  as  a  special  division  of 
those  inhabiting  the  bays  and  sounds.  In  each  of  the  groups  or  assem 
blages  we  find  that  certain  kinds  are  restricted  to  particular  localities, 
depending  upon  the  character  of  the  bottom  or  shore.  Thus  there  will 
be  species,  or  even  large  groups  of  species,  which  inhabit  only  rocky 
shores;  others  which  inhabit  only  sandy  shores;  others  which  dwell  in 
the  muddy  places  ;  and  still  others  that  prefer  the  clean  gravelly  bottoms 
where  the  water  is  several  fathoms  deep,  &c. 

I  have  found  it  desirable,  therefore,  in  describing  the  character  of  the 
marine  life  of  this  region,  to  group  the  animals  according  to  the  locali 
ties  which  they  inhabit,  adopting  the  three  primary  divisions  given 
above, but,  for  greater  convenience  of  reference,  placing  all  the  parasitic 
species  together  in  one  group.  The  subdivisions  of  these  groups  will 
be  given  under  each,  in  the  succeeding  pages. 

The  primary  groups  will  stand  as  follows: 

1.  The  fauna  of  the  bays  and  sounds. 

2.  The  fauna  of  the,  estuaries  and  other  brackish  waters. 

3.  The. fauna  of  the  cold  waters  of  the  ocean  shores  and  outer  banks 
and  channels. 


M3660* 


0  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [300] 

In  describing  the  animals  belonging  in  these  different  divisions  and 
subdivisions  it  has  not  been  found  desirable  to  mention,  in  this  part  of 
the  report,  all  the  species  found  in  each,  but  only  those  that  appear  to 
be  the  inost  abundant  and  important,  and  especially  those  that  are 
known  to  serve  as  the  food  of  fishes.  But  in  the  general  systematic  list, 
which  accompanies  this  report,  all  the  species  of  the  region,  so  far  as 
determined,  will  be  enumerated. 

II. — TlIE   FAUNA   OF   THE   BAYS   AND   SOUNDS. 

In  Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  Nantucket  Sound,  and  Muskeget 
Channel,  (see  map,)  the  water  is  shallow,  being  generally  less  than  8 
fathoms  deep,  and  rarely  exceeding  14  fathoms,  even  in  the  deepest 
spots.  It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  map,  on  which  soundings  have 
been  given  and  contour  lines  drawn,  representing  the  zones  having 
depths  below  3,  10,  14,  and  20  fathoms,  respectively,  that  the  greater 
part  of  Buzzard's  Bay  is  less  than  10  fathoms  deep,  and  that  the  3-fathom 
curve  is  nearly  parallel  with  the  shore  lines,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the 
6- fathom  line,  which  has  not  been  drawn.  The  10-fathoin  curve  is  very 
irregular  and  only  extends  a  short  distance  within  the  mouth  of  the  bay  ; 
but  an  irregular  area,  in  which  the  water  exceeds  10  fathoms  in  depth, 
the  central  part  over  a  limited  area  being  about  15  fathoms,  is  sit 
uated  to  the  west  of  Penikese,  Nashawena,  and  Cuttyhunk  Islands ; 
this  is  inclosed  on  all  sides  by  shallower  water.  The  14-fathorn  curve  is 
situated  from  four  to  eight  miles  farther  off  and  does  not  enter  the  bay 
at  all,  showing  only  a  very  slight  curvature  in  that  direction  j  yet  it 
extends  far  up  Narragansett  Bay,  and  to  a  considerable  distance  within 
the  mouth  of  Vineyard  Sound,  but,  like  the  10-fathom  line,  does  not 
enter  Muskeget  Channel  or  Nantucket  Sound  at  any  point,  and  shows 
scarcely  any  curvature  toward  those  waters,  which  are  very  shallow 
throughout  their  whole  extent,  and  much  obstructed  by  banks  and 
broad  shoals  of  moving  sands.  Tbe  20-fathom  line  at  nearly  all  points  is 
situated  far  off  shore,  and  does  not  conform  at  all  to  the  outline  of  the 
coast.  There  is,  however,  an  area  of  water  exceeding  this  depth  off 
Newport,  in  the  mouth  of  Narragansett  Bay. 

Vineyard  Sound  is  deeper  and  much  more  varied  in  its  depth  and  in  the 
character  of  its  bottom  than  Buzzard's  Bay  or  Nantucket  Sound,  and 
therefore  its  fauna  is  richer  in  species  and  the  facilities  for  collecting  are 
much  greater.  In  Vineyard  Sound  the  3  fathom  curve  follows  the  out 
lines  of  the  shore  very  closely,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  G-fathom  curve, 
which  has  not  been  represented  on  the  map.  The  10-fathom  line  when 
it  enters  the  mouth  of  the  sound  incloses  the  greater  part  of  its  width  and 
is  approximately  parallel  with  its  shores,  but  after  it  passes  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  sound,  between  the  northern  end  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and 
Wood's  Hole,  it  rapidly  narrows  and  is  finally  interrupted  by  shallows  and 
sand-bars  after  passing  Holmes's  Hole,  but  there  are  beyond  this  sev 
eral  isolated  areas  of  water  exceeding  this  depth  and  having  their  long 


[1301]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  7 

axes  nearly  parallel  with  the  central  axis  of  the  channel,  or  rather  parallel 
with  the  direction  of  the  tidal  currents.  One  of  these  areas,  south  of 
•Osterville,  Massachusetts,  is  15  fathoms  deep,  but  of  no  great  size. 
These  deeper  depressions  are  surrounded  by  banks  and  ridges  of  sand, 
some  of  which  rise  nearly  to  the  surface  and  form  dangerous  shoals;  the 
shoals,  like  the  deep  channels,  have  their  longer  axes  parallel  with  the 
prevailing  tidal  currents,  but  as  they  are  mostly  composed  of  loose 
moving  sands,  they  are  liable  to  be  altered  in  form  and  position  by 
severe  storms. 

These  moving  sands  are  generally  very  barren  of  life,  and  form  true 
submarine  deserts.  Included  within  and  nearly  inclosed  by  the  10- 
fathoni  line,  there  is,  between  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Naushon  Island,  a 
large  area  of  shallower  water,  which  is  connected  with  the  shallow 
water  of  the  shore  at  the  northern  end  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  off  the 
•"  West  Chop,"  near  Holmes's  Hole.  In  some  places  this  shallow  rises 
nearly  to  the  surface  and  forms  the  u  middle  ground/'  and  other  shoals 
parallel  with  the  current  that  sets  through  the  channels  on  either  side, 
and  consequently  nearly  parallel  with  the  shore  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 
It  is  evident  that  this  rather  extensive  bank  is  due  to  the  action  of  the 
tidal  current  which  sweeps  around  West  Chop  toward  the  mouth  of 
the  sound,  following  the  direction  of  the  deeper  channels,  the  projecting 
point  at  West  Chop  furnishing  a  lee  in  which  the  movement  of  the 
water  is  retarded  and  the  sediment  deposited ;  but  this  action  is  modi 
fied  by  the  tidal  current  which  enters  the  mouth  of  the  sound  and  flows 
in  the  opposite  direction,  for  although  this  current  is  somewhat  less 
rapid,  its  duration  is  longer,  especially  that  branch  of  it  which  flows 
between  the  Middle  Ground  Shoal  and  Martha's  Vineyard,  for  this  flows 
eastward  seven  hours  and  twenty-six  minutes,  while  the  opposite  cur 
rent  flows  westward  for  only  four  hours  and  thirty-four  minutes ;  the 
effect  of  the  current  flowing  eastward  would,  therefore,  be  to  keep  this 
channel  from  filling  up  by  the  sediments  carried  along  by  the  westward 
currents.  The  same  effect  would  be  produced  in  the  main  channel,  out 
side  of  this  shoal,  although  the  difference  in  the  duration  of  the  flow 
in  the  two  directions  is  there  less,  the  eastward  flow  lasting  six  hours 
and  fifteen  minutes,  while  the  westward  tide  lasts  five  hours  and  forty- 
five  minutes. 

Similar  causes  determine,  without  doubt,  the  position  of  all  the  other 
shoals  and  banks  of  sand  in  this  region,  as  well  as  the  existence  of  the 
isolated  deep  areas  between  them,  but  in  many  cases  the  direction  of 
the  wind- waves  produced  by  the  more  violent  storms  must  betaken  into 
account.  The  14-fathom  line  extends  into  the  mouth  of  the  sound,  as 
far  as  a  point  opposite  Nashaweua  Island ;  and  beyond  this  there  are- 
several  isolated  areas  which  are  of  this  depth ;  the  most  extensive  of 
these  is  opposite  the  southern  half  of  Naushon  Island  and  in  a  line  with 
the  main  channel  at  the  mouth  of  the  sound.  Since  the  tides  are  greater 
in  Buzzard's  Bay  than  in  Vineyard  Sound,  and  neither  the  times  of  low 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [302J 

water  and  high  water,  nor  the  relative  duration  of  the  ebb  and  flow  are 
coincident,  very  powerful  currents  set  through  the  passages,  between 
the  Elizabeth  Islands,  connecting  these  two  bodies  of  water.  This  is 
most  noticeable  in  the  case  of  Wood's  Hole,  because  there  the  channel 
is  narrow  and  shallow,  and  much  obstructed  by  rocks.  These  channels 
are,  therefore,  excellent  collecting  grounds  for  obtaining  such  animals 
as  prefer  rocky  bottoms  and  rapidly  flowing  waters. 

The  shores  of  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay  are  quite  diversified 
and  present  nearly  all  kind  of  stations  usually  found  in  corresponding 
latitudes  elsewhere,  except  that  ledges  of  solid  rock  are  of  rare  occur 
rence,  but  there  are  numerous  prominent  points  where  the  shore  con 
sists  of  large  rocks  or  boulders,  which  have  been  left  by  the  denuda 
tion  of  deposits  of  glacial  drift,  forming  the  cliffs  along  the  shores. 
Sandy  beaches  are  frequent,  and  gravelly  and  stony  ones  occasionally 
occur.  Muddy  shores  are  less  common  and  usually  of  no  great  extent. 

In  Buzzard's  Bay  the  bottom  is  generally  muddy,  except  in  very 
shallow  water  about  some  of  the  islands,  where  patches  of  rocky  bot 
tom  occur,  and  opposite  some  of  the  sandy  beaches  where  it  is  sandy 
over  considerable  areas.  Tracts  of  harder  bottom,  of  mud  or  sand, 
overgrown  with  algre,  occasionally  occur.  In  Vineyard  Sound  the  bot 
tom  is  more  varied.  It  is  sandy  over  large  districts,  especially  where 
the  shoals  occur,  and  in  such  places  there  are  but  few  living  animals, 
though  the  sand  is  often  filled  with  dead  and  broken  shells,  but  in 
other  localities  the  sand  is  more  compact  and  is  inhabited  by  a  peculiar 
set  of  animals.  Other  extensive  areas  have  a  bottom  of  gravel  and 
small  stones  and  broken  shells ;  on  such  bottoms  animal  life  is  abun 
dant,  and  the  entire  bottom  seems  to  be  covered  in  some  places  by  sev 
eral  kinds  of  compound  ascidians,  which  form  large  masses  of  various 
shapes,  often  as  large  as  a  man's  head.  In  still  other  places,  chiefly  off 
rocky  points  and  in  the  channels  between  the  islands,  rocky  bottoms 
occur,  but  they  are  usually  of  small  extent.  Muddy  bottoms  are  only 
occasionally  met  with.  They  occur  in  most  of  the  deep  areas  which  are 
isolated,  and  sometimes  in  the  deep  channels,  but  are  more  common  in 
sheltered  harbors  and  coves. 

In  IsTantucket  Sound  and  Muskeget  Channel  the  bottom  is  almost 
everywhere  composed  of  sand,  and  the  same  is  true  of  an  extensive 
area  to  the  east  and  northeast  of  JTan tucket  Island,  where  shoals  of 
moving  sand  are  numerous  and  often  of  large  size,  but  in  the  partially 
sheltered  area  on  the  north  side  of  Nantucket,  there  is  more  or  less  mud 
mixed  with  the  sand. 

For  greater  convenience  the  following  subdivisions  have  been  adopted 
in  describing  the  animals  of  the  bays  and  sounds: 

1.  Rocky  shores,  between  high-water  and  low-water  marks. 

2.  Sandy  and  gravelly  shores. 
.'5.  Muddy  shores  and  flats. 

4.  Piles  of  wharves,  buoys,  &c. 


[303]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  91 

5.  Rocky  bottoms  below  low-water  mark. 
(3.  Stony,  gravelly,  and  shelly  bottoms. 

7.  Sandy  bottoms. 

8.  Muddy  bottoms. 

0.  Free-swimming  and  surface  animals. 
10.  Parasitic  animals. 

It  ninst7  however,  be  constantly  borne  in  mind  that  very  lew  kinds 
of  animals  are  strictly  confined  to  anyone  of  these  subdivisions,  and 
that  the  majority  are  found  in  two,  three,  or  more  of  them,  and  often  in 
equal  abundance  in  several,  though  each  species  generally  prefers  one 
particular  kind  of  locality.  In  other  cases  the  habits  vary  at  different 
seasons  of  the  year,  or  at  different  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  and 
such  species  may  be  found  in  different  situations  according  to  the  times 
when  they  are  sought.  The  more  common  and  characteristic  species 
are,  however,  pretty  constant  in  their  habits  and  may  be  easily  found 
in  their  respective  stations  at  almost  any  time. 

Since  those  animals  that  inhabit  the  shores,  between  tides,  are  most 
frequently  seen  and  can  be  most  easily  obtained  and  studied  by  those 
who  are  not  professional  naturalists,  I  have  entered  into  more  details 
concerning  their  habits  and  appearances  than  in  the  case  of  those 
obtained  only  by  dredging.  Such  species  as  have  not  been  previously 
named  and  described  in  other  works  will  be  more  fully  described  in  the 
systematic  list,  to  follow  this  report,  and  references  will  there  be  given 
to  descriptions  of  the  others. 

II. — 1.  ANIMALS   INHABITING   THE  ROCKY   SHORES   OF   THE   BAYS   ANT> 

SOUNDS. 

The  principal  localities  where  these  animals  were  studied  and  col 
lected  are  at  Nobska  Point,  just  east  of  Wood's  Hole ;  Parker's  Point, 
between  Great  Harbor  and  Little  Harbor,  near  Wood's  Hole ;  the  neck 
of  land  north  of  Wood's  Hole  Channel ;  several  localities  on  Naushoii 
and  the  adjacent  islands  ;  and  numerous  localities  on  the  shores  of  Long 
Island  Sound,  as  at  Savin  Rock  and  Light-House  Point,  near  New 
Haven;  Stony  Creek;  Thimble  Islands,  &c. 

In  all  these  places  the  rocks,  in  a  zone  extending  from  near  low- 
water  mark  of  ordinary  tides  to  near  half  tide,  are  generally  covered 
with  an  abundance  of  "  rock- weeds,"  (Fucus  nodosus  and  F.  vesiculosus,) 
which  hang  in  great  olive-brown  clusters  from  the  sides  of  the  rocks 
or  lie  flat  upon  their  surfaces  when  left  by  the  tide,  but  are  floated  up 
by  means  of  their  abundant  air-vessels  when  the  tide  rises.  Mingled 
with  these  are  several  other  algoe,  among  which  the  green  "  sea-cabbage  " 
(Ulva  latissima)  is  one  of  the  most  abundant.  Below  this  zone  of 
Fucus  there  is  a  narrow  zone  which  is  only  exposed  during  spring-tides ; 
in  this  the  Ulva  and  many  other  more  delicate  green  and  red  algre 
flourish.  Above  the  Fucus-zone  there  is  another  zone  of  considerable 
width  which  is  covered  for  a  short  time  by  every  tide ;  and  still  higher 


10  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [304] 

up  another  zone  which  is  ordinarily  only  washed  by  the  waves  and  spray, 
but  is  in  part  occasionally  covered  by  unusually  high  tides.  As  the 
tides  do  not  rise  very  high  in  this  region  these  zones  are  all  much  nar 
rower  and  less  distinctly  marked  than  on  the  coast  further  north,  and 
especially  on  the  coast  of  Maine  and  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  but  yet  they 
can  always  be  easily  recognized  and  distinguished  by  their  peculiar  forms 
of  animal  and  vegetable  life.  Pools  of  sea-water  left  by  the  tide  fre 
quently  occur  in  each  of  these  zones,  among  the  rocks,  and  afford 
excellent  opportunities  for  studying  and  collecting  the  animals. 

The  animals  of  rocky  shores  are  to  be  sought  for  in  a  variety  of  ways- 
A  few  occur  quite  exposed,  clinging  to  the  rocks  or  weeds,  in  defiance  of 
the  surf.  These  are  chiefly  univalve  shells,  barnacles,  and  such  animals 
as  grow  like  plants,  firmly  attached  to  solid  objects,  among  these  are 
the  bryozoa,  hydroids,  and  sponges.  A  much  larger  number  seek  shel 
ter  under  the  rocks,  or  on  their  lower  sides,  or  in  crevices  and  cavities 
between  them ;  these  must  be  sought  by  turning  over  the  rocks  and  ex 
ploring  the  crevices  concealed  by  the  Fucus,  &c.  Many  other  species 
conceal  themselves  still  more  effectually  by  burrowing  in  the  mud, 
gravel,  and  sand  beneath  and  between  the  rocks ;  these  are  often 
uncovered  in  turning  over  the  rocks,  but  must 'also  be  sought  for 
by  digging  with  a  spade,  stout  trowel,  or  some  other  tool,  in  the 
dirt  exposed  when  the  rocks  are  removed.  The  number  of  curious 
species  of  annelids,  holothuriaus,  bivalve-shells,  actiniae,  &c.,  which 
can  be  unearthed  in  this  way  is  always  very  surprising  to  the  inexpe 
rienced  in  this  kind  of  collecting.  Still  other  kinds  can  be  found  by 
carefully  examining  the  pools  and  discovering  the  smaller  animals  by 
their  motions,  or  by  the  shadows  that  they  cast  when  the  sun  shines, 
or  by  noticing  their  burrows,  or,  if  time  will  not  admit  of  a  more  care 
ful  examination,  by  sweeping  a  fine  hand-net  through  the  weeds  along 
the  edges.  Many  small  Crustacea,  shells,  etc.,  may  also  be  found  cling 
ing  to  the  corallines  and  other  algre  growing  in  such  pools,  or  even 
among  the  alga3  lying  upon  the  rocks,  and  especially  among  masses  of 
detached  algre,  thrown  up  by  the  waves. 

In  the  uppermost  zone  the  animals  are  of  comparatively  few  kinds, 
but  these  usually  occur  in  great  abundance.  The  most  conspicuous  is, 
perhaps,  the  common  u  rock-barnacle"  or  "  acorn-shell,"  Balanus  lal- 
anoides,  which  adheres  firmly  to  the  rocks  by  its  base  and  can  resist 
the  most  violent  surf,  even  on  the  outer  ocean  shores.  When  left  by 
the  tide  these  dull  white  conical  shells  are  not  calculated  to  attract 
much  attention,  except  on  account  of  their  vast  numbers,  for  they 
sometimes  completely  whiten  the  rocks  for  long  distances  along  the 
zone  in  which  they  flourish  best,  and  even  so  crowd  against  each  other 
that  they  cannot  assume  their  normal  form,  but  become  greatly  elon 
gated.  But  when  the  tide  comes  in,  each  one  lifts  up  the  double-door 
which  closes  the  aperture  at  the  summit  of  the  shell  and  puts  out  an 
organ,  bearing  a  cluster  of  gracefully  curved  and  fringed  arms,  which 


,[1)05]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  11 

it  quickly  sweeps  fdrwaid  with  a  grasping  motion  and  theii  quickly 
withdraws,  as  it'  in  search  of  food,  and  this  motion  will  be  repeated  with 
great  regularity  for  a  long  time,  unless  the  creature  be  disturbed,  when 
it  instantly  withdraws  its  net  and  closes  its  doors.  No  one  who  will 
take  the  trouble  to  examine  this  little  animal,  when  in  active  operation 
in  one  of  the  tide-pools,  can  fail  to  admire  its  perfect  adaptation  to  its 
mode  of  life  and  the  gracefulness  of  its  motions.  The  movement 
referred  to  serves  not  only  to  obtain  food,  which,  in  the  form  of  micro 
scopic  animals,  is  always  abundant  in  the  water,  but  also  to  supply 
fresh  currents  of  water  for  respiration.  This  creature  is  also  well  worthy 
of  mention  here  because  it  serves  as  food  for  the  tautog,  and  probably 
for  other  fishes  that  can  obtain  it  at  high  water. 

Two  species  of  small  univalve  shells  (Littorina)  are  always  to  be  found 
in  abundance  clinging  to  the  surface  of  the  rocks,  or  among  the  sea 
weeds,  or  creeping  about  in  the  tide-pools.  These  are  often  found  quite 
up  to  high-wrater  mark,  but  the  full-grown  ones  are  more  common  lower 
down  among  the  "  rock- weeds."  One  of  these  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  138) 
is  subglobular  in  form,  the  spire  being  depressed  and  the  aperture  wide. 
This  is  the  Littorina  paUiata.  It  varies  much  in  color  ;  the  most  com 
mon  color  is  dark  olive-brown,  not  unlike  that  of  the  Fucus,  but  orange* 
colored  and  pale  yellow  specimens  are  not  uncommon,  while  others  are 
mottled  or  banded  writh  yellow  or  orange  and  brown.  The  second  spe 
cies  is  more  elongated  and  has  a  more  elevated  and  somewhat  pointed 
spire.  This  is  Littorina  rudis,  and  it  has  many  varieties  of  form,  color, 
and  sculpture ;  one  of  its  varieties  is  represented  on  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  137. 
Some  specimens  are  smooth,  others  are  covered  with  revolving  lines  or 
furrows ;  in  color  it  is  most  frequently  dull  gray,  olive-green,  or  brown, 
but  it  is  often  prettily  banded,  checked,  or  mottled  with  yellow  or  orange, 
or  even  black,  and  sometimes  with  whitish.  This  species  is  viviparous. 
These  shells  are  both  vegetarians  and  feed  upon  the  alga3  among  which 
they  live.  Another  allied  shell,  the  Lacuna  vincta,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig. 
139,)  is  found  clinging  to  the  sea  weeds  at  low- water  mark  and  some 
times  in  the  tide-pools.  This  is  usually  pale  reddish  or  purplish 
brown,  or  horn-colored,  and  most  commonly  is  encircled  by  two  or  more 
darker,  chestnut-colored  bands.  This  also  feeds  upon  the  alga1.  Asso 
ciated  with  the  last,  two  or  three  other  kinds  of  small  shells  are  gener 
ally  found.  One  of  the  most  abundant  of  these  is  the  Bittium  nigrum, 
(Plate  XXIV,  fig.  154,)  which  is,  as  its  name  implies,  generally  black, 
especially  when  young,  but  large  specimens  are  often  only  dark  brown 
or  even  yellowish  brown  below  5  it  occurs  in  great  abundance,  clinging 
to  the  sea-weeds  and  eel-grass  at  and  below  low- water  mark,  and  is  also 
to  be  found  in  the  tide-pools  and  on  the  under  sides  of  rocks.  Associated 
with  the  last,  and  resembling  it  in  form  and  color  as  well  as  in  habits, 
another  much  less  common  species  occurs,  which  is  remarkable  for  hav 
ing  its  whorls  reversed,  or  coiled  to  the  left,  in  the  direction  opposite  to 
that  of  most  other  shells.  This  is  the  Tnforis  nigrocinctus,  (Plate 


12  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [3'Ofi] 

XXIV,  fig.  152.)  This  species  is  more  at  home  at  the  depth  of  a  few 
fathoms,  among  algfe.  Another  still  smaller  and  lighter  colored  species, 
which  often  occurs  abundantly  in  similar  situations,  both  on  algre 
and  under  stones,  is  the  Rissoa  aculeus,  (Plate  XXIV.  fig.  141,)  but  this 
generally  seeks  more  sheltered  situations.  All  these  shells  feed  upon 
the  alga3.  With  them  there  can  usually  be  found  large  numbers  of  sev 
eral  carnivorous  species.  The  most  abundant  one  is  a  small  but  pretty 
shell,  having  a  smooth  surface  and  quite  variable  in  color,  though  usually 
reddish  or  purplish  brown,  and  irregularly  mottled  or  banded  with  yel 
lowish  or  whitish,  the  light-colored  spots  often  taking  the  form  of  cres 
cents,  and  varying  much  in  size  and  number.  This  is  the  Astyrls  lunata, 
(Plate  XXI,  fig.  110.)  It  lives  among  the  algre,  and  also  among 
hydroids,  and  may  be  found  in  almost  all  kinds  of  localities,  both  above 
and  below  low-water  mark.  It  is  usually  abundant  on  the  under  sides 
of  rocks  among  hydroids,  &c.,  and  can  nearly  always  be  found  in 
the  title-pools.  Another  allied  species  of  larger  size,  and  much  less 
common,  the  Anacliis  avara,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  109,)  often  occurs  with  it. 
Clinging  to  the  rocks,  or  sheltered  in  the  crevices  and  on  their  under  sur 
faces,  a  much  larger,  dull-white  or  grayish,  roughly-sculptured  shell  can 
usually  be  found  in  abundance.  This  is  the  Urosalpinx  cinerea,  (Plate 
XXI,  fig.  11C,)  which  the  oystermen  call u  the  drill,"  a  name  very  suggest 
ive  of  its  habits,  for  it  gets  its  living,  like  many  other  similar  univalve 
shells,  by  drilling  a  round  hole,  by  means  of  the  sharp,  flinty  teeth  that 
cover  its  tongue,  through  the  shells  of  oysters  and  other  bivalves  and 
then  sucking  out  the  contents  at  its  leisure.  It  is  usually  very  abun 
dant  on  the  oyster-beds,  and  often  proves  very  destructive.  Another 
shell  of  about  the  same  size,  somewhat  resembling  the  last,  and  having 
similar  habits,  is  often  found  associated  with  it  on  the  more  exposed 
rocky  points,  as  at  Xobska  Point,  the  Wepecket  Islands,  &c.  This  is, 
however,  a  very  northern  and  arctic  shell,  which  extends  also  around 
the  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  and  is  calle:!  Purpura  lapillus,  (Plate 
XXI,  figs.  118  and  119 ;)  it  is  here  near  its  southernmost  limits,  for  it 
is  not  not  found  in  Long  Island  Sound  or  farther  south  •  while  the  former 
is  a  southern  shell,  abundant  on  the  whole  southern  coast  as  far  as  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  rare  north  of  Cape  Cod,  except  in  a  few  special 
localities  of  sheltered  and  warm  waters.  The  Purpura  is  seldom  found 
living  much  below  low- water  mark,  and  prefers  the  exposed  rocky  head 
lands  on  the  ocean  shores,  where  it  flourishes  in  defiance  of  the  break 
ers.  It  lays  its  eggs  in  smooth,  vase-shaped  capsules,  attached  to  the 
sides  or  under  surfaces  of  stones  by  a  short  stalk,  and  usually  arranged 
in  groups,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  120.)  The  eggs  of  "the  drill"  are  laid  in 
similar  places,  but  the  capsules  have  very  short  stalks,  or  are  almost 
sessile,  and  are  compressed,  with  an  ovate  outline,  and  angular  ridges 
pass  down  their  sides.  The  "  limpet,"  another  northern  and  European 
shell,  having  a  low  conical  form,  is  occasionally  found  clinging  to  the 
rocks  at  low-water  in  this  region,  but  is  far  more  common  north  of 


[807]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  L') 

Cape  Cod.  This  shell  is  the  Acmcm  testudinalis,  (Plate  XXIV.  figs. 
159,  159^ ;)  it  is  extremely  variable  in  color,  but  is  most  commonly  radi 
ated,  checked,  or 'tesselated  with  brown,  pale  greenish,  and  white.  It 
grows  much  larger  on  f,he  coast  of  Maine  than  here.  A  peculiar  narrow 
form  of  this  shell,  (var.  alveus,)  represented  by  fig.l59fr,  lives  on  the  leaves 
of  eel-grass.  Beneath  the  rocks,  and  generally  attached  to  their  under 
sides,  among  hydroids,  bryozoa,  &c..  several  species  of  small,  slender, 
pointed,  and  generally  whitish  shells  occur,  which  belong  to  the  genus 
Odostomia.  The  most  common  of  these  are  0.  trifida,  (Plate  XXIV, 
tig.  143,)  0.  Msuturalis,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  140,)  and  0.  fusea,  (Plate 
XXIV,  fig.  144,)  but  other  similar  species  are  often  to  be  found.  These 
all  have  the  singular  habit  of  spinning  a  thread  of  mucus  by  means  of 
which  they  can  suspend  themselves  from  any  surface.  In  confinement 
they  will  often  creep  along  the  surface  of  the  wrater,  using  the  bottom  of 
the  foot  as  a  float,  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  many  fresh-water  • 
shells.  On  the  under  sides  of  rocks  are  occasionally  found  some  very 
beautiful  and  interesting  naked  mollusks  j  but  this  group  of  animals  is 
far  less  abundant  in  this  region  than  farther  north.  The  largest  and 
finest  species  observed  here  is  the  Doris  bifida,  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  176,) 
which  grows  to  be  about  an  inch  long.  Its  body  is  deep  purple,  specked 
with  white  and  bright  yellow,  and  the  beautiful  wreath  of  gills  is  cov 
ered  with  bright  golden  specks  ;  the  ends  of  the  tentacles  are  also  bright 
yellow.  Its  eggs  are  contained  in  convoluted  gelatinous  ribbons,  which 
are  attached  to  the  under  sides  of  rocks  or  in  crevices.  Another  rare 
and  curious  species,  the  Doridella  ofrsewra,  (Plate  xxv,  fig.  173,)  is  occa 
sionally  found  on  the  under  side  of  stones.  This  is  a  small,  oval,  flat 
tened  species,  of  a  dark  browi«i  or  blackish  color,  with  small,  white  re 
tractile  tentacles  on  the  back,  but  the  gills  are  very  small  and  situated 
underneath,  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  body,  in  the  groove  between 
the  mantle  and  foot.  The  eggs  are  inclosed  in  a  delicate  gelatinous 
string,  which  is  coiled  up  something  like  a  watch-spring,  and  attached 
to  the  under  side  of  stones. 

Of  bivalve  shells  several  species  are  common  on  rocky  shores,  espe 
cially  in  the  crevices  and  under  the  rocks.  Three  kinds  of  muscles  are 
usually  met  with.  The  species  which  lives  at  high-water  mark,  clus 
tering  about  the  small  upper  pools  and  in  the  crevices,  and  having  its 
shell  ribbed  with  radiating  ridges  and  furrows,  is  the  Modiola  plicatula, 
(Plate  XXXI,  fig.  238.)  This  species  is  far  more  abundant,  however, 
along  the  borders  of  estuaries  and  on  salt  marshes  and  muddy  shores, 
always  preferring  the  upper  zone,  where  it  is  covered  for  a  very  short 
time  by  the  tide.  The  most  common  species  among  the  rocks,  toward 
low-water  mark,  and  in  the  larger  pools,  is  the  Nytilus  edulis,  (Plate 
XXXI,  tig.  234,)  wrhich  is  the  "  common  muscle  "  all  along  our  coast 
from  North  Carolina  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  It  is  perfectly  identical  with 
the  common  muscle  of  Europe,  which  there  forms  a  very  important  ar 
ticle  of  food,  and  in  many  places,  as  on  the  coast  of  France,  is  exten- 


1.4  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [:508] 

sively  cultivated  lor  the  market.  On  our  coast  it  is  seldom  used  as 
food,  although  quite  as  good  as  on  the  European  shores;  but  it  is  col 
lected  on  some  parts  of  our  coast  in  vast  quantities  to  be  used  for  fer 
tilizing  the  soil.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  shallow  waters  of  bays  and 
estuaries,  where  the  water  is  a  little  brackish,  but  flourishes  well  in  almost 
all  kinds  of  situations  where  there  is  some  mud,  together  with  solid  ob 
jects  to  which  it  can  attach  itself.  Along  the  coasts  of  Long  Island  and 
New  Jersey  it  is  taken  in  almost  incredible  quantities  from  the  shallow 
sheltered  bays  and  lagoons  that  skirt  those  shores.  It  grows  very  rapidly 
and  under  favorable  conditions  becomes  full  grown  in  one  season.  Like  all 
other  kinds  of  true  muscles,  it  has  the  power  of  spinning  strong  threads  by 
means  of  the  groove  in  its  long,  slender  foot,  and,  by  extending  the  foot, 
glues  them  firmly  by  one  end  to  rocks,  shells,  or  any  other  solid  sub 
stances,  while  the  other  end  is  firmly  attached  to  its  body.  When  they 
attach  their  threads  to  their  neighbors  they  form  large  clusters.  Thus 
a  very  firm  and  secure  anchorage  is  effected,  and  they  are  generally 
able  to  ride  out  the  most  violent  storms,  though,  by  the  giving  way  of 
the  rocks  or  shells  to  which  they  are  attached,  many  are  always  stranded 
on  the  beaches  after  severe  storms.  They  are  not  confined  to  the  shal 
low  waters,  for  very  large  specimens  were  dredged  by  me,  several  years 
ago,  in  40  to  50  fathoms  in  the  deep  channels  between  Eastport,  Maine, 
and  Deer  Island,  where  the  tide  runs  with  great  force ;  and  it  has  since 
been  dredged  by  our  parties  in  still  deeper  water  in  the  same  region, 
showing  that  it  can  live  and  prosper  equally  well  under  the  most  di 
verse  conditions.  The  specimens  from  sheltered  localities  and  sandy 
bottoms  are,  however,  much  more  delicate  in  texture  and  more  brilliant 
in  color  than  those  from  more  exposed  situations.  Some  of  the  thinner 
and  more  delicate  specimens,  from  quiet  and  pure  waters,  are  translu 
cent  and  very  beautifully  colored  with  brown,  olive,  green,  yellow,  and 
indigo  blue,  alternating  in  radiating  bands  of  different  widths;  while 
others  are  nearly  uniform  pale  yellow,  or  translucent  horn-color.  Those 
from  the  exposed  shores  are  generally  thicker,  opaque,  and  plain  dull 
brown,  or  bluish  black,  and  not  unfrequently  they  are  very  much  dis 
torted.  This  species  breeds  early  in  the  spring.  I  have  found  immense 
numbers  of  the  young,  about  as  large  as  the  head  of  a  pin,  which  had  just 
attached  themselves  to  alga?,  hydroids,  &c.,  on  the  12th  of  April.  These 
shells  are  not  destined  to  remain  forever  fixed,  however,  for  they  not 
only  swim  free  when  first  hatched,  but  even  in  after  life  they  can,  at 
will,  let  go  their  anchor-threads,  or  a  byssus,"  and  creep  about  by 
means  of  their  slender  "foot,"  until  they  find  another  anchorage  that 
suits  them  better,  and  they  can  even  climb  up  the  perpendicular 
sides  of  rocks  or  piles  by  means  of  the  threads  of  the  "  byssus,"  which 
they  then  stretch  out  and  attach,  one  after  another,  in  the  direction 
they  wisli  to  climb,  each  one  being  fastened  a  little  higher  up  than 
the  last.  Thus,  little  by  little,  the  heavy  shell  is  drawn  up,  much  in 
the  manner  employed  by  some  spiders  when  moving  or  suspending  an 


[309]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  15 

unusually  large  victim.  This  common  muscle  is  not  only  useful  to  man 
directly  as  food,  and  as  a  fertilizer,  but  it  serves  as  an  important  article 
of  food  for  many  fishes,  both  in  its  young  stages  and  when  full  grown. 
The  tautog  makes  many  a  hearty  meal  on  the  fall-grown  shells,  as  do 
several  other  kinds  of  fishes,  while  the  "scup"  and  others  devour  the 
young.  The  common  star-fishes  feed  largely  upon  muscles,  as  well  a£ 
oysters,  and  they  also  have  many  other  enemies.  A  small  parasitic 
crab,  Pinnotheres  maculatus.  lives  in  their  shells,  between  their  gills, 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  common  Pinnotheres  ostreum  lives  in  the  oys 
ter.  Another  larger  muscle,  sometimes  called  the  u  horse-muscle," 
which  is  the  Modiola  modiolus,  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  237,)  lives  at  extreme 
low-water  mark  in  the  crevices  between  the  rocks,  and  usually  nearly 
buried  in  the  gravel  and  firmly  anchored  in  its  place.  Sometimes  it  oc 
curs  in  the  larger  pools,  well  down  toward  low-water  mark.  It  is,  like 
the  last,  a  northern  species,  and  extends  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  North 
ern  Europe.  It  is  much  more  abundant  on  the  northern  coasts  than 
here,  and,  although  it  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  rocky  shores  and 
bottoms,  it  extends  to  considerable  depths,  for  we  dredged  it  abun 
dantly  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  at  various  depths,  down  to  70  fathoms. 
Like  the  preceding,  it  is  devoured  by  the  tautog  and  other  fishes.  Its 
thick  shell,  covered  with  a  glossy,  chestnut  epidermis,  and  rudely  hairy 
toward  the  large  end,  are  points  by  which  it  can  easily  be  recognized, 
and  its  shape  is  also  peculiar.  The  common  "long  clam,"  Mya  arena- 
ria,  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  179)  is  very  often  met  with  buried  in  the  sand 
and  gravel  beneath  stones  and  rocks,  bat  it  is  far  more  abundant  on. 
sandy  and  muddy  shores,  and  especially  in  estuaries,  and  will,  there 
fore,  be  mentioned  with  more  details  in  another  place. 

Another  shell,  somewhat  resembling  the  "long  clam,"  but  never 
growing  so  large,  and  more  cylindrical  in  form  though  usually  much 
distorted,  is  occasionally  met  with  under  the  rocks  or  in  crevices.  This 
is  the  jSaxicava  arctica,  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  192.)  It  is  much  more 
abundant  farther  north,  and  has  a  very  extensive  range,  being  found  on 
most  coasts,  at  least  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  On  those  coasts 
where  limestone  exists  it  has  the  habit  of  burrowing  into  the  limestone, 
after  the  manner  of  Lithodomus  and  many  other  shells.  The  only  lo 
calities  on  our  coast  where  I  have  observed  this  habit  are  at  Anticosti 
Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  where  the  soft  limestones  are 
abundantly  perforated  in  this  way.  On  the  New  England  coast  lime 
stones  rarely  occur,  and  they  have  to  be  content  with  such  cracks  and 
crannies  as  they  can  find  ready  made  ;  consequently  their  shells,  in 
growing  to  fit  their  places,  become  very  much  distorted.  This  species  can 
also  form  a  byssus,  when  needed,  to  hold  its  shell  in  position.  The 
siphon  tube  is  long  and  much  resembles  that  of  Mya,  (see  fig.  179,) 
but  is  divided  at  the  end  for  a  short  distance,  and  generally  has  a  red 
dish  color.  The  "  bloody  clams,"  Scapharca  transversa,  (Plate  XXX, 
fig.  228,)  and  Argina  pexata,  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  227,)  are  occasionally 


16  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [310] 

met  with  at  low  water,  under  or  among  rocks,  and  generally  attached 
by  a  byssus,  but  their  proper  home  is  in  the  shallow  waters  off  shore, 
especially  on  muddy,  shelly,  and  gravelly  bottoms.  The  fishermen  call 
J  them  "  bloody  clams,"  because  the  gills  are  red,  and  when  opened  they 
discharge  a  red  fluid  like  blood.  The  little  shell  called  Kcllla  planulata 
(Plate  XXX,  fig.  226)  is  also  sometimes  found  under  stones  at  low 
water.  Attached  to  the  sides  and  surfaces  of  rocks  and  ledges  along 
many  parts  of  this  coast,  young  oysters,  Ostrcea  Virginiana,  often 
occur  in  vast  n ambers,  sometimes  completely  covering  and  concealing 
large  surfaces  of  rocks.  But  these  generally  live  only  through  one 
season  and  are  killed  by  the  cold  of  winter,  so  that  they  seldom  be 
come  more  than  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter.  They  come 
from  the  spawn  of  the  oysters  in  the  beds  along  our  shores,  which,  dur 
ing  the  breeding  season,  completely  fill  the  waters  with  their  free- 
swimming  young.  They  are  generally  regarded  as  the  young  of  u  native 77 
oysters,  but  I  am  unable  to  find  any  specific  differences  between  the 
northern  and  southern  oysters,  such  differences  as  do  exist  being  due 
merely  to  the  circumstances  under  which  they  grow,  such  as  the  char 
acter  of  the  water,  abundance  or  scarcity  of  food,  kind  of  objects  to 
which,  they  are  attached,  age,  crowded  condition,  &c.  All  the  forms 
occur  both  among  the  northern  and  southern  ones,  for  they  vary  from 
broad  and  round  to  very  long  and  narrow ;  from  very  thick  to  very 
thin  ;  and  in  the  character  of  the  surface,  some  being  regularly  ribbed 
and  scolloped,  others  nearly  smooth,  and  others  very  rough  and  irregular, 
or  scaly,  &c.  When  young  and  grown  under  favorable  conditions, 
with  plenty  of  room,  the  form  is  generally  round  at  first,  then  quite 
regularly  oval,  with  an  undulated  and  scolloped  edge  and  radiating 
ridges,  corresponding  to  the  scollops,  and  often  extending  out  into 
spine-like  projections  on  the  lower  valve.  The  upper  valve  is  flatter, 
smooth  at  first,  then  with  regular  lamelhe  or  scales,  scolloped  at  the 
edges,  showing  the  stages  of  growth.  Later  in  life,  especially  after  the 
first  winter,  the  growth,  becomes  more  irregular,  and  the  form,  less  sym 
metrical  ;  and  the  irregularity  increases  with  the  age.  Very  old  speci 
mens,  in  crowded  beds,  usually  become  very  much  elongated,  being 
often  more  than  a  foot  long,  and  perhaps  two  inches  wide.  In  the 
natural  order  of  things  this  was  probably  the  normal  form  attained  by  the 
adult  individuals,  for  nearly  all  the  oyster-shells  composing  the  ancient 
Indian  shell-heaps  along  our  coast  are  of  this  much-elongated  kind. 
Nowadays  the  oysters  seldom  have  a  chance  to  grow  to  such  a  good  old 
age  as  to  take  this  form,  though  such  are  occasionally  met  with  in  deep 
water.  The  young  specimens  on  the  rocks  are  generally  mottled  or  ir 
regularly  radiated  with  brown.  They  were  not  often  met  with  on  the 
shores  of  Vineyard  Sound,  for  oysters  do  not  flourish  well  in  that  sandy 
region,  though  there  are  extensive  beds  in  some  parts  of  Buzzard's 
Bay,  and  a  few  near  Holmes's  Hole,  in  a  sheltered  pond.  The  oysters 
prefer  quiet  waters,  somewhat  brackish,  with  a  bottom  of  soft  mud 


[311]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          17 

containing  an  abundance  of  minute  living  animal  and  vegetable  organ 
isms.  In  such  places  they  grow  very  rapidly,  and  become  fat  and  fine- 
flavored,  if  not  interfered  with  by  their  numerous  enemies.  I  shall 
have  occasion  to  speak  of  the  oyster  again,  when  discussing  the  fauna 
of  the  estuaries,  &c. 

Another  shell,  related  to  the  oyster  and  like  it  attached  by  one  valve 
to  some  solid  object,  is  common,  adhering  to  the  under  sides  and  edges 
of  rocks  near  low-water  mark.  This  is  the  Anomia  glabra,  (Plate 
XXXII,  figs'.  241,  242,)  and  it  is  often  called  " silver-shell"  or  "  gold- 
shell"  on  account  of  its  golden  or  silvery  color  and  shining  luster;  and 
sometimes  "jingle-shell"  from  its  metallic  sound  when  rattling  about  on 
the  beach  with  pebbles,  &c.  This  shell,  however,  does  not  grow  firmly 
to  the  rock  like  an  oyster,  but  is  attached  by  a  sort  of  stem  or  peduncle, 
which  goes  out  through  an  opening  in  the  side  of  the  lower  valve  ;  this 
is  soft  and  fleshy  at  first,  but  late  in  life  often  becomes  ossified,  or  rather 
calcified,  and  then  forms  a  solid  plug. 

Of  the  lower  classes  of  Mollusca.  several  Ascidians  and  Bryozoa 
occur  under  and  among  the  rocks.  Among  the  former  the  Molgula 
Manhattensis  (Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250)  is  the  most  common.  This 
usually  has  a  subglobular  form,  especially  when  its  tubes  are  con 
tracted,  and  is  almost  always  completely  covered  over  with  foreign  mat 
ters  of  all  sorts,  such  as  bits  of  eel-grass  and  sea- weeds,  grains  of  sand, 
&c.  When  these  are  removed  its  color  is  dark  or  pale  olive-green, 
and  the  surface  is  a  little  rough.  This  species  is  often  attached  to  the 
underside  of  rocks,  but  is  still  more  frequently  attached  to  sea-weeds 
and  eel-grass,  and  is  sometimes  so  crowded  as  to  form  large  clusters. 
Another  species,  having  some  resemblance  to  the  last  when  contracted, 
is  the  Cynthia  partita,  (Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  246,)  but  besides  the  great 
difference  in  the  tubes  and  apertures,  this  has  a  rougher  and  wrinkled 
surface  and  a  rusty  color.  The  specimens  that  grow  on  the  under 
sides  of  stones  are  often  much  flattened,  as  in  the  figure,  but  it  grows 
more  abundantty  attached  to  the  piles  of  wharves  and  on  shelly  bot 
toms  in  shallow  waters,  off  shore,  and  in  such  places  assumes  its  more 
normal  erect  position,  and  a  somewhat  cylindrical  form.  Each  aper 
ture  is  marked  with  four  alternating  triangles  of  flake-white  and  pur 
plish  red.  This  and  the  preceding  are  eaten  by  the  tautog.  Most  of 
the  other  ascidians  are  much  more  at  home  on  the  bottom,  off  shore, 
although  some  of  them  sometimes  occur  at  low-water  on  rocks  or  in 
pools. 

A  delicate  and  elegantly  branched  bryozoan,  the  Bugula  turrita, 
(Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  258,  259,)  is  often  found  attached  to  sea-weeds  in 
the  pools,  and  it  is  also  frequently  thrown  up  in  large  quantities  by  the 
waves,  after  storms.  A  smaller  kind,  with  slender,  ivory-white,  and 
stellate  branches,  the  Crisia  eburnea,  (Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  260,  261,) 
also  occurs  on  the  sea- weeds  in  pools.  And  with  this  is  a  coarser  species, 
which  forms  calcareous  crusts  and  tubercles,  having  the  surface  covered 
2  v 


18        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [312] 

with  the  prominent  tips  of  the  tubes ;  this  is  the  Cellepora  ramulosa,  and 
like  the  Crisia  it  is  a  northern  species,  which  inhabits  also  the  shores 
of  northern  Europe.  Still  other  species  of  bryozoa  occur  in  these  situ 
ations.  One  of  the  most  abundant  is  Alcyonidium  hispidum,  which 
forms  soft  gelatinous  incrustations  around  the  stems  of  Fucus.  On  the 
under  sides  of  the  stones  several  additional  kinds  occur,  the  most  common 
of  which  is  the  Eschar  ella  varidbilis,  (Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  256,)  which 
forms  broad  calcareous  crusts,  often  several  inches  across,  and  of  some 
thickness,  composed  of  small  perforated  cells.  While  living  this  species 
is  dark-red  or  brick-red,  but  it  turns  green  when  dried,  and  then 
fades  to  yellow,  and  finally  to  white.  It  is  far  more  abundant  on  shelly 
bottoms,  off  shore,  in  3  to  10  fathoms  of  water,  and  in  such  places  often 
covers  every  stone,  pebble,'  and  shell,  over  wide  areas,  and  in  some 
cases  forms  rounded  coral-like  masses  two  or  three  inches  in  diameter 
and  more  than  an  inch  thick. 

Crustacea  in  considerable  numbers  may  also  be  found  upon  the 
rocky  shores.  Of  crabs  four  or  five  species  are  common,  concealed 
under  the  rocks  and  in  crevices.  The  "  green  crab,''  Carcinus  granu- 
latusj  occurs  quite  frequently  well  up  toward  high-water  mark,  hiding 
under  the  loose  stones,  and  nimbly  running  away  when  disturbed.  It 
may  also  be  found,  at  times,  in  the  larger  tidal  pools.  Its  bright  green 
color,  varied  with  spots  and  blotches  of  yellow,  makes  this  species  quite 
conspicuous.  The  common  "  rock-crab,"  Cancer  irroratus,  is  generally 
common  under  the  large  rocks  near  low-water  mark  and  offcen  lies 
nearly  buried  in  the  sand  and  gravel  beneath  them.  This  species  is 
usually  larger  than  the  preceding,  often  becoming  three  or  four  inches 
across  the  shell,  and  though  less  active  it  uses  its  large  claws  freely 
and  with  force.  It  can  be  easily  distinguished  by  having  nine  blunt 
teeth  along  each  side*  of  the  front  edge  of  its  shell  or  carapax,  and  by 
its  reddish  color  sprinkled  over  with  darker  brownish  dots.  »This  crab 
also  occurs  in  the  pools,  where  the  comical  combats  of  the  males  may 
sometimes  be  witnessed.  It  is  not  confined  to  rocky  shores,  but  is  com 
mon  also  on  sandy  shores,  as  well  as  on  rocky  and  gravelly  bottoms  off 
shore.  It  is  widely  diffused  along  our  coast,  extending  both  north  and 
south,  and  is  common  even  on  the  coast  of  Labrador.  Like  all  the 
other  species  of  crabs  this  is  greedily  devoured  by  many  of  the  larger 
fishes,  such  as  cod,  haddock,  tautog,  black-bass,  and  especialljr  by 
sharks  and  sting-rays.  Two  smaller  kinds  of  crabs  are  also  very  abun 
dant  under  the  stones,  especially  where  there  is  some  mud.  These  are 
dark  olive-brown  and  have  the  large  claws  broadly  tipped  with  black- 
They  are  often  called  mud-crabs  on  account  of  their  fondness  for  muddy 
places.  One  of  these,  the  Panopeus  depressus,  (Plate  I,  fig.  3,)  is  decid 
edly  flattened  above,  and  is  usually  a  little  smaller  than  the  second, 
the  Panopeus  Sayi,  which  is  somewhat  convex  above.  They  are  usually 
found  together  and  have  similar  habits.  A  third  small  species  of  the 
same  genus  is  occasionally  met  with  under  stones,  but  lives  rather 


[313]         INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          19 

higher  up  toward  high-water  mark,  and  is  comparatively  rare.  This  is 
the  Panopeus  HarrisiL  It  can  be  easily  distinguished,  for  it  lacks  the 
black  on  the  ends  of  the  big  claws  and  has  a  groove"  along  the  edge  of 
the  front  of  the  carapax,  between  the  eyes.  This  last  species  is  also 
found  in  the  salt  marshes,  and  was  originally  discovered  on  the  marshes 
of  the  Charles  Eiver,  near  Boston.  All  the  species  of  Panopeus  are  south 
ern  forms,  extending  to  Florida,  or  to  the  gulf-coast  of  the  Southern 
States,  but  they  are  rare  north  of  Cape  Cod,  and  not  found  at  all  on 
the  coast  of  Maine.  They  contribute  largely  to  the  food  of  the  tautog 
and  other  fishes.  The  lobster,  Homarus  Americanus,  is  sometimes  found 
lurking  under  large  rocks  at  low- water,  but  less  commonly  here  than 
farther  north,  as,  for  instance,  about  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  In  this  region 
it  lives  also  on  sandy  and  gravelly  bottoms,  off  shore,  but  in  rather 
shallow  water.  It  is  an  article  of  food  for  many  fishes,  as  well  as  for 
man.  Active  and  interesting  little  ''hermit-crabs,7'  Eupagnrus  longi- 
carpiis,  are  generally  abundant  in  the  pools  near  low-water,  and  con 
cealed  in  wet  places  beneath  rocks.  In  the  pools  they  may  be  seen 
actively  running  about,  carrying  upon  their  backs  the  dead  shell  of 
some  small  gastropod,  most  commonly  AnacMs  avara  or  Ilyanassa 
obsoleta,  though  all  the  small  spiral  shells  are  used  in  this  way.  They 
are  very  pugnacious  and  nearly  always  ready  for  a  fight  when  two 
happen  to  meet,  but  they  are  also  great  cowards,  and  very  likely  each, 
after  the  first  onset,  will  instantly  retreat  into  his  shell,  closing  the 
aperture  closely  with  the  large  claws.  They  use  their  long  slender 
antennae  very  efficiently  as  organs  of  feeling,  and  show  great  wariness 
in  all  their  actions.  The  hinder  part  of  the  body  is  soft,  with  a  thin 
skin,  and  one-sided  in  structure,  so  as  to  fit  into  the  borrowed  shells, 
while  near  the  end  there  are  appendages  which  are  formed  into  hook- 
like  organs  by  which  they  hold  themselves  securely  in  their  houses,  for 
these  spiral  shells  serve  them  both  for  shields  and  dwellings.  This 
species  also  occurs  in  vast  numbers  among  the  eel-grass,  both  in  the 
estuaries  and  in  the  sounds  and  bays,  and  is  also  frequent  on  nearly  all 
other  kinds  of  bottoms  in  the  sounds.  It  is  a  favorite  article  of  food 
for  many  of  the  fishes,  for  they  swallow  it  shell  and  all.  A  much 
larger  species,  belonging  to  the  same  genus,  but  having  much  shorter 
and  thicker  claws,  (Eupagurus  pollicaris^)  is  also  found  occasionally  under 
the  rocks  at  low-water,  but  it  is  much  more  common  on  rocky  and  shelly 
bottoms  in  the  sounds  and  bays.  Its  habits  are  otherwise  similar  to  the 
small  one,  but  it  occupies  much  larger  shells,  such  as  those  of  Lunatia 
Jieros,  Fulgur  carica,  &c.  This  large  species  is  devoured  by  the  sharks 
and  sting-rays. 

The  Amphipods  are  also  well  represented  on  the  rocky  shores  by 
a  considerable  number  of  species,  some  of  which  usually  occur  in 
vast  numbers.  These  small  Crustacea  are  of  great  importance  in  con 
nection  with  our  fisheries,  for  we  have  found  that  they,  together  with  the 
shrimps,  constitute  a  very  large  part  of  the  food  of  most  of  our  more  vain- 


20        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [314] 

able  edible  fishes,  both  of  the  fresh  and  salt  ivaters.  The  Amphipods,  though 
mostly  of  small  size,  occur  in  such  immense  numbers  in  their  favorite 
localities  that  they  can  nearly  always  be  easily  obtained  by  the  fishes 
that  eat  them,  and  no  doubt  they  furnish  excellent  and  nutritious  food, 
for  even  the  smallest  of  them  are  by  no  means  despised  or  overlooked 
even  by  large  and  powerful  fishes,  that  could  easily  capture  larger 
game.  Even  the  voracious  blue-fish  will  feed  upon  these  small  crusta- 
cea,  where  they  can  be  easily  obtained,  even  when  menhaden  and  other 
fishes  are  plenty  in  the  same  localities.  They  are  also  the  favorite 
food  of  trout,  lake  white-fish,  shad,  flounders,  scup,  &c.,  as  will  be  seen 
from  the  lists  of  the  animals  found  in  the  stomachs  of  fishes.  One 
species,  which  occurs  in  countless  numbers  beneath  the  masses  of  decay 
ing  sea- weeds,  thrown  up  at  high-water  mark  on  all  the  shores  by  the 
waves,  is  the  Orchestia  agilis  SMITH,  (Plate  IV,  fig.  14,)  which  has 
received  this  name  in  allusion  to  the  extreme  agility  which  it  displays  in 
leaping,  when  disturbed.  The  common  name  given  to  it  is  "  beach-flea," 
which  refers  to  the  same  habit.  Its  color  is  dark  olive- green  or  brown, 
and  much  resembles  that  of  the  decaying  weeds  among  which  it  lives, 
and  upon  which  it  probably  feeds.  It  also  constructs  burrows  in  the 
sand  beneath  the  vegetable  debris.  It  leaps  by  means  of  the  append 
ages  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  body. 

A  much  larger  species,  and  one  of  the  largest  of  all  the  amphipods,  is 
the  Gammarus  ornatus,  (Plate  IV,  fig.  15,)  which  occurs  in  great  num 
bers  beneath  the  stones  and  among  the  rock-weed  near  low-water  mark. 
The  males  are  much  larger  than  the  females,  and  sometimes  become 
nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  They  cannot  leap  like  their  cousins 
that  live  at  high-water  mark,  but  skip  actively  about  on  their  sides 
among  the  stones  and  gravel,  until  they  reach  some  shelter,  or  enter 
the  water,  when  they  swim  rapidly  in  a  gyrating  manner  back  down 
ward,  or  sideways.  But  although  they  can  swim  they  are  seldom 
met  with  away  from  the  shore  or  much  below  low- water  mark.  The 
zone  of  Fucus  is  their  true  home.  This  species  is  abundant  on  all  our 
shores,  wherever  rocks  and  Fucus  occur,  from  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey,  to  Labrador.  Its  color  is  generally  olive-brown  or  reddish- 
brown,  much  like  that  of  the  Fucus  among  which  it  lives.  The  only 
good  English  name  that  1  have  ever  heard  for  these  creatures  is  that  of 
"  scuds  "  given  by  a  small  boy,  in  reference  to  their  rapid  and  peculiar 
motions. 

Another  smaller  species,  Gammarus  annulatus  SMITH,  frequently  oc 
curs  under  stones  in  similar  places,  but  usually  a  little  higher  up.  This 
is  a  pale  species,  having  darker  bands,  with  red  spots  on  the  sides  of 
the  abdomen.  Still  higher  up,  G.  marinus  often  occurs. 

With  the  Gammarus  ornatus  another,  much  smaller,  light  slate-colored 
amphipod  is  generally  to  be  found.  This  is  the  Melita  nitida  SMITH.  Its 
habits  appear  to  be  similar  to  those  of  the  Gammari.  Another  small 


[315]         INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          21 

species,  found  in  the  same  situations,  is  the  Mcera  levis  SMITH  ;  this  is 
whitish  in  color,  with  black  eyes. 

Two  species  of  the  genus  Amphithoe  also  live  under  rocks  at  low  water, 
but  these,  like  the  other  species  of  this  genus,  construct  tubes  in  which 
they  dwell.  The  Amphithoe  maculata  (Plate  IV,  fig.  16)  is  much  the  larger, 
and  constructs  large,  coarse  tubes  of  gravel,  bits  of  sea- weed,  &c.,  and 
attaches  them  in  clusters  to  the  under  sides  of  stones.  They  often  leave 
their  tubes,  however,  and  may  be  found  free  among  the  weed  or  under 
stones.  The  color  is  generally  dark  green,  though  sometimes  reddish, 
and  there  is  often  a  series  of  light  spots  along  the  back,  and  the  whole  sur 
face  is  covered  with  minute  blackish  specks  ;  the  eyes  are  red.  The 
second  species,  Amphithoe  valida  SMITH,  is  much  smaller,  being  gener 
ally  less  than  half  an  inch  long.  It  is  usually  bright  green  in  color,  and 
has  black  eyes.  It  often  lives  among  the  bright  green  fronds  of  Ulva 
latissima,  and  its  color  is  nearly  that  of  the  Ulva. 

Another  amphipod,  resembling  a  small  Gammarus,  about  half  an  inch 
long,  and  light  olive-brown  or  yellowish  brown  in  color,  is  sometimes 
found  in  large  numbers  swimming  actively  about  in  the  larger  tidal 
pools,  and  occasionally  darting  into  the  growing  sea-weeds  for  rest  or 
concealment.  This  is  the  Calliopius  Iccviusculus.  It  also  often  occurs 
in  vast  numbers  swimming  at  the  surface,  far  from  land,  not  only  in  the 
sounds  and  bays,  but  out  at  sea,  as  for  instance  in  the  vicinity  of  St. 
George's  Bank  and  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  where  it  is  equally 
abundant.  It  is  devoured  in  large  quantities  by  numerous  fishes. 
The  Hyale  littoralis  occurs  near  high-water,  among  algae,  and  in  pools. 

The  Isopods  are  also  well  represented  on  the  rocky  shores.  One 
of  the  most  common  is  the  Sphcvroma  quadridentata,  (Plate  Y,  fig. 
21,)  which  bears  some  resemblance,  both  in  form  and  habits,  to  the 
."pill-bugs,7  which  live  upon  the  laud.  This  species  is  found  in  abun 
dance  under  stones  and  rocks,  or  creeping  slowly  about  among  the  branches 
and  roots  of  sea-weeds,  on  their  sides  and  upper  surfaces,  from  low- 
water  mark  nearly  up  to  high-water  mark.  In  color  it  is  exceedingly 
variable,  for  no  two  can  be  found  that  are  alike  ;  but  the  colors,  consisting 
of  irregular  blotches  and  dashes  of  dark  gray,  light  gray,  slate,  greenish, 
and  white,  are  so  blended  as  to  imitate  very  closely  the  colors  of  the  bar 
nacles  and  gray  surfaces  of  the  rocks  where  they  live,  and  no  doubt 
they  derive  considerable  protection  from  their  enemies  by  these  imita 
tive  colors.  When  disturbed  they  curl  themselves  up  in  a  ball  and  fall 
to  the  bottom. 

Another  smaller  and  much  more  active  species,  which  has  a  more 
slender  form,  is  found  in  vast  numbers  creeping  actively  about  over  the 
rocks  and  barnacles,  and  especially  beneath  rocks  and  drift-wood.  This 
is  the  Jcera  copiosa.  It  is  also  excessively  variable  in  color,  but  shades 
of  green,  gray,  and  brown  predominate,  and  cause  it  to  imitate  very  ef 
fectively  the  surfaces  of  the  rocks  covered  with  small  green  algre,  where 


22          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [316] 

it  loves  to  dwell.    It  is  found  nearly  up  to  high- water  mark,  and  has  a 
wide  range  both  northward  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

Another  very  common  and  much  larger  isopod  is  the  Idotea  irro- 
rata,  (Plate  V,  fig.  23,)  which  grows  to  be  nearly  an  inch  long.  Its 
colors  are  extremely  varied.  Often  the  general  color  is  dark  gray,  light 
gray,  dull  green,  or  brownish,  thickly  specked  and  blotched  with  darker, 
but  the  colors  are  often  brighter  and  the  markings  more  definite ;  not 
^infrequently  a  band  of  white,  or  yellowish,  or  greenish,  runs  along  the 
middle  of  the  back,  with  perhaps  another  along  each  lateral  border. 
This  species  occurs  creeping  among  the  u  rock-weeds  "  and  other  alga3 
at  low  water,  in  the  pools,  creeping  on  the  under  sides  of  stones,  ad 
hering  to  eel-grass,  and  also  among  floating  sea-weeds,  away  from  the 
shore,  and  in  many  other  situations.  Its  colors  are  generally  well 
adapted  for  its  concealment,  by  imitating,  more  or  less  perfectly,  the 
rocks  and  weeds  among  which  it  lives.  Even  those  with  bright  green 
markings  are  thus  protected  when  living  on  eel- grass  or  Ulva  ;  the  dark, 
obscurely  marked  ones  when  on  dead  eel-grass  or  dark  Fucus  ;  the  grays 
and  browns  when  on  stones  and  among  barnacles,  &c.  This  protection 
is  not  perfect,  however,  for  they  often  fall  victims  to  hungry  fishes  of 
many  kinds. 

The  Idotea  pliospliorea  HARGrEH,  is  a  closely  allied  species,  which 
grows  even  larger.  It  can  easily  be  distinguished  by  the  tail-piece, 
which  is  acute  in  this,  but  tridentate  in  the  last,  and  by  its  rougher  sur 
face  and  more  incised  lateral  borders. '  Its  colors  are  similar  and  equally 
variable,  though  they  are  frequently  in  larger  and  more  definite  spots 
and  blotches,  and  the  light  spots  are  often  bright  yellow.  It  is,  as  its 
name  indicates,  decidedly  phosphorescent.  It  lives  under  the  same  cir 
cumstances  as  the  preceding  species,  but  is  much  less  common  in  this 
region,  though  it  is  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  It  often  occurs 
among  the  crowded  stems  of  CoraUina  officinalisin  the  larger  tide-pools. 

Another  related  species,  the  Ericlisonia  filiformis  HAHGER,  (Plate 
VI,  fig.  26,)  also  occurs  among  the  CoraUina  and  other  alga3  in  the  tide- 
pools.  This  is  a  smaller  species  than  the  two  preceding,  but  is  some- 
Avhat  similar  in  its  colors,  which  are  equally  variable  and  equally  adapted 
for  its  concealment ;  in  this  the  colors  are  more  commonly  various  tints 
of  brown,  or  dull  reddish,  or  light  red,  which  are  well  adapted  to  blend 
with  the  colors  of  the  Corallines.  Quite  a  different  looking  creature  is  the 
Epelys  montosus,  which  is  occasionally  found  concealed  beneath  stones 
where  there  is  more  or  less  mud.  This  species  also  frequents  muddy 
bottoms,  and  is  pretty  effectually  concealed  by  its  rough -looking  back 
and  the  coating  of  mud  and  dirt  that  always  adheres  to  it. 

Clinging  to  the  hydroids  and  delicate  algte  on  the  under  sides  of 
stones,  and  in  tide-pools,  curious  slender-bodied  Crustacea  belonging  to 
the  genus  Caprella  (similar  to  fig.  20,  Plate  V)  may  often  be  found  in 
considerable  numbers,  but  they  are  still  more  abundant  on  rocky  bot 
toms  off  shore.  They  have  the  habit  of  holding  on  firmly  by  the  pos- 


[317]         INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          23 

terior  legs,  and  extending  the  body  out  at  an  angle,  with  the  long,  rough 
front  legs  stretched  out  in  various  directions.  While  in  these  attitudes 
and  at  rest  they  often  closely  resemble  the  branches  of  the  hydroids 
and  algiB  among  which  they  live,  especially  as  they  also  imitate  them  in 
colors,  for  all  these  species  are  variable  in  color,  being  generally  gray, 
with  darker  specks,  when  living  among  hydroids,  but  often  bright  red 
when  living  among  red  algaB.  This  habit  of  holding  themselves  stiffly 
in  such  peculiar  positions  recalls  the  similar  habits  of  many  insects,  es 
pecially  some  of  the  Orthoptera  and  the  larvae  of  the  geometrid  moths, 
and  they  also  recall  the  larva?,  just  named,  by  their  singular  mode  of 
climbing  actively  about  among  the  branches  of  the  hydroids  and  algaB, 
for  they  bend  the  slender  body  into  a  loop,  bring  the  hind  legs  up  to  the 
front  ones,  and  taking  hold  with  them  stretch  the  body  forward  again, 
just  like  those  larvae,  though  their  legs  are  long  and  slender  and  differ 
widely  in  structure.  These  little  creatures  are  very  pugnacious  and  are 
always  ready  to  fight  each  other  when  they  meet,  or  to  repel  any  in 
truder  similar  in  size  to  themselves.  Their  large  claws  are  well  adapted 
for  such  purposes. 

The  marine  worms  or  Annelids  are  very  numerous  under  the  rocks  be 
tween  tides,  and  concealed  beneath  the  surface  of  the  gravel  and  mud 
that  accumulates  between  and  beneath  the  stones  and  in  crevices. 
Many  kinds  also  live  in  the  pools,  lurking  among  the  roots  of  the  algae, 
burrowing  in  the  bottom,  or  building  tubes  of  their  own  in  more  ex 
posed  situations.  Many  of  these  annelids  are  very  beautiful  in  form 
and  brilliant  in  color  when  living,  while  most  of  them  have  curious  hab 
its  and  marvelous  structures.  Several  species  are  of  large  size,  grow 
ing  to  the  length  of  one  or  two  feet.  Some  are  carnivorous,  devouring 
other  worms  and  any  other  small  creatures  that  they  can  kill  by  their  pow 
erful  weapons  5  others  are  vegetarians  ;  but  many  are  mud-eaters,  swal 
lowing  the  mud  and  fine  sand  in  great  quantities,  for  the  sake  of  the 
animal  and  vegetable  organisms  that  always  exist  in  it,  as  is  the  case 
with  clams  and  most  of  the  bivalve  shells,  and  many  other  kinds  of 
marine  animals. 

All  these  Annelids  are  greedily  devoured  by  most  kinds  of  marine  fishes, 
whenever  they  can  get  at  them,  and,  since  many  of  the  annelids  leave 
their  burrows  in  the  night  to  swim  at  the  surface,  or  do  this  constantly 
at  the  breeding  season,  they  make  an  important  element  in  the  diet  of 
many  fishes  besides  those  that  constantly  root  for  them  in  the  mud  and 
gravel,  like  the  tautog,  scup,  haddock,  &c.  The  young  of  nearly  all 
the  annelids  also  swim  free  in  the  water  for  a  considerable  time,  and 
in  this  state  are  doubtless  devoured  in  immense  numbers  by  all  sorts  of 
young  and  small  fishes. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  common  Annelids  found  under  rocks, 
burrowing  in  the  sand  and  gravel,  is  the  Nereis  virens,  (Plate  XI,  figs. 
47-50.)  It  lives  both  at  low-water  mark  and  at  a  considerable  distance 
farther  up.  It  grows  to  the  length  of  eighteen  inches  or  more,  and  is 


24         REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [318] 

also  quite  stout  in  its  proportions.  The  color  is  dull  greenish,  or  bluish 
green,  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  and  the  surface  reflects  bright  iri 
descent  hues ;  the  large  lamellae  or  gills  (fig.  50)  along  the  sides  are  green 
ish  anteriorly,  but  farther  back  often  become  bright  red,  owing  to  the 
numerous  blood-vessels  that  they  contain.  It  is  a  very  active  and  vora 
cious  worm,  and  has  a  large,  retractile  proboscis,  armed  with  two  strong, 
black,  hook-like  jaws  at  the  end,  and  many  smaller  teeth  on  the  sides, 
(figs.  48,  49.)  It  feeds  on  other  worms  and  various  kinds  of  marine 
animals.  It  captures  its  prey  by  suddenly  thrusting  out  its  proboscis 
and  seizing  hold  with  the  two  terminal  jaws ;  then  withdrawing  the 
proboscis,  the  food  is  torn  and  masticated  at  leisure,  the  proboscis, 
when  withdrawn,  acting  somewhat  like  a  gizzard.  These  large  worms 
are  dug  out  of  their  burrows  and  devoured  eagerly  by  the  tautog,  seup, 
and  other  fishes.  But  at  certain  times,  especially  at  night,  they  leave 
their  own  burrows  and,  coming  to  the  surface,  swim  about  like  eels  or 
snakes,  in  vast  numbers,  and  at  such  times  fall  an  easy  prey  to  many 
kinds  of  fishes.  This  habit  appears  to  be  connected  with  the  season  of 
reproduction.  They  were  observed  thus  swimming  at  the  surface  in  the 
daytime,  near  Newport,  in  April,  1872,  by  Messrs.  T.  M.  Prudden  and  T- 
H.  Eussell,  and  1  have  often  observed  them  in  the  evening,  later  in  the 
season.  At  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  April  12, 1  found  great  numbers 
of  the  males  swimming  in  the  pools  among  the  rocks  at  low- water,  and 
discharging  their  milt.  This  worm  also  occurs  in  many  other  situa 
tions,  and  is  abundant  in  most  places  along  the  sandy  and  muddy  shores, 
both  of  the  sounds  and  estuaries,  burrowing  near  low-water  mark.  It 
occurs  all  along  the  coast  from  New  York  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  is 
also  common  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe. 

With  the  last,  in  this  region  and  southward,  another  similar  species, 
but  of  smaller  size,  is  usually  met  with  in  large  numbers.  This  is  the 
Nereis  linibata,  (Plate  XI,  fig.  51,  male.)  It  grows  to  the  length  of  five 
or  six  inches,  and  can  easily  be  distinguished  by  its  slender,  sharp? 
light  amber-colored  jaws,  and  by  the  lateral  laniellaB,  which  are  small 
anteriorly  and  narrow  or  ligulate  posteriorly.  Its  color,  when  full 
grown,  is  usually  dull  brown,  or  smoky  brown  or  bronze-color  anteriorly, 
with  oblique  light  lines  on  the  sides,  and  often  with  a  whitish  border  to 
each  ring,  which  form  narrow,  pale  bands  at  the  articulations ;  pos 
teriorly  the  body  and  lateral  appendages  are  pale  red,  and  the  longitu 
dinal  dorsal  blood-vessel  is  conspicuous.  The  male,  of  which  the  ante 
rior  part  is  represented  in  fig.  51,  differs  greatly  from  the  female  in 
the  structure  of  the  middle  region  of  the  body,  which  is  brighter  red  in 
color,  and  has  the  side  appendages  more  complicated  and  better  adapted 
for  swimming.  The  females  agree  with  the  males  very  well  in  the  form 
and  structure  of  the  head  and  anterior  part  of  the  body,  but  the  middle 
region  does  not  become  different  from  the  anterior,  as  in  the  male. 
Both  sexes  are  often  dug  out  of  their  burrows,  under  stones  or  in  the 
sand,  but  in  such  places  there  are  few  males  in  proportion  to  the  fe- 


[319]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  25 

males.  The  males,  however,  sometimes  occur  swimming  free  at  the 
surface  in  vast  numbers.  They  swim  with  an  undulating  motion,  and 
are  quite  conspicuous  on  account  of  the  bright  red  color  of  the  middle 
region  of  their  bodies.  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  observed  them  swimming  in 
this  way,  in  the  daytime,  in  August,  at  Fire  Island,  on  the  southern 
side  of  Long  Island,  where  they  occurred  in  incredible  numbers  and 
were  eagerly  pursued  by  the  blue-fish,  which  at  such  times  would  not 
take  bait.  We  often  caught  them  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  the  evening, 
at  the  surface,  with  towing-uets.  These  worms  must,  therefore,  con 
tribute  largely  to  the  food  of  many  fishes.  It  is  very  common  on  our 
sandy  shores  as  far  south  as  South  Carolina.  A  third  species,  Nereis 
pelagica*  (Plate  XI,  figs.  52-55,)  is  abundant  under  stones  farther  north, 
but  in  this  region  is  chiefly  found  on  shelly  bottoms,  in  the  deeper  wa 
ters  of  the  sounds.  These  three  species  of  Nereis  are  called  "  clani- 
worms"by  the  fishermen.  Two  large  species  of  worms  belonging  to 
the  genus  Rhyncliobolus  (formerly  Glycera)  are  often  met  with  in  bur 
rows,  in  the  mud  beneath  stones.  These  are  pale  reddish,  deep  flesh- 
colored,  or  dull  purplish  red,  and  rather  smooth-looking  worms,  thick 
est  in  the  middle,  and  tapering  to  both  ends.  They  have  a  large  pro 
boscis,  armed  at  the  ends  with  four  black,  hook-like  jaws,  and  are  re 
markable  for  their  rapid  spiral  gyrations.  They  belong  more  properly 
to  the  muddy  and  sandy  shores,  and  will,  therefore,  be -mentioned  more 
particularly  in  another  place.  They  are  represented  on  Plate  X,  figs. 
43-46.  Ophelia  simplex  occurs  under  stones  at  half-tide,  and  below. 

The  Marphysa  Leidyi  (Plate  XII,  fig.  64)  is  a  large  and  handsome 
worm,  occasionally  met  with  under  stones  at  low-water  mark,  but  is 
more  common  on  shelly  bottoms  in  shallow  water  off  shore.  It  grows 
to  the  length  of  six  inches  or  more,  and  its  body  is  flattened,  except 
toward  the  head,  where  it  becomes  much  narrowed  and  nearly  cylin 
drical.  It  is  yellowish  or  brownish  red,  and  brilliantly  iridescent.  The 
branchia3  are  bright  red,  and  commence  at  about  the  sixteenth  segment  j 
the  first  ones  have  only  one  or  two  branches,  but  farther  back  they  be 
come  beautifully  pectinated.  There  are  six  unequal  caudal  cirri,  the 
lower  lateral  ones  longest.  It  is  furnished  with  powerful  jaws,  and  is 
carnivorous  in  its  habits. 

A  small  but  very  active  worm,  PodarTce  obscura  V.,  (Plate  XII,  fig.  61,) 
is  often  found  in  large  numbers  beneath  stones.  These  are  dark  brown 
or  blackish  in  color,  sometimes  with  lighter  bands.  They  come  out  at 
night  and  swim  at  the  surface  in  vast  numbers.  They  are  also  often  met 
with  at  the  surface  among  eel-grass,  in  the  daytime,  in  large  numbers. 
A  large  and  very  singular  worm,  which  burrows  and  constructs  tubes 
in  the  mud  and  gravel  beneath  stones,  is  the  Cirratulus  grandis  V., 
(Plate  XV,  figs.  80,  81.)  This  is  usually  yellowish  brown,  dull  orange,  or 
ocher  colored,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  numerous  long,  flexible,  reddish 
or  orange  cirri  that  arise  all  along  the  sides.  Another  very  large  and 
interesting  worm,  often  associated  with  the  last,  both  among  and  under 
3  V 


26        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [320] 

rocks,  and  on  muddy  shores,  is  the  AmpMtrite  ornata,  (Plate  XVI,  fig. 
82.)  This  worm  constructs  rather  firm  tubes  out  of  the  consolidated 
mud  arid  sand  in  which  it  resides,  casting  cylinders  of  mud  out  of  the 
orifice.  It  grows  to  be  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  in  length.  Its  color  is 
flesh-color,  reddish,  and  orange-brown  to  dark  brown,  and  it  has 
three  pairs  of  large  plumose  or  arborescent  gills,  which  are  blood- 
red.  The  tentacles  are  flesh-colored,  very  numerous,  and  capable 
of  great  extension,  even  to  the  length  of  eight  or  ten  inches,  and  are  kept 
in  constant  motion  in  gathering  up  the  materials  with  which  it  con 
structs  its  tube.  Two  species  of  worms,  remarkable  for  their  soft  bodies 
filled  with  bright  red  blood,  which-  is  not  contained  in  special  blood 
vessels,  are  also  found  under  stones  where  there  is  mud  in  which  they 
can  burrow.  The  smaller  of  these  is  Polycirrus  exitnius,  (Plate  XVI,  tig. 
85.)  Its  tentacles  are  very  numerous,  and  are  extended  in  every  direc 
tion  by  forcing  the  blood  into  them,  which  can  be  seen  flowing  along  in 
the  form  of  irregular  drops,  distending  the  tubular  tentacles  as  it  passes 
along.  The  second  species  is  a  much  larger  and  undescribed  species, 
remarkable  for  its  very  elongated  body  and  for  having  very  singular 
branching  gills  on  the  sides  along  the  middle  region ;  the  first  and  last 
of  these  gills  are  simple  or  merely  forked,  but  those  in  the  middle  are 
divided  into  numerous  branches ;  and  in  either  case  each  branch  is 
tipped  by  a  cluster  of  setse.  In  allusion  to  this  remarkable  feature  I 
have  called  it  Chcetobranchus  sanguineus.  Its  tentacles  are  like  those  of 
the  last  species,  but  longer  and  more  numerous;  in  full-grown  specimens 
they  can  be  extended  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  or  more.  Its  color  is  blood- 
red  anteriorly,  but  more  or  less  yellowish  at  the  slender  posterior  part. 
It  is  very  fragile  and  it  is  seldom  that  a  large  specimen  can  be  ob 
tained  entire.  It  grows  to  be  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  long.  This,  like 
the  three  species  last  mentioned,  feeds  upon  the  minute  organisms 
contained  in  the  mud,  which  it  swallows  in  large  quantities.  Two 
species  of  Lumbriconereis  are,  also,  frequently  found  burrowing  in  the 
mud  and  sand  beneath  stones,  but  they  belong  more  properly  to  the 
muddy  shores.  They  are  long,  slender,  reddish,  and  brilliantly  irides 
cent  worms,  readily  distinguished  by  having  a  smooth,  blunt-conical 
head,  without  tentacles.  They  are  carnivorous  and  have  complicated 
jaws.  The  head  and  anterior  part  of  the  body  of  the  larger  species  (L. 
opalina  V.)  is  represented  in  Plate  XIII,  figs.  69,  70.  The  other  (L.tenuis 
V.)  is  very  slender,  thread-like,  nearly  a  foot  long,  and  has  no  eyes. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  highly  organized  annelids  which  may  be 
found  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  stones  or  concealing  themselves  in 
crevices.  Among  these  are  three  species,  which  have  the  back  covered 
with  two  rows  of  large  scales.  One  of  these,  having  twelve  pairs  of 
nearly  smooth  scales,  is  the  Lepidonotus  sublevisV.,  (Plate  X,  fig.  42;) 
the  color  is  variable,  but  usually  brown  or  grayish,  with  darker  specks, 
thus  imitating  the  color  of  the  stones.  Another  more  common  species 
is  the  Lepidonotus  squamatus,  (Plate  X,  figs.  40,  41,)  which  also  has 


[321]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  27 

twelve  pairs  of  scales,  but  they  are  rough,  and  covered  with  small 
rounded  or  hemispherical  tubercles ;  this  is  usually  dark  brown.    The 
third  species  has  sixteen  pairs  of  smooth  scales,  and  belongs  to  another 
genus.     This  is  Harmothoc  imbricata;  it  varies  exceedingly  in  color,  but 
is  usually  grayish  or  brownish,  more  or  less  specked,  blotched,  or  striped 
with  blackish  ;  sometimes  there  is  a  black  stripe  along  the  middle  of 
the  back  ;  sometimes  the  general  color  is  dark  reddish.     These  three 
species  of  scaly  worms  all  have  a  large  proboscis  with  four  powerful 
jaws  at  the  end,  and  a  circle  of  papillre,  as  in  figs.  40  and  41  •  they  are 
carnivorous  in  their  habits  and  rather  sluggish  in  their  movements. 
When  disturbed  they  curl  themselves  up  into  a  ball.     They  are  very 
complicated  in  their  appendages,  and  the  spines  and  setre  of  these  ap 
pendages  are  very  curious  in  structure,  when  examined  with  a  micro 
scope.    Notwithstanding  their  numerous  sharp  spines  they  are  often 
devoured  by  fishes,  and  they  frequently  also  fall  victims  to  their  more 
powerful  companions  belonging  to  the  Nereis  tribe,  and  are  sometimes 
destroyed  even  by  the  apparently  inoffensive  Nemerteans.     Adhering  to 
the  under  sides  of  the  rocks  and  stones  there  are  several  kinds  of  tubes 
constructed  by  annelids.     One  of  the  most  common  and  abundant  kinds 
of  these  tube-dwelling  worms  is  the  Sabellaria  vulgaris  V.,  (Plate  XVII, 
figs.  88,  88a.)     This  worm  constructs  firm  and  hard  tubes  out  of  fine  sand 
and  a  cement  secreted  by  special   glands.    These  tubes  are  bent  and 
twisted  in  various  directions  and  are  generally  united  together  into 
masses  or  colonies,  sometimes  forming  aggregations  of  considerable 
thickness  and  perhaps  several  inches  or  a  foot  across.    The  tubes  of  this 
worm  are  also  common  on  the  shells  of  oysters.     Another  very  curious 
and  beautiful  worm,  the  Scionopsis  palmata  V.,  constructs  much  larger 
and  coarser  tubes  out  of  bits  of  sea-weeds  and  shells,  sand,  small  pebbles, 
and  other  similar  materials;  these  tubes  are  long  and  crooked  and 
attached  for  their  whole  length  to  the  under  side  of  rocks.    The  worm 
that  constructs  them  has  some  general  resemblance  to  the  AmpJiitrite 
ornata,  but  is  seldom  more  than  three  or  four  inches  long  and  is  usually 
darker  colored,  the  color  being  generally  reddish  brown  or  dark  brown, 
more  or  less  speckled  with  white.     There  are  only  seventeen  fascicles 
of  setae  on  each  side.     The  gills  are  only  three  in  number,  viz  :  an  odd 
median  one,  much  larger  than  the  others,  placed  just  behind  the  tentacles ; 
and  a  pair  of  smaller  ones,  but  similar  in  form  and  just  back  of  the  first ; 
all  three  gills  have  a  stalk  or  peduncle,  and  branch  toward  the  end  in  a 
palmate  or  digitate  manner,  each  of  the  divisions  again  subdividing. 
The  gills  can  be  retracted  beneath  a  sort  of  collar  which  arises  just  be 
hind  them ;  their  color  is  greenish,  specked  with  white.    The  gills  of 
this  worm  are  very  elegant  in  form,  and  quite  unlike  those  of  any  other 
known  species,  both  in  position  and  form.     Therefore  it  is  necessary  to 
establish  a  new  genus  for  this  species.    It  has  been  found  from  Vineyard 
Sound  to  New  Jersey  ;  both  among  eel-grass  in  shallow  water,  and  under 
stones.    The  Nicolea  simplex  is  a  related  species,  with  similar  habits, 
4v 


28  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [322] 

The  crooked,  round,  calcareous  tubes  made  by  Serpula  diantlms  V., 
are  often  to  be  found  adhering  to  the  under  surfaces  and  sides  of  stones 
near  low-water  mark,  and  also  in  the  pools  in  more  exposed  situations ; 
sometimes  they  are  even  aggregated  together  into  masses.     When  dis 
turbed  the  worm  suddenly  withdraws  its  beautiful  wreath  of  gills  into 
its  tube  and  closes  the  aperture  closely  by  means  of  a  curious  plug  or 
operculum.     This  is  placed  at  the  end  of  a  rather  long  pedicle,  and  is 
funnel-shaped,  the  outside  longitudinally  striated  and  the  edge  bordered 
by  about  thirty  sharp  denticles;   from  the  middle  of  the  upper  side 
another  smaller,  short,  funnel-shaped  process  arises,  the  edge  of  which 
is  divided  into  twelve  or  thirteen,  long,  rather  slender,  rigid  processes, 
which  are  usually  a  little  curved  inward  at  the  top,  but  may  be  spread 
apart  in  a  stellate  form.     A  small,  rudimentary,  club-shaped  operculum 
exists  on  the  other  side.    When  these  tubes  are  placed  in  sea-water  and 
left  undisturbed  for  a  short  time,  the  occupant  will  cautiously  push  out 
its  operculum  and  display  its  elegant  wreath  of  branchiae,  which  varies 
much  in  color  in  different  specimens,  but  often  recalls  the  varied  hues 
and  forms  of  different  kinds  of  pinks,  (Dianthus.)  The  name  which  I  have 
given  to  it  alludes  to  this  resemblance.     Fine  specimens  of  this  Serpula 
may  often  be  found,  also,  in  the  pools  near  low-water  mark,  attached  to 
the  upper  surfaces  or  sides  of  rocks,  and  in  such  situation  they  display 
their  charms  to  great  advantage.    The  wreath  of  branchio3  is  nearly 
circular,  consisting  of  two  symmetrical  parts,  each  of  which  is  made  up 
of  about  eighteen  pectinate  branchiae ;  these  are  covered  on  their  inner 
surfaces  with  slender  filaments  which  extend  nearly  to  the  ends,  but 
leave  the  tips  naked.    Young  specimens  have  fewer  branchiaB.    In  the 
more  common  varieties  these  branchiaB  are  purple  at  base,  with  narrow 
bands  of  light  red  or  pale  yellowish  green ;  above  this  they  are  trans 
versely  banded  or  annulated  with  purplish  brown,  alternating  with  yel 
lowish  green,  or  with  purple  and  white  ;  the  pinnaB  usually  correspond 
in  color  to  the  part  from  which  they  arise,  but  are  sometimes  all  purple. 
In  other  specimens  the  branchiae  are  yellowish  white,  or  greenish  white, 
banded  with  brown.     In  one  variety  (citrina)   they  are  bright  lemon- 
yellow,  or  orange-colored,  throughout.     The  operculum,  in  all  the  varie 
ties,  is  usually  brownish  green  above,  with  the  sides  purplish  brown, 
lined  with  whitish  near  the  edge,  and  with  a  greenish  white  band  at  the 
base;  the  pedicle  is  usually  purplish,  with  two  or  more  bands  of  white. 
The  body  is  usually  deep  greenish  yellow,  with  the  back  lemon-yellow ; 
the  collar  is  broad  with  an  undulated  border,  and  is  pale  green,  veined 
with  darker  green  blood-vessels.     This  species  is  also  often  met  with  in 
dredging  on  shelly  bottoms. 

The  Potamilla  oculifera  (Plate  XVII,  fig.  86)  is  another  beautiful 
annelid,  related  somewhat  to  the  Serpula,  but  its  tubes  are  tough  and 
flexible ;  they  are  constructed  out  of  fine  sand  and  other  foreign  matters, 
glued  firmly  together  with  the  special  secretions  of  the  animal.  These 
tubes  are  often  found  attached  to  the  under  sides  of  stones,  but,  passing 


[323]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  29 

around  to  the  sides,  open  upward  by  a  free  extremity ;  they  also  fre 
quently  occur  in  sheltered  nooks  in  the  tide-pools.  The  worm,  when  un 
disturbed,  puts  out  a  beautiful  Avreath  of  branchioe  somewhat  resembling 
that  of  the  Serpula,  but  there  is  no  operculum.  The  branchiae  are  always 
beautifully  colored,  though  the  colors  are  quite  variable.  In  one  of  the 
commonest  styles  of  coloration,  the  branchiae  are  surrounded  at  base 
with  reddish  brown  ;  above  this  with  a  ring  of  white ;  next  by  a  band 
of  reddish  brown  ;  then  for  the  terminal  half  the  color  is  yellowish  gray, 
with  indistinct  blotches  of  brown  $  on  the  outer  sides  of  the  branchiae 
there  are  one  to  three  dark  red  eyes.  There  are  ten  or  more  branchiae 
in  each  half  of  the  wreath,  and  they  are  longer  on  one  side  than  on  the 
other. 

Another  related  species,  the  Sdbella  microphthalma  Y.,  also  occasionally 
occurs  in  the  pools  and  on  the  under  sides  of  stones,  constructing  tubes 
very  much  like  those  of  the  last  species.  This  is  a  much  shorter  and 
stouter  worm,  with  the  branchial  wreath  relatively  much  larger  and 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  body.  The  branchiae  are  pale  yellowish, 
greenish,  or  flesh-color,  with  numerous  transverse  bands  of  darker  green 
extending  to  the  pinnae ;  on  the  outer  side  of  the  branchiae  there  are 
numerous  minute  eye-like  spots  of  dark  brown,  arranged  in  two  rows  on 
each.  The  body  is  usually  dull  olive-green.  The  Fabricia  Leidyi  Y.,  is 
another  member  of  this  group  of  worms,  but  is  of  very  minute  size.  It 
constructs  delicate,  flexible  tubes,  free  toward  the  end,  which  usually 
stands  upright.  Its  tubes  may  be  found  in  the  pools  and  on  the  under 
side  of  stones.  The  worm  itself  is  very  small,  slender,  and  when  un 
disturbed  protrudes  a  wreath,  composed  of  six  branchia3,  to  a  considera 
ble  distance  above  the  mouth  of  the  tube.  The  branchiae  have  five 
to  seven  pinnae  on  each  side,  the  lowest  much  the  longest,  so  that  when 
expanded  they  all  reach  nearly  to  one  level.  At  the  base  of  the  bran 
chiae  there  are  two  pulsating  vesicles,  alternating  in  their  beats ;  and 
just  back  of  these  there  are  two  minute  brown  eye-specks  5  two  similar 
eyes  exist  at  the  posterior  end.  Eleven  segments  of  the  body  bear  fas 
cicles  of  setae.  Color  yellowish  white,  the  blood-vessels  red. 

Two  or  more  species  of  the  minute  but  beautiful  worms  belonging  to 
the  genus  SpirorMs  are  found  attached  to  the  fronds  of  sea- weeds,  to 
shells,  stones,  &c.,  especially  in  the  pools.  These  are  related  to  the 
jSerpula,  and  like  it  form  solid  calcareous  tubes,  but  these  are  always 
coiled  up  in  a  close  spiral,  and  the  coil  is  attached  by  one  side.  The 
little  worms  put  out  an  elegant  wreath  of  branchiae,  and  are  furnished 
with  an  operculum.  Another  very  interesting  and  beautifully  colored 
worm,  sometimes  found  under  and  among  the  stones,  where  there  is 
mud,  is  the  Cistenides  Gouldii  Y.,  (Plate  XYII,  figs.  87,  87a.)  This 
constructs  very  remarkable,  conical,  free  tubes,  of  grains  ot  sand  ar 
ranged  in  a  single  layer,  like  miniature  masonry,  and  bound  together  by 
a  water-proof  cement.  This  worm  belongs  more  properly  to  the  muddy 
and  sandy  shores  and  will  be  mentioned  again. 


30          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [324] 

Under  stones  and  decaying  sea-weeds,  near  high-water  mark,  two  or 
more  kinds  of  small  slender  worms  are  usually  found  in  great  numbers  • 
these  differ  widely  from  all  those  before  mentioned,  and  are  more  nearly 
related  to  the  common  earth-worms  of  the  garden.  One  of  these  is  white., 
slender,  and  about  an  inch  long,  tapering  to  both  ends.  This  isHalodil- 
lus  littoralis  V.,  apparently  forming  a  new  genus  allied  to  Enchytrceusf 
Another  is  of  about  the  same  size,  but  rather  longer  and  more  slender, 
and  light  red  in  color.  It  has  a  moniliforrn  intestine,  with  a  red  blood 
vessel  attached  to  it  above  and  below.  It  belongs  apparently  to  tbe 
genus  Clitellio,  (C.  irroratus  V.) 

In  addition  to  all  these  setigerous  Annelids  which  have  been  enu 
merated,  there  are  quite  a  number  of  worms  to  be  found  on  the  rocky 
shores  which  are  destitute  of  all  these  external  appendages,  and  have 
the  surface  of  the  body  smooth  and  ciliated.  There  are  two  tribes  of 
such  worms :  in  one  of  them  the  body  is  much  elongated,  and  either 
roundish,  or  flattened,  and  usually  very  changeable  in  form  and  cap 
able  of  great  extension  and  contraction.  These  are  known  as  Nemer- 
teans  ;  most  of  them  have  a  proboscis  which  they  can  dart  out  to  a  great 
length.  In  the  other  group,  known  as  Planarians^  the  body  is  broad, 
short,  and  depressed,  and  often  quite  flat,  and  their  internal  structure 
is  quite  different. 

One  of  the  largest  of  the  Nemerteans,  the  Meckelia  ingens,  (Plate  XIXr 
figs.  96,  96#,)  is  met  with  under  stones  where  there  is  sand,  but  it  be 
longs  properly  to  the  sandy  shores.  It  is  an  enormous,  smooth ,  flat  worm , 
yellowish,  flesh-colored,  or  whitish,  and  sometimes  grows  to  be  ten  or 
twelve  feet  long  and  over  an  inch  wide.  The  Mecltelia  rosea  also  occurs 
occasionally  in  similar  places.  This  is  similar  in  form,  but  is  smaller,  les& 
flattened,  and  decidedly  red  in  color.  It  is  often  covered  by  adhering 
sand.  Another  species,  belonging  to  the  Nemerteans,  is  often  found  in 
great  abundance  under  stones  from  mid-tide  to  near  high-water  mark. 
Many  of  them  are  often  found  coiled  together  in  large  clusters.  This  is 
the  Nemertes  socialis  ;  it  is  very  slender  or  filiform,  and  often  five  or  six 
inches  long  when  extended.  Its  color  is  dark  ash-brown  or  blackish,  a 
little  lighter  beneath,  and  it  has  three  or  four  eyes  in  a  longitudinal' 
group  on  each  side  of  the  head.  Another  larger  species,  apparently 
belonging  to  the  genus  Cerebratulus,  but  not  sufficiently  studied  while 
living,  is  also  abundant  under  stones.  It  is  much  stouter  and  is  usually 
dark  olive-green,  brownish-green,  or  greenish-black  in  color,  but  a  little 
lighter  below  and  at  the  borders  of  the  head.  Several  other  small  Ne- 
merteans  occur  under  similar  circumstances.  In  the  pools,  creeping  over 
and  among  the  algae  arid  hydroids,  a  yellowish  or  light  orange-colored 
species,  one  or  two  inches  long,  is  often  met  with.  This  species  secretes 
an  unusual  amount  of  mucus,  which  is,  perhaps,  connected  with  its 
climbing  habits,  and  I  have  on  this  account  named  it  Polinia  glutinosa  V.,1 
(Plate  XIX,  fig.  97.)  It  varies  in  the  number  of  its  eyes,  according  to 
its  age,  but  they  are  always  grouped  in  oblique  clusters  as  in  the  figure. 


[325]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  31 

The  color  is  sometimess  bright  orange  anteriorly,  but  lighter  posteriorly, 
with  a  faint  dusky  or  greenish  line  along  the  middle. 

Another  species,  closely  resembling  the  last  in  form,  color,  and  size,  is 
quite  common  under  stones,  and  especially  in  dead  tubes  of  Serpula,  near 
low- water  mark.  This  is  the  Cosmocephala  ochracea  V.,  (Plate  XIX,  figs. 
95,  95rt  ;)  it  has  numerous  eyes  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  three  or  four 
on  each  side  forming  an  anterior  row  parallel  with  the  margin ;  the 
others  forming  two  parallel  oblique  groups,  usually  with  two  or  three 
eyes  in  each,  farther  back.  On  the  lower  side  of  the  head  there  is,  on 
each  side,  an  obliquely  transverse  groove.  The  color  is  usually  dull  yel 
lowish-white  or  grayish ;  the  anterior  part  is  often  tinged  with  orange 
and  the  posterior  with  ash-gray  ;  there  is  generally  a  distinct  paler  me 
dian  line,  most  distinct  anteriorly.  It  grows  to  be  two  or  three  inches 
long,  when  extended. 

Of  the  Planariaus  several  species  are  also  found  creeping  over  the 
under  side  of  stones  and  in  the  tide-pools.  One  of  the  most  abundant 
is  Procerodes  frequens,  which  is  a  very  small  but  lively  species,  found 
creeping  on  the  under  side  of  stones  near  high-water.  It  is  usually 
about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  dark  brown  or  blackish  above  and  gray 
below,  and  it  has  two  reniform  eyes.  The  Nonocelis  agilis  is  still  smaller, 
elliptical,  with  only  one  median  eye ;  its  color  is  dark  brown  or  blackish . 
By  some  writers  this  genus  is  placed  among  the  Neinerteans.  Two 
larger  species  of  this  group  are  also  occasionally  found  on  the  under 
side  of  stones.  One  of  these,  the  Planocera  nebulosa,  (Plate  XIX,  fig. 
100,)  is  usually  about  half  an  inch  wide  and  three-fourths  long,  but  may 
become  nearly  circular,  or  may  extend  into  a  long  elliptical  form.  It  is 
flat  and  thin,  with  flexuous  edges.  Its  color  is  olive-green  above,  with 
a  lighter  median  stripe  behind,  and  yellowish  green  below.  The  tenta 
cles  on  the  back  are  whitish  and  retractile. 

The  Stylochopsis  littoralis  V.,  (Plate  XIX,  fig.  99,)  is  also  frequently 
found  on  the  under  side  of  stones.  It  is  reniakable  for  having  a  clus 
ter  of  eyes  on  each  tentacle,  other  clusters  in  front  of  them,  and  two  or 
more  rows  of  eye- spots  around  the  margin,  especially  in  front.  Its  color 
is  variable,  but  usually  greenish,  greenish  yellow,  or  brownish  yellow, 
often  reticulated  with  flesh-color ;  there  is  generally  a  pale  median  streak 
posteriorly.  The  eggs  were  laid  July  12th  in  large  clusters,  composed  of 
many  small  white  eggs  closely  crowded  together,  side  by  side,  and  at 
tached  to  the  surface  of  the  glass  jar  in  which  they  were  kept. 

There  are  also  representatives  of  the  "  round  worms,"  or  Nematotles, 
to  be  found  beneath  the  stones  and  among  the  roots  of  algre,  hydroids. 
&c.  The  commonest  of  these  is,  perhaps,  the  Pontonema  marinum  (Plate 
XVIII,  fig.  94.)  This  is  a  small,  very  slender,  smooth,  white,  round  worm, 
tapering  to  both  ends,  and  very  active  in  its  movements,  constantly  coil 
ing  itself  into  a  spiral  and  again  uncoiling  itself.  Its  head  is  furnished 
with  about  six  minute  cirri ;  in  the  male  the  tail  is  short,  narrow,  nearly 
straight,  but  one-sided,  rapidly  tapering,  and  subacute ;  in  the  female 


32         REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [326] 

the  body  is  much  longer,  and  the  tail  is  long,  slightly  tapered,  straight, 
and  obtuse.  The  Pontonema  vacillatum  also  occurs  in  similar  places  in 
abundance.  In  this  species  the  male  has  a  short,  obtuse,  incurved  tail ; 
the  female  a  straight,  tapering,  narrow,  obtuse  one.  Both  species  are 
oviparous,  and  the  female  genital  orifice  is  near  the  middle  of  the  body. 
These  worms  are  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 
Their  complete  history  is  not  known  ;  they  are  closely  allied  to  many  of 
the  parasitic  worms,  and  it  is  possible  that  in  some  stages  of  their  de 
velopment  these  are  also  parasites. 

Of  the  Radiates  there  are  also  numerous  species  to  be  found  on  these 
rocky  shores. 

Although  the  purple  "  sea-urchin,"  Arbacia  punctulata,  and  the  green 
"  sea-urchin,"  Strongylocentrotus  Drobachiensis,  (Plate  XXXV,  fig.  268,) 
are  sometimes  met  with,  their  occurrence  is  irregular  and  uncertain  at 
low- water  in  this  region.  The  former  occurs  in  abundance  on  rocky 
and  shelly  bottoms  in  the  sounds ;  while  the  latter  occurs  chiefly  on  sim 
ilar  bottoms  in  the  cold  area,  and  at  low-water  on  the  outer  rocky 
shores,  and  still  more  abundantly  farther  north. 

The  green  star-fish,  Asterias  arenicola,  (Plate  XXXV,  fig.  269,)  is 
found  in  large  numbers  at  low-water  among  the  rocks  at  certain  times, 
but  at  other  times  is  seldom  met  with,  though  a  few  young  specimens 
can  almost  always  be  found  by  careful  search  beneath  the  stones.  The 
adults  were  very  abundant  on  the  shore  at  Parker's  Point,  in  the  latter 
part  of  June ;  but  by  the  middle  of  July  very  few  could  be  found  there. 
Their  habit  of  coming  up  to  the  shore  may  be  connected  with  their 
reproductive  season.  They  are  always  abundant  on  shelly  bottoms  in 
the  bays  and  sounds,  especially  where  there  are  beds  of  muscles  or 
oysters,  upon  which  they  feed.  They  often  prove  exceedingly  destruc 
tive  of  oysters  planted  in  waters  that  are  not  too  brackish  for  their  com 
fort.  They  manage  to  eat  oysters  that  are  far  too  large  for  them  to 
swallow  whole,  by  grasping  the  shell  with  their  numerous  adhesive  feet, 
and  then,  after  bending  their  five  flexible  rays  around  the  shell  so  as 
partly  to  inclose  it,  they  protrude  the  lobes  and  folds  of  their  enormous 
saccular  stomach  from  the  distended  mouth,  and  surrounding  the 
oyster-shell  more  or  less  completely  with  the  everted  stomach  they 
proceed  to  digest  the  contents  at  leisure,  and  when  the  meal  is  fin 
ished  they  quietly  withdraw  the  stomach  and  stow  it  away  in  its  proper 
place.  In  this  way  a  large  "  school"  of  star-fishes  will,  in  a  short  time? 
destroy  all  the  oysters  on  beds  many  acres  in  extent,  unless  their  oper 
ation  be  interfered  with  by  the  watchful  owners.  In  one  instance, 
within  a  few  years,  at  Westport,  Connecticut,  they  thus  destroyed  about 
2,000  bushels  of  oysters,  occupying  beds  about  20  acres  in  extent,  in  a 
few  weeks,  during  the  absence  of  the  proprietor. 

In  order  to  stop  their  operations  it  is  necessary  to  dredge  over  the 
eyster-grounds  and  destroy  all  the  star-fishes  thus  brought  up,  by  leav 
ing  them  on  shore  above  high-water  mark ;  for  if  simply  torn  in  pieces 


[327]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  33 

and  thrown  overboard,  as  is  sometimes  done,  each  ray  has  the  power  of 
reproducing  all  the  lost  parts,  so  that  each  fragment  may,  after  a  time, 
become  a  perfect  star-fish. 

The  color  of  this  species  is  generally  dark  green  or  brownish  green, 
with  the  inadreporic  plate  bright  orange ;  the  males  are  more  inclined 
to  brown,  and  sometimes  have  a  reddish  tint.  It  is  found  all  along  the 
coast  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida. 

The  eggs  of  this  species,  like  those  of  most  other  star-fishes,  produce 
peculiar  larvre,  entirely  unlike  the  parents,  and  provided  with  vibrating 
cilia  by  means  of  which  they  swim  about  in  the  water,  or  at  the  surface, 
for  a  considerable  time.  The  young  star-fish  develops  within  the  larva 
and  gradually  absorbs  the  substance  of  the  larva  into  its  own  organi 
zation. 

The  development  of  this  and  our  other  common  species  has  been  very 
fully  described  and  illustrated  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz. 

Of  the  Hydroids  many  species  occur  in  the  pools,  or  attached  to  the 
lower  sides  of  overhanging  rocks,  or  of  stones  that  have  an  open  space 
beneath  them,  or  growing  upon  the  Fucus  and  other  sea- weeds  at  low- 
water  mark.  The  most  abundant  of  all  is  the  Sertularia  pumila,  (Plate 
XXXVII,  fig.  279,)  which  grows  in  small  tufts  of  delicate  branches  on 
the  stems  and  fronds  of  all  the  larger  sea-weeds,  and  on  the  sides  and 
lower  surfaces  of  stones.  Another  beautiful  species,  the  Obelia  commis- 
suralis,  (Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  281,)  occurs  at  low-watermark  and  in  tide- 
pools,  attached  to  stones  and  sea-weeds.  It  is  very  delicate  and  much 
branched,  and  sometimes  grows  five  or  six  inches  high,  though  usually 
smaller.  At  certain  times  it  produces  small  medusas  in  its  urn-shaped 
reproductive  capsules ;  these  are  discharged  and  swim  free  for  sometime, 
having  sixteen  tentacles  when  they  become  free.  Several  other  spe 
cies  of  this  genus  also  occur  attached  to  the  sea-weeds  at  low-water. 
The  most  common  of  these  is  0.  diapliana,  which  grows  about  an  inch  high, 
attached  to  the  stems  of  Fucus.  The  Campanularia  flexuosa  is  another 
similar  hydroid,  remarkable  for  its  large  reproductive  capsules,  in  which 
medusas  are  developed  that  never  become  free.  This  species  occurs 
in  the  pools  at  low- water,  on  weeds  and  stones,  and  also  on  the  lower 
sides  of  overhanging  rocks  or  the  timbers  of  wharves.  It  is  much 
more  abundant  farther  north,  as  at  Eastport,  Maine,  where  it  grows  in 
profusion  on  the  timbers  of  the  wharves,  hanging  down  from  their 
lower  sides,  collapsed  and  dripping,  while  the  tide  is  low.  The  Pennaria 
tiarella  (Plate  XXXVII,  figs.  277,  278)  is  a  very  conspicuous  and  beau 
tiful  species  on  account  of  its  much -divided  black  branches  and  numer 
ous  bright  red  flower-like  hydroids.  It  occurs  occasionally  in  the  pools, 
and  just  below  low-water  mark,  attached  to  stones,  corallines,  &cv  but  is 
more  common  in  somewhat  deeper  water  on  rocky  and  shelly  bottoms. 
The  "  file- fish"  feeds  on  this  species,  and  probably  on  other  allied 
hydroids,  for  its  stomach  was  found  full  of  the  stems  and  branches, 
cut  up  in  fine  pieces.  Its  broad,  sharp-edged  jaws  ,are  admirably 


34          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [328] 

adapted  for  browsing  ou  hydroids,  but  yet  this  may  not  be  its  principal 
food,  for  our  observations  were  very  few  on  this  fish,  owing  to  its  rarity. 
One  £f  the  most  interesting  of  the  hydroids,  found  in  the  rocky  pools 
at  low-,:iter,  or  in  other  shaded  places,  is  the Hybocodon prolifer,  (Plate 
XXXVIII,  fig.  282.)  This  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  of 
the  tubularians,  and  is  very  conspicuous  on  account  of  its  deep  orange- 
red  color.  It  is  by  no  means  common,  and  grows  only  in  those  pools 
where  the  water  is  pure  and  cool,  or  under  the  shade  of  overhanging 
rocks.  It  usually  grows  singly  or  in  groups  of  two  or  three  clustered 
together.  The  delicate  hydrariuni  of  Bougainvillia  superciliaris  (Plate 
XXXVII,  fig.  276)  is  also  occasionally  met  with  in  the  larger  tide-pools 
near  low  water  mark,  and  the  small,  free  medusae,  which  are  produced 
by  budding  from  the  hydrariuni,  are  frequently  found  swimming  in  the 
waters  in  spring.  The  Clava  leptostyla  is  a  beautiful  and  apparently 
soft  and  tender  species,  but  it  grows  in  clusters  on  the  fronds  of  Fucus 
at  low-water  mark,  on  the  most  exposed  shores,  and  withstands  the 
most  powerful  surf,  unharmed.  The  colonies  are  bright  light  red  in 
color  and  consist  of  numerous  hydroids  arising  from  creeping  stolon- 
like  tubes,  which  interlace  to  form  the  base  of  the  colony.  Each  of 
the  hydroids  consists  of  a  cylindrical  stem,  slender  at  base  and  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  high,  at  the  end  of  which  there  is  a  thicker,  club- 
shaped  or  fusiform  "  head,"  covered  with  about  fifteen  to  thirty,  long, 
slender  tentacles,  but  the  form  both  of  the  heads  and  tentacles  is  con 
stantly  changing,  owing  to  their  contractions.  The  small  medusa-buds 
are  grouped  in  clusters  below  the  tentacles  and  do  not  become  free. 
This  species  is  also  to  be  found  in  the  pools  and  on  the  under  sides  of 
large  stones  close  to  low-water  mark. 

The  Hydractinia  polyclina  is  often  met  with  covering  the  dead  shells 
inhabited  by  the  hermit-crabs,  whether  in  the  pools  or  in  deeper  water 
off  shore,  with  a  soft,  velvet-like,  reddish  coating,  which  is  made  up  of 
hundreds  of  hydroids  united  together  by  their  bases  into  a  rather  firm, 
continuous  layer,  covered  with  conical  points.  This  basal  layer  some 
times  not  only  entirely  covers  the  shell,  but  extends  out  considerably 
beyond  the  borders  of  the  aperture,  so  as  to  increase  the  capacity  of 
the  interior.  This  is  no  doubt  a  great  gain  to  the  crab,  because  he  will  not 
be  so  soon  compelled  to  exchange  his  shell  for  a  larger  one.  Each  col 
ony  of  these  hydroids  is  either  male  or  female ;  the  sexes  differ  in  depth 
of  color,  the  male  colonies  being  palest.  But  in  each  colony  there  are 
also  many  sterile  individuals,  who  have  to  do  the  eating  and  digesting  for 
the  whole  community,  while  the  sexual  individuals  attend  to  the  repro 
duction  of  the  race.  Farther  north,  as  at  ^ahant,  Massachusetts,  this 
species  often  incrusts  broad  surfaces  of  the  rocks  in  the  pools,  but  I 
have  not  observed  it  growing  in  this  way  south  of  Cape  Cod ;  yet  in  one 
instance  we  dredged  it  growing  on  a  rock. 

The  Halecium  gracile  V.  is  frequently  found  growing  in  profusion  on 
the  under  side  of  stones,  in  tide-pools,  and  attached  to  oysters,  dead 


[329 1       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  35 

shells,  &c.,  in  shallow  waters,  both  of  the  sounds  and  estuaries.  It 
forms  rather  dense,  pale,  flexible  tufts,  three  or  four  inches  high,  with 
very  numerous  slender  branches. 

Of  Polyps  there  are  several  species  belonging  to  the  actinians,  or 
"  sea-anemones,"  and  one  species  of  genuine  coral,  (Axtranyia,}  but  the 
latter  is  seldom  found  at  low-water,  though  common  in  shallow  water, 
on  rocky  bottoms.  /The  most  common  of  the  actinians  is  the  "fringed 
sea- anemone,"  Metridium  marginatum.  This  may  almost  always  be 
found  on  the  under  sides  of  large  stones  that  have  sufficient  space  be 
neath,  in  sheltered  crevices  near  low-water  mark,  and  adhering  to  the 
rocks  along  the  borders  of  the  larger  tide-pools,  where  they  are  shaded 
and  protected  by  the  overhanging  sea-weeds.  In  full  expansion  this 
species  has  a  very  graceful  form.  From  the  expanded  base  the  body 
rises  in  the  form  of  a  tall,  smooth  column,  sometimes  cylindrical,  some 
times  tapering  slightly  to  the  middle,  and  then  enlarging  to  the  sum 
mit.  Toward  the  top  the  column  is  surrounded  by  a  circular  thickened 
fold,  above  which  the  character  of  the  surface  suddenly  changes,  the 
skin  becoming  thinner  and  translucent,  so  that  the  internal  radiating 
partitions  are  visible  through  it.  This  part  expands  upward  and  out 
ward  to  the  margin,  which  is  folded  into  numerous  deep  undulations  or 
frills,  and  everywhere  covered  with  very  numerous,  fine,  short,  crowded 
tentacles.  The  tentacles  also  cover  the  upper  side  of  the  disk,  half 
way  to  the  mouth,  but  are  larger  and  less  crowded  in  proportion  to  the 
distance  from  the  margin.  The  mouth  is  oval  and  the  lips  divided  into 
numerous  folds.  The  largest  specimens  are  sometimes  five  or  six  inches 
high  and  three  or  four  inches  across  the  disk.  The  colors  are  extremely 
variable.  Most  frequently  the  sides  of  the  body  are  yellowish  brown 
or  orange-brown,  but  it  may  be  of  any  shade  from  white,  flesh-color, 
pink,  salmon,  chestnut,  orange,  yellow,  light  brown,  to  dark  umber- 
brown  ;  or  it  may  be  mottled  and  streaked  with  two  or  more  of  these  colors. 
The  upper  part  of  the  body  and  tentacles  are  translucent,'  and  have 
lighter  colors,  generally  either  white,  pink,  flesh-color,  or  pale  salmon  ; 
the  tentacles  are  also  frequently  banded  with  flake- white,  and  often 
have  dark  tips.  This  species,  when  much  irritated,  throws  out  from 
minute  loop-holes  along  the  sides  large  numbers  of  long,  slender,  white 
threads,  which  are  covered  with  microscopic  stinging-organs,  powerful 
enough  to  defend  them  from  the  attacks  of  fishes  and  other  enemies ; 
but  they  do  not  penetrate  the  human  skin. 

Another  species,  the  "  white-armed  anemone,"  Sagart-ia  leucolena, 
(Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  284,)  is  also  common  at  low-water,  especially  on 
the  under  side  of  large  stones,  and  sometimes  nearly  buried  in  sand 
and  gravel.  This  is  more  elongated  and  slender  than  the  last,  and  has 
a  smaller,  simple  and  plain  disk,  with  the  tentacles  much  longer  and 
more  slender,  and  crowded^  together  near  the  margin ;  the  surface  of 
the  body  is  smooth  and  uniform,  without  any  thickened  fold.  The 
color  is  usually  pale  salmon  or  flesh-color,  and  the  skin  is  translucent, 


36          KEPOKT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [330J 

so  as  to  show  the  internal  lamellae ;  the  tentacles  are  paler  and  more 
translucent,  and  usually  whitish,  bnt  sometimes  pale  salmon.  The 
tentacles,  in  full  expansion,  are  over  an  inch  long.  A  second  elongated 
species  of  Sagartia  (8.  modestcC)  occurs  buried  up  to  its  tentacles  in  the 
gravel  and  sand  among  rocks.  This  species  is  quite  rare,  and  has  a 
much  thicker  and  firmer  skin,  which  is  nearly  opaque  and  dull  yellow 
ish  in  color  ;  the  tentacles  are  shorter,  with  dark  greenish  markings  at 
the  base. 

The  Halocampa  producta  (Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  285)  also  occurs  under 
the  same  circumstances  with  the  last,  though  it  may  also  be  found 
on  sandy  shores,  slightly  attached  to  a  shell  or  pebble,  perhaps  a  foot 
beneath  the  surface,  but  in  expansion  it  stretches  its  body  so  as  to 
expand  its  tentacles  at  the  surface,  above  its  burrow,  into  which  it 
quickly  withdraws  when  disturbed.  This  species  is  remarkable  for  the 
great  length  and  slenderness  of  its  body  in  full  extension  ;  for  having 
only  twenty  tentacles,  with  swollen  tips ;  and  for  the  rows  of  suckers 
along  the  sides,  to  which  it  fastens  grains  of  sand,  &c.  It  has  no  dis 
tinct  disk  at  the  base,  which  is  bulbous  and  adapted  for  burrowing 
Its  color  is  whitish,  flesh-color,  or  pale  salmon,  with  the  suckers  whit 
ish.  The  tentacles  usually  have  darker  brown  tips,  but  sometimes  the 
tips  are  flake-white.  In  full  expansion  the  length  of  large  specimens 
is  about  a  foot,  and  the  diameter  about  a  third  of  an  inch,  but  in  con 
traction  the  body  becomes  much  shorter  and  more  swollen. 

The  Astrangia  Dance,  which  is  the  only  true  coral  yet  discovered  on 
the  coast  of  3sTew  England,  is  occasionally  found  on  the  under  side  of 
overhanging  rocks,  or  in  pools  where  it  is  seldom  or  never  left  dry.  The 
coral  forms  incrusting  patches,  usually  two  or  three  inches  across,  and 
less  than  half  an  inch  thick,  composed  of  numerous  crowded  corallets, 
having  stellate  cells  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  liv 
ing  animals  are  white,  and  in  expansion  rise  high  above  the  cells  and 
expand  a 'circle  of  long,  slender,  minutely  warted  tentacles,  which 
have  enlarged  tips.  These  coral-polyps,  when  expanded,  resemble  clus 
ters  of  small,  white  sea-anemones,  and  like  them  they  will  seize  their 
prey  with  their  tentacles  and  transfer  it  to  their  mouths.  They  feed 
readily,  in  confinement,  upon  fragments  of  mollusca  or  Crustacea. 

Several  species  of  sponges  also  occur  in  the  rocky  pools  and  on  the 
under  sides  of  stones.  The  most  conspicuous  one  is  a  bright  red  spe 
cies,  which  forms  irregular  crusts,  and  rises  up  in  the  middle  into 
many  small,  irregular,  lobe-like  branches.  Another  species  forms 
broad,  thin  incrustations,  of  a  sulphur-yellow  color,  on  the  under  side 
of  stones.  These  species  have  not  been  identified.  A  small,  urn- 
shaped  or  oval  species,  with  a  large  aperture  at  the  summit,  sur 
rounded  by  a  circle  of  slender,  projecting  spicula,  occurs  in  the  pools, 
and  is  probably  the  same  as  the  Grantia  ciliata  of  Europe. 

In  addition  to  the  numerous  species  already  enumerated,  most  of 
which  belong  to  groups  that  are  essentially  marine  animals,  there  are 


[331]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  37 

a  few  species  of  marine  insects  that  are  frequently  met  with  under 
stones,  or  among  the  small  green  algse.  Among  these  a  small  lead-col 
ored  insect  belonging  to  the  family  of  u  spring- tails/7  Anurida  maritima,  is 
the  most  abundant.  With  it  a  spider,  Bdella,  and  several  species  of  mites 
{Trombidium)  are  often  found.  Several  specimens  of  a  "false  scorpion, " 
Chernes  oblongus,  were  also  found  by  Mr.  Smith  near  low-water  mark 
under  stones.  In  the  pools  and  on  the  rocks,  among  the  green  conferva 
and  other  sea- weeds,  the  active  green  larvae  of  a  two-winged  fly,  Chiron- 
omus  oceanicus7  is  often  found  in  abundance.  This  larva  we  have  detected 
in  the  stomach  of  the  "  torn- cod, "  mixed  with  small  Crustacea. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  the  rocky  shores  of  the  sounds  and  bays. 

In  the  following  list  the  species  living  in  these  situations  are  brought 
together  systematically,  whether  mentioned  in  the  preceding  pages  or 
not.  The  lists  are  not  to  be  regarded  as  complete,  but  include  most 
of  the  species  ordinarily  met  with.  The  references  are  to  the  pages  of 
this  report,  where  remarks  upon  the  species  may  be  found  : 


AUTICULATA. 

Insects. 


Page. 

Ohironomus  oceanicus 331 

Anurida  maritima 331 

Chernes  oblongus 331 


Bdella  marina 

Trombidium,  several  species 


Page. 
331 
331 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Cancer  irroratus 312 

Panopeus  depressus 312 

P.  Sayi 312 

P.  Harrisii 313 

Carcinus  granulatus 312 

Eupagurus  pollicaris 313 

E.  longicarpus 313 

Homarus  Americanus 313 

Orchestia  agilis 314 

Hyale  littoralis 315 

Calliopius  laeviusculus 315 

Gammarus  ornatus 314 

G.  annulatns 314 

G.  Marinus 314 


Page. 

Moera  levis „ .  315 

Melita  nitida 314 

Amphithoe  maculata 315 

A.  valida 315 

Caprella,  sp 316 

Sphseroma  quadridentata  . .  315 

Idotea  irrorata 316 

I.  phosphorea 316 

Erichsonia  filiformis 316 

Epelys  montosus 

Jsera  copiosa 315 

Balanus  balanoides 304 

Numerous   small    Entomos- 
traca. 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [332] 


Annelids,  ( Clmtopods.~} 


Page. 

Lepidonotus  sqnainatus 320 

L.  snblevis 320 

Harmothoe  imbricata 321 

Phyllodoce 349 

Eulalia 349 

Eumidia F 349 

Podarke  obscura 319 

Nereis  vireus 317 

!N".  liinbata 318 

N".  pelagica 319 

Marpliysa  Leidyi - .  319 

Lumbriconereis  opalina 320 

L.  tennis , 320 

Rhynchobolus  Americanus  . .  319 

E.  dibranchiatus 319 

Cirratnlns  grandis 319 


Cirrhinereis  fragilis 


Ophelia  simplex 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 

Cistenides  Gouldii 

Mcolea  simplex , 

Amphitrite  ornata 

Scionopsis  palinata 

Polycirrus  eximius 

Chretobranchus  sangnineus . 

Potamilla  oculifera , 

Sabella  niicrophthalma 

Fabricia  Leidyi 

Serpula  dianthus 

S.  dianthus,  var.  citrina 

Spirorbis  spirillnm , 


Oligochcvta. 


Halodrillus  littoralis 


Page. 
324 


Clitellio  irroratas . 


Nemerteans. 


Page.  | 

Neniertes  socialis  . . . , 324 

Meckelia  ingens , 324 

M.  rosea  . .  324 


Cerebratulus  (?) 

Cosmocephala  ochracea . . . 
Poliuia  glutiuosa 


Planarians. 


Page. 

Planocera  uebnlosa 325 

^tylochopsis  littoralis 325 


Procerodes  frequeus 
Monocelis  aorilis. . 


Nematodes. 

Page. 


Pontonema  inarinurn 325 


Pontonema  vacillatum.  . . . 


Page. 
397 
319 
321 
323 
321 
320 
321 
320 
320 
322 
323 
323 
322 
322 
323 


Page. 
324 


Page. 
324 
325 
324 


Page. 
325 
325 


Page. 
326 


MOLLUSOA. 

Gastropods,  (  Univalves.} 


Page. 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 306 

Pnrpura  lapillus 306 

Eupleura  caudata 371 


Fulgur  carica 

Sycotypus  canaliculatus 
Tritia  trivittata  . , 


Page. 
355 
355 
354 


[333]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 


39 


Page.  I 

Astyris  lunata 306 

Anacliis  avara 306 

Odostomia  producta ,  307 

O.  fasca 307 

O.  bisuturalis 307 

O.  trifida 307 

O.  impressa , 307 

Eissoa  aculeus , 306 

Skenea  planorbis 383 

Littorina  palliata 305 

L.  rudis 305 

Lacuna  vincta  .  305 


Bittium  Digram 

Cerithiopsis  Greenii . 
Triforis  nigrocinctus . 
Crepidula  fornicata . . 

C. couvexa  

C.  unguiforaris 

Acmsea  testudinalis  . 

Doris  bifida 

Polycera  Lessonii  . . . 
Doridella  obscura  . . . 
,  undetermined. 


Page. 
305 
383 
305 
553 
553 
553 
307 
307 
400 
307 


Lamellibranchs,  ( Bivalves.) 


Page. 

Mya  areuaria 309 

Saxieava  arctica 309 

Kellia  planulata 310 

Scapharca  transversa 309 

Argina  pexata 309 


My  til  us  edulis 

Modiola  plicatula  . . 

M.  modiolus , 

Anomia  glabra 

Ostrrea  Yirginiana 


Page. 
307 
307 
309 
311 
310 


Ascidians. 


Molgula  Manhatteusis 


Page. 
311 


Cynthia  partita 


Bryozoa,  (or  Polyzoa.) 


Page. 

Crisia  eburnea 311 

Tubulipora  flabellaris 405 

Alcyonidium  ramosum 404 

Alcyonidium  hirsutum 404 

A.  liispidum 312 

Yesicularia  gracilis 389 

Yesicularia  cuscuta ....  404 

V.  dichotoma 404 

Bugula  turrita 311 


B.  flabellata 

Membranipora  pilosa . . 
M.  lineata , 

Escharella  variabilis  . . 
Discopora  coccmea(?) . . 
Lepralia,  sp 

Cellepora  ramulosa 

Pedicellina  Americana. 


Page. 
311 


Page. 
389 
406 
406 
312 
424 
420 
312 
405 


RADIATA. 

jEchinoderms. 


Arbacia  punctulata. 


Page. 
326 


Asterias  arenicola 


Page. 
326 


40         REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [334] 


Acaleplis. 


Page. 

Obelia  commissuralis 327 

O.  pyriformis 390 

O.  diaphana 327 

O.  geniculata 407 

Clytia  Johnston! 408 

Orthopyxis  caliculata 408 

Platypyxis  cylindrica 408 

Oampanularia  volubilis 408 

C.  flexuosa 327 

Lafoea  calcarata  .  408 


Halecium  gracile 

Sertularia  argentea 

S.  pumila 

Bougainvillia  superciliaris 

Margelis  Carolinensis 

Clava  leptostyla 

Pennaria  tiarella 

Hybocodon  prolifer 

Hydractinia  polyoliua  .... 


Polypi 


Page. 

Metridium  marginatum 329 

Sagartia  leucolena 329 

S.  modesta  .  330 


Halocampa  producta 
Astrangia  Danse 


Page. 
328 
408 
327 
328 

328 
327 
328 
328 


Page. 
330 
329 


PROTOZOA. 

Sponges. 


Page. 

Grautia  ciliata 330 

Leucosolenia  botryoides  (?) . .     391 
Halichondria,  sp 330 


Tedania,  sp . 
Renieria,  sp 


Page. 
330 
330 


II. — 2.  FAUNA  OF  THE  SANDY  SHORES  OF  THE  BAYS  AND  SOUNDS. 

These  sandy  shores  vary  considerably  in  character  according  to  their 
situations  and  composition.  In  the  more  exposed  positions  the  beaches 
of  fine  loose  sand  differ  but  little  in  character  from  those  that  prevail 
so  extensively  on  the  ocean  shores,  from  Cape  Cod  to  North  Florida. 
In  more  sheltered  situations  there  is  generally  more  or  less  mud  mixed 
with  the  sand,  which  often  forms  shores  with  a  very  'gentle  slope,  run 
ning  down  to  broad  flats,  bare  at  low- water ;  such  flats  of  sandy  mud 
are  the  favorite  homes  of  large  numbers  of  burrowing  creatures ;  but 
even  on  the  exposed  beaches  of  loose  siliceous  sand,  which  are  completely 
torn  up  and  remodeled  by  every  storm,  there  are  still  to  be  found  many 
kinds  of  animals  perfectly  adapted  to  such  conditions,  finding  there 
their  proper  homes.  In  other  cases  there  is  more  or  less  gravel  and 
pebbles  mixed  with  the  sand,  which,  under  some  conditions  of  expos 
ure,  produce  a  firm  and  compact  deposit,  admirably  adapted  to  the 
tastes  and  habits  of  certain  tube  dwelling  and  burrowing  creatures.  In 
other  places,  especially  in  sandy  coves  or  other  sheltered  situations,  the 
sandy  flats  are  partly  covered  by  tufts  and  patches  of  eel-grass,  and 


[335]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          41 

there  are  many  animals  that  find  congenial  resorts  on  such  flats.  Then 
there  will  sometimes  be  pools  or  rivulets  of  sea-water  on  the  sandy  flats, 
in  which  certain  creatures  often  spend  the  short  time  while  thus  impris 
oned  by  the  tide. 

The  special  localities  where  the  sand-dwelling  species  of  this  region 
.were  chiefly  studied,  are  the  beaches  on  Naushon  and  adjacent  islands; 
Nobska  Beach  and  several  other  beaches  near  Wood's  Hole ;  the  exten 
sive  sand-beach  between. Falmouth  and  Waquoit;  the  beach  at  Meneni- 
sha  Bight,  on  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  several  beaches  on  the  shores  of 
Buzzard's  Bay ;  the  beaches  at  South  End,  Savin  Bock,  and  other  local 
ities  near  New  Haven ;  the  beaches  on  Great  South  Baj-,  Long  Island  ; 
the  beaches  at  the  mouth  of  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  &c.,  be 
sides  the  outer  beaches  at  various  other  points. 

Along  the  upper  part  of  the  sand-beaches  there  is  generally  an  almost 
continuous  belt  of  dead  sea- weeds,  broken  shells,  fragments  of  crabs, 
lobsters,  and  various  other  debris  cast  up  by  the  waves.  Although 
many  of  the  dead  shells,  &c.,  which  occur  in  this  way,  belong  really  to 
the  sandy  shores  near  low-water,  others  have  come,  perhaps,  from  deeper 
water  and  other  kinds  of  bottom.  Therefore,  although  such  rubbish- 
heaps  may  afford  good  collecting  grounds  for  those  who  frequent  the 
shores  after  storms,  it  would  be  useless  to  enumerate  the  species  that 
more  or  less  frequently  occur  in  them.  Beneath  such  masses  of  decay 
ing  materials  many  insects  and  Crustacea  occur,  together  with  certain 
genuine  worms.  Part  of  these  are  truly  marine  forms,  and  are  never 
found  away  from  the  sea-shores,  but  many,  especially  of  the  insects,  are 
in  no  sense  marine,  being  found  anywhere  in  the  interior  where  decay 
ing  matters  abound.  The  two-winged  flies  (Diptera,)  of  many  kinds, 
are  especially  abundant,  and  their  larvae  occur  in  immense  numbers  in 
the  decaying  sea- weed.  Some  of  these  flies  are,  however,  true  marine 
species,  and  live  in  the  larval  state  in  situations  where  they  are  sub 
merged  for  a  considerable  time  by  the  tide.  1  have  often  dug  such 
larvae  from  the  sand  near  low- water  mark,  and  have  also  dredged  them 
at  the  depth  of  four  or  five  fathoms  off  shore.  During  unusually  high 
tides  immense  quantities  of  the  fly-larvae  will  be  carried  away  by  the 
encroachment  of  the  waters,  and  thus  become  food  for  fishes  of  many 
kinds,  and  especially  for  the  young  ones,  which  frequent  the  shallow  waters 
along  the  shores.  There  are  also  many  species  of  beetles  (Coleoptera) 
which  frequent  these  places,  and  several  of  them  are  genuine  marine 
insects,  living  both  in  the  larval  and  adult  conditions  in  burrows  be 
tween  tides.  Among  these  are  two  or  three  species  of  Bledim,  belong 
ing  to  the  Stapliylinidcv  ;  several  tiger-beetles  (Cicindela,)  and  represen 
tatives  of  other  families.  The  "  tiger-beetles  "  are  very  active,  carnivo 
rous  insects  and  frequent  the  dry  sands  just  above  high-water  mark ; 
when  disturbed  they  rise  quickly  and  fly  away  to  the  distance  of  sev 
eral  yards  before  alighting.  They  are  so  wary  that  it  is  difficult  to  catch 
them  without  a  net.  Most  of  the  species  reflect  bright,  metallic,  bronzy  or 


42          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [336J 

green  colors,  and  many  of  them  have  the  elytra  more  or  less  marked  with 
white.  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  found  the  larva  of  our  largest  species  (C.  gene- 
rosa)  at  Fire  Island,  living  in  holes  in  the  sand  below  high- water  mark, 
associated  with  the  species  of  Talorchestia. 

Beneath  the  decaying  sea-weeds  on  the  sandy  shores  immense  num 
bers  of  the  lively  little  crustacean,  Orchestia  agiUs,  (p.  314,  Plate  IV,» 
fig.  14,)  may  always  be  found.  Two  other  related  species,  of  larger  size 
and  paler  colors,  but  having  the  same  habit  of  leaping,  though  not  in 
such  a  high  degree,  occur  among  the  weeds,  or  burrowing  in  the  sand, 
or  beneath  drift-wood,  &c.,  a  little  below  high-water  mark.  In  fact  the 
sand  is  sometimes  completely  filled  with  their  holes,  of  various  sizes. 
Both  these  species  are  stout  in  form,  and  become  about  an  inch  long 
when  mature.  One  of  them,  Talorchestia  longicornis,  can  be  easily  dis 
tinguished  by  its  very  long  antennre  ;  the  other,  T.  megalophthalma,by  its 
shorter  antennae  and  very  large  eyes.  Both  these  species  are  pale  gray 
ish,  and  imitate  the  color  of  the  sand  very  perfectly.  When  driven 
from  their  burrows  by  unusually|high  tides  or  storms  they  are  capable 
of  swimming  actively  in  the  water.  They  make  dainty  morsels  for  fishes 
and  many  shore  birds,  as  well  as  for  certain  crabs,  especially  Ocypoda 
arenaria. 

On  sandy  beaches  near  high-water  mark,  especially  where  the  sand  is 
rather  compact  and  somewhat  sheltered,  one  of  the  "  fiddler-crabs," 
Gelasimus  pugilator,  is  frequently  found  in  great  numbers,  either  run 
ning  actively  about  over  the  sand,  or  peering  cautiously  from  their  holes, 
which  are  often  thickly  scattered  over  considerable  areas.  These  holes 
are  mostly  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  a  foot  or  more 
in  depth,  the  upper  part  nearly  perpendicular,  becoming  horizontal  be 
low,  with  a  chamber  at  the  end.  Mr.  Smith,  by  lying  perfectly  still  for 
some  time  on  the  sand,  succeeded  in  witnessing  their  mode  of  dig 
ging.  In  doing  this  they  drag  up  pellets  of  moist  sand,  which  they 
carry  under  the  three  anterior  ambulatory  legs  that  are  on  the  rear  side, 
climbing  out  of  their  burrows  by  means  of  the  legs  of  the  side  in  front, 
aided  by  the  posterior  leg  of  the  other  side.  After  arriving  at  the 
mouth  of  their  burrows  and  taking  a  cautious  survey  of  the  landscape, 
they  run  quickly  to  the  distance*often  of  four  or  five  feet  from  the  bur 
row  before  dropping  their  load,  using  the  same  legs  as  before  and  carry 
ing  the  dirt  in  the  same  manner.  They  then  take  another  careful  sur 
vey  of  the  surroundings,  run  nimbly  back  to  the  hole,  and  alter  again 
turning  their  pedunculated  eyes  in  every  direction,  suddenly  disappear, 
soon  to  reappear  with  another  load.  They  work  in  this  way  both  in  the 
night  and  in  the  brightest  sunshine,  whenever  the  tide  is  out  and  the 
weather  is  suitable.  In  coming  out  or  going  into  their  burrows  either 
side  may  go  in  advance,  but  the  male  more  commonly  comes  out  with 
the  large  claw  forward.  According  to  Mr.  Smith's  observations  this 
species  is  a  vegetarian,  feeding  upon  the  minute  alga3  which  grow  upon 
the  moist  sand.  s  Infeeding^the|males  use  only  the  small  claw  with  which 


[337]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  43 

they  pick  up  the  bits  of  algae  very  daintily  ;  the  females  use  indifferently 
either  of  their  small  claws  for  this  purpose.  They  always  swallow  more 
or  less  sand  with  their  food.  Mr.  Smith  also  saw  these  crabs  engaged 
in  scraping  up  the  surface  of  the  sand  where  covered  with  their  favorite 
algae,  which  they  formed  into  pellets  and  carried  into  their  holes,  in  the 
same  way  that  they  bring  sand  out,  doubtless  storing  it  until  needed 
for  food,  for  he  often  found  large  quantities  stored  in  the  terminal 
chamber.  Mr.  T.  M.  Prudden  has  since  ascertained  that  one  of  the  other 
species  of  "  fiddlers  n  on  our  shores  ( 0.  minax)  is  also  a  vegetarian  and 
feeds  upon  similar  algae,  which  grow  on  the  muddy  salt-marshes. 

The  Ocypoda  arenaria  is  a  crab  allied  to  the  "  fiddlers"  and  similar  in 
some  of  its  habits.  It  is  a  southern  species,  ranging  as  far  as  Brazil, 
and  adult  specimens  have  not  yet  been  observed  on  the  coast  of  New 
England,  but  Mr.  Smith  has  observed  the  young  in  abundance  at  Fire 
Island,  and  we  have  the  young  from  Block  Island  ;  it  occurs  at  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  of  larger  size,  and  therefore  it  may  be  looked  for 
on  the  beaches  of  Nantueket  and  Martha's  Vineyard.  This  crab  lives  on 
the  beaches  at,  and  even  far  above,  high-water  mark.  It  digs  large  holes 
like  the  fiddlers,  often  in  the  loose  dry  sand,  back  from  the  shore,  yet 
when  disturbed  it  will  sometimes  take  to  the  water  in  order  to  escape, 
though  it  soon  returns  to  the  shore.  In  digging  its  holes,  according  to 
Mr.  Smith's  observations,  it  works  in  the  same  way  as  the  u  tiddler- 
crabs,"  except  that  it  is  quicker  in  its  motions,  and  often,  instead  of  car 
rying  the  pellets  of  sand  to  a  distance  from  the  hole,  it  throws  it  away 
with  a  sudden  and  powerful  jerk,  scattering  the  sand  in  every  direction, 
It  is  even  more  cautious  in  its  movements,  and  is  always  on  the  alert,  even 
the  slightest  movement  on  the  part  of  one  who  is  watching  them  is 
sure  to  send  them  all  into  their  holes  instantly.  In  color  this  species 
imitates  the  sand  very  perfectly,  especially  while  young,  when  they 
are  irregularly  mottled  and  speckled  with  lighter  and  darker  shades  of 
gray.  They  also  have  the  habit  of  crouching  down  closely  upon  or 
into  the  sand,  when  suddenly  frightened,  and  aided  by  their  colors  will 
often  thus  escape  observation.  At  other  times  they  will  trust  to  their 
speed  and  scamper  over  the  sand  with  such  swiftness  that  they  are  not 
easily  captured.  This  crab  is  carnivorous  in  its  habits  and,  according 
to  Mr.  Smith's  observations,  it  lives  largely  upon  the  u  beach-fleas " 
(Talorchestia)  which  inhabit  the  same  localities.  It  will  lie  in  wait  and 
suddenly  spring  upon  them,  very  much  as  a  cat  catches  mice.  It  also 
feeds  upon  dead  fishes  and  other  animals  that  are  thrown  on  the  shore 
by  the  waves. 

Another  inhabitant  of  the  upper  part  of  the  sand-beaches,  just  below 
high-water  mark,  is  the  Scyphacella  arenicola  SMITH,  which  has,  as  yet, 
been  found  only  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  but  probably  occurs  far 
ther  north.  It  is  a  small,  sand-colored  Isopod  crustacean,  which  has  no 
near  relatives,  so  far  as  known,  except  in  New  Zealand.  It  burrows  in 
the  sand,  making  a  little  conical  mound  around  the  mouth  of  the  holes. 
5  v 


44  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [338] 

The  only  Annelid  observed  high  up  on  the  sand-beaches  is  the  slen 
der,  white  Halodrillus  littoralis,  referred  to  on  page  324,  which  lives 
under  the  decaying  sea- weeds  in  great  numbers. 

On  the  lower  parts  of  the  sand  beaches,  toward  low-water  mark,  and 
especially  on  the  broad  flats,  which  are  barely  uncovered  by  the  lowest 
tides,  a  much  larger  number  of  species  occurs. 

Among  the  Crustacea  of  these  sandy  shores  we  frequently  find  the 
common  Cancer  irroratus,  (p.  312,)  which  is  very  cosmopolitan  in  its 
habits.  Occasionally  we  meet  with  a  specimen  of  Garcinus  granulatus, 
but  this  is  not  its  favorite  abode ;  but  the  " lady-crab "  or  "sand-crab," 
Platyonichm  ocellatus,  (Plate  I,  fig.  4,)  is  perfectly  at  home  among  the 
loose  sands  at  low-water  mark,  even  on  the  most  exposed  beaches.  This 
species  is  also  abundant  on  sandy-bottoms  off  shore,  and  as  it  is  furnished 
with  swimming  organs  on  its  posterior  legs,  it  can  swim  rapidly  in  the 
water  and  was  taken  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound  in  several  in 
stances,  and  some  of  the  specimens  thus  taken  were  of  fall  size.  When 
living  at  low-water  mark  on  the  sand-beaches  it  generally  buries  itself 
up  to  its  eyes  and  antenna  in  the  sand,  watching  for  prey,  or  on  the  look 
out  for  enemies.  If  disturbed  it  quickly  glides  backward  and  down 
ward  into  the  sand  and  disappears  instantly.  This  power  of  quickly 
burrowing  deeply  into  the  sand  it  possesses  in  common  with  all  the 
other  marine  animals,  of  every  class,  which  inhabit  the  exposed  beaches 
of  loose  sand,  for  upon  this  habit  their  very  existence  depends  during 
storms.  By  burying  themselves  sufficiently  deep  they  are  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  breakers.  The  means  of  effecting  this  rapid  burrowing  are 
very  diverse  in  the  different  classes.  Thus  one  of  the  fishes  (Ophidium 
marginatum),  which  lives  in  these  places,  has  a  long  acute  tail  and  by 
its  peculiar  undulatory  motions  can  instantly  bury  itself  tail-first  in  the 
sand.  Others  have  acute  heads  and  go  in  head-first. 

The  "lady-crab"  is  predacious  in  its  habits,  feeding  upon  various 
smaller  creatures,  but  like  most  of  the  crabs  it  is  also  fond  of  dead 
fishes  or  any  other  dead  animals.  In  some  localities  they  are  so  abun 
dant  that  a  dead  fish  or  shark  will  in  a  short  time  be  completely  covered 
with  them,  but  if  a  person  should  approach  they  will  all  suddenly  slip  off 
backwards  and  quickly  disappear  in  every  direction  beneath  the  sand ; 
after  a  short  time,  if  everything  be  quiet,  immense  numbers  of  eyes 
and  antenna  will  be  gradually  and  cautiously  protruded  from  beneath 
the  sand,  and  after  their  owners  have  satisfied  themselves  that  all  is 
well,  the  army  of  crabs  will  soon  appear  above  the  sand  again  and  con 
tinue  their  operations.  The  color  of  this  crab  is  quite  bright  and  does 
not  imitate  the  sand,  probably  owing  to  its  mode  of  concealment. 
The  ground-color  is  white,  but  the  back  is  covered  with  annular  spots 
formed  by  specks  of  red  and  purple.  It  is  devoured  in  great  numbers 
by  many  of  the  larger  fishes. 

Another  curious  burrowing  creature,  living  under  the  same  circum 
stances  as  the  last,  is  the  Hippo,  talpoida,  (Pate  II,  fig.  5.)  But  this 


[339]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  45 

species  burrows  like  a  mole,  head-first,  instead  of  backward.  It  can 
also  swim  quite  actively  and  is  sometimes  found  swimming  about  in  the 
pools  left  on  the  flats  at  low- water.  It  is  occasionally  dug  out  of  the  sand 
at  low-water  mark,  and  is  often  thrown  up  by  the  waves,  on  sand- 
beaches,  but  it  seems  to  live  in  shallow  water  on  sandy  bottoms  in 
great  numbers,  for  in  seining  on  one  of  the  sand-beaches  near  Wood's 
Hole  for  small  fishes,  a  large  quantity  of  this  species  was  taken.  Its 
color  is  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  purple  on  the  back.  It  is  one  of 
the  favorite  articles  of  food  of  many  fishes.  Mr.  Smith  found  the 
young  abundant  at  Fire  Island,  near  high-water,  burrowing  in  the  sand. 
This  species  is  still  more  abundant  farther  south. 

The  curious  long-legged  "  spider-crab,"  Libinia  canaliculata,  is  fre 
quently  met  with  at  or  just  below  low- water  mark  on  sandy  shores,  but 
its  proper  home  is  on  muddy  bottoms. 

Creeping,  or  rapidly  running,  over  the  bottom  in  shallow  water,  or  in 
the  tide-pools  on  the  flats,  the  smaller  u  hermit-crab,"  Eupagurus  longi- 
carpiiS)  (p.  313,)  may  almost  always  be  observed  ensconced  in  some  dead 
univalve  shell,  most  commonly  that  of  Ilyanassa  obsoleta.  This  species 
is  still  more  abundant  among  eel-grass,  and  on  muddy  shores. 

The  common  "  sand-shrimp,'7  Crangon  vulgaris,  (Plate  III,  fig.  10,) 
always  occurs  in  great  numbers  on  the  sandy  flats  and  in  the  tide-pools 
and  rivulets,  as  well  as  on  the  sandy  bottoms  in  deeper  water  off  shore. 
This  species  is  more  or  less  specked  irregularly  with  gray,  and  imi 
tates  the  color  of  the  sand  very  closely.  When  resting  quietly  on  the 
bottom,  or  when  it  buries  itself  partially  and  sometimes  almost  entirely, 
except  the  eyes  and  long  slender  antennae,  it  cannot  easily  be  distin 
guished  by  its  enemies,  and,  therefore,  gains  great  protection  by  its 
colors.  When  left  by  the  tide  it  buries  itself  to  a  considerable  depth  in 
moist  sand.  It  needs  all  its  powers  of  concealment,  however,  for  it  is 
eagerly  hunted  and  captured  by  nearly  all  the  larger  fishes  which  fre 
quent  the  same  waters,  and  it  constitutes  the  principal  food  of  many  of 
them,  such  as  the  weak-fish,  king-fish,  white  perch,  blue-fish,  flounders, 
striped  bass,  &c.  Fortunately  it  is  a  very  prolific  species  and  is  abun 
dant  along  the  entire  coast,  from  North  Carolina  to  Labrador,  wherever 
sandy  shores  occur.  The  young  swim  free  for  a  considerable  time  after 
hatching,  and  were  taken  at  the  surface  in  the  evening,  in  large  num 
bers..  The  common  prawn,  Palcvmonetes  vulgaris,  (Plate  II,  fig.  9,) 
often  occurs,  associated  with  the  Crangon,  but  it  is  much  more  abundant 
among  the  eel-grass,  and  especially  in  the  estuaries  where  it  has  its 
proper  home.  As  this  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  species  and  of 
great  importance  as  an  article  of  fish-food,  it  will  be  mentioned  again, 
with  more  details,  in  connection  with  the  fauna  of  the  estuaries. 

Several  species  of  smaller  Crustacea  also  burrow  in  the  sand  at  low- 
water  mark.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  is  an  Amphipod,  the 
Lcpidactylis  dytiscus,  which  by  its  external  form  reminds  one  of  Hippa, 
with  which  it  agrees  in  habits,  for  it  burrows  in  the  sand  like  a  mole. 


46  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [340] 

It  is  also  occasionally  found  under  stones  in  sandy  places.  Its  color  is 
pale  yellowish  white.  The  Unciola  irrorata  (Plate  IV,  fig.  19)  often 
lives  in  tubes  in  the  sand  in  abundance,  but  is  by  no  means  confined  to 
such  localities,  for  it  occurs  on  all  kinds  of  bottoms  and  at  all  depths 
down  to  at  least  430  fathoms  (off  St.  George's  Bank,)  and  is  abundant 
all  along  the  coast,  from  New  Jersey  to  Lajbrador.  It  is  particularly 
abundant  on  shelly  and  rocky  bottoms,  and  although  it  habitually  lives 
in  tubes,  it  does  not  always  construct  its  own  tube,  but  is  ready  and 
willing  to  take  possession  of  any  empty  worm-tube  into  which  it  can 
get,  and  having  once  taken  possession  it  seems  to  be  perfectly  at  home, 
for  it  remains  near  the  eud  of  the  tube  protruding  its  stout  claw-like 
antenna3,  and  looking  out  for  its  prey,  in  the  most  independent  manner. 
It  will  also  frequently  leave  its  tube  and  swim  actively  about  for  a  time, 
and  then  return  to  its  former  tube,  or  hunt  up  a  new  one.  It  seems, 
however,  to  be  capable  of  constructing  a  tube  for  itself,  when  it  can 
not  find  suitable  ones  ready-made.  Its  color  is  somewhat  variable,  but 
it  is  generally  irregularly  specked  with  red  and  flake-white,  and  the 
antennae  are  banded  with  red.  It  contributes  very  largely  to  the  food 
of  many  fishes,  such  as  scup,  pollock,  striped  bass,  &c. 

On  the  moist  sand -flats  curious  crooked  trails  made  by  the  Idotea 
cmca  (Plate  V,  fig.  22)  may  generally  be  seen.  This  little  Isopod  bur 
rows  like  a  mole  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  raising  it  up  into 
a  little  ridge  as  it  goes  along,  and  making  a  little  mound  at  the  end  of 
the  burrow,  where  the  creature  can  usually  be  found.  This  species  is 
whitish,  irregularly  specked  with  dark  gray,  so  as  to  imitate  the  color 
of  the  sand  very  perfectly,  it  is  also  capable  of  swimming  quite  rapidly . 
The  Idotea  Tiiftsii  is  another  allied  species,  having  the  same  habits  and 
living  in  similar  places,  but  it  is  much  more  rare  in  this  region.  It  has 
also  been  dredged  on  sandy  bottoms  off  shore.  It  is  a  smaller  species 
and  darker  colored,  with  dark  brown  markings.  The  Idotea  irrorata 
(p.  310,  Plate  Y,  fig.  23)  also  occurs  on  sandy  shores  wherever  there  is 
eel-grass,  among  which  it  loves  to  dwell. 

The  well  known  "horseshoe-crab"  or  "  king-crab,"  Limulus  Poly- 
phemus,  is  also  an  inhabitant  of  sandy  shores,  just  below  low- water  mark, 
but  it  is  more  abundant  on  muddy  bottoms  and  in  estuaries,  where  it 
burrows  just  beneath  the  surface  and  feeds  upon  various  small  animals. 
At  the  breeding  season,  however,  it  comes  up  on  the  sandy  shores  to 
deposit  the  eggs,  near  high-water  mark.  According  to  the  statements 
of  Rev.  S.  Lockwood,  (in  American  Naturalist,  vol.  iv,  p.  257,)  the 
spawning  is  done  at  the  time  of  high  tides,  during  May,  June,  and  July ; 
they  come  up  in  pairs,  the  males,  which  are  smallest,  riding  on  the 
backs  of  the  females  and  holding  themselves  in  that  position  by  the 
short  feet,  provided  with  nippers,  which  are  peculiar  to  the  males.  The 
female  excavates  a  depression  in  the  sand  and  deposits  the  eggs  in  it, 
and  the  male  casts  the  milt  over  them,  when  they  again  return  to 
deeper  water,  leaving  the  eggs  to  be  buried  by  the  action  of  the  waves. 


[341]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  47 

In  aquaria,  under  favorable  circumstances,  the  eggs  batch  in  about  six 
weeks,  but  in  their  natural  conditions  they  probably  hatch  sooner  than 
this ;  under  unfavorable  conditions  the  hatching  may  be  delayed  for  a 
whole  year.  The  eggs  are  very  numerous.  In  addition  to  the  interest 
ing  observations  of  Mr.  Lockwood,  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  has  since  given 
more  detailed  accounts  of  the  development  of  the  embryos  and  young  of 
Limulus  in  the  proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad 
vancement  of  Science,  1870,  p.  247,  and  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  ii,  p.  155,  1872. 

Annelids  are  quite  numerous  on  the  sandy  shores  where  the  condi 
tions  are  favorable.  It  is  evident  that  these  soft-bodied  creatures  would 
be  quickly  destroyed  by  the  force  of  the  waves  and  the  agitation  of  the 
sand,  were  they  not  provided  with  suitable  means  for  protecting  them 
selves.  This  is  effected  mainly  in  two  ways  :  the  sand-dwelling  species 
either  have  the  power  of  burrowing  deeply  into  the  sand  with  great 
rapidity,  or  else  they  construct  long  durable  tubes,  which  descend  deeply 
into  the  sand  and  afford  a  safe  retreat.  Many  of  the  active  burrowing 
species  also  construct  tubes,  but  they  usually  have  but  little  coherence 
and  are  not  very  permanent,  nor  do  they  appear  to  be  much  relied  on 
by  the  owners.  There  is,  however,  great  diversity  both  in  the  structure 
and  composition  of  the  tubes  of  different  species,  and  in  the  modes  by 
which  the  rapid  burrowing  is  effected. 

The  large  green  Nereis  (N.  virens,  p.  317)  is  found  on  the  sandy 
shores  in  places  that  are  somewhat  sheltered,  especially  if  there  be  an 
admixture  of  mud  or  gravel  with  the  sand  to  give  it  firmness  and 
solidity.  This  species  barrows  deeply  beneath  the  surface  and  lines 
the  interior  of  its  large  irregular  burrows  with  an  abundant  mucus-like 
secretion,  which  gives  smoothness  and  some  coherency  to  the  walls, 
but  does  not  form  a  solid  tube.  With  this,  and  in  greater  numbers,  the 
smaller  species,  Nereis  limbata,  (p.  318,)  is  also  found,  and  its  habits 
appear  to  be  essentially  the  same.  Both  this  and  the  preceding  can 
burrow  rapidly,  but  much  less  so  than  some  other  worms,  and  conse 
quently  they  are  not  wrell  adapted  to  live  on  exposed  beaches  of  moving 
sands,  but  prefer  coves  and  harbors.  The  two  large  species  of  Rhyn- 
cliobolm  are  much  better  adapted  for  rapid  burrowing.  Their  heads 
are  very  small  and  acute,  and  destitute  of  all  appendages,  except  four 
minute  tentacles  at  the  end ;  the  body  is  long,  smooth,  and  tapers 
gradually  to  both  ends,  and  the  muscular  system  is  very  powerful,  and 
so  arranged  as  to  enable  these  worms  to  coil  themselves  up  into  the  shape 
of  an  open  spiral,  like  a  corkscrew,  and  then  to  rapidly  rotate  them 
selves  on  the  axis  of  the  spiral.  When  the  sharp  head  is  inserted  into 
the  loose  mud  or  sand  and  the  body  is  thus  rotated,  it  penetrates  with 
great  rapidity  and  disappears  almost  instantly.  Both  these  species  are 
found  on  sandy  as  well  as  on  muddy  shores  and  flats  near  low-water 
mark,  and  also  in  deeper  water.  The  one  usually  most  abundant  is  R. 
dibranchiatus,  (Plate  X,  figs.  43,  44;)  this  is  readily  distinguished  by  h*v- 


48  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [342] 

ing  a  simple  gill  both  on  the  upper  and  lower  sides  of  the  lateral  append 
ages.  The  other,  K.  Americanus,  (Plate  X,  figs.  45,  46,)  has  gills  that 
are  more  or  less  branched  on  the  upper  side  of  the  appendages,  as  shown 
in  fig.  46,  but  none  on  the  lower  side;  the  appendages  are  also  longer, 
especially  posteriorly,  and  differently  shaped.  The  proboscis  is  remarka 
bly  long  and  large,  and  when  fully  protruded  it  shows  four  large,  black, 
sharp,  fang-like  jaws  or  hooks.  Both  these  worms  are  destitute  of  true 
blood-vessels,  such  as  most  of  the  allied  worms  possess,  but  have  the 
general  cavity  of  the  body  filled,  between  the  various  organs,  with 
bright  red  blood,  which  shows  through  the  skin,  giving  a  more  or  less 
red  or  purple  color  to  the  whole  body  and  proboscis. 

The  two  species  of  Lumbriconereis  already  referred  to  (p.  320,)  occur  in 
similar  localities,  and  are  usually  associated  with  the  two  preceding  spe 
cies,  but  they  are  less  rapid  burrowers  and  require  for  their  safety  lo 
calities  where  the  sand  is  compact  and  mixed  more  or  less  with  mud, 
or  where  it  is  somewhat  sheltered  from  the  force  of  the  waves.  In 
sandy  coves,  and  especially  on  the  flats  of  sandy  mud,  close  to  low- 
water  mark,  the  smaller  species,  L.  tenuis,  is  generally  very  abundant, 
penetrating  the  sand,  beneath  the  surface,  in  every  direction.  It  is 
often  a  foot  or  more  in  length  when  extended,  and  not  much  larger  than 
coarse  thread  or  small  twine,  and  bright  red  in  color.  When  the  sand 
in  these  localities  is  turned  up  with  a  spade,  their  drawn-out,  red,  thread 
like  bodies  can  usually  be  seen  in  large  numbers,  but  they  are  so  fragile 
that  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  an  entire  specimen.  The  head  is  obtusely 
conical,  a  little  flattened,  smooth,  pale  red,  and  iridescent,  without  eyes. 
The  other  species,  L.  opalina  V.,  (Plate  XIII,  fig.  69,)  is  much  larger,  grow 
ing  to  the  length  of  eighteen  inches  or  more,  and  about  .10  to  .12  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  Its  color  is  dark  bronze,  or  reddish  brown,  or  pale 
red,  the  surface  reflecting  the  most  brilliant  opal-like  colors.  Ifc  is 
easily  distinguished  from  the  L.  tenuis  by  its  four  eyes  in  a  row  across 
the  back  part  of  the  head.  Both  these  species,  when  removed  from 
their  burrows,  coil  themselves  in  a  long  spiral.  They  burrow  readily 
and  deeply,  but  not  so  rapidly  as  many  other  worms,  and  do  not  seem, 
to  have  permanent  tubes.  Another  worm,  found  in  similar  places  and 
readily  mistaken  for  L.  tenuis  on  account  of  its  long,  slender,  almost 
thread-like  body  and  red  color,  is  the  Notomastus  filiformls  V. ;  but 
in  this  species  the  head  is  very  acute,  the  lateral  appendages  and 
setre  are  very  different,  and  the  color  is  paler  red,  with  bands  or  rings 
of  bright  red.  This  species  has,  moreover,  a  smooth,  subglobular  pro 
boscis,  without  jaws,  while  the  former  has  a  powerful  set  of  compli 
cated  jaws,  without  a  distinct  proboscis,  and  they  are  widely  different  in 
internal  anatomy.  The  latter  feeds  upon  the  organic  matter  contained 
in  the  mud  that  it  swallows,  while  the  species  of  Lumbriconereis  are 
carnivorous,  feeding  upon  other  worms,  &c.  A  second  and  much  larger 
species  of  Notomastus  occurs  in  similar  places,  though  apparently  pre 
ferring  a  greater  proportion  of  mud.  This  species,  N.  luridus  V.,  grows 


[343]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  49 

to  be  about  ten  inches  long  and  .10  in  diameter.  Its  color  is  a  dark 
purplish  or  lurid  brown,  specked  with  white,  and  sometimes  inclined 
to  red.  Its  head  is  very  acute,  and  it  has  a  smooth,  swollen,  dark 
blood-red  proboscis.  It  is  a  rapid  burrower,  penetrating  deeply  into 
the  fine  mud  and  sand.  The  Maldane  elongata  V.  is  another  worm  allied 
to  the  last,  and  usually  associated  with  if,  but  this  species  constructs 
rather  firm,  round  tubes  out  of  the  line  sand  and  mud,  which  are  very 
long  and  descend  deeply  into  the  soil,  and  are  often  .20  to  .25  of  an  inch 
iii  diameter.  This  worm  is  six  or  eight  inches  long,  with  a  round  body 
of  nearly  uniform  diameter,  which  looks  as  if  obliquely  truncated  at 
both  ends,  but  the  obliquely-placed  upper  surface  of  the  head  is  bor 
dered  by  a  slight  ridge  or  fold  on  each  side  and  behind.  The  color 
is  dark  umber-brown,  or  reddish  brown,  the  swollen  part  of  each  ring- 
often  lighter  grayish  or  yellowish  brown,  but  usually  bright  red,  owing 
to  the  blood-vessels  showing  through.  The  intestine  is  large  and  filled 
with  sand.  Another  worm,  belonging  to  the  same  family  with  the  last 
and,  like  it,  constructing  long,  round  tubes  of  agglutinated  sand,  is  the 
Clymetiella  torquata,  (Plate  XIV,  figs.  71,  72,  73,)  but  this  species  often 
lives  where  the  sand  is  more  free  from  mud,  or  even  in  nearly  pure,  sili 
ceous  sand,  and  sometimes  considerably  above  low-water  mark,  though 
it  is  also  found  in  deep  water.  It  generally  constructs  its  long  and 
nearly  straight  tubes  very  neatly,  of  fine  white  sand,  without  mud. 
It  loves,  however,  to  dwell  in  sheltered  spots,  in  coves,  or  in  the  lee 
of  rocks  and  ledges,  and  is  also  partial  to  those  spots  on  the  sandy 
shores  where  eel-grass  grows,  building  its  tubes  among  the  roots.  It  is  a 
rather  handsomely  colored  species,  being  usually  pale  red,  with  bright 
red  bauds  around  the  swollen  parts  of  the  rings,  but  it  is  sometimes 
brownish  red  or  dull  brown.  It  can  always  be  recognized  by  the  pecu 
liar  collar  on  the  fifth  ring,  and  by  the  peculiar  funnel-shaped  caudal 
appendage,  surrounded  by  small  papilla3,  and  preceded  by  three  seg 
ments  or  rings  that  are  destitute  of  seta3. 

The  large  and  singular  worm,  Antkostoma  robustum  V.,  (Plate  XIV 
fig.  76,)  lives  like  the  last,  with  which  it  often  occurs,  in  nearly  pure 
sand,  where  it  is  somewhat  sheltered  from  the  violence  of  the  waves, 
but  is  also  fond  of  places  where  there  is  more  or  less  gravel  mixed  with 
the  sand.  It  sometimes  occurs  some  distance  above  low-water  mark, 
and  constructs  a  large,  thick,  somewhat  firm  tube  by  consolidating  and 
cementing  the  sand  around  its  burrow.  These  tubes  descend  nearly 
perpendicularly  to  a  great  depth,  and  can  usually  be  distinguished  by 
a  slightly  elevated  mound  of  dirt  around  the  opening,  which  is  usually 
different  in  color  from  the  surrounding  sand ;  and  sometimes  there  are 
recently-ejected  cylindrical  masses  of  such  earth  on  the  summit  of  the 
little  hillocks.  The  worm  itself,  when  full  grown,  is  fifteen  inches  or 
more  in  length,  and  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  head  is  very 
acute  and  the  front  part  of  the  body  is  firm  and  muscular,  with  very 
small  lateral  appendages,  and  fascicles  of  setie  in  four  rows ;  but  back 


50          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [344] 

of  the  twenty-fourth  body-segment  an  appendage  develops  below  the 
lower  fascicles  of  setae,  and  farther  back  becomes  broad,  foliaceous,  and 
divided  into  several  lobes ;  back  of  the  twenty-eighth  segment  the 
branchiae  appear  in  a  row  on  each  side  of  the  back,  and  soon  become 
long  and  ligulate;  at  the  same  time  other  ligulate  appendages  develop 
from  the  upper  lateral  appendages,  which  become  dorsal,  and  these, 
with  the  gills,  form  four  rows  of  processes  along  the  back,  outside  of 
which  are  the  elongated  setae  and  other  appendages.  The  posterior 
part  of  the  body  is  more  slender  and  much  more  delicate  than  the  an 
terior  part,  and  so  fragile  that  an  entire  specimen  can  rarely  be  obtained? 
and  those  that  are  obtained,  when  in  confinement  very  soon  detach 
fragment  after  fragment,  until  only  the  anterior  part  is  left.  In  their 
natural  habitations  they  would  undoubtedly  be  able  to  reproduce  their 
lost  parts,  like  many  other  annelids.  The  color  of  this  worm  is  ocher- 
yellow,  tinged  with  orange,  or  dark  orange ;  there  are  usually  two  rows 
of  dark-brown  spots  along  the  back  ;  the  branchiae  are  blood-red  ;  and 
posteriorly  there  is  a  brownish  red  median  dorsal  line.  The  proboscis 
is  very  singular,  for  it  is  divided  into  several  long,  flat,  digitate  pro 
cesses,  separate  nearly  to  the  base,  and  somewhat  enlarged  at  the  end. 

Another  species  of  this  genus,  of  smaller  size.  A.  fragile  V.,  often  oc 
curs  in  the  sandy  flats  in  great  numbers,  its  small  holes  sometimes  com 
pletely  filling  the  sand  over  considerable  areas  and  extending  nearly 
up  to  half-tide  mark.  This  species  grows  to  the  length  of  four  inches 
or  more,  with  a  diameter  of  about  .10.  Its  head  is  even  more  acute 
than  in  the  last  species,  with  a  very  slender,  translucent  apex.  The 
body  has  the  same  form,  but  is  more  slender.  The  processes  above  and 
below  the  fascicles  of  setae  begin  to  appear  at  the  fourteenth  segment, 
and  the  setae  begin  to  be  decidedly  elongated  at  the  fifteenth.  The 
dorsal  branchiae  begin  on  the  sixteenth  segment,  and  become  long  and 
ligulate  at  the  twentieth.  The  color  is  yellowish  orange  to  orange-brown ; 
the  dorsal  surface,  posteriorly,  and  the  branchiae  are  red.  The  body 
posteriorly  is  very  slender  and  extremely  fragile.  The  last  or  caudal 
segment  is  smooth,  oblong,  with  two  long  filiform  cirri  at  the  end.  The 
proboscis  is  large  and  broad,  consisting  of  numerous,  often  convoluted, 
lobes  or  folds,  united  b}~  a  thinner  membrane  or  broad  web. 

The  Aricia  ornata  V.  is  another  related  species,  living  in  similar 
places  with  the  last  and  having  similar  habits.  The  head  is  acute  in 
this  species,  but  the  dorsal  branchiae  and  lateral  appendages  com 
mence  much  nearer  the  head,  and  the  side  appendages  are  developed 
into  crest-like,  transverse  series  of  papillae,  which  cover  the  lateral  and 
ventral  surfaces  of  the  body  anteriorly. 

Two  species  of  Spio  also  occur  in  similar  situations  inhabiting  small 
round  tubes  or  holes  made  in  the  sand  near  low-water,  often  occuring 
in  great  numbers  in  certain  spots.  They  prefer  localities  that  are  not 
exposed  to  the  full  force  of  the  storms.  One  of  these,  S. setosa  V.  (Plate 
XIV,  fig.  77,)  is  remarkable  for  the  length  of  the  setae  iu  the  dorsal 


[345]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  51 

bundles ;  the  two  large  tentacles  (of  which  only  one  is  drawn  in  the 
figure)  are  usually  folded  backward  between  the  red  dorsal  branchiae, 
which  form  a  row  along  the  back  on  each  side.  The  other,  S.  robusta 
Y.,  is  a  stouter  species,  which  has  much  shorter  setae  in  the  dorsal  fasci 
cles;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  head  is  emarginate  in  front  and  the  lateral 
lobes  are  convex.  Both  species  have  four  small  eyes  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  those  of  the  posterior  pair  nearest  together.  In  similar  places, 
and  often  associated  with  the  two  preceding  species,  another  allied 
worm  often  occurs  in  great  abundance,  completely  filling  the  sand,  in 
its  chosen  abodes,  with  its  round  vertical  holes,  and  throwing  out  cylin 
ders  of  mud.  It  is  so  gregarious  that  in  certain  spots  hundreds  may  be 
found  within  a  square  foot,  but  yet  a  few  yards  away,  on  the  same  kind 
of  ground,  none  whatever  may  be  found.  This  is  Scolecolepis  viridis 
Y.  This  species,  like  the  two  preceeding,  has  a  pair  of  large  tentacles 
on  the  back  part  of  the  head,  which  are  usually  recurved  over  the  back 
between  the  rows  of  ligulate  branchiae,  and  four  eyes  on  the  top  of  the 
head  ;  the  central  lobe  of  the  head  is  slightly  bilobed  in  front,  the  lateral 
ones  convex;  the  branchiae  are  long,  slender,  ligulate,  meeting  over  the 
back,  and  exist  only  on  about  one  hundred  segments,  or  on  about  the 
anterior  third  part  of  the  body.  The  body  is  rather  slender,  depressed, 
and  about  three  inches  long  when  full  grown.  The  color  is  usually  dark 
green,  or  olive-green,  but  sometimes  light  green,  or  tinged  with  reddish 
anteriorly;  the  branchiae  are  bright  red;  the  large  tentacles  are  light 
green,  usually  with  a  row  of  black  dots,  and  often  crossed  by  narrow 
flake-white  lines  or  rings.  This  species  has  been  found  abundantly  on 
Naushon  Island,  and  other  localities  in  that  region;  at  New  Haven ;  and 
at  Somer's  Point  and  Beesley's  Point,  New  Jersey.  With  the  last  species 
at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  another  more  slender  species  of  the 
same  genus  occurred,  Scolecolepis  tennis  Y.  This  was  three  or  four 
inches  long  and  very  slender;  the  body  was  pale  green;  the  tentacles 
longer  and  more  slender  than  in  the  last,  whitish,  with  a  red  central 
line  ;  the  branchiae  red,  often  tinged  with  green,  shorter  than  in  the  last. 
The  head  is  relatively  broad,  with  the  central  lobe  rounded  in  front. 
The  branchiae  are  confined  to  the  anterior  part  of  the  body.  The  setae 
in  the  upper  fascicles  are  much  longer  than  in  the  last  species,  those  of 
the  three  anterior  segments  longer  than  the  others  and  forming  fan- 
shaped  fascicles,  directed  upward  and.  somewhat  forward. 

Another  singular  Annelid,  belonging  to  the  same  tribe  and  having 
nearly  the  same  habits,  is  represented  in  Plate  XIY,  fig.  78,  this  has 
been  found  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  burrowing  in  sandy  mud  at  about  half- 
tide,  both  at  Naushon  Island  and  at  Nahant,  Massachusetts,  and  he  has 
also  described  its  development  and  metamorphoses,  but  I  have  not  met 
with  the  adult  myself  in  this  region,  although  the  young  were  frequently 
taken  in  the  towing-nets  in  the  evening.  Mr.  Agassiz  regards  it  as 
perhaps  identical  with  Polydora  ciliatum  of  Europe.  It  occurred  in 
large  colonies,  closely  crowded  together,  building  upright  tubes  in  the 


52  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [346] 

mud.  The  presence  of  a  large  group  of  peculiar  stout  setae  on  each  side 
of  the  fifth  segment  will  distinguish  this  from  all  the  preceding  species. 
The  young  of  this,  like  those  of  most  of  the  annelids,  swim  free  at  the 
surface  for  some  time,  and  are  often  taken  in  great  numbers  in  the 
to  wing-nets. 

The  Ner'iYie  ayilis  V.,  is  still  another  representative  of  the  group  to 
which  the  last  five  species  belong,  and  like  them  it  has  two  long  and 
large  tentacles  on  its  head,  but  it  is  a  far  more  active  and  hardy  species 
than  any  of  them,  and  much  better  adapted  for  rapid  burrowing.  It 
accordingly  lives  on  exposed  beaches  even  where  the  sand  is  loose,  and 
can  also  maintain  itself  on  the  exposed  sandy  beaches  of  the  outer  ocean- 
shores,  exposed  to  the  full  force  of  the  surf,  its  extremely  quick  burrow 
ing  affording  it  the  means  of  protecting  itself  against  the  action  of  the 
sea.  It  lives  in  small  round  holes  near  low- water  mark  ;  unlike  the 
related  species,  already  mentioned,  it  has  a  very  sharp  conical  head. 
The  two  large  tentacles  are  about  half  an  inch  long,  and  originate  close 
together  on  the  upper  side  of  the  back  of  the  head,  and  are  usually  re 
curved  over  the  back  when  the  worm  is  swimming  in  the  water,  as  it  is 
capable  of  doing,  but  when  it  is  wriggling  about  on  the  sand  they  are 
twisted  about  in  all  directions  and  variously  coiled ;  and  when  in  their 
holes  the  tentacles  are  protruded  from  the  opening.  The  eyes  are  four, 
small,  black,  placed  close  together  in  front  of  the  base  of  the  tentacles. 
The  upper  lobe  of  the  lateral  appendages  is  large  and  foliaceous  and 
connected  writh  the  branchiae  along  the  anterior  part  of  the  body,  but 
partially  free  farther  back.  The  body  is  two  or  three  inches  long  and 
rather  slender ;  the  color  is  reddish  or  brownish  anteriorly,  greenish 
white  on  the  sides,  except  on  the  anterior  third ;  the  branchiae, 
which  extend  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  are  light  red;  tentacles 
greenish  white. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  Annelids  of  this  region  is 
the  Diopatra  cuprea,  (Plate  XIII,  figs.  67  and  68.)  This  species  grows 
to  be  more  than  a  foot  long,  with  the  body  depressed  and  often  nearly 
half  an  inch  broad.  It  constructs  a  very  curious  permanent  tube  in 
which  it  dwells  very  securely.  The  part  of  these  tubes  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  sand  is  composed  of  a  tough  parchment-like  material, 
and  often  descends  obliquely  to  the  depth  of  two  or  three  feet  or  more; 
the  upper  end  of  the  tube  projects  two  or  three  inches  from  the  surface 
of  the  sand  or  mud,  and  is  thickly  covered  with  bits  of  eel-grass  and 
sea-weeds,  fragments  of  shells,  and  other  similar  things,  all  of  which  are 
firmly  attached  to  the  tube,  but  project  externally  in  all  directions,  giv 
ing  this  part  of  the  tube  a  very  rough  and  ragged  appearance  exter 
nally,  but  it  is  very  smooth  within,  and  often  it  has  an  opening  half  an 
inch  in  diameter,  or  large  enough  so  that  the  worm  can  turn  around, 
end  for  end,  inside  of  it.  When  undisturbed  the  occupant  thrusts  its 
head  and  the  anterior  part  of  the  body  out  of  the  tube  to  the  distance 
of  several  inches  in  search  of  food,  or  materials  to  add  to  its  tube,  ex- 


[347]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          53 

posing  the  curious  bright  red  gills,  which  are  shaped  something  like 
miniature  fir  trees.  The  central  stem  is  long  and  tapering,  with  a  blood 
vessel  winding  spirally  up  to  its  summit,  and  another  winding  in  the 
opposite  direction  down  to  its  base ;  the  basal  part  is  naked,  but  above 
this  slender  branches  are  given  off,  forming  spirals  all  along  the  stem 
and  gradually  decreasing  in  length  to  the  tip;  each  of  the  branches  con 
tains  two  slender  blood-vessels.  These  branchia3  commence  at  the  fifth 
segment  and  do  not  extend  to  the  end  of  the  body,  the  last  ones  being 
much  smaller,  with  few  branches.  The  first  four  setigerous  segments 
have  an  acute,  conical,  papilliform  ventral  cirrus  at  the  base  of  the  lateral 
appendages;  on  the  fifth  and  following  segments  these  become  low, 
broad,  rounded,  whitish  tubercles,  with  longitudinal  wrinkles  or  grooves, 
and  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  middle  ;  these  appear  to  contain  the  glands 
which  secrete  the  cement  used  in  constructing  the  lining  of  the  tube,  for 
when  attaching  any  additional  object  at  the  end,  after  adjusting  it  in  the  de 
sired  position  the  worm  constantly  rubs  this  part  of  the  lower  surface  back 
ward  and  forward  over  the  edge  of  the  tube  and  the  object  to  be  cemented 
to  it,  until  a  perfect  adherence  is  effected,  and  a  smooth  coating  of  firm 
mucus  is  deposited,  and  this  operation  is  repeated  for  every  piece  added 
to  the  tube.  It  is  very  interesting  to  watch  these  worms,  when  in  con 
finement  in  an  aquarium,  while  engaged  in  constructing  their  tubes. 
By  placing  bits  of  bright  colored  shells,  tinsel,  cloth,  or  even  pieces 
of  bright  colored  feathers,  near  the  tubes,  they  can  be  induced  to  use 
them,  and  thus  some  very  curious  looking  tubes  will  be  produced ; 
but  they  evidently  prefer  the  more  rough  and  homely  materials  to  which 
they  are  accustomed,  when  they  can  be  had.  The  iridescent,  opaline 
colors  of  this  species  are  usually  very  brilliant  and  beautiful,  especially  on 
the  back,  head,  and  bases  of  the  antennae.  The  general  color  of  the  body 
is  reddish  brown,  or  deep  brown,  thickly  specked  with  gray;  the  an 
tennae  are  paler  brown;  the  lateral  appendages  yellowish  brown,  finely 
specked  with  white  and  dark  brown;  the  gills  usually  blood-red,  but 
varying  from  light  red  to  dark  brown.  There  are  two,  small,  black  eyes 
between  the  bases  of  the  odd  median  and  upper  lateral  antenna.  This 
species  is  often  quite  abundant  on  the  sand-flats  near  low-water  mark, 
especially  where  there  is  more  or  less  mud  mixed  with  the  sand,  but  it 
is  still  more  abundant  in  the  shallow  or  moderately  deep  waters  off 
shore,  on  muddy  and  shelly  bottoms.  It  is  difficult,  however,  to  obtain 
entire  specimens  with  the  dredge,  for  it  usually  merely  cuts  off  the  up 
per  end  of  the  tube,  while  the  occupant  retreats  below;  occasionally 
the  head  of  the  worm  is  cut  off  in  this  way.  On  the  shore,  also,  it  is 
not  easy  to  obtain  entire  specimens  unless  the  tubes  be  cautiously  ap 
proached  and  the  retreat  of  the  worm  prevented  by  a  sudden  and  deep 
thrust  of  the  spade  below  it,  so  as  to  cut  off  the  tube.  This  species  is 
carnivorous  and  has  a  very  powerful  set  of  black  jaws,  which  are  une 
qual  on  the  two  sides  of  the  mouth,  (fig.  G8.) 
The  Marpliysa  Leidyi  (p.  319,  Plate  XII,  fig.  61)  is  allied  to  the  pre- 


54  EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.     [348] 

ceding:  species,  and  has  somewhat  similar  habits,  but  does  not  construct 
snch  perfect  tubes.  It  is  occasionally  dug  out  of  the  sand  at  low-water? 
but  is  much  more  common  in  deeper  water. 

The  Staurocephalus  pallidm  V.  is  a1  so  an  inhabitant  of  these  sandy 
shores,  burrowing  in  the  sand  at  low-water.  It  is  a  slender  species, 
about  two  inches  long  and  one-tenth  broad.  It  is  peculiar  in  having 
four  long,  slender  antennae  or  t3iitacl<  s  on  the  front  of  the  head,  ar 
ranged  in  a  cross-like  manner,  to  which  the  generic  name  alludes. 
There  are  also  four,  small,  dark  red  eyes  on  the  upper  side  of  the  head. 
Tiie  cuiur  is  pule  yellowish,  the  red  blood-vessels  showing  through  an 
teriorly.  This  worm  is  allied  to  the  two  preceding,  and  to  Lwribri- 
conereis,  and  like  them  it  is  predacious  in  its  habits  and  has  a  very 
complicated  set  of  jaws,  consisting  of  numerous  sharp,  fang-like  pieces 
of  various  shapes,  arranged  in  several  rows  on  both  sides. 

The  Sthenelais  picta  V.  is  another  curious  Annelid,  which  is  some 
times  found  burrowing  in  the  sand  at  low-watermark,  but  it  also  occurs 
on  shelly  and  muddy  bottoms  in  deep  water.  It  has  a  long,  slender 
body,  six  inches  or  more  in  length,  and  the  back  is  covered  with  two 
rows  of  thin,  smooth  scales,  which  are  very  numerous.  The  head  is 
usually  brownish,  with  a  whitish  spot  on  each  side;  there  is  generally 
a  dark  brown  band  along  the  back;  the  scales  are  translucent,  and 
vary  in  their  color-markings,  but  more  commonly  there  is  a  border  of 
dark  brown  or  blackish  along  the  inner  edge,  which  is  usually  con 
nected  with  a  similar  border  along  the  anterior  edge,  or  with  an  ante 
rior  angular  spot,  and  often  with  a  dark  border  along  the  posterior 
edge,  leaving  more  or  less  of  the  central  part  of  each  scale  white  and 


The  Nephthys  picta  (Plate  XII,  fig.  57)  is  also  sometimes  found  bur 
rowing  ui  sandy  mud  at  low-water  mark,  hut  it  is  much  more  frequent 
in  the  deeper  waters  of  the  sounds.  It  can  be  distinguished  at  once 
from  all  the  other  species  of  Nephthys  found  in  this  region  by  its  greater 
slenderness,  and  by  having  the  body  whitish  and  variously  marked  or 
mottled  on  the  back,  toward  the  head,  with  dark  brown  ;  it  sometimes 
has  a  dark  brown  median  dorsal-line.  The  shape  of  the  head  and  posi 
tion  of  the  tentacles  are  also  peculiar. 

In  sheltered  situations,  where  there  is  some  mud  with  the  sand,  the 
Cirratulus  grandis  V.,  (p.  319,  Plate  XY,  figs.  80,  81,)  is  often  met  with 
burrowing  beneath  the  surface.  In  similar  places,  and  also  in  nearly 
pure,  compact  sand,  and  in  sand  mixed  with  gravel,  the  large  tubes  of 
Amphitrite  ornata  (p.  320,  Plate  XVI,  fig.  82)  are  often  to  be  seen  ; 
these  show  a  round  opening,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter, 
surrounded  by  a  slightly  raised  mound  of  sand,  often  different  in  color 
from  that  of  the  surface,  and  sometimes  there  are  cylinders  of  such 
sand  around  the  opening.  These  tubes  are  scarcely  to  be  distinguished 
from,  those  of  Anthostoma  robustum,  described  above,  and  are  found  in 


[349]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  55 

similar  places.    But  the  worms  are  very  unlike  in  appearance   and 
structure. 

Several  species  of  slender,  greenish  worms,  belonging  to  the  gen 
era,  Phyllodoce,  Eumidia,  Eulalia,  and  Eteone,  are  occasionally  dug  out  of 
the  sand.  In  all  these  the  head  is  well-developed  and  provided  with 
four  antennas  at  the  end,  and  in  the  three  last  with  an  odd  median 
one  on  its  upper  side,  and  they  all  have  two  well- developed  eyes, 
and  oval  or  lanceolate,  leaf-like  branchiae  along  the  sides  of  the  back. 
They  are  very  active  species,  and  most  of  them  belong  properly  to 
the  shelly  and  rocky  bottoms  in  deeper  water,  where  they  are  often 
very  abundant.  In  sheltered  coves,  where  there  is  mud  with  the  sand, 
Cistenides  Gouldii  V.,  (p.  323,  Plate  XVII,  figs.  87,  87a,)  often  occurs, 
but  it  is  more  partial  to  the  muddy  shores.  On  various  dead  shells,  as 
well  as  on  certain  living  ones,  and  on  the  back  of  Limulus,  &c.,  the 
masses  of  hard,  sandy  tubes,  built  and  occupied  by  the  Sabellaria  vul- 
garis  V.,  (p.  321,  Plate  XVII,  figs.  88,  88a,)  often  occur. 

Of  the  Nemerteans  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  is  the  Meckelia 
ingens  (p.  324,  Plate  XIX,  figs.  96,  90«.)  This  species  lives  in  the 
clear  sand,  near  low-water  mark,  as  well  as  in  places  that  are  more  or 
less  muddy,  and  notwithstanding  its  softness  and  fragility,  by  its  means 
of  burrowing  rapidly,  it  can  maintain  itself  even  on  exposed  shores, 
where  the  sacds  are  loose  and  constantly  moved  by  the  waves.  The 
young,  several  inches  or  even  a  foot  in  length,  are  quite  common,  but 
the  full-grown  ones  are  only  occasionally  met  with.  The  largest  that  I 
have  found  were  at  least  15  feet  long,  when  extended,  and  over  an  inch 
broad,  being  quite  flat;  but  they  co  ild  contract  to  two  or  three  feet  in 
length,  and  then  became  nearly  cylindrical  and  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  body  was  largest  anteriorly,  tapering  very 
gradually  to  the  posterior  end,  which  was  flat  and  thin,  terminated  by 
a  central,  small,  slender,  acute,  contractile  process  one-quarter  of  an 
inch  or  less  in  length.  The  proboscis  of  the  largest  one,  when  pro 
truded,  was  fifteen  inches  long,  and  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  in  diame 
ter  where  thickest.  This  proboscis,  which  is  forcibly  protruded  from  a 
terminal  opening  in  the  head,  appears  to  be  an  organ  of  locomotion,  at 
least  to  a  certain  extent,  for  when  it  penetrates  the  loose  sand  in  any 
direction  it  makes  an  opening  into  which  the  head  can  be  thrust,  and 
then,  by  enlarging  the  opening,  it  can  easily  penetrate.  But  the  pro 
boscis  is  probably  used,  also,  as  an  instrument  for  exploring  the  sand 
in  various  directions,  either  in  search  of  food  or  to  test  its  hardness  or 
fitness  for  burrowing,  thus  economizing  time  and  labor.  At  any  rate, 
the  ways  in  which  this  remarkable  instrument  is  used  by  these  worms, 
when  kept  in  confinement  with  sand,  suggest  both  these  uses.  But 
the  proboscis  is  by  no  means  the  principal  organ  of  locomotion,  for  the 
head  itself  is  used  for  this  purpose,  urged  forward  by  the  undulatory 
movements  of  the  muscular  body,  and  aided  by  the  constantly  chang 
ing  bulbous  expansions,  both  of  the  head  and  body,  which  both  crowd 


56  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.     [350] 

the  sand  aside,  making  the  burrow  larger,  and  furnish  points  of  resist 
ance  toward  which  the  parts  behind  can  be  drawn,  or  against  which 
the  head  and  anterior  parts  can  push  in  continuing  the  burrow. 
The  head,  moreover,  is  extremely  changeable  in  form,  at  one  time 
being  spear-shaped,  with  a  pointed  tip  and  thin  edges,  and  con 
stricted  at  the  neck;  in  the  next  minute  broadly  rounded;  then 
perhaps  truncate  or  even  deeply  emarginate  at  the  end  ;  then  gradually 
losing  its  distinctness  and  blending  its  outlines  continuously  with 
those  of  the  body;  or  perhaps  shrinking  down  to  a  small  oval  form, 
not  more  than  one-third  as  wide  as  the  body  just  back  of  it.  All  these 
and  many  other  changes  can  often  be  witnessed  within  a  very  few  min 
utes,  and  are  so  effected  as  greatly  to  aid  the  creature  in  burrowing 
This  worm  can  also  leave  the  bottom  and  swim  rapidly  in  the  water, 
the  body  being  usually  kept  up  edgewise  and  impelled  forward  by  the 
undulations  of  the  body,  which  thus  become  horizontal.  When  swim 
ming  in  this  way  the  motion  reminds  one  of  the  swimming  of  a  snake 
or  an  eel.  In  addition  to  the  terminal  pore,  for  the  proboscis,  there 
is  a  deep  lateral  slit  or  fossa  on  each  side  of  the  head,  and  a  large  ven 
tral  orifice  beneath.  The  latter  is  very  changeable  in  form,  changing 
from  elliptical,  long  oval,  oblong,  or  hour  glass-shape,  to  circular  in  rapid 
succession.  There  are  no  eyes.  Along  each  side  of  the  greater  part  or 
the  length  of  the  bod}7,  the  voluminous,  transversely-banded  lateral 
organs  can  be  imperfectly  distinguished  through  the  translucent  integ 
ument,  as  well  as  the  median  cavity,  in  which  a  dark  pulsating  tube  can 
sometimes  be  seen.  The  lateral  organs  commence  at  about  the  anterior 
fourth  in  small  specimens,  but  in  the  larger  ones  relatively  nearer  the 
head,  for  in  the  largest  they  originate  only  six  or  eight  inches  back  of 
it.  The  portion  in  front  of  the  lateral  organs  is  thicker  and  more  cy 
lindrical  than  the  rest  of  the  body. 

The  color  of  the  largest  specimens  is  generally  light  red  or  flesh-color, 
•with  the  lateral  edges  and  central  band  translucent  grayish  white,  the 
lateral  organs  showing  through  as  dull  yellowish  transverse  branches, 
with  diverticula  between  them  ;  head  yellowish.  But  one  large  speci 
men  was  dull  brownish  yellow ;  others  are  yellowish  white,  with  the 
lateral  organs  deep  chestnut-brown,  crossed  by  white  lines.  The  small 
specimens  are  generally  paler,  usually,  pale  flesh-color  or  yellowish 
white  and  often  milk-white.  Some  of  the  diversity  in  color  may  be 
due  to  sexual  differences.  This  species  has  also  been  dredged  on  sandy 
and  shelly  bottoms  in  six  to  eight  fathoms  in  the  sounds. 

Dr.  Leidy  has  also  described  another  similar  species,  from  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  under  the  name  of  Meckelia  lactea,  which  I  have  not  been  able 
to  distinguish,  unless  it  be  what  I  have  regarded  as  the  light-colored 
young  of  M.  ingens  ;  the  white  color  seems  to  have  been  the  principal 
character  by  which  it  was  distinguished  from  the  latter. 

The  Meckelia  rosea  is,  however,  a  very  distinct  species,  but  it  lives  in 
similar  places  and  is  often  associated  with  the  M.  ingens.  It  has  very  sim- 


[351]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  57 

ilar  habits,  but  does  not  grow  to  a  very  large  size.  The  largest  specimens 
observed  are  only  six  or  eight  inches  long,  and  about  a  fifth  of  an  inch 
broad.  The  body  is  also  more  cylindrical,  the  flattened  part  being  rel 
atively  thicker  and  narrower,  and  not  thin  at  the  edges;  in  contraction 
it  becomes  nearly  cylindrical.  The  lateral  fossae  of  the  head  are  long  and 
deep  ;  the  ventral  opening  is  relatively  much  smaller  than  in  M.  ingens 
and  usually  round.  The  proboscis  is  very  long,  slender ;  color,  light 
purplish  red  or  rose-color.  The  integument  is  rather  firm  and  secretes 
a  tenacious  mucus  to  which  a  thin  coating  of  sand  often  adheres  when 
the  worms  are  taken  from  their  burrows.  This  species  seems  to  con 
struct  an  imperfect  tube  by  slightly  cementing  the  sand  with  its  mucus. 
All  these  species  of  Meckelia  when  caught  and  when  kept  in  confine 
ment  generally  break  off  portions  from  the  posterior  part  of  the  body, 
one  after  another,  until  nothing  but  the  head  and  a  lot  of  short  segments 
remain.  Under  favorable  conditions  they  would  doubtless  be  able  to 
restore  the  lost  parts,  for  other  Nemerteans,  having  the  same  habit,  are 
known  to  do  so,  and  in  some  cases  even  the  small  fragments  from  the 
central  parts  have  been  known  to  again  become  entire  worms.  Various 
fishes  feed  upon  these  Meckelice,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  habit  of  dis 
membering,  or  rather  disarticulating  themselves,  may  serve  an  impor 
tant  purpose,  by  enabling  them  to  escape,  in  part  at  least,  when  seized 
by  fishes  or  crabs,  for  if  even  half  the  body  should  be  lost  the  remaining 
half  would  be  much  better  than  nothing,  for  it  could  soon  restore  either 
a  head  or  a  tail. 

Another  Nemertean,  which  lives  in  sand  at  low  water,  is  the  Tetra- 
siemma  arenicola  V.,  (Plate  XIX,  fig.  98.)  This  is  slender,  subcylindrical, 
and  four  or  five  inches  long  when  extended.  The  head  is  versatile  in 
foniij  usually  lanceolate  or  subcouical,  and  has  four  eyes  on  the  upper 
side.  There  is  a  deep  fossa  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  ventra 
opening,  which  is  behind  the  lateral  fossa3,  is  small,  triangular.  The 
color  is  deep  flesh-color  or  light  purplish. 

The  Balanoglossus  aurantiacus  is  a  very  remarkable  worm,  related  to 
the  Nemerteans,  which  lives  in  the  clear,  siliceous  sand  near  low-water 
mark.  It  is  gregarious  in  its  habits  and  occurs  abundantly  in  certain 
spots,  although  not  to  be  found  in  other  similar  places  near  by.  It 
makes  tubes  or  holes  in  the  sand,  twelve  or  fourteen  inches  deep,  and 
lined  with  a  thick  and  smooth  layer  of  mucus.  It  throws  out  of  the  orifice 
peculiar  elliptical  coils  of  sand,  by  which  the  nature  of  the  occupant 
may  be  known.  This  species  was  found  by  our  party  on  the  shore  of 
Naushon  Island,  but  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  has  found  it  abundantly  at  New 
port,  and  on  the  beach  just  beyond  Nobska  Light,  and  also  at  Beverly, 
Massachusetts.  Dr.  Packard  informs  me  that  he  has  collected  it  at 
Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  and  I  have  received  specimens  found  at  Fort 
Macon,  from  Dr.  Yarrow.  The  specimens  first  discovered  were  found  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  by  Dr.  William  Stimpson,  twenty  years  ago, 
but  they  were  only  briefly  and  imperfectly  described  by  Mr.  Girard,  at 


58  EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.    [352] 

that  time,  under  the  name  of  Stimpsonia  aurantiaca.  Mr.  A.  Agassiz 
has  recently  described  and  illustrated  this  worm,  very  fully,  under  the 
new  name,  B.  Kowalevsltil,  iu  the  Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  ix,  p.  421,  and  he  has  also  given  an  account  of 
its  remarkable  development  and  metamorphoses,  proving  that  the  larva 
is  a  free-swimming  form,  long  known  as  Tornaria,  and  generally  sup 
posed  to  be  the  larva  of  a  star-fish.  This  worm,  when  full  grown,  attains 
a  length  of  six  inches  or  more  and  a  diameter  of  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch.  The  body  is  elongated,  tapering  gradually,  with  a  long,  slender 
posterior  portion.  The  body  is  somewhat  flattened  dorsally  throughout 
most  of  its  length.  At  the  anterior  end  it  is  furnished  with  a  broad 
thickened  collar,  in  which  large  numbers  of  mucus-secreting  glands  are 
situated  ;  the  anterior  border  of  the  collar  is  undulated,  and  from  within 
the  concavity,  on  the  dorsal  side  arises  a  large  muscular  proboscis,  which 
has  a  distinct  peduncle,  or  narrower  basal  stem,  above  which  it  swells 
out  into  a  somewhat  flattened,  long,  pyriform,  or  elongated  and  sub- 
conical  form,  the  shape  constantly  changing  during  life.  The  proboscis 
is  somewhat  wrinkled  longitudinally,  and  more  strongly  horizontally, 
being  furnished  with  muscles  running  in  both  these  directions,  and  its 
surface  contains  mucus-secreting  glands.  According  to  Mr.  Agassiz 
the  cavity  of  the  proboscis  is  not  connected  with  the  alimentary  canal, 
but  opens  externally  by  a  pore  at  the  end,  and  by  a  narrow  slit  on  the 
ventral  side  near  the  base,  in  advance  of  the  mouth.  The  mouth  is 
large  and  situated  at  the  base  of  the  proboscis  on  the  ventral  side.  For 
some  distance  along  each  side  of  the  back,  behind  the  collar,  is  a  row 
of  complex  gills ;  these  are  remarkable  on  account  of  their  structure 
and  position;  they  are  formed  from  diverticula  of  the  oesophagus  and 
finally  communicate  with  a  row  of  external  orifices  situated  along  each 
side  of  the  median  dorsal-vessel.  The  gills  are  supported  by  a  system 
of  solid  supports,  constituting  a  sort  of  internal  skeleton;  the  base  of 
the  proboscis  is  also  connected  with  a  firm  internal  frame-work.  The 
color  of  this  species  is  somewhat  variable ;  in  young  specimens  the  body 
was  brownish  yellow  with  lighter  mottlings,  the  collar  red,  and  the  pro 
boscis  white  ;  in  large  specimens  the  proboscis  is  pale  reddish  yellow, 
the  collar  darker  colored,  the  body  purplish  or  brownish,  the  sides  mot 
tled  with  greenish  and  whitish,  owing  to  the  lateral  organs  or  livor 
showing  through.  The  proboscis  of  this  worm,  according  to  the  obser 
vations  of  Mr,  Agassiz,  is  the  principal  organ  of  locomotion,  but  the 
collar  also  aids  in  the  movements.  The  proboscis  appears  to  be  used 
much  as  certain  bivalve  inollusks,  such  as  Solen,  Petricola,  &c.,  use  their 
foot  in  burrowing ;  the  end  being  contracted  to  a  point,  is  thrust  for 
ward  into  the  sand  ;  water  being  then  forced  into  it,  by  the  muscles  far 
ther  back,  the  end  expands  into  a  bulb,  enlarging  the  hole  and  giving  a 
point  of  resistance  toward  which  the  rest  of  the  body  can  be  drawn ; 
the  front  part  of  the  proboscis  being  again  contracted  and  the  water 


[353]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  59 

expelled,  the  point  can  be  again  thrust  forward  and  the  movements 
repeated. 

Two  species  of  Sipunculoid  worms  are  also  found  living  in  the  sand 
at  low-water.  The  largest  and  most  common  of  these  is  the  Phascolos- 
oma  Gouldii,  (Plate  XVIII,  fig.  03.)  This  species  grows  to  the  length  of 
a  foot  or  more,  and  is  often  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  though 
more  commonly  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch.  The  body  is  round  and 
constantly  changing  in  size  and  shape,  owing  to  its  contractions  and 
expansions  ;  the  surface  is  smoothish,  but  longitudinally  lined  with  mus 
cular  fibers  anteriorly,  and  transversely  wrinkled  posteriorly.  The  in 
tegument  is  firm  and  parchment-like.  The  mouth  is  surrounded  by 
numerous  short  tentacles,  which  are  partially  connected  together  by  a 
thin  web,  and  crowded  together  in  several  circles.  The  color  is  yellow 
ish  white,  grayish  white,  or  yellowish  brown.  It  burrows  deeply  in  the 
sand  and  gravel,  using  its  body  for  this  purpose  very  much  as  the 
Balanoglossus,  just  described,  uses  its  proboscis. 

Another  much  smaller  species  of  the  same  genus  occurs  in  sand  at 
low-water,  and  has  similar  habits,  but  it  appears  to  be  rather  uncom 
mon  and  has  not  been  satisfactorily  identified. 

Comparatively  few  species  of  Mollusks  naturally  inhabit  sandy  shores, 
though  the  shells  of  many  species  may  be  found  on  the  beaches.  On 
the  more  exposed  beaches  of  loose  siliceous  sand  none  but  those  which 
have  the  power  of  burrowing  quickly  and  deeply  beneath  the  surface 
can  exist.  We  find,  however,  that  quite  a  number  of  our  species,  both 
of  gastropods  and  bivalves,  possess  this  power  in  a  high  degree  and  do 
habitually  live  on  the  exposed  beaches  of  loose  sand. 

Among  the  Gastropods  one  of  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  is 
the  Lunatia  heros,  (Plate  XXIII,  figs.  133-136.)  This  species  occurs  all 
along  our  coast,  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Cape  Hatteras  or  be 
yond,  wherever  sandy  shores  and  pure  waters  are  to  be  found,  and  it 
even  seems  to  prefer  the  outer  ocean  beaches,  where  the  waves  break  with 
full  force,  for  it  is  abundant  and  of  very  large  size  on  the  outer  beaches 
of  the  coast  of  New  Jersey.  When  in  motion  (Fig.  134)  the  white  soft 
parts  are  protruded  from  the  shell  to  a  remarkable  extent  and  spread  out 
broadly  on  all  sides,  so  as  to  nearly  conceal  the  shell  j  the  foot  is  large,  flat, 
and  broadly  expanded,  with  thin  edges,  and  by  means  of  it  the  animal 
is  able  to  burrow,  like  a  mole,  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  both  for 
protection  and  in  search  of  the  bivalve  shells  upon  which  it  preys.  The 
foot  when  well  expanded  is  concave  below  and  lubricated  by  a  very 
abundant  secretion  of  mucus,  and  therefore,  when  extended  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  moist  sand,  it  acts  like  a  great  sucker,  holding  the  animal 
in  place  pretty  firmly  by  the  atmospheric  pressure,  thus  serving  as  a 
sort  of  anchor  in  the  sand.  But  nevertheless  large  numbers  of  these 
mollusks  are  uncovered,  overturned,  and  thrown  high  up  on  the  beaches 
by  the  storms,  especially  in  winter  and  early  spring.*  This  species,  like 
many  others  of  its  tribe,  drills  round  holes  through  the  sides  of  various 
6  V 


60  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [354] 

bivalve  shells  by  means  of  the  small  flinty  teeth  on  its  lingual  ribbon, 
which  acts  like  a  rasp,  and  having  thus  made  an  opening  it  inserts  its 
proboscis  and  sucks  out  the  contents.  All  sorts  .of  burrowing  bivalves 
in  this  way  fall  victims  to  this  and  the  following  species,  nor  do  they 
confine  themselves  to  bivalves,  for  they  will  also  drill  any  unfortunate 
gastropods  that  they  may  happen  to  meet,  not  even  sparing  their  own 
young. 

A  variety  of  this  species  (var.  triseriata,  Plate  XXIII,  figs.  135,  136) 
has  three  revolving  rows  of  chestnut  or  purplish  spots,  and  has  been 
regarded  by  most  writers  as  a  distinct  species,  and  sometimes  as  the 
young ;  but  both  the  plain  and  spotted  shells  occur  of  all  sizes,  from  the 
the  youngest  to  the  oldest,  and  they  are  nearly  always  found  together. 
In  some  cases,  however,  a  shell  that  has  the  spots  well  defined  until 
half  grown,  afterwards  loses  its  spots  and  becomes  perfectly  plain,  show 
ing  that  the  difference  is  only  a  variation  in  the  color,  but  each  style 
varies  considerably  in  form. 

Another  allied  shell,  growing  nearly  as  large  and  generally  much 
more  abundant,  except  on  the  outer  beaches,  is  the  Neverita  duplicata. 
(Plate  XXIII,  fig.  130.)  This  species  has  the  same  habits  as  the  pre 
ceding  and  in  this  region  they  are  often  found  together  $  but  this  is  a 
more  southern  species,  extending  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  even  to 
Texas,  but  it  is  not  very  common  north  of  Cape  Cod  and  does  not 
extend  to  the  eastern  coast  of  Maine  and  Bay  of  Fundy. 

The  curious  egg-cases  of  this  and  the  last  species  are  often  met  with 
on  the  sandy  and  muddy  flats  at  low-water.  They  consist  of  a  broad, 
thin  ribbon  of  sand,  coiled  up  into  a  circle  and  shaped  something  like  a 
saucer,  but  without  a  bottom ;  the  ribbon  is  composed  of  innumerable 
little  cells,  each  containing  one  or  more  eggs  and  surrounded  with 
grains  of  fine  sand  cemented  together  by  mucus.  The  cells  can  easily 
be  seen  by  holding  one  of  these  ribbons  up  to  the  light  and  looking 
through  it.  The  peculiar  form  of  these  egg-masses  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  they  are  molded  into  shape  by  being  pressed  against  the  body  of  the 
shell  when  they  are  being  extruded,  and  while  they  are  still  soft  and 
gelatinous ;  they  thus  take  the  form  and  spiral  curvature  of  that  part 
of  the  shell,  and  when  laid  in  the  sand  the  fine  grains  at  once  adhere 
to  and  become  imbedded  in  the  tenacious  mucus,  which  soon  hardens. 

The  Tritia  trivittata  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  112)  is  also  frequently  found  on 
sandy  shores  and  flats.  When  left  by  the  tide  it  creeps  along  the  sur 
face  of  the  sand,  leaving  long  crooked  trails,  and  sometimes  burrows  be 
neath  the  surface,  and  when  burrowing  it  moves  with  the  aperture  down 
ward  and  the  spire  pointing  obliquely  upward,  but  when  at  rest  in  its 
burrow  it  reverses  its  position  and  rests  with  the  spire  downward  and 
the  aperture  toward  the  surface. 

The  Ilyanassa  obsoleta  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  113)  is  also  generally  to  be 
found  in  considerable  numbers  creeping  over  the  flats,  and  making  trails 


[355]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  61 

and  burrows  like  the  last,  but  this  species  has  its  proper  home  on  the 
muddy  shores  and  in  estuaries,  and  will,  therefore,  be  mentioned  again. 

At  certain  times,  especially  in  the  spring,  multitudes  of  the  young 
shells  of  Blttium  nigmim  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  154)  are  found 
creeping  on  the  surface  of  the  moist  sand  in  sheltered  places,  at  low- 
water,  and  generally  associated  with  large  numbers  of  the  Astyris  lunata, 
(p.  306,  Plate  XXII,  fig.  110.)  But  this  is  not  the  proper  habitat  of 
either  of  these  species;  the  reason  of  this  habit  is  not  obvious,  unless 
they  may  have  been  accidentally  transported  to  such  places.  They  may 
be  found,  however,  on  the  eel-grass  growing  on  sandy  shores.  The 
Lacuna  vincta  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  139)  also  frequently  occurs  on 
eel-grass  and  sea- weeds  in  such  places. 

The  Crepidula  fornicata  (Plate  XXIII,  figs.  129,  129a)  and  C.  ungui- 
formis  (Plate  XXIII,  fig.  127)  occur  on  shells  inhabited  by  the  hermit 
crabs  as  well  as  on  the  living  shells  of  oysters,  Pecten,  Limulus,  &c  ;  and 
the  smaller  and  darker  species,  C.  convexa,  (Plate  XXIII,  fig.  128)  occurs 
both  on  the  eel-grass,  and  on  the  shells  of  Ilyanassa  obsoleta,  especially 
when  occupied  by  the  small  hermit-crabs.  Occasionally  specimens 
of  Fulffur  carica  (Plate  XXII,  fig.  124)  and  of  Sycotypus  canaUcu- 
latus  are  found  crawling  on  sandy  flats  or  in  the  tide  pools,  espec 
ially  during  the  spawning  season,  but  they  do  not  ordinarily  live  in 
such  situations,  but  in  deeper  water  and  on  harder  bottoms  off  shore. 
The  curious  egg-cases  of  these  two  species  are  almost  always  to  be  found 
thrown  up  by  the  waves  on  sandy  beaches.  They  consist  of  a  series  of 
disk-shaped,  subcircular,  or  reniform,  yellowish  capsules,  parchinent- 
like  in  texture,  united  by  one  edge  to  a  stout  stem  of  the  same  kind  of 
material,  often  a  foot  and  a  half  or  two  feet  in  length.  The  largest 
capsules,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  are  in  the  middle,  the  size  decreas 
ing  toward  each  end.  On  the  outer  border  is  a  small  circular  or  oval 
spot,  of  thinner  material,  which  the  young  ones  break  through  when 
they  are  ready  to  leave  the  capsules,  each  of  which,  when  perfect,  con 
tains  twenty  to  thirty,  or  more,  eggs  or  young  shells,  according  to  the 
season. 

Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  who  has  observed  F.  carica  forming  its  cases  at 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  states  that  the  females  bury  themselves  a 
few  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  sand  on  the  flats  that  are  uncovered 
at  low-water,  and  remain  stationary  during  the  process.  The  string  of 
capsules  is  gradually  thrust  upward,  as  fast  as  formed,  and  finally  pro 
trudes  from  the  surface  of  the  sand,  and  when  completed  lies  exposed 
on  its  surface.  The  string  begins  as  a  simple  shred,  two  or  three  inches 
long,  without  well-formed  cases ;  the  first  cases  are  small  and  imper 
fect  in  shape,  but  they  rapidly  increase  in  size  and  soon  become  perfect, 
the  largest  being  in  the  middle ;  the  series  ends  more  abruptly  than  it 
begun,  with  a  few  smaller  and  less  perfect  capsules.  The  number  of 
capsules  varies  considerably,  but  there  are  usually  seventy-five  to 
one  hundred  or  more.  At  Fort  Macon  Dr.  Coues  observed  this  species 


62          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [356] 

spawning  in  May,  but  at  Xew  Haven  they  spawn  as  early  as  March  and 
April.  It  is  probable  that  the  period  of  spawning  extends  over  several 
months.  Mr.  Sanderson  Smith  thinks  that  they  also  spawn  in  autumn, 
oil  Long  Island.  It  is  not  known  how  long  a  time  each  female  requires 
for  the  formation  of  her  string  of  capsules.  There  are  two  forms  of  these 
capsules,  about  equally  abundant  in  this  region.  In  one  the  sides  of 
the  capsules  are  nearly  smooth,  but  the  edge  is  thick  or  truncate  along 
most  of  the  circumference,  and  crossed  by  numerous  sharp  transverse 
ridges  or  partitions,  dividing  it  into  facets.  Dr.  Coues  states  that  these 
belong  to  F.  carica.  An  examination  of  the  young  shells,  ready  to  leave 
the  capsules,  confirms  this.  The  other  kind  has  larger  and  thinner  cap 
sules,  with  a  thin,  sharp  outer  edge,  while  the  sides  have  radiating 
ridges  or  raised  lines.  Sometimes  the  sides  are  unlike,  one  being  smooth 
and  more  or  less  concave,  the  other  convex  and  crossed  by  ten  or  twelve 
radiating,  elevated  ridges,  extending  to  the  edge.  This  kind  was  attrib 
uted  to  F.  carica  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Perkins,  and  formerly  by  Mr.  Sanderson 
Smith,  but  a  more  careful  examination  of  the  young  shells,  within  the 
capsules,  shows  that  they  belong  to  S.  canaliculate. 

Among  the  sand-dwelling  bivalve  shells  we  find  quite  a  number  of 
species  that  burrow  rapidly  and  deeply,  some  of  them  living  in  perma 
nent  holes  or  perpendicular  burrows,  into  which  they  can  quickly  de 
scend  for  snfety,  and  others  burrowing  in  the  sand  in  all  directions, 
without  permanent  holes. 

The  "  razor-shell,"  Ensatella  Americana,  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  182,  and 
Plate  XXXII,  fig.  245,)  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  sand-flats  and  sand 
bars,  where  the  water  is  pure,  generally  living  near  low-water  mark  or 
below,  but  sometimes  found  considerably  above  low-water  mark,  as  on 
the  sand-bar  at  Savin  Eock.  This  curious  mollusk  constructs  a  deep, 
nearly  round,  somewhat  permanent  burrow,  which  descends  nearly  per 
pendicularly  into  the  sand  to  the  depth  of  two  or  three  feet.  These 
holes  can  generally  be  recognized,  by  their  large  size  and  somewhat 
elliptical  form,  when  the  tide  is  out.  Sometimes  they  are  very  abundant 
in  certain  spots  and  not  found  elsewhere  in  the  neighborhood.  They 
sometimes  come  to  the  top  of  the  burrow,  when  left  by  the  tide,  and  pro- ' 
ject  an  inch  or  two  of  the  end  of  the  shell  above  the  surface  of  the  sand  ; 
at  such  times,  if  cautiously  approached,  many  can  easily  be  secured  by 
pulling  them  out  with  a  sudden  jerk,  but  if  the  sand  be  jarred  the  whole 
colony  will  usually  take  the  alarm  and  instantly  disappear.  When  thus 
warned  it  is  generally  useless  to  attempt  to  dig  them  out,  for  they  quickly 
descend  beyond  the  reach  of  the  spade.  They  will  often  hold  themselves 
so  firmly  in  their  holes  by  means  of  the  expanded  end  of  the  long  mus 
cular  foot,  that  the  body  may  be  drawn  entirely  out  of  the  shell  before 
they  will  let  go.  When  not  visible  at  the  orifice  they  can  often  be  se 
cured  by  cutting  off  their  retreat  with  a  sudden  oblique  thrust  of  the 
spade  below  them.  They  are  obliged  to  come  up  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  burrow  on  account  of  the  shortness  of  their  siphons,  or  breathing- 


[357]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  63 

tubes,  which  can  be  protruded  only  about  an  inch  in  specimens  of  the 
ordinary  size,  and  as  they  depend  upon  one  of  these  to  bring  them  both 
food  and  oxygen,  and  on  the  other  (dorsal)  one  to  carry  off  the  waste 
water  and  excretions,  it  is  essential  for  their  happiness  that  the  orifices 
of  these  tubes  should  be  at  or  near  the  opening  of  the  burrow  most  of 
the  time.  In  this  respect  the  common  "  long  clam,"  My  a  arenaria,  (fig. 
179,)  and  many  others  that  have*  very  long  and  extensile  tubes  have  a 
great  advantage.  But  the  "razor-shell"  makes  up  for  this  disadvan 
tage  by  its  much  greater  activity.  Its  foot,  or  locomotive  organ,  (see 
fig.  182,)  is  long  and  very  muscular  and  projects  directly  forward  from 
the  anterior  end  of  the  shell ;  at  the  end  it  is  obliquely  beveled  and 
pointed,  and  it  is  capable  of  being  expanded  at  the  end  into  a  large  bulb, 
or  even  into  a  broad  disk,  when  it  wishes  to  hold  itself  firmly  and  se 
curely  in  its  burrow.  In  excavating  its  burrows  it  contracts  the  end  of 
the  foot  to  a  point  and  then  thrusts  it  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand  ; 
then,  by  forcing  water  into  the  terminal  portion,  it  expands  it  into  a 
swollen,  bulbous  form,  and  thus  crowds  the  sand  aside  and  enlarges  the 
burrow  ;  then,  by  using  the  bulb  as  a  hold-fast,  the  shell  can  be  drawn 
forward  by  the  contraction  of  the  foot ;  the  latter  is  then  contracted  into 
a  pointed  form  and  the  same  operations  are  repeated.  The  burrow  thus 
started  soon  becomes  deep  enough  so  that  the  shell  will  maintain  an  up 
right  position,  when  the  work  becomes  much  easier  and  the  burrow 
rapidly  increases  in  depth.  The  "  razor-shell,"  like  all  other  bivalves, 
depends  upon  the  minute  infusoria  and  other  organic  particles,  animal 
and  vegetable,  brought  in  by  the  current  of  water  that  supplies  the  gills 
with  oxygen.  It  is  preyed  upon  by  several  fishes  that  seem  to  be  able 
to  root  it  out  of  the  sand,  or  perhaps  seize  it  when  at  the  surface.  In 
this  region  its  principal  enemies  are  the  tautog  and  skates.  The  latter 
appear  to  eat  only  the  foot,  for  in  their  stomachs  there  are  sometimes 
many  specimens  of  this  organ,  but  no  shells  or  other  parts. 

The  common  "long  clam,"  My  a  arenaria,  (p.  309,  Plate  XXVI,  fig. 
179,)  is  also  found  on  sandy  shores  from  low-water  nearly  up  to  high- 
water  mark,  but  it  prefers  localities  where  there  is  more  or  less  gravel 
or  mud  with  the  sand,  so  as  to  render  it  compact,  and  it  has  a  decided 
preference  for  sheltered  localities,  and  especially  abounds  on  the  shores 
of  estuaries  where  there  is  a  mixture  of  sand,  mud,  and  gravel.  It  will, 
therefore,  be  more  particularly  mentioned  among  the  estuary  species. 
Yet  it  is  often  found  even  on  the  outer  ocean- beaches,  in  favorable  lo 
calities,  but  not  in  the  loose  sands.  It  lives  in  permanent  burrows,  and 
on  account  of  its  extremely  long  siphon- tubes,  which  can  be  stretched 
out  to  the  length  of  a  foot  or  more,  it  is  always  buried  at  a  considerable 
depth  beneath  the  sand.  The  specimens  of  this  shell  that  live  on  the 
outer  sandy  beaches  are  much  thinner,  whiter,  and  more  regular  in  form 
than  those  found  in  the  estuaries  ;  they  are  often  quite  delicate  in  text 
ure,  and  covered,  even  when  full  grown,  with  a  thin,  yellowish  epidermis, 
and  look  so  unlike  the  homely,  rough,  and  mud-colored  specimens  usually 


64         EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [358] 

sold  in  the  markets,  that  they  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  another 
species. 

Tbe  "  sea-clam  "  or  "  surf-clam,"  Mactra  solidissima,  (Plate  XXVIII, 
fig.  202,)  is  a  large  species  which  belongs  properly  to  the  sandy  shores,  and 
is  seldom  found  elsewhere.  It  is  common  both  in  the  sounds  and  on  the 
outer  ocean-beaches,  but  is  not  very  often  found  above  low-water  of  or 
dinary  tides  unless  thrown  up  by  the  waves.  Its  proper  home  is  on 
sandy  bottoms  in  shallow  water,  just  beyond  low-water  mark  and  down 
to  the  depth  of  four  or  five  fathoms.  It  occurs  all  along  our  coast, 
wherever  there  are  sandy  shores,  from  North  Carolina  to  Labrador.  Its 
shells  are  extremely  abundant  and  of  very  large  size  on  the  outer  sand- 
beaches  of  New  Jersey  and  the  southern  side  of  Long  Island.  This 
species  grows  very  large,  some  of  the  shells  being  more  than  six  inches 
long  and  four  or  five  broad ;  and  there  is  great  variation  in  the  form  of 
the  shell,  some  being  oval,  others  more  oblong  or  elliptical,  and  others 
nearly  triangular ;  some  are  very  swollen,  others  quite  compressed ;  but 
all  the  intermediate  grades  occur.  The  siphon-tubes  are  quite  short  and 
the  creature  does  not  usually  burrow  very  deeply,  nor  does  it  seem  to 
construct  any  permanent  burrows.  But  it  has  a  very  large  muscular, 
compressed  foot,  with  which  it  can  quickly  burrow  beneath  the  surface 
of  the  sand.  Nevertheless  large  numbers  are  always  thrown  on  the 
beaches  by  violent  storms,  and  once  there  they  are  very  soon  devoured 
by  crows,  gulls,  and  other  large  birds  that  frequent  the  shores.  This 
species  is  not  very  largely  used  as  food,  and  is  seldom  seen  in  our  mar 
kets  ;  partly  because  it  cannot  usually  be  so  easily  obtained  in  large 
quantities  as  the  common  "  long  clam"  and  "round  clam,"  and  partly 
because  it  is  generally  inferior  to  those  species  as  an  article  of  food,  for 
the  meat  is  usually  tougher,  especially  in  the  largest  specimens.  But 
moderate-sized  and  young  "  surf-clams"  are  by  no  means  ill-flavored  or 
tough,  and  are  quite  equal  in  quality  to  any  of  the  other  clams,  either 
"  long"  or  "  round,"  that  are  ordinarily  sold  in  the  markets. 

The  Siliqua  costata,  (Plate  XXXII,  fig.  244,)  Lyonsia  hyalina,  (Plate 
XXVII,  fig.  194,)  and  Lcevicardium  Mortoni,  (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  208,)  are 
usually  to  be  found  on  sandy  shores  and  beaches,  often  in  considerable 
numbers,  but  they  do  not  naturally  live  above  low- water  mark,  and, 
when  found  higher  up,  have  probably  been  carried  there  by  the  action 
of  the  waves.  Their  proper  homes  are  on  sandy  bottoms,  in  shallow 
water  off  shore.  They  are  all  rapidly  burrowing  species,  and  can  live, 
for  a  time  at  least,  in  the  loose  sand  above  low-water  mark. 

The  Angulus  tener  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  180,  animal,  and  Plate  XXX,  fig. 
223,  shell)  is  a  species  that  is  partial  to  sandy  bottoms  and  sandy 
shores,  though  it  is  also  often  found  in  soft  mud.  It  frequently  occurs 
living  at  low-water  mark,  but  is  more  abundant  in  deeper  water.  It  is 
a  rapid  burrower,  and  has  remarkably  long,  slender,  white  siphons, 
which  are  entirely  separate,  from  the  base,  and  very  flexible.  On  account 
of  the  length  of  these  tubes  it  can  remain  buried  to  a  considerable 


[359]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  65 

depth  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  merely  projecting  the  tubes  up 
ward  to  the  surface.  It  is,  nevertheless,  like  other  bivalves,  often  rooted 
out  of  its  burrows  and  devoured  by  many  fishes,  especially,  in  this  re 
gion,  by  the  "  scup"  and  flounders.  This  species  is  found  all  along  the 
coast,  from  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  South  Carolina. 

The  Macoma  fusca  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  222)  is  a  related  species,  also 
furnished  with  similar,  very  long,  slender,  separate  tubes,  and  is,  therefore, 
able  to  live  deeply  buried  beneath  the  surface.  This  species  is  much  more 
abundant  than  the  preceding,  between  tides,  but  it  most  abounds  on 
shores  that  are  more  or  less  muddy,  and  in  estuaries.  But  when  living  on 
the  sandy  shores,  and  where  the  water  is  pure,  it  becomes  much  smoother 
and  more  delicate,  and  is  often  of  a  beautiful  pink-color  and  much 
larger  than  the  specimen  figured.  When  living  in  the  muddy  estuaries 
it  generally  has -a  rough  or  eroded  surface,  more  or  less  irregular  form, 
and  a  dull  white  or  muddy  color,  often  stained  with  black,  resembling 
in  color  the  Mya  arenaria,  with  which  it  is  sometimes  associated.  It  is 
dug  up  and  eaten  by  the  tautog  and  other  fishes. 

The  pretty  little  Tottenia  gemma  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  220)  is  a  species 
peculiar  to  sandy  shores,  both  above  and  below  low- water  mark  ;  and 
it  often  occurs  in  immense  numbers  on  the  sandy  flats  laid  bare  by  the 
tides,  buried  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand.  Owing  to  its  small 
size  it  is,  however,  liable  to  be  overlooked,  unless  particularly  sought 
for.  It  is  an  active  species  and  burrows  quickly.  It  is  peculiar  in  be 
ing  viviparous,  as  was  first  observed  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Perkins,  who  found, 
in  January,  from  thirty  to  thirty-six,  well-formed  young  shells,  of  nearly 
uniform  size,  in  each  of  the  old  ones.  This  shell  has  a  lustrous,  con 
centrically  grooved  surface  ;  the  color  is  yellowish  white  or  rosy,  with 
the  beaks  and  posterior  end  usually  purple  or  amethyst-color.  It  occurs 
all  along  the  coast  from  Labrador  to  South  Carolina.  The  common 
u round  clam"  or  "  quahog-clam,"  Venus  mercenaria,  (Plate  XXVI,  fig. 
184,  animal,)  is  also  common  on  sandy  shores,  living  chiefly  on  the 
sandy  and  muddy  flats,  just  beyond  low-water  mark,  but  'is  often  found 
on  the  portion  laid  bare  at  low-water  of  spring-tides.  It  also  inhabits 
the  estuaries,  where  it  most  abounds.  It  burrows  a  short  distance  be 
low  the  surface,  but  is  often  found  crawling  at  the  surface,  with  the  shell 
partly  exposed.  It  has  short  siphon-tubes,  united  from  the  base  to 
near  the  ends,  and  a  large,  muscular  foot,  with  a  broad,  thin  edge,  by 
means  of  which  it  can  easily  burrow  beneath  the  sand  when  necessary. 
The  lobes  of  the  mantle  are  separate  all  around  the  front  and  ventral 
edge  of  the  shell,  and  their  edges  are  thin,  white,  and  folded  into  deli 
cate  frills,  some  of  which,  near  the  siphon-tubes,  are  elongated  and 
more  prominent.  Owing  to  the  broad  opening  in  the  mantle,  the  foot 
can  be  protruded  from  any  part  of  the  ventral  side,  and  has  an  ex 
tensive  sweep,  forward  and  backward.  The  foot  and  mantle  edges 
are  white ;  the  tubes  are  yellowish  or  brownish  orange  toward  the  end, 


66          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [360] 

more  or  less  mottled  arid  streaked  with  dark  brown,  and  sometimes  with 
opaque  white. 

This  species  is  taken  in  large  quantities  for  food,  and  may  almost  al 
ways  be  seen  of  various  sizes  in  our  markets.  The  small  or  moderate- 
sized  ones  are  generally  preferred  to  the  full-grown  clams.  Most  of 
those  sold  come  from  the  muddy  estuaries,  in  shallow  water,  and  are 
fished  up  chiefly  by  means  of  long  tongs  and  rakes,  such  as  are  often  used 
for  obtaining  oysters.  Sometimes  they  are  dredged,  and  occasionally 
they  can  be  obtained  by  hand  at  or  just  below  low-water  mark.  These 
estuary  specimens  usually  have  rough,  thick,  dull- white,  or  mud-stained 
shells,  but  those  from  the  sandy  shores  outside  have  thinner  and  more 
delicate  shells,  often  with  high,  thin  ribs,  especially  when  young ;  and 
in  some  varieties  the  shell  is  handsomely  marked  with  angular  or  zig 
zag  lines  or  streaks  of  red  or  brown,  (var.  notata.)  These  varieties 
often  appear  so  different  from  the  ordinary  estuary  shells  that  many 
writers  have  described  them  as  distinct  species,  but  intermediate  styles 
also  occur.  This  species  is  very  abundant  along  the  coast  from  Cape 
Cod  to  Florida ;  north  of  Cape  Cod  it  is  comparatively  rare  and  local- 
It  does  not  occur  on  the  coast  of  Maine  or  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  except 
in  a  few  special  localities,  in  small,  sheltered  bays,  where  the  water  is 
shallow  and  warm,  as  at  Quahog  Bay,  near  Portland ;  but  in  the  south 
ern  parts  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  as  about  Prince  Edward's 
Island  and  the  opposite  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  where  the  water  is  shal 
low  and  much  warmer  than  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  this  species  again 
occurs  in  some  abundance,  associated,  in  the  same  waters,  with  the 
oyster  and  many  other  southern  species  that  are  also  absent  from  the 
northern  coasts  of  New  England,  and  constituting  a  genuine  southern 
colony,  surrounded  on  all  sides,  both  north  and  south,  by  the  boreal 
fauna. 

The  curious  and  delicate  shell  called  Solenomya  velum  (Plate  XXIX, 
fig.  210)  is  occasionally  found  burrowing  in  the  pure,  fine,  siliceous  sand 
near  low- water  mark,  about  two  inches  below  the  surface,  but  its  proper 
home  is  in  shallow  w^ater,  beyond  low-water  mark,  and  it  is,  perhaps 
most  abundant  where  there  is  mud  mixed  with  sand,  and  it  also  lives 
in  soft  mud.  Its  shell  is  glossy  and  of  a  beautiful  brown  color,  and  is 
very  thin,  flexible,  and  almost  parchment-like  in  texture,  especially  at 
the  edges.  It  is  a  very  active  species,  and  has  a  very  curious  foot, 
which  is  protruded  from  the  front  end  of  the  shell,  and  can  be  used  in 
burrowing,  very  much  as  the  "  razor-shell,"  described  above,  uses  its  foot; 
but  the  Solenomya  makes  use  of  its  foot  in  another  way,  for  it  can  swim 
quite  rapidly  through  the  water,  leaving  the  bottom  entirely,  by  means 
of  the  same  organ.  The  foot  can  be  expanded  into  a  concave  disk  or 
umbrella-like  form  at  the  end,  and,  by  suddenly  protruding  the  foot 
and  expanding  it  at  the  same  time,  a  backward  motion  is  obtained  by 
the  reaction  against  the  water ;  or,  by  suddenly  withdrawing  the  foot 
and  allowing  it  to  remain  expanded  during  most  of  the  stroke,  a  for- 


[361]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  67 

ward  motion  is  obtained.  It  is  a  singular  sight  to  see  this  shell  swim 
swiftly  many  times  around  a  vessel  of  water,  at  the  surface,  until, 
finally,  becoming  exhausted  by  its  violent  exertions,  it  sinks  to  the 
bottom  for  rest. 

The  common  "  scollop,"  Pecten  irradians,  (Plate  XXXII,  fig.  243,)  is 
also  frequently  found  living  on  sandy  shores  and  flats,  or  in  the  pools, 
but  it  belongs  more  properly  to  the  sheltered  waters  of  the  ponds  and 
estuaries,  where  it  lives  among  the  eel-grass.  It  will,  therefore,  be 
mentioned  again  in  that  connection. 

The  "  common  muscle,"  Mytilus  edulis,  (p.  307,)  is  frequently  found  in 
large  patches  on  sandy  flats,  fastened  together  by  the  threads  of 
byssus.  Some  of  the  most  beautifully  colored  varieties,  (fig.  234,)  with 
radiating  bauds  of  blue  and  yellow,  are  often  found  in  such  places,  but 
the  species  is  much  more  abundant  and  larger  in  other  situations, 
especially  in  the  shallow  and  sheltered  waters  of  the  bays,  where  there 
is  more  or  less  mud. 

Ascidians  are  almost  entirely  wanting  on  the  sandy  shores,  but  Mol- 
gula  Manhattensis  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250)  is  sometimes  found 
even  on  sandy  shores,  attached  to  eel-grass. 

Of  Bryozoa  only  two  species  are  usually  met  with,  and  even  these  do 
not  have  their  true  stations  on  the  sandy  shores.  The  delicate  and 
gracefully  branched  Bugula  turrita  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIY,  figs.  258, 
259)  is  occasionally  found  growing  attached  to  the  eel-grass,  which 
often  grows  in  the  sandy  tide-pools,  or  at  extreme  low-water.  It  also 
occurs  in  great  abundance  among  the  masses  of  sea-weeds  thrown  up 
by  the  waves  on  the  sandy  beaches.  Such  specimens  are  often  large 
and  luxuriant,  in  some  cases  being  more  than  a  foot  in  length  j  these 
are  derived  from  the  bottom  in  deeper  water,  off  shore. 

The  Escliarella  variabilis  (p.  312,  Plate  XXXIII.  fig.  256)  is  often  found 
encrusting  dead  shells  of  various  kinds,  especially  such  as  are  inhab 
ited  by  the  larger  "hermit-crabs."  It  is  also  cast  up  in  abundance,  on 
some  beaches,  from  deeper  water. 

The  Radiates  are  not  numerous  on  sandy  shores,  yet  several  interest 
ing  species  may  be  found.  Among  the  Echinoderms  we  find  four 
species  of  holothurians,  one  sea-urchin,  one  star-fish,  and  one  ophiurau. 

The  most  common  holothuriau  is  the  Leptosynapta  Girardii,  (Plate 
XXXY,  figs.  205, 266.)  This  is  a  long,  slender,  very  delicate  and  fragile 
species,  which  burrows  deeply  in  the  sand  or  gravel  near  low-water 
mark.  The  holes  are  round  and  go  down  almost  perpendicularly; 
they  are  usually  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The 
creature  is  not  quick  in  its  motions,  and  can  usually  be  found  in  the 
upper  part  of  its  burrow  when  the  tide  is  out.  The  skin  is  thin  and 
quite  translucent,  so  that  the  white  muscular  bands  that  run  lengthwise 
of  the  body,  on  the  inside,  can  be  easily  seen,  as  well  as  the  large  intes 
tine,  which  is  always  quite  full  of  sand  and  gives  a  dark  appearance  to 
the  body.  The  tentacles  are  almost  always  in  motion,  and  are  used  in 


68          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [362] 

burrowing  as  well  as  for  other  purposes.  The  skin  is  filled  with  minute 
perforated  oval  plates,  to  each  of  which  there  is  attached,  by  the  shank, 
a  beautiful  little  anchor,  (fig.  266,)  quite  invisible  to  the  naked  eye. 
The  flukes  of  these  anchors  project  from  the  skin  and  give  it  a  rough 
feeling  when  touched ;  they  afford  the  means  of  adhesion  to  various 
foreign  substances,  having  a  rough  surface,  and  are  doubtless  useful  to 
them  when  going  up  and  down  in  the  burrows.  When  kept  in  confine 
ment  this  species  will  generally  soon  commence  to  constrict  its  body,  at 
various  points,  by  powerful  muscular  contractions,  which  often  go  so 
far  as  to  break  the  body  in  two,  and  after  a  few  hours  there  will  usually 
be  nothing  left  but  a  mass  of  fragments. 

Another  related  species,  L.  roseola  V.,  also  occurs  in  similar  places 
and  has  nearly  the  same  habits,  but  this  species  is  of  a  light  rosy  color, 
caused  by  numerous  minute  round  or  oval  specks  of  light  red  pigment 
scattered  through  the  skin.  The  anchors  are  similar  but  much  more 
slender,  with  the  shank  much  longer  in  proportion.  The  perforated 
plates  are  also  much  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the  anchors. 

The  Caudina  arenata  is  much  more  rare  in  this  region.  It  lives  at 
extreme  low-water  mark,  or  just  below,  buried  in  the  sand.  Its  skin  is 
thicker  and  firmer  than  that  of  the  preceding  species,  and  its  body  is 
shorter  and  stouter,  while  the  posterior  part  narrows  to  a  long  slender 
caudal  portion.  Its  skin  is  filled  with  immense  numbers  of  small,  round, 
wheel-like  plates,  with  an  uneven  or  undulated  border,  perforated  near 
the  rim  with  ten  to  twelve  roundish  openings,  and  usually  having 
four  quadrant-sliaped  openings  in  the  middle;  or  they  may  be  regarded 
as  having  a  large  round  opening  in  the  middle,  divided  by  cross-bars 
into  four  parts.  This  species  appears  to  be  rare  in  this  region,  and  was 
met  with  only  by  Professor  H.  E.  Webster,  at  Wood's  Hole,  but  it  is 
quite  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  as  at  Chelsea 
Beach  and  some  of  the  islands  in  Boston  Harbor.  These  and  all  other 
holothurians  are  devoured  by  fishes. 

The  Thyone  Briareiis  is  a  large  purple  species,  often  four  or  five  inches 
long  and  one  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  It  is  thickly  covered  over  its 
whole  surface  with  prominent  papillre,  by  which  it  may  easily  be  distin 
guished  from  any  other  found  in  this  region.  It  is  more  common  in 
the  shallow  waters  off  shore,  on  shelly  bottoms. 

The  "  sand-dollar,"  Ecliinar  admins  parma,  (Plate  XXXV,  fig.  267,) 
is  the  only  sea-urchin  that  is  commonly  met  with  on  sandy  shores  in 
this  region,  and  this  is  not  often  found  living  on  the  shore,  except  at 
extreme  low  water  of  spring-tides,  when  it  may  sometimes  be  found 
on  flats  or  bars  of  fine  siliceous  sand  in  great  numbers,  buried  just 
beneath  the  surface,  or  even  partially  exposed.  It  creeps  along  beneath 
the  sand  with  a  slow  gliding  motion,  by  means  of  the  myriads  of  minute 
extensile  suckers  with  which  it  is  furnished.  It  is  far  more  abundant 
on  sandy  bottoms  at  various  depths  off  shore.  It  has  a  very  wide  range, 
for  it  is  found  all  the  way  from  New  Jersey  to  Labrador,  and  also  on 


[363]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  69 

the  North  Pacific  coast ;  and  in  depth  it  ranges  from  low-water  mark  to 
430  fathoms,  off  Saint  George's  Bank,  where  it  was  dredged  by  Messrs. 
Smith  and  Harger.  When  living  its  color  is  usually  a  rich  purplish 
brown,  but  it  soon  turns  green  when  taken  from  the  water.  It  gives  a 
dark  green  or  blackish  color  to  alcohol,  which  stains  very  injuriously 
any  other  specimens  put  in  with  it.  The-  fishermen  on  the  coast  of 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  sometimes  prepare  an  indelible  marking-ink 
from  these  "sand-dollars,"  by  rubbing  off  the  spines  and  skin  and, 
after  pulverizing,  making  the  mass  into  a  thin  paste  with  water.  A 
number  of  fishes  have  been  found  to  swallow  this  unpromising  creature 
for  food,  and  the  flounders  consume  large  numbers  of  them. 

The  common  green  star-fish,  Asterias  arenicola,  (p.  326,  Plate  XXXY, 
fig.  269,)  is  sometimes  met  with  on  sandy  shores,  but  is  much  less  abun 
dant  than  on  rocky  shores.  The  curious  "  brittle  star-fish,"  Ophiura 
olivacea,  is  sometimes  found  among  the  eel-grass  on  sandy  shores,  espe 
cially  in  tide-pools,  in  sheltered  localities.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its 
nearly  circular,  disk-like  body,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
with  five  round,  rather  slender,  tapering,  stiff-looking  arms,  about  three 
inches  long.  The  color  is  bright  green,  much  like  that  of  the  eel-grass 
among  which  it  lives.  When  at  home  in  the  water  it  moves  about  over 
the  sand  quite  rapidly  by  means  of  its  arms.  When  taken  from  the 
water  it  does  not  usually  break  itself  up  into  numerous  fragments, 
as  readily  as  most  of  its  related  species  do.  It  is  rather  southern  in  its 
distribution,  and  Vineyard  Sound  is  perhaps  its  northern  limit.  It 
extends  southward  at  least  to  North  Carolina. 

Of  acalephs  there  are  no  species  known  to  me  that  properly  belong 
to  the  sandy  shores/ but  Hydr actinia  polydina  (p.  328)  is  often  found 
on  the  shells  carried  about  by  the  hermit-crabs,  in  such  situations,  and 
there  are  species  of  Obelia  and  other  hydroids  that  sometimes  grow  on 
the  eel-grass  in  the  tide-pools,  but  they  are  much  more  frequent  in  other 
situations. 

Among  the  Polyps  we  find  several  species  proper  to  sandy  shores  and 
specially  adapted  to  this  mode  of  life.  One  of  the  most  interesting  of 
these  is  the  Halocampa  producta,  (p.  330,  Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  285,) 
which  has  already  been  described.  This  often  occurs  in  the  sand  at 
low- water  mark,  and  makes  round  holes  about  a  foot  deep,  which  can 
sometimes  be  recognized  by  small  cracks  radiating  from  the  hole  when 
the  tide  leaves  them  uncovered. 

The  Sagartia  modesta  (p.  330)  is  also  found  buried  in  the  sand  at  low- 
water,  especially  where  there  is  also  some  gravel  with  the  sand.  The 
Sagartia  leucolena  (p.  329,  Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  284)  is  sometimes  found 
in  similar  situations,  but  belongs  properly  to  the  rocky  shores. 

The  Paractis  rapiformis  is  a  species  that  is  still  little  known.  It  lives 
buried  deeply  in  the  sand  at  and  below  low-water  mark.  It  appears  to 
be  common  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  at  Fort  Macon,  where  it  is 
often  thrown  up  by  storms,  and  it  has  also  been  found  at  Great  Egg  Har- 


70          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [364] 


bor  aiid  near  "N'ew  Haven  light.  The  body  is  three  or  four  inches  long 
when  extended,  and  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  and  is  very  changeable 
in  form.  The  surface  is  nearly  smooth,  slightly  sulcated  lengthwise, 
and  the-  color  is  usually  pink,  or  pale  flesh-color,  translucent.  The 
tentacles  are  numerous,  short,  tapering,  pale  greenish  olive,  with  a  dark 
band  around  the' base,  connected  with  a  dark  line  radiating  from  the 
mouth.  Toward  the  upper  part  of  the  body  the  surface  is  somewhat 
wrinkled  and  is  capable  of  attaching  grains  of  sand  to  itself.  When 
thrown  up  by  the  waves  it  contracts  into  a  globular  or  pyriform  shape 
and  "  somewhat  resembles  a  boiled  onion  or  turnip." 

List  of  the  species  ordinarily  inhabiting  the  sandy  shores. 
AETICULATA. 

Insects. 


Page. 

Muscidae,  (larvae) 335 

Cicindela  generosa  (larva) . .  33G 

C.  dorsalis 335 

C.  hirticollis 335 

C.  albohirta..  b35 


Page. 

Geopinus  iucrassatus 335 

Phytosus  littoralis 335 

Bledius  cordatus 335 

B.  pallipennis 335 

Heterocera  undatus  .  335 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Ocypoda  arenaria 337 

Gelasimus  pugilator : .  336 

Cancer  irroratus 338 

Carcinus  grauulatus 312 

Platyouichus  ocellatus 338 

Libiuia  canaliculata 339 

Hippa  talpoida 338 

Eupagurus  pollicaris 313 

E.  longicarpus 339 

Crangon  vulgaris 339 

PaUeinonetes  vulgaris 339 


Orchestia  agilis 

Talorchestia  longicornis 

T.  megalophthalma 

Lepidactylis  dytiscus  . . 

Unciola  irrorata 

Idotea  irrorata 

I.  caica 

I.  Tuftsii 

Scyphacella  arenicola 

Limulus  Polyphemus. . . 


Annelids,  (Chcutopods.) 


Page. 

Sthenelais  picta 348 

Nephthys  picta 348 

Eteone,  sp 349 

ISTereis  virens 341 

N.  limbata - 341 

Cirratulus  grandis 348 

Scolecolepis  viridis 345 

S.  tenuis  .  345 


Poiydora  ciliatum 

Diopatra  cuprea , 

Marphysa  Leidyi , 

Lumbriconereis  opaliua 

L.  teuuis 

Staurocephalus  pallidus 

Rhynehobolus  Americanus 
R.  dibranchiatus. . 


Page. 
340 
336 
336 
339 
340 
340 
340 
340 
337 
340 


Page. 
345 
346 
347 
342 
342 
348 
342 
341 


[365]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          71 


Page. 

Spio  robusta 345 

S.  setosa 344 

Nerine  agilis 346 

Aricia  ornata.    344 

Anthostoma  robustum 343 

A.  fragile ....  344 

Maklane  elongata 343 


Page. 

Clymenella  torquata 343 

STotomastus  luridus 342 

N.  filiformis 342 

Sabellaria  vulgaris . . .  349 

Oistenides  Gouldii 349 

Amphitrite  ornata 348 


Oligochwta. 


Halodrillus  littoralis 


Page. 

338 


Clitellio  irroratus 


Nemerteans. 


Page. 

Meckelia  lactea 350 

M.  ingens 349 

M. rosea   .  350 


Cosmocepbala  ocbracea .... 

Tetrastemma  arenicola 

Balanoglossus  aurantiacus. 


Sipunciiloids. 


Phaseolosoma  Gouldii 


Page. 
353 


Phascolosoma,  sp. 


Page. 
324 


Page. 
325 
351 
351 


Page. 
353 


MOLLUSCA. 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Fulgur  carica . . .  - 355 

Syeotypus  canaliculatus 355 

Astyris  lunata 306 

Ilyanassa  obsoleta 354 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

Lunatia  beros 353 

L.  beros,  var.  triseriata 354 


Page. 

Neverita  duplicate 354 

Crepidula  foruicata 355 

C.  convexa .  355 

C.  unguiformis 355 

Bittium  nigruin 355 

Lacuna  vincta  .  355 


Lamellibranchs. 


Page. 

Ensatella  Americana 356 

Siliqua  costata 358 

Mya  arenaria * 357 

Lyousia  hyalina 358 

Mactra  solidissima 358 

Maconia  fusca 359 

Angulus  tener 358 


Page. 

Venus  mercenaria 359 

Totteuia  gemma 359 

La3vicardium  Mortoni 358 

Solenomya  velum 360 

Mytilus  edulis 361 

Pecten  irradians  .  361 


72          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FiSH    AND    FISHERIES.       [366] 
Bryozoa  and  Ascidians. 


Page. 

Molgula  Manhattensis 3G1 

Escharella  variabilis . .  361 


Page. 
Bugula  turrita 361 


EADIATA. 


Ucliinoderms . 


Page. 

Thyone  Briareus 362 

Caudiua  arenata 362 

Leptosyiiapta  Girardii 361 

L.  roseola  .  362 


Page. 


Echinarachnius  parina 362 

Asterias  areuicola 3(53 

Opbiura  olivacea 363 


Polyps. 


Page. 

Halocampa  producta 363 

Sagartia  uiodesta 363 


Page. 

Sagartia  leucolena 363 

Paractis  rapiforinis 363 


II.  3.— FAUNA  OF  THE  MUDDY  SHORES  OF  THE  BAYS  AND  SOUNDS. 

The  muddy  shores  in  this  region  grade  almost  insensibly  into  the  sandy 
shores;  and  shores  that  are  entirely  of  mud,  without  any  admixture  of  fine 
sand,  rarely  occur  except  in  the  estuaries  and  lagoons.  Therefore  we 
find,  as  might  have  been  anticipated,  that  it  is  difficult  to  draw  a  very 
definite  line  between  the  animals  living  upon  the  sandy  shores  and  those 
living  upon  the  muddy  shores  and  flats.  Many  of  the  species  seem,  also, 
to  be  equally  at  home,  whether  living  in  mud  or  sand,  and  many  others 
prefer  a  mixture,  although  capable  of  living  in  either*.  But  if  we  were 
to  compare  the  animals  living  in  pure  sand  with  those  living  in  clear 
mud,  the  two  lists  would  be  quite  different,  although  a  considerable 
number  would  be  common  to  both  lists.  Moreover,  the  eel-grass  grows 
in  considerable  quantities  both  upon  sandy  and  muddy  shores,  in  cer 
tain  localities,  and  a  large  number  of  species  which  inhabit  the  eel-grass 
will,  therefore,  be  found  in  both  lists. 

In  discussing  the  species  found  on  sandy  shores,  in  the  preceding 
pages,  references  have  constantly  been  made  to  other  stations  inhabited 
by  many  of  the  species,  and  especially  in  the  case  of  those  that  are  com 
mon  to  the  sandy  and  muddy  shores.  Therefore  it  will  not  be  necessary 
to  repeat  the  facts  in  this  connection,  but  the  species  will  be  enumerated 
in  the  list  at  the  end  of  this  section. 

A  considerable  number  of  species  have  their  place  in  this  list  chiefly 
because  they  occur  on  beds  of  oysters  planted  on  muddy  shores,  at  and 
just  below  low- water  mark.  Without  these  artificial  stations  some  of 
them  would  hardly  be  found  on  such  shores,  or  at  least  but  rarely.  It 
is  evident  that  the  shells  of  oysters,  when  in  large  quantities,  supply,  to 


[367]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  73 

a  certain  extent,  conditions  similar  to  those  of  rocky  shores,  and  conse 
quently  it  is  natural  that  certain  rocky-shore  species  should  be  found  in 
such  situations.  Only  the  more  common  and  most  important  of  these 
have  been  introduced  into  the  list,  however,  for  to  include  all  the  species 
to  be  found  among-oysters  would  uselessly  extend  the  catalogue. 

Among  the  Crustacea  we  find  a  considerable  number  of  species  which 
have  their  proper  homes  on  the  muddy  shores.  Of  the  true  crabs  there 
are  at  least  eleven  species  that  constantly  occur  in  these  situations,  but 
several  of  them,  viz.,-  Cancer  irroratus,  (p.  312,)  Panopeus  depressus,  (p. 
312,)  P.  Sayi^  (p.  312,)  and  Carcinus  granulatus,  (p.  312,)  are  found  in 
greater  numbers  .elsewhere,  and  depend  largely  upon  the  oyster-beds  for 
their  safety  on  these  shores.  -The  Carcinus  gmnulatus,  however,  often 
resorts  to  the  holes  and  cavernous  places  under  the  peaty  banks  of  the 
shores,  or  along  the  small  ditches  and  streams  cutting  through  the  peaty 
marshes  near  the  shore.  The  marsh  "  fiddler-crab,'7  Gelasimus  pugnax, 
is  usually  very  abundant  in  the  peaty  banks  and  along  the  ditches  and 
streams  at  and  just  above  high- water  mark,  where  it  excavates  great 
numbers  of  deep  holes,  often  completely  riddling  the  soil.  This  species 
is,  however,  more  at  home  along  the  borders  of  the  estuaries  and 
lagoons  and  will  be  described  more  fully  in  that  connection,  as  well  as 
the  Sesarma  reticulata,  which  often  occurs  with  it  in  both  situations. 

The  "  oyster-crab,"  Pinnotheres  ostreum,  (Plate  1,  fig.  2,  male,)  is  found 
wherever  oysters  occur.  The  female  lives,  at  least  when  mature,  within 
the  shell  of  the  oyster,  in  the  gill  cavity,  and  is  well  known  to  most  con 
sumers  of  oysters.  The  males  (fig.  2)  are  seldom  seen,  and  rarely,  if  ever, 
occur  in  the  oyster.  We  found  them,  on  several  occasions,  swimming 
actively  at  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  middle  of  Vineyard  Sound. 
They  are  quite  unlike  the  females  in  appearance,  being  smaller,  with  a 
firmer  shell,  and  they  differ  widely  in  color,  for  the  carapax  is  dark  brown 
above,  with  a  central  dorsal  stripe  and  two  conspicuous  spots  of  whitish, 
as  indicated  in  the  figure ;  the  lower  side  and  legs  are  whitish.  The 
female  has  the  carapax  thin  and  translucent,  whitish,  tinged  with  pink. 
The  Pinnixa  cylindrica  (Plate  I,  fig.  1)  is  a  related  species  which  is 
occasionally  met  with  on  muddy  shores.  It  lives  in  the  tubes  of  certain 
large  Annelids  in  company  with  the  rightful  owner.  The  specimens 
hitherto  met  with  in  this  region  were  either  found  free,  or  dug  out  of 
the  mud,  and  it  is  uncertain  with  what  worm  they  associate,  though  it 
is  most  likely  to  be  the  Nereis  virens,  but  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina 
it  lives,  according  to  Dr.  Stimpson,  in  the  tubes  of  Arenicola  cristata 
STIMPSON.  It  has  been  found  in  the  stomach  of  the  ocellated  flounder. 

The  common  edible-crab  or  "  blue-crab,"  Callinectes  liastatus,  is  a  com 
mon  inhabitant  of  muddy  shores,  especially  in  sheltered  coves  and  bays. 
It  is  a  very  active  species  and  can  swim  rapidly  j  it  is  therefore  often 
seen  swimming  at  or  near  the  surface.  The  full-grown  individuals  gen 
erally  keep  away  from  the  shores,  in  shallow  water,  frequenting  muddy 
bottoms,  especially  among  the  eel-grass,  and  are  also  found  in  large 


74          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [368] 

numbers  iu  the  somewhat  brackish  waters  of  estuaries  and  the  mouths 
of  rivers.  The  young  specimens  of  all  sizes,  up  to  two  or  three  inches 
in  breadth,  are,  however,  very  frequent  along  the  muddy  shores,  hid 
ing  in  the  grass  and  weeds  or  under  the  peaty  banks  at  high- water,  and 
retreating  as  the  tide  goes  down;  when  disturbed  they  swim  away 
quickly  into  deeper  water.  They  also  have  the  habit  of  pushing  them 
selves  backward  into  and  beneath  the  mud  for  concealment.  They  are- 
predacious  in  their  habits,  feeding  upon  small  fishes  and  various  other 
animal  food.  They  are  very  pugnacious  and  have  remarkable  strength 
in  their  claws,  which  they  use  with  great  dexterity.  When  they  have 
recently  shed  their  shells  they  are  caught  in  great  numbers  for  the 
markets,  and  these  "soft-shelled  crabs"  are  much  esteemed  by  many. 
Those  with  hard  shells  are  also  sold  in  our  markets,  but  are  not  valued 
so  highly.  This  crab  can  easily  be  distinguished  from  all  the  other 
species  found  in  this  region  by  the  sharp  spine  on  each  side  of  the 
carapax. 

The  common  "  spider-crab,"  Libinia  canaliculate^  (p.  339,)  is  very  com 
mon  on  muddy  shores  and  flats.  It  hides  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
mud  and  decaying  weeds  or  among  the  eel-grass,  and  is  very  sluggish 
in  its  motions.  Its  whole  surface  is  covered  with  hairs  which  entangle 
particles  of  mud  and  dirt  of  various  kinds  ;  and  sometimes  hydroids, 
algaB,  and  even  barnacles  grow  upon  its  shell,  contributing  to  its  more 
ready  concealment.  The  males  are  much  larger  than  the  females,  and 
have  long  and  stout  claws.  They  often  spread  a  foot  or  more  across  the 
extended  legs.  The  females  have  much  smaller  and  shorter  legs  and 
comparatively  weak  claws. 

Another  similar  species,  Libinia  dubia^  is  also  found  on  muddy  shores 
and  has  nearly  the  same  habits.  It  has  a  much  longer  rostrum,  more 
deeply  divided  at  the  end. 

The  two  common  species  of  "  hermit-crabs"  are  both  found  on  muddy 
shores,  especially  among  eel-grass,  but  the-'-larger  one,  Eupagurm  polli- 
carisj  (p.  313,)  is  comparatively  rare.  The  small  one,  E.  longicarpus,  (p. 
313,)  is  very  common  and  usually  occupies  the  dead  shells  of  llyanassa 
obsoleta,  though  many  may  be  found  in  other  species  of  shells. 

The  Gebiaaffinis  (Plate  II,  fig.  7)  is  a  crustacean  somewhat  resembling  a 
young  lobster  three  or  four  inches  in  length.  It  lives  on  muddy  shores 
and  digs  deep  burrows  near  low- water  mark,  in  the  tenacious  mud  or  clay, 
especially  where  there  are  decaying  sea- weeds  buried  beneath  the  sur 
face.  The  burrows  are  roundish,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter, 
very  smooth  within,  and  go  down  obliquely  for  the  distance  of  one  or 
two  feet,  and  then  run  off  laterally  or  downward,  in  almost  any  direc 
tion,  to  the  depth  of  two  or  three  feet,  and  are  usually  quite  crooked 
and  winding.  We  have  found  them  most  abundant  on  the  shore  of 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  near  Beesley's  Point,  but  they  also 
occur  at  New  Haven  and  Wood's  Hole,  &c.  This  species  is  quite  active ; 
it  swims  rapidly  and  jumps  back  energetically.  It  is  eagerly  devoured 


INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  75 

by  such  fishes  as  are  able  to  capture  it.  'When  living  the  colors  are 
quite  elegant.  Along  the  back  there  is  a  broad  band  of  mottled,  red 
dish  brown,  which  is  contracted  on  the  next  to  the  last  segment:  each 
side  of  this  band  the  mottlings  are  fewer,  and  the  surface  somewhat 
hairy.  The  last  segment  and  the  appendages  of  the  preceding  one  are 
thickly  specked  with  reddish  brown;  their  edges  are  fringed  with  gray 
hairs.  The  CaUanassa  Stimpsoni  SMITH,  (Plate  II,  fig.  8,  large  claw,)  is 
also  a  burrowing  species,  but  its  habits  are  at  present  little  known,  owing 
to  its  rarity.  It  has  been  found  in  the  stomach  of  fishes,  and  is  proba 
bly  more  common  farther  south. 

The  Squilla  empusa  is  a  very  interesting  creature,  whose  habits  are 
still  imperfectly  known.  It  is  often  thrown  on  the  beaches  by  the 
waves,  and  probably  it  usually  burrows  in  the  mud  below  low-water 
mark,  but  in  certain  localities  it  has  been  found  burrowing  at  or  near 
low-water  mark  of  spring-tides,  forming  large,  irregular  holes.  The  very 
curious,  free-swimming  young  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  36)  were  often  taken  in 
the  towing-nets.  Large  specimens  are  eight  or  ten  inches  long  and  about 
two  broad.  The  body  is  not  so  stout  built  as  that  of  the  lobster,  and  the 
carapax  or  shell  is  much  smaller  and  softer,  while  the  abdomen  is  much 
larger  and  longer  in  proportion.  The  legs  and  all  the  other  organs  are 
quite  unlike  those  of  the  lobster,  and  the  last  joint  of  the  great  claw,  in 
stead  of  forming  a  pair  of  pincers  with  the  next,  is  armed  with  a  row 
of  six  sharp,  curved  spines,  which  shut  into  corresponding  sockets, 
arranged  in  a  groove  in  the  next  joint,  which  also  bears  smaller  spines. 
By  means  of  this  singular  organ  they  can  hold  their  prey  securely,  and 
can  give  a  severe  wound  to  the  human  hand,  if  handled  incautiously.  It 
also  uses  the  stout  caudal  appendages,  which  are  armed  with  spines,  very 
effectively.  The  colors  of  this  species  are  quite  vivid,  considering  its 
mud-dwelling  habits.  The  body  is  usually  pale  green  or  yellowish  green, 
each  segment  bordered  posteriorly  with  darker  green  and  edged  with 
bright  yellow;  the  tail  is  tinged  with  rose  and  mottled  with  yellow  and 
blackish ;  the  outer  caudal  lamellae  have  the  base  and  spines  white,  the 
last  joint  yellow,  margined  with  black ;  the  inner  ones  are  black,  pale 
at  base;  the  eyes  are  bright  emerald-green;  the  inner  antenna?  are 
dark,  with  a  yellow  band  at  the  base  of  each  joint ;  and  the  iiagellum 
is  anuulated  with  black  and  white. 

The  common  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgar  is,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10,)  is 
frequent  on  muddy  shores,  where  it  has  a  darker  color  than  when  liv 
ing  on  sandy  shores.  The  common  prawn,  Palwmonetes  vulgar-is,  (p.  330, 
Plate  II,  fig.  9,)  is  also  common  in  such  situations,  especially  where 
there  is  eel-grass,  among  which  it  finds  its  favorite  resorts,  but  it  is 
still  more  abundant  in  the  estuaries.  Another  shrimp,  the  Virbius  zos- 
tericola  SMITH,  also  occurs  among  the  eel-grass,  in  similar  places.  It  is 
usually  greenish  in  color. 

Two  other  species  of  shrimp-like  Crustacea,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Jfysis,  are  also  found  on  muddy  shores,   especially  among  eel-grass. 
7  v 


76          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [370 j 

The  Mys-is  stenolepis  SMITH,  (Plate  III,  tig.  12,  female,)  is  often  very 
abundant  in  such  situations.  The  small  young  ones  have  been  taken  in 
May,  and  the  half-grown  ones  later  in  the  season.  In  the  early  spring 
the  adult  females,  with  eggs,  occur  in  great  numbers  among  the  eel- 
grass,  in  estuaries  and  ponds.  Mr.  Viual  N.  Edwards  caught  a  large 
number  in  a  small  pond  at  Wood's  Hole,  April  1.  Xo  males  were  found 
at  this  time  with  the  females;  the  only  adult  males  observed  were  taken 
in  autumn.  Possibly  the  males  do  not  survive  the  winter.  The  adult 
females  have  not  been  observed  in  summer,  and  they  probably  die  after 
hatching  their  young  in  the  spring.  The  whole  body  is  translucent; 
each  segment  of  the  body  has  a  stellate  black  spot ;  and  there  is  more 
or  less  blackish  pigment  on  the  caudal  lamella,  telson,  antennal  scales, 
and  inner  flagellum  and  peduncle  of  the  antennula?.  This  species  con 
tributes  largely  to  the  food  of  many  fishes.  The  other  species,  M.  Amer 
icana  SMITH,  also  lives  among  eel-grass,  as  well  as  in  deeper  water  off 
shore  among  algae.  This  has  been  found  in  large  numbers  in  the  stom 
achs  of  the  shad  and  the  spotted  flounder. 

Of  Amphipods  there  are  comparatively  few  species.  The  Unciola 
irrorata  (p.  340,  Plate  IV,  fig.  19)  is  pretty  common  here,  as  elsewhere. 
The  AmpMthoe  valida  SMITH  (p.  315,)  is  often  met  with  among  eel-grass. 
Another  species,  A.  compta  SMITH,  also  occurs  in  the  same  places. 
It  differs  from  the  preceding  in  many  characters,  but  may  easily  be  dis 
tinguished  by  its  red  eyes.  A  third  species  of  the  genus,  A.  longimana 
SMITH,  is  also  found  among  eel-grass.  It  has  black  eyes.  The  Coro- 
phium  cylindricum  and  Gammarus  mucronatm  occur  among  eel-grass  and 
alga?,  often  in  great  numbers. 

Of  Isopods  there  are  several  species.  The  Idotea  irrorata  (p.  316, 
Plate  V,  fig. .23)  is  common  wherever  eel-grass  is  found.  The  Ericliso- 
nia  attenuata  HARGER,  (Plate  VI,  fig.  27,)  is  also  found  clinging  to 
eel-grass  in  muddy  situations.  The  Epclys  trilobm  (Plate  VI;  fig.  28) 
is  found  creeping  about  over  the  bottom  or  among  and  beneath  the 
decaying  vegetable  matter  and  mud  usually  to  be  found  in  sheltered  sit 
uations.  It  is  usually  so  covered  up  with  adhering  dirt  as  readily  to 
escape  observation.  The  Epelys  montosus  also  occurs  in  similar  situa 
tions. 

Whenever  lumber  or  drift-wood  has  been  left  for  some  time  on  the 
muddy  shores  it  is  found  to  be  more  or  less  eaten  by  the  Limnoria  lig- 
norum,  (Plate  VI,  fig.  25.)  This  small  isopod  gnaws  its  galleries  in  the 
wTood  to  a  depth  of  about  half  an  inch  from  the  surface,  and  after  a 
time  these  galleries  become  so  numerous  that  the  superficial  layer  will 
be  completely  honey-combed,  and  it  will  then  scale  off  and  another  layer 
will  be  attacked.  This  little  creature  often  does  great  damage  to  the 
piles  of  wharves  and  other  kinds  of  submerged  wood-work  in  this  re 
gion,  and  will  be  mentioned  again  in  discussing  the  animals  inhabiting 
piles,  &c. 

The  "horse-shoe  crab/'  Limulus  Polyphemus,  (p.  340,)  is  also  common 


[371]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  77 

on  muddy  shores,  burrowing  beneath,  the  surface,  at  or  just  below  low- 
water  mark. 

Many  of  the  Annelids  found  on  muddy  shores  occur  also  on  sandy 
shores,  especially  where  there  is  a  mixture  of  mud  with  the  sand,  and 
consequently  they  have  been  mentioned  in  the  preceding  pages. 
Among  these  are  Nereis  virens  (p.  317,  Plate  XI,  figs.  47-50)  and  N. 
linibata,  (p.  318,  Plate  XI,  fig.  51,)  both  of  which  are  common  on  muddy 
shores  ;  also  Diopatra  cuprea,  (p.  320,  Plate  XIII,  figs.  67  and  68 ;)  Lum. 
briconereis  opalina,  (p.  342,  Plate  XIII,  figs.  69,  70;)  L.  tennis,  (p.  342;) 
Maldane  elongata,  (p.  343;)  Notomastus  luridus,  (p.  342;)  Notomastus  fili- 
formis,  (p.  342;)  Cirratulus  grandis,  (p.  319,  Plate  XV,  figs.  80,  81;)  Cis. 
tenides  Gouldii,  (p.  323,  Plate  XVII,  figs.  87,  87«;)  all  of  which  are 
found  both  in  mud  and  sand,  but  prefer,  perhaps,  a  mixture  of  the  two. 
Rhynchobolus  Amcricanus  (p.  342,  Plate  X,  figs.  45,  46)  and  R.  dibran- 
cliiatus  (p.  341,  Plate  X,  figs.  43,  44)  are  also  found  in  mud,  though  per 
haps  more  common  in  fine  sand,  or  sandy  mud. 

The  "  blood-drop,"  Polycirrus  eximius,  (p.  320,  Plate  XVI,  fig.  85)  is 
however,  a  species  that  belongs  properly  to  muddy  localities,  and  it  de 
lights  in  the  softest  and  stickiest  mud  of  the  shores,  near  low- water 
mark.  The  larger  blood-drop,  Clicctobranclim  sanguineus,  (p.  320,)  is  also 
found  in  similar  situations,  and  the  soft  inucl,  filled  with  decaying  veg 
etable  matter,  seems  to  be  its  most  congenial  home. 

Of  Mollusks  there  are  comparatively  few  species  that  are  peculiar  to 
muddy  shores,  but  there  are  many  that  live  almost  equally  well  in  such 
localities  and  on  shores  or  bottoms  of  other  kinds. 

Among  the  Gastropods,  the  proper  mud-dwelling  species  are  few. 
The  Ilyanassa  obsoleta  (p.  354,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  113)  is  the  most  abund 
ant,  for  it  occurs  everywhere  over  the  mud-flats  in  great  numbers,  ancl? 
in  cold  weather,  often  crowds  in  large  numbers  into  the  pools  left  on 
the  flats.  The  Nassa  vibex  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  114)  has  nearly  the  same 
habits,  but  is  comparatively  rare.  It  is  more  frequently  found  among 
the  eel-grass,  and  is  more  common  farther  south. 

The  Eupleura  caudata  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  117)  is  usually  found  rather 
sparingly  in  this  region,  but  in  one  locality,  at  Waquoit,  it  occurred  in 
considerable  numbers  in  the  small  streams  and  ditches  in  the  muddy 
marshes  near  the  shore.  It  occurs  occasionally  at  low-water,  but  is 
more  often  met  with  on  muddy  and  shelly  bottoms  in  the  shallow  water 
of  the  bays  and  sounds,  and  is  much  more  common  farther  south.  The 
Crepidula  convcxa  (p.  355,  Plate  XXIII,  fig,  128)  is  very  common  on 
the  shells  of  Ilyanassa  obsoleta,  especially  when  they  are  inhabited  by 
"  hermit-crabs."  It  is  also  frequently  found  on  the  eel-grass,  where,  in 
August,  it  often  deposits  its  bright  yellow  eggs  inclosed  in  small,  gela 
tinous  masses,  which  are  grouped  in  clusters. 

The  Bulla  solitaria  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  161)  is  a  species  restricted 'to 
muddy  shores  and  bottoms,  in  sheltered  situations,  and  is  found  also  in 
muddy  ponds  and  estuaries.  The  color  of  the  animal  of  this  species  is 


•78          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [372] 

quite  peculiar,  and  when  it  is  fully  extended  it  has  a  singular  appear 
ance.  The  general  color  is  usually  orange-brown,  and  it  is  thickly 
speckled  with  darker  brown.  This  shell  is  devoured  in  large  numbers 
by  the  flounders,  and  doubtless  by  other  fishes. 

A  number  of  species  which  habitually  live  clinging  to  eel-grass  are 
to  be  found  in  the  localities  where  this  plant  flourishes,  either  in  the 
pools  or  at  low- water  mark,  but  they  are  not  peculiar  to  or  character 
istic  of  muddy  shores.  Among  these  the  most  common  are  Antyris 
lunata,  (p.  306:)  Bittium  niyrum,  (p.  305;)  Triforis  nigrocinctus,  (p.  305;) 
and  Lacuna  vincta,  (p.  305.)  The  Littorina  irrorata  is  occasionally 
found  in  sheltered  situations,  but  this  region  is  north  of  its  true  range, 
and  such  specimens  as  are  found  may  have  been  introduced  from  far 
ther  south  with  oysters.  It  is  very  abundant  on  the  southern  coast. 
The  Urosalpinx  cinerca  (p.  306)  occurs  wherever  there  are  beds  of  oys 
ters,  upon  which  it  feeds. 

Most  of  the  bivalve  shells  to  be  found  on  muddy  shores  have  already 
been  enumerated  as  living  also  on  the  sheltered  sandy  shores,  and  the 
majority  of  them  flourish  equally  on  both  kinds  of  shores,  and  on  those 
of  a  mixed  or  intermediate  character.  Among  these  are  Mya  arenaria, 
(p.  309;)  Macoma  fusca,  (p.  358;)  Anynlus  tener,  (p.  358;)  Venus  merce- 
nariciy  (p.  359;)  Argina  pexata,  (p.  309:)  Mytilm  edulis,  (p.  307;)  Pccten 
irmdians,  (p.  361.)  There  are,  however,  other  species  that  are  almost 
peculiar  to  muddy  shores,  and  are  highly  characteristic  of  them.  The 
Pliolas  truncata  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  200)  excavates  deep  holes  in  depos 
its  of  tenacious  clay  at  all  elevations  between  tides,  and  is  still  more 
frequently  found  living  in  holes  in  the  borders  of  peat-bogs,  or  marsh 
deposits,  W'hich  have  been  encroached  upon  by  the  sea.  In  such  places 
they  sometimes  occur  nearly  up  to  the  ordinary  high-wTater  mark. 
Their  holes  are  round  and  nearly  perpendicular,  and  increase  in  size 
from  the  orifice  downward.  They  vary  in  depth  according  to  the  size 
of  the  shell;  the  deeper  ones  are  often  a  foot  or  a  foot  and  a  half  in 
depth  and  often  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  shell  remains  near  the  bot 
tom  and  stretches  out  its  long  siphon  tubes,  which  are  united  together 
quite  to  the  end,  until  the  tips  reach  the  external  orifice  of  the  burrow 
These  tubes  are  generally  yellowish  wrhite  except  at  the  end,  where  they 
are  blackish  or  brownish ;  the  orifices  and  papillae  are  also  variously 
marked  with  purplish  brown  or  dark  brown.  The  dark  coloration  of 
the  end  of  the  siphon  tubes  is  doubtless  for  purposes  of  protection  from 
predacious  fishes,  crabs,  &c.  Its  foot  is  short  and  stout,  obliquely  trun 
cated,  and  bevelled  at  the  end.  The  Petricola  pholadiformis  (Plate 
XXVII,  fig.  199)  is  generally  associated  with  the  preceding  species  and 
is  more  abundant.  Its  habits  are  nearly  the  same,  but  it  does  not  make 
its  burrows  so  deep  ;  it  is  more  active  in  its  motions,  and  can  easily 
climb  up  to  the  upper  part  of  its  hole  by  means  of  its  long,  thin,  white 
foot,  which  is  tongue-shaped  and  very  extensible  and  flexible.  The 
siphon-tubes  are  long  and  slender,  tapering,  and  united  for  about  a 


[373]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    UINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  79* 

quarter  of  their  length,  beyond  which  they  are  separate  and  divergent. 
They  are  yellowish  white,  more  or  less  spotted,  especially  toward  the 
end,  with  orange,  brownish,  or  blackish,  which,  in  large  specimens,  forms 
streaks  near  the  ends  or  even  becomes  confluent,  making  the  tips  very 
dark  colored.  The  branchial  orifice  is  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  numer 
ous  bipinnate  papilla?,  which  usually  alternate  with  smaller  and  more 
simple  ones  ;  the  papillae  of  the  dorsal  tube  are  similar,  but  more  simple- 
The  Tagelm  yibbus  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  181,  animal;  Plate  XXX,  fig. 
217,  shell)  is  another  inhabitant  of  muddy  shores,  which  burrows  deeply 
into  the  mud.  This  species  is  confined,  on  the  shores,  chiefly  to  the  zone 
near  low-water  mark,  but  probably  lives  also  in  shallow  water  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  tides.  In  this  species  the  foot  is  large  and  muscular, 
thick,  tongue-shaped,  and  has  a  very  wide  range  of  motion,  for  the  man 
tle  is  open  along  the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  edge  of  the  shell.  The 
tubes  are  separate,  from  the  base,  and  are  round,  white,  and  capable  of 
very  great  extension,  for  a  specimen  of  ordinary  size,  kept  in  confine 
ment,  extended  the  tubes  to  the  length  of  nine  inches.  These  tubes 
are  translucent,  and  at  the  end  have  small  rounded  lobes  around  the 
aperture,  each  lobe  being  furnished  at  its  base,  inside,  with  a  small, 
orange,  eye-like  spot,  which  is  probably  an  imperfect  visual  organ,  and 
with  two  others  on  the  inside  lower  down.  The  branchial  tube  has  six 
of  these  lobes  and  ocelli  ;  the  dorsal  one  has  eight.  On  each  tube 
there  is  a  row  of  small,  white,  slender,  obtuse  papilla?.,  corresponding 
to  each  terminal  lobe,  and  running  along  the  whole  length  of  the  tubes. 
The  color  of  the  animal  is  white  throughout.  This  bivalve  makes  deep 
burrows  in  the  tenacious  mud,  each  of  which  has  two  orifices,  not  far 
apart,  for  the  two  tubes.  By  this  peculiarity  their  burrows  may  be 
at  once  recognized,  whenever  seen. 

.The  MuUnia  lateral-is  (Plate  XX VI,  fig.  185,  B,  animal)  is  occasionally 
found  living  at  extreme  low-water  mark,  on  muddy  flats,  but  its  true 
home  is  on  the  soft  muddy  bottoms  in  shallow  water,  where  t  is  often 
excessively  abundant.  In  this  species  the  foot  is  relatively  large  and 
muscular,  more  or  less  pointed  at  the  en<?,  and  capable  of  assuming 
many  different  forms  and  positions  ;  it  has  a  wide  sweep  in  its  motions 
and  can  be  thrust  forward,  or  backward.  The  siphon-tubes  are  united 
nearly  to  the  end,  but  the  separation  is  indicated  by  a  groove  between 
them  for  nearly  half  the  length.  The  branchial  tube  is  the  largest,  and 
its  orifice  is  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  twelve  to  twenty-four,  slender, 
elongated,  simple  papilla?,  each  of  which  usually  lias  a  small,  black,  eye- 
like  spot  at  its  base  $  a  little  below  this  terminal  circle  there  is  another, 
composed  of  smaller,  very  short,  blunt  papilla?.  The  dorsal  tube  also  has 
a  subterminal  circle  of  similar  papilla?,  above  which  the  tip  forms  a  re 
tractile  cone,  with  the  small,  simple  orifice  at  the  tip.  The  animal  is 
yellowish  white,  the  tubes  generally  pale  yellow.  This  species  burrows 
just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  mud,  and  it  is  eaten  in  large  numbers  by 
the  scnp  and  other  fishes. 


SO         EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [374] 

The  Cumingia  telUnoides  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  221)  and  Kellia  planulata 
(Plate  XXX,  fig.  220)  are  sometimes  found  living  in  the  mud  at  low- 
water,  but  are  rare  in  such  situations.  They  are  more  common  at  the 
depth  of  a  few  fathoms  on  muddy  and  shelly  bottoms. 

The  ribbed  muscle,  Modiola  plicatula,  (p.  307,  Plate  XXXI,  fig.  238, 
is  very  abundant  near  and  even  above  high-water  mark,  along  the 
muddy  borders  of  the  marshes  and  banks  and  among  the  roots  of  grass- 
The  Modiola  hamatus  is  occasionally  met  with,  especially  on  oyster- 
beds,  adhering  to  the  shells,  where  it  is  sometimes  very  abundant.  It 
has  probably  been  introduced  with  the  oysters,  from  the  South,  where 
it  is  common.  It  somewhat  resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  it  is 
shorter,  broader,  with  strong  radiating  ribs,  many  of  which  are  forked. 
Its  color  is  yellow  or  yellowish  brown. 

The  common  "scollop,"  Pecten  irradians,  (p.  3G1,  Plate  XXXII,  fig. 
243.)  occurs  among  the  eel-grass  on  muddy  shores  in  great  abundance, 
in  many  localities,  especially  in  sheltered  places.  The  young  shells  may 
be  found  during  the  whole  summer,  but  the  adult  specimens  come  up  to 
the  shallow  waters  and  shores  in  great  numbers  in  the  autumn.  This 
species  is  very  active  and  can  rise  from  the  bottom  and  swim  through 
the  water  with  great  rapidity  by  opening  and  energetically  closing  its 
valves,  thus  expelling  the  water  from  the  gill-cavitj',  the  reaction  send 
ing  the  shell  backward.  It  often  remains  up  among  the  leaves  of  the 
eel-grass,  resting  upon  them,  where  they  are  matted  together,  but  if 
alarmed  the  creature  suddenly  swims  away  in  the  manner  described,  and 
takes  to  the  bottom.  It  is  very  watchful  and  quickly  perceives  its 
enemies.  The  thickened  outer  edge  of  the  mantle,  both  above  and 
below,  is  fringed  with  rows  of  numerous  tapering  papilla?  or  tentacles, 
the  inner  ones  largest,  and  among  the  bases  of  these  there  is  a  row  of 
very  bright  silvery  or  bluish  eyes,  thirty  to  forty  or  more  to  each  valve 
the  number  increasing  with  the  size  of  the  shell ;  a  short  distance  within 
the  outer  fringe  of  tentacles  there  is  a  raised  yellow  or  orange  ridge, 
which  bears  another  series  of  smaller  papilla1,  and  the  space  between 
these  and  the  outer  ones  is  radiately  striated.  The  central  muscle  which 
closes  the  valves  of  this  shell  is  large  and  powerful.  This  is  the  portion 
which  is  sold  in  our  markets  in  large  quantities,  and  is  highly  esteemed 
by  many  as  an  article  of  food.  Its  decided  sweetish  taste  is,  however, 
objectionable  to  some  persons.  To  some,  also,  it  proves  actually  injuri 
ous,  sometimes  producing  nausea  and  even  worse  symptoms.  After 
storms  this  shell  is  sometimes  found  thrown  upon  the  beaches  in  immense 
quantities. 

The  oyster,  Ostrcca  Virginiana,  (p.  310,)  is  often  planted  upon  the 
muddy  shores  at  and  below  low- water  mark,  in  many  parts  of  Long  Island 
Sound  and  elsewhere,  but  for  this  purpose  the  muddy  estuaries  are  pre 
ferred,  where  the  water  is  more  brackish  and  the  bottom  less  disturbed 
by  the  storms.  The  mud,  however,  should  not  be  too  deep,  and  ought 
to  have  a  solid  substratum,  a  few  inches  beneath. 


[375]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  81 

The  Ascidians  are  generally  uncommon  on  muddy  shores,  but  wherever 
the  eel-grass  nourishes,  and  especially  in  sheltered  situations,  the  Molgula 
Manhattensis  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250)  is  usually  to  be  found  ad 
hering  to  it.  The  Botryllus  Gouldii  (Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  252,  253)  is  also 
frequently  found  growing  upon  the  eel-grass  in.  such  situations,  as  well 
as  upon  the  piles  of  wharves,  bottoms  of  boats,  &c.  This  species  was 
found  in  great  profusion  upon  the  eel-grass  in  Little  Harbor,  at  Wood's 
Hole,  and  in  Waquoit  Pond.  In  both  these  localities  the  water  is  nearly 
pure  and  but  slightly,  if  at  all,  brackish.  But  it  has  also  been  found  by 
Professor  D.  0.  Eaton  on  the  piles  at  Brooklyn,  New  York,  where  the 
water  is  more  brackish.  This  species  when  young  forms  thin,  soft,  circu 
lar  or  oval  incrustations  covered  with  stellate  clusters  of  the  minute  ani 
mals,  (fig.  253,)  which  are  imbedded  in  it  $  each  of  these  has  a  small 
circular  orifice  toward  the  outer  end,  opening  into  the  gill  cavity,  and 
another  orifice  opening  into  a  larger  cavity  in  the  center  of  the  cluster, 
which  is  common  to  all  those  in  the  cluster •  and  it  has  a  central  exter 
nal  orifice,  through  which  the  waste  water  from  the  gills,  the  faeces, 
and  the  eggs  are  discharged.  These  young  colonies  begin  to  appear  in 
June  and  grow  very  rapidly,  new  individuals  being  formed  by  buds  that 
originate  from  the  first  ones  in  rapid  succession,  so  that  in  two  or  three 
weeks  the  small  colonies  will  increase  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
breadth  up  to  three  or  four  inches,  if  they  be  situated  on  a  flat  sur 
face  and  have  room  to  spread.  If  upon  the  stem  or  leaf  of  the  eel- 
grass  they  will  extend  entirely  around  it,  and  perhaps  several  inches 
along  its  length,  if  not  opposed  by  other  colonies.  At  the  same  time  the 
crusts  increase  very  much  in  thickness.  Thus  by  the  end  of  the  summer, 
the  eel-grass,  alga?,  stems  of  hydroids,  &c.,  often  become  completely 
covered  up  by  the  luxuriant  growth  of  this  curious  compound  animal. 
The  colors  of  this  species  are  extremely  variable  and  often  very  elegant, 
and  it  is  seldom  that  two  colonies  can  be  found  with  precisely  the  same 
pattern  of  color.  Growing  upon  the  same  leaf  of  eel-grass,  many  dif 
ferent  colonies  may  often  be  found,  each  showing  a  different  arrange 
ment  of  the  colors. 

In  one  of  the  most  common  varieties  the  general  color  of  the  common 
tissue  between  the  stellate  clusters  is  dull  olive-green,  thickly  specked 
with  small  flake-white  spots,  which  are  formed  by  the  enlarged  terminal 
portion  of  stolon-like  processes,  which  bud  out  from  the  perfect  individu 
als  composing  the  clusters,  and  are  arranged  somewhat  in  circles  around 
the  clusters ;  the  lower  portion  of  these  stolons  is  usually  yellow  or 
orange,  and  the  outer  part  deep  purple,  tipped  with  flake-white.  The 
individual  animals,  or  zooids,  composing  the  stellate  clusters,  are  deep 
purple,  with  the  branchial  orifice  yellowish  white,  surrounded  by  a  circle 
of  orange  ;  a  short  flake-white  longitudinal  line  runs  along  the  middle  of 
the  upper  side,  interrupted  by  the  branchial  opening,  but  this  line  is 
often  represented  only  by  two  white  spots ;  other  flake-white  spots  are 
usually  irregularly  scattered  over  the  outer  end. 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AXD    FISHERIES.      [376} 

Iii  another  variety  the  deep  purple  zooids  have  a  circle  of  flake-white 
around  the  branchial  orifice,  a  short  white  bar  or  spot  beyond  it  on  the 
outer  end,  a  white  spot  on  the  middle  between  the  orifices,  and  another 
white  spot  on  the  inner  end  near  the  anal  orifice ;  the  stolons  colored  as 
in  the  preceding. 

In  another  common  variety  (var.  licolor)  the  colors  are  similar  except 
that  the  outer  half  of  each  zooid  is  almost  entirely  covered  with  flake- 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  orange,  while  the  proximal  half  is  deep  pur 
ple.  Another  has  the  purple  zooids  spotted  and  blotched  with  flake- 
white  over  the  whole  surface;  sometimes  the  specks  are  so  fine  and 
numerous  as  to  give  a  uniform  silvery  or  frosted  appearance,  (var.  fari- 
nacea.) 

One  peculiar  variety  (annulata)  has  a  small  circle  of  white  around  the 
the  branchial  opening,  surrounded  by  another  large  circle  of  flake-white, 
which  incloses  nearly  the  outer  half  of  the  zooid.  The  variety  atrox  has 
the  zooids  covered  to  a  considerable  extent  with  flake-white,  so  arranged 
on  each  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  skull ;  the  two  eyes  being 
formed  by  deep  purple  spots. 

The  variety  variegata  is  pale  yellowish  olive  or  orange-brown;  the 
zooids  have  a  white  ring  around  the  branchial  orifice,  inclosed  by  a  brown 
ring,  which  is  often  interrupted  ;  and  the  latter  is  surrounded  more  or 
less  completely  by  flake-white,  there  is  usually  also  a  median  bar  of 
flake- white  j  the  inner  portion  is  deep  purple,  more  or  less  mottled  with 
white,  and  there  is  a  white  spot  at  the  inner  end.  In  ihe  variety  albida 
nearly  the  whole  upper  surface  of  the  zooids  is  flake-white. 

In  another  very  beautiful  and  distinct  variety  (var.  steUa]  the  common 
tissue  is  translucent,  pale  olive,  with  white-tipped  stolons ;  the  zooids 
are  brown  or  purple,  marked  on  the  upper  side  with  two  parallel  longi 
tudinal  bars  of  flake-white,  which  are  separated  by  a  narrow  dark  line, 
all  of  which  radiate  from  the  center  of  the  cluster,  thus  producing  the 
appearance  of  a  many-rayed  star,  with  the  rays  alternately  white  and 
dark  j  the  white  bars  are  sometimes  interrupted  near  the  inner  ends, 
and  small  specks  of  flake- white  are  sometimes  scattered  over  the  outer 
end.  In  this  form  there  are  often  ten  to  fifteen  zooids  in  each  cluster, 
and  they  appear  longer  and  less  swollen  than  in  the  other  varieties,  ow 
ing,  perhaps,  to  the  optical  effect  of  the  radiating  lines.  This  is  the  most 
distinctly  marked  variety  that  was  observed,  and  was  at  first  thought  to 
be  a  distinct  species. 

The  Radiates  are  not  abundant  on  muddy  shores.  The  Thyone 
Briareus  (p.  362)  is  sometimes  found  on  such  shores,  in  sheltered  situ 
ations,  among  eel-grass.  The  common  star-fish,  Aster  las  arenicola,  (p.  326, 
Plate XXXY,  fig.  269,)  is  often  altogether  too  abundant  on  muddy  shores,, 
on  the  oyster-beds,  where  it  commits  great  havoc. 

The  Hydractinia  polyclina  (p.  328)  is  often  found  on  the  shells  occupied 
by  "  hermit-crabs.'7  Several  species  of  Obelia  grow  upon  the  eelvgrass, 
where  the  water  is  sufficiently  clear.  The  Halecium  gracile  V.  (p.  328,) 


[377]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 


is  frequently  found  attached  to  the  shells  of  oysters,  and  to  other  solid 
objects. 

List  of  species  commonly  found  on  the  muddy  shores  of  the  bays  and  sounds. 

ARTICULATA. 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Gelasimus  puguax 367 

Sesarina  reticulata 367 

Pinnixa  cylindrica 367 

Pinnotheres  ostreum  . . 367 

Cancer  irrorattis 367 

Panopeus  depressus 367 

P.  Sayi 367 

Callinectes  hastatus 367 

Carcinus  granulatus 367 

Libinia  canaliculata 368 

L.  dubia 368 

Eupagurus  longicarpns  . . ,. .  368 

E.  pollicaris 368 

Callianassa  Stimpspni 369 

Gebia  affinis 368 

Virbius  zostericola 369 

Crangon  vulgads ....  369 

Pahvmonetes  vulgaris 369 


Mysis  stenolepis 

M.  Americana 

Squilla  empusa 

Gammarus  rnucronatus  .... 

Amphithoe  valida 

A.  compta 

A.  longimana 

Unciola  irrorata 

Corophium  cylindricum 

Idotea  irrorata 

Erichsonia  attenuata 

Epelys  trilobus 

E.  montosus 

Limnoria  lignorum 

Limulus  Polyphemus 

Numerous    small   Entomos- 
traca,  of  many  genera. 


Page. 
370 
370 
369 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 
370 


Annelids,  ( Chcetopods.) 
Page. 


Nereis  vireus 371 

N.  limbata 371 

Diopatra  cuprea 371 

Lumbriconereis  opalina 371 

L.  tenuis 371 

Maldane  elongata 371 

Notomastus  luridus 371 

N.  filiformis 371 


Cisteriides  Gouldii , 

Amphitrite  ornata 

Ehynchobolus  Americaims 

E.  dibranchiatus 

Cirratulus  grandis 

Polycirrus  eximius 

Chretobranch  us  sanguiuens . 


Page. 
371 
320 
371 
371 
371 
371 
371 


3IOLLTJSCA. 

Gastropods. 

Page. 

Ilyanassa  obsoleta 371 

Nassa  vibex 371 

Eupleura  caudata 371 

Urosalpiux  cinerea 372 

Astyris  lunata , 372 

Crepidula  convexa 371 


Page. 

Littorina  irrorata  , .       372 

Lacuna  vincta 372 

Bittium  iiigrum 372 

Triforis  nigrocinctus 372 

Bulla  solitaria  .  ...       371 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.     [378] 
Lainellibranclis. 


Page. 

Pkolas  truncata 372 

Tagelus  gibbus 373 

Mya  arenaria 372 

Mulinia  lateralis 373 

Macoma  fusca 372 

Cumingia  telliuoides 374 

Angulus  tener 372 

Petricola  pholadiformis 372 


Page. 

Yenus  mercenaria 372 

Kellia  plauulata 374 

Argina  pexata 372 

Mytilus  edulis 372 

Modiola  plicatula ; 374 

M.  hamatus 374 

Pecten  irradiaiis  . , 374 

Ostrrea  Yirginiaua  .  374 


Ascidians. 

Page.  Page. 

Molgula  Mauhattensis 37o      Botryllus  Gouldii 375 

KADI  AT  A. 

Ecliinoclcrms. 

Page,  j  Page. 

Thyoiie  Briareus 376   |  Asterias  arenicola 376 

Acalephs. 

Page.  Page. 

Hydractinia  polyclina 376      Halecium  gracile 376 

II.  4. — ANIMALS  INHABITING-  THE  PILES  AND  TIMBERS  OF  WHARVES  AND 
BRIDGES,  BOTTOMS  OF  VESSELS,  BUOYS,  AND  OTHER  SUBMERGED 
WOOD-WORK. 

In  these  situations  a  large  number  of  species  may  be  found,  but  the 
majority  of  them  are  not  peculiar  to  such  stations.  There  are,  however, 
quite  a  number  of  species  that  are  nearly  always  found  under  these  cir 
cumstances,  and  others  are  directly  dependent  for  their  very  existence 
upon  submerged  wood.  Some  of  these,  like  the  Teredo,  for  example,  are 
of  so  great  importance,  owing  to  the  injuries  which  they  do  to  valuable 
property,  that  it  seems  desirable  to  make  a  special  division  for  the 
animals  ordinarily  found  in  connection  with  wood-work  of  various  kinds, 
whether  injurious  or  not. 

On  the  piles  of  wharves  and  bridges  various  kinds  of  sea-weeds  often 
grow  in  abundance,  each  species  having  a  particular  zone  to  which  it  is 
limited ;  but  as  these  plants  require  light,  they  are  found  almost  exclu 
sively  upon  the  outer  rows  of  piles  and  timber,  and  are  most  abundant  on 
the  outer  side  of  the  piles  and  on  the  southern  exposures,  where  they  get 
the  most  sunlight.  These  alga'<  afford  congenial  homes  to  a  considerable 
number  of  animals,  most  of  which  occur  also  among  algre  on  the  rocky 
shores  and  in  tide-pools.  Beneath  the  wharves,  where  the  piles  are  con- 


[379]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  85 

stantly  shaded,  very  few  alga?,  and  those  only  of  the  smallest  and  sim 
plest  kinds,  such  as  Ocillatorhi*  and  Diatoms,  are  to  be  found.  But  in 
these  shaded  situations  many  animals,  such  as  Tubularians  and  other 
Hydroids,  some  Ascidians,  Bryozoa,  &c.,  delight  to  dwell.  Many  of 
these  adherent  animals  also  live  in  abundance  on  the  outermost  piles  of 
the  wharves,  at  or  just  below  low-water  mark,  where  they  are  more  or 
less  exposed  to  the  sunlight. 

The  animals  that  are  found  among  or  attached  to  the  seaweeds 
growing  on  the  piles  are,  for  the  most  part,  identical  with  those  that 
are  to  be  found  in  similar  situations  among  the  algre  on  rocks  and  in 
rocky  tide-pools. 

Among  those  that  are  nearly  or  quite  peculiar  to  submerged  wood-work 
are  several  species  of  "  ship-worms,"  (Teredo  of  several  species,  and  the 
Xylotrya  fimbriata,)  which  are  bivalve  mollusks;  the  wood-eating  Lim- 
noria;  several  species  of  barnacles,  which  belong  to.  the  Crustacea; 
some  of  the  tubularians,  and  other  hydroids,  &c. 

Of  the  salt-water  Insects  two  species  have  been  observed  on  the  piles 
of  wharves.  One  of  these  is  a  small,  slender,  green  larva,  with  a  dark, 
firm  head,  and  sharp  jaws.  It  is  the  larva  of  a  small,  two-winged  fly, 
probably  identical  with  the  Chironomus  oceanicus  of  Packard. 

On  the  piles  of  a  wharf  at  Menemsha,  Dr.  Edward  Palmer  found,  in 
October,  a  very  interesting  insect-larva.  It  lived  in  a  stout  tube  com 
posed  of  grains  of  sand  firmly  cemented  together,  and.  attached  by  its 
whole  length  to  the  piles;  the  single  specimen  is  broken  at  both  ends. 
The  tube  is  flattened,  and  consists  of  a  central,  subcylindrical,  tapering 
portion,  or  proper  tube,  which  is  covered  on  all  sides  with  a  single  layer 
of  small  grains  of  sand,  neatly  arranged ;  along  each  side  of  this,  and 
partly  covering  its  upper  surface,  and  to  fill  the  angle  between  it  and 
the  surface  to  which  it  was  attached,  larger  grains  of  sand  are  cemented. 
The  preserved  portion  of  the  tube  is  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long  and  nearly  one-quarter  wide,  at  the  larger  end,  but  not  more  than 
half  as  wide  at  the  small  end.  The  larva  is  about  a  third  of  an  inch 
long,  rather  stout,  and  has  a  pair  of  long,  sharp,  curved  jaws,  and  three 
pairs  of  rather  long,  hairy  legs.  It  belongs  to  the  Phryganidae,  among 
the  Neuroptera,  and  somewhat  resembles  some  of  the  well-known  larva1 
of  the  caddis-flies,  common  in  fresh  water,  which  make  tubes  or  cases 
of  various  kinds.  Dr.  Hagen,  who  has  examined  this  specimen,  refers 
it  to  the  genus  Molanna,  of  which  three  Xorth  American  species  are 
known,  but  only  in  the  adult  state.  All  the  larvse  of  this  genus,  known 
in  Europe,  live  in  fresh  water,  and  no  other  species  of  the  Phryganidse 
has  been  observed  in  sea-water,  although  some  live  in  water  that  is 
slightly  brackish. 

Of  Crustacea  the  most  important  species  is  the  Limnoria  lignorum, 
(p.  370,  Plate  VI,  fig.  25.)  This  little  creature  is  grayish  in  color,  and 
covered  with  minute  hairs.  It  has  the  habit  of  eating  burrows  for 
itself  into  solid  wood  to  the  depth  of  about  half  an  inch.  These  bur- 


86  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [380] 

rows  are  nearly  round,  and  of  all  sizes  up  to  about  a  sixteenth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  they  go  into  the  wood  at  all  angles  and  are 
usually  more  or  less  crooked.  They  are  often  so  numerous  as  to  reduce 
the  wood  to  mere  series  of  thin  partitions  between  the  holes.  In  this 
state  the  wood  rapidly  decays,  or  is  washed  away  by  the  waves,  and 
every  new  surface  exposed  is  immediately  attacked,  so  that  layer  after 
layer  is  rapidly  removed,  and  the  timber  thus  wastes  away  and  is  en 
tirely  destroyed  in  a  few  years.  It  destroys  soft  woods  more  rapidly 
than  hard  ones,  but  all  kinds  are  attacked  except  teak.  It  works 
chiefly  in  the  softer  parts  of  the  wood,  between  the  hard,  annual  lay 
ers,  and  avoids  the  knots  and  lines  of  hard  fiber  connected  with  them, 
as  well  as  rusted  portions  around  nails  that  have  been  driven  in,  and, 
consequently,  as  the  timbers  waste  away  under  its  attacks,  these 
harder  portions  stand  out  in  bold  relief.  Where  abundant  it  will 
destroy  soft  timber  at  the  rate  of  half  an  inch  or  more  every  year,  thus 
diminishing  the  effective  diameter  of  piles  about  an  inch  annually. 
Generally,  however,  the  amount  is  probably  not  more  than  half  this,  but 
even  at  that  rate,  the  largest  timbers  will  soon  be  destroyed,  especially 
when,  as  often  happens,  the  Teredos  are  aiding  in  this  work  of  destruction. 
It  lives  in  a  pretty  narrow  zone,  extending  a  short  distance  above 
and  below  low-water  mark.  It  occurs  all  along  our  shores,  from  Long 
Island  Sound  to  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  Bay  of  Fundy  it  often  does 
great  damage  to  the  timbers  and  other  wood- work  used  in  constructing 
the  brush  fish-weirs,  as  well  as  to  the  wharves,  &c.  At  Wood's  Hole  it 
was  formerly  found  to  be  very  destructive  to  the  piles  of  the  wharves. 
The  piles  of  the  new  Government  wharves  have  been  protected  by 
broad  bands  of  tin-plate,  covering  the  zone  which  it  chiefly  affects- 
North  of  Cape  Cod,  where  the  tides  are  much  greater,  this  zone  is 
broader,  and  this  remedy  is  not  so  easily  applied.  It  does  great  dam 
age,  also,  to  ship-timber  floating  in  the  docks,  and  great  losses  are 
sometimes  caused  in  this  way.  Complaints  of  such  ravages  in  the 
navy-yard  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  have  been  made,  and  they 
also  occur  at  the  Charlestown  navy-yard,  and  in  the  piles  of  the  wharves 
at  Boston.  Probably  the  wharves  and  other  submerged  wood- work  in 
all  our  sea-ports,  from  New  York  northward,  are  more  or  less  injured 
by  this  creature,  and,  if  it  could  be  accurately  estimated,  the  damage 
Avould  be  found  surprisingly  great. 

Unlike  the  Teredo,  this  creature  is  a  vegetarian,  and  eats  the  wood 
which  it  excavates,  so  that  its  boring  operations  provide  it  with  both 
food  and  shelter.  The  burrows  are  made  by  means  of  its  stout  mandi 
bles  or  jaws.  It  is  capable  of  swimming  quite  rapidly,  and  can  leap 
backward  suddenly  by  means  of  its  tail.  It  can  creep  both  forward 
and  backward.  Its  legs  are  short  and  better  adapted  for  moving  up 
and  down  in  its  burrow  than  elsewhere,  and  its  body  is  rounded,  with 
parallel  sides,  and  well  adapted  to  its  mode  of  life.  When  disturbed 
it  will  roll  itself  into  a  ball.  The  female  carries  seven  to  nine  eggs  or 
young  in  the  incubatory  pouch  at  one  time. 


[381]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  87 

The  destructive  habits  of  this  species  were  first  brought  prominently 
to  notice,  in  1811,  by  the  celebrated  Eobert  Stephenson,  who  found  it 
rapidly  destroying  the  wood -work  at  the  Bell  Bock  light-house,  erected 
by  him  on  the  coast  of  Scotland.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  investi 
gated  and  its  ravages  have  been  described  by  numerous  European 
writers.  It  is  very  destructive  on  the  coasts  of  Great  Britain,  where  it 
is  known  as  the  "  gribble." 

The  remedies  used  to  check  its  ravages  are  chiefly  copper  or  other 
metallic  sheathing;  driving  broad-headed  iron  nails,  close  together, 
into  the  part  of  the  piles  subject  to  their  attacks ;  and  applying  coal- 
tar,  creosote,  or  verdigris-paint,  once  a  year  or  oftener. 

Another  singular  crustacean,  common  on  the  piles  at  Wood's  Hole, 
is  the  Tanais  fihim.  This  is  a  very  slender,  whitish  species,  almost 
thread-like  in  form,  but  has  the  first  pair  of  legs  much  thickened,  with 
very  peculiar,  stout  claws,  ovate  in  form  ;  the  rest  of  the  anterior  legs 
are  very  slender.  The  antennae  are  short  and  thick,  the  inner  ones  di 
rected  forward  5  the  outer  ones  more  slender,  and  curved  outward  and 
backward.  This  species  lives  among  the  adhering  ascidians  and  hy- 
droids  on  the  piles,  and  has  also  been  found  in  deeper  water,  in  the  Bay 
of  Fundy.  Its  habits  are  little  known,  but  some  of  the  allied  species 
have  been  accused  of  boring  in  wood. 

Two  species  of  barnacles  are  very  common  on  the  piles  of  the 
wharves.  The  common  barnacle  of  the  rocky  shores,  Balanus  balanoides, 
(p.  305,)  is  also  common  on  the  piles  of  wharves  and  bridges,  between 
tides,  and  also  on  the  bottoms  of  vessels,  &c.  It  never  grows  very 
large,  although  it  may  become  so  crowded  together  as  to  form  a  contin 
uous  crust.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  species  by  its 
membranous  base,  which  never  forms  a  solid  plate,  like  that  of  the 
other  species.  The  u  ivory-barnacle,"  Balanus  eburneus,  is  also  common 
on  all  kinds  of  submerged  wood-work,  whether  fixed  or  floating.  It 
is  usually  abundant  on  the  piles  and  timbers  of  wharves,  buoys,  oyster- 
stakes,  bottoms  of  vessels,  £c.  It  is  chiefly  found  below  low-water 
mark  if  on  fixed  objects,  and  is  even  more  common  in  the  brackish 
waters  of  estuaries  than  in  the  purer  waters  outside,  and  it  is  capable 
of  living  even  in  pure  fresh  water,  for  Professor  Jeffreys  Wymaii  has 
sent  me  specimens  collected,  by  himself,  about  sixty-five  miles  up  the  Saint 
John's  River,  in  Florida,  where  the  water  is  not  at  all  brackish.  This 
species  is  sometimes  found  adhering  to  the  carapax  of  crabs,  the 
shell  of  LimuhiSj  and  various  mollusks.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from 
most  species  on  account  of  its  low,  broad  form  and  its  smooth  white 
exterior.  It  has  a  shelly  base.  The  B.  crenatus^  common  on  shells  and 
stones  iu  deep  water,  also  occurs  011  vessels.  Other  species  are  often 
found  on  the  bottoms  of  vessels  that  have  come  from  warmer  latitudes. 
Some  of  them  are  of  large  size.  One  of  the  most  frequent  of  these  is 
Balanus  tintinabulum. 

Several   species  of  u  goose-barnacles,"  Lepas,   are  frequently  found 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [332] 

alive  on  the  bottoms  of  vessels,  and  especially  sucli  as  have  recently 
arrived  from  the  West  Indies  and  other  foreign  countries.  These 
resemble,  in  general  appearance.  L.  fascicularis,  (Plate  VII,  fig.  33,) 
which  is  a  common  indigenous  species,  usually  found  adhering  to  floating 
sea-weeds  and  other  small  objects  in  early  summer,  in  large  numbers. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  any  of  those  found  on  the  bottoms  of  vessels 
can  be  regarded  as  true  natives  of  this  region.  The  most  common  of 
them  is  L.  anatifera;  the  valves  of  its  shell  are  bordered  with  orange. 
The  other  common  species  are  L.  anserifera  and  L.  pectinata.  Species 
of  the  curious  genus,  Conchoderma,  also  occur  on  the  bottoms  of  vessels. 

Among  the  Crustacea  that  commonly  occur  among  the  ascidians, 
hydroids,  and  alga?  on  the  piles  of  wharves,  are  Panopeus  Sayi,  (p.  312,) 
P.  depressus,  (p.  312,  Plate  I,  fig.  3,)  Gammarus  ornatus,  (p.  314,  Plate  IV, 
fig.  15,)  Amphithoe  compta  S.,  (p.  370,)  Coropliium  cylindricum,  (p.  370,) 
Melita  nitida,  (p.  314,)  Caprella,  sp.,  (p.  316,)  and  various  small  Eutomos- 
traca.  Java  copiosa  (p.  315)  often  occurs  abundantly  near  high- water 
mark,  on  old  piles  and  timber,  living  in  the  crevices  and  cracks,  or 
under  loosened  bark. 

Of  Annelids  very  few  if  any  species  occur  that  are  peculiar  to  these  sit 
uations.  The  PotamiUa  oculifera  (p.  322,  Plate  XVII,  fig.  86)  is  quite 
common  on  the  piles  of  wharves  where  the  water  is  pure.  P.  micropli- 
tlialma  V.  (p.  323)  also  occurs  under  the  same  circumstances,  and  also  on 
the  piles  in  harbors,  where  the  water  is  brackish. 

The  Leprcca  rubra  V.  was  found  living  in  tubes  among  the  ascidians 
on  the  piles  of  the  wharves.  This  is  a  Terebelloid  worm,  somewhat 
resembling  the  Amphitrite  ornata,  (Plate  XVI,  iig.  82,)  but  is  much 
smaller,  and  there  are  fascicles  of  seta?,  on  all  the  segments.  There  are 
three  pairs  of  arborescently  divided  brauchitp,  which  are  pedunculated, 
the  last  pair  being  quite  small.  The  body  is  bright  red,  the  tentacles 
pale  flesh- color. 

The  Nicolea  simplex  V.  (p.  321,)  was  also  found  with  the  last  in  large 
numbers,  but  mostly  of  small  size.  Both  males  and  females  of  Nereis  lim- 
bata  (p.  318,  Plate  XI,  fig.  51,  male)  were  often  found  among  the  barnacles 
and  ascidians  on  the  piles  of  the  wharves  at  Wood's  Hole,  but  the  males 
were  the  most  abundant,  while  the  reverse  was  the  case  with  those  dug 
out  of  the  sand  and  gravel  on  the  shores. 

Numerous  other  Annelids  were  occasionally  met  with  among  the  ascid 
ians  and  alga?.  Among  these  were  Polycirrus  eximius,  (p.  320,  Plate 
XVI,  fig.  85;)  Podar'ke  obscura  V.,  (p.  319,  Plate  XII,  fig.  61;)  a  Pliyl- 
lodoce,  &c.  Two  Xemerteans  were  also  common;  one  of  these  was  an 
olive-green  species,  with  alight  dorsal  stripe,  belonging  probably  to  the 
genus  Cerebratulus,  but  it  was  not  carefully  studied ;  the  second  was 
Polinia  glutinosa,  (p.  324,  Plate  XIX,  fig  97.) 

Of  Gastropod  inollusks  quite  a  number  of  species  occur  on  the  piles 
of  wharves,  and  some  of  them  in  great  abundance,  especially  the  smaller 
kinds  which  live  among  the  hydroids  and  conferva?.  The  most  abtm- 


[383]       INVERTEBRATE    AFIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  89 

dant  species  is  generally  fheAstyris  hinata,  (p.  300,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  110,) 
which,  generally  occurs  among  the  small  algte  and  especially  on  the 
Tubularians,  in  countless  numbers;  AnacMs  avara  (p.  300,  Plate  XXI, 
tig.  109)  is  often  found  in  considerable  number ;  Bittium  nigrum  (p.  305, 
Plate  XXIV,  fig.  154)  and  Triforis  nigrocinctus  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV,  fig, 
152)  are  usually  common  and  the  former  often  is  very  abundant ;  Cerith- 
iopsis  Greenii  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  153)  sometimes  occurs,  but  is  rare;  Ihja- 
nassa  obsolete,  (p.  354,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  113)  and  Tritia  trivittata  (p.  354, 
Plate  XXI,  fig.  112)  are  common,  especially  the  former;  Urosalpinx 
cinerea  (p.  300,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  110)  is  generally  to  be  found  at  or  below 
low- water  mark  on  the  piles  and  buoys;  Bela  plicata  (Plate  XXI,  fig. 
107)  is  sometimes  met  with,  but  is  not  common  ;  Odostomia  bisuturalis 
(p.  307,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  140)  and  other  species  of  the  genus  are  often 
found  near  low-water  mark  on  the  piles,  especially  where  they  are 
somewhat  decayed.  Littorina  palUata  (p.  305,  Plate  XX1Y,  fig.  138) 
and  L.  rudis  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIY-,  fig.  137)  nearly  always  occur  near 
high-water  mark,  on  the  piles,  where  there  are  algre.  In  the  harbors, 
where  the  water  is  brackish,  and  less  frequently  in  the  purer  waters, 
the  Alexia  myosotis  (Plate  XXY,  fig.  108)  may  be  found  on  timbers  and 
piles  near  high-watermark,  and  sometimes,  also,  Skenea  planorbis,  (Plate 
XXIY,  fig.  142,)  Littorinella  minuta,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  140,)  and  Eissoa 
aculeuSj  (p.  300,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  141.)  Among  and  feeding  upon  the 
Tubularians  growing  on  the  piles  at  and  just  below  low-water  mark,  the 
beautiful  ^Eolidictpilata,(P[sitQ  XXV,  fig.  174)  may  often  be  found,  espe 
cially  in  the  harbors  where  the  water  is  more  or  less  brackish. 

Another  related  species,  apparently  the  Gavolin&~gymnota,  was  foun 
by  Professor  Todd,  on  an  old  wreck  in  the  Wood's  Hole  passage,  but 
differs  in  several  points  from  any  form  that  has  been  described.  The 
branchiae  were  arranged  in  six  transverse  simple  rows,  on  each  side, 
those  of  the  second  and  third  longest ;  in  the  anterior  rows  there  were 
four  to  six  branchiae,  the  lower  ones  much  shorter  than  the  upper  ones. 
In  life  the  branchiae  were  dark  green  or  blackish. 

Several  other  Gastropods  are  occasionally  met  with  in  these  situa 
tions,  but  the  species  above  named  are  about  all  that  ordinarily  occur. 

Among  the  Lamellibranchs,  or  "  bivalve-shells,'7  s^e  find  the  Teredo 
tribe,  nearly  all  of  which  are  peculiar  to  submerged  wood-work,  either 
fixed  or  floating,  and  most  of  them  are  capable  of  doing  great  damage, 
both  to  ships  and  to  the  timber  and  piles  of  wharves  and  bridges,  or 
other  similar  structures.  Although  popularly  known  as  the  "  ship- 
worm,"  these  creatures  are  not  at  all  related  to  the  worms,  but  are  true 
mollusks,  quite  nearly  allied,  in  many  respects,  to  the  common  "  long- 
clam"  (Mi/a)  and  to  the  Pholas.  Like  those  shells  the  Teredo  excavates 
its  holes  or  burrows  merely  for  its  own  protection,  and  not  for  food;  but 
the  Teredo  selects  wood  in  which  to  form  its  holes,  and  when  these  have 
been  excavated  it  lines  them  with  a  tube  of  shelly  material.  The  holes 
are  very  small  at  the  surface  of  the  wood,  where  they  were  formed  by 


id  ,.'•"• 
it 


1)0          REPORT    ON    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [384 J 

the  young  Teredos  but  they  gradually  grow  larger  as  they  go  deeper  and 
deeper  into  the  wood,  until  they  sometimes  become  ten  inches  or  more 
in  length  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  the  size  is  generally 
not  more  than  half  these  dimensions.  The  holes  penetrate  the  wood 
at  first  perpendicularly  or  obliquely,  but  if  they  enter  the  side  of  the 
timbers  or  planks  across  the  grain,  the  burrows  generally  turn  horizon 
tally  in  the  direction  of  the  grain  a  short  distance  beneath  the  surface, 
unless  prevented  by  some  obstruction,  or  by  the  presence  of  other 
Teredo  tubes,  for  they  never  cross  the  tubes  of  their  companions  or 
interfere  with  each  other  in  any  way,  and  there  is  always  a  thin  layer 
or  partition  of  wood  left  between  the  adjacent  tubes.  It  is,  however, 
not  necessary  that  they  should  follow  the  grain  of  the  wood,  for  they 
can  and  do  penetrate  it  in  every  direction,  and  sometimes  not  more 
than  half  the  tubes  run  in  the  direction  of  the  grain,  and  they  are  often 
very  crooked  or  even  tortuous.  They  rapidly  form  their  burrows  in  all 
kinds  of  our  native  woods,  from  the  softest  pine  to  the  hardest  oak,  and 
although  they  usually  turn  aside  and  go  around  hard  knots,  they  are 
also  able  to  penetrate  through  even  the  hardest  knots  in  oak  and  other 
hard  woods.  The  Teredos  grow  very  rapidly,  apparently  attaining 
maturity  in  one  season,  and  therefore,  when  abundant,  they  may 
greatly  damage  or  completely  destroy  small  timber  in  the  course  of  four 
or  five  months,  and  even  the  largest  piles  may  be  destroyed  by  them  in 
the  course  of  two  or  three  years. 

The  most  abundant  species  in  this  region  is  the  Teredo  navalis  (cuts 
land  2 5  Plate   XXVI,  fig.  183,  animal;  Plate  XXVII,  tig.  180.  shell.) 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    CUTS. 

Fig.  1.  Posterior  or  outer  end  of  a  living  Teredo  nacaiis,  removed  from  its  burrow ; 
c,  the  muscular  collar  by  which  it  adheres  to  the  shelly  lining  of  its  burrow  ;  p,  the 
shelly  "pallets"  which  close  the  aperture  when  the  animal  withdraws;  t,  the  two 
retractile  siphon-tubes  which  project  from  the  hole  when  the  animal  is  active. 

Fig.  2.  Anterior  end  and  shell  of  the  same  ;  a,  the  front  part  of  the  shell ;  /,  the 
foot  or  boring  organ. 

This  is  the  same  species  that  has  attracted  so  much  attention  in 
Europe,  during  nearly  two  centuries,  on  account  of  the  great  damage  that 
it  has  done,  especially  on  the  coast  of  Holland.  Nevertheless  no  full 
description  of  the  animal  of  this  species  has  yet  been  published,  nor 
any  satisfactory  figures  of  the  soft  parts. 

When  removed  from  its  tube  (see  Plate  XXVI7  fig.  183)  the  animal  is 


f385]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  91 

found  to  have  a  very  long,  slender,  smooth,  soft,  whitish  body,  tapering 
somewhat  toward  the  outer  or  posterior  end,  (fig.  1,)  which  has  a  muscu 
lar,  circularly  wrinkled  collar,  (c,)  by  which  the  animal  is,  when  living, 
attached  to  the  inside  of  the  shelly  lining  of  its  tube.  To  the  inside  of 
this  collar  two  shelly  plates,  known  as  the  "  pallets,"  (jp,)  are  attached 
by  their  slender  basal  prolongations  ;  their  outer  portions  are  broad  and 
fiat,  and  more  or  less  emarginate  or  two-horned  at  the  end.  These  are 
so  connected  wifch  the  muscles  that  when  the  animal  withdraws  its  tubes 
into  its  hole  the  free  ends  of  these  pallets  are  made  to  fold  together  and 
close  the  opening,  thus  serving  as  an  operculuni  to  protect  the  soft  tubes 
against  enemies  of  all  kinds.  Between  the  bases  of  the  pallets  arise 
the  siphonal  tubes,  (£,)  which  are  soft  and  retractile,  united  together  for 
half  their  length  or  more,  but  separate  and  divergent  beyond  ;  they  are 
nearly  equal,  but  the  ventral  or  branchial  tube  is  perhaps  a  little 
larger  than  the  other,  and  is  fringed  with  a  few  small  papillae  at  the 
end  ;  the  tubes  are  white  or  yellowish,  sometimes  specked  with  reddish- 
brown.  At  the  anterior  end  of  the  body  and  farthest  from  the  external 
opening  of  the  hole,  is  seen  the  small,  but  elegantly  sculptured,  white 
bivalve  shell,  (cut  2,  s  ;  and  Plate  XXYI,  fig.  183, s.)  The  shell  covers  the 
mouth  and  palpi,  liver,  foot,  and  other  important  organs.  The  foot  (/) 
is  a  short,  stout,  muscular  organ,  broadly  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  end, 
and  appears  to  be  the  organ  by  means  of  which  the  excavation  of  the  bur 
row  is  effected.  The  shell  is  covered  by  a  delicate  epidermis,  and  prob 
ably  does  not  assist  in  rasping  off  the  wood,  as  many  have  supposed. 
The  gills  are  long  and  narrow,  inclosed  mostly  in  the  naked  part  of  the 
body,  and  are  reddish  brown  in  color.  The  Teredos  obtain  their  micro 
scopic  food  in  the  same  manner  as  other  bivalve  mollusks,  viz.,  by 
means  of  a  current  of  water  constantly  drawn  into  the  branchial  tube  by 
the  action  of  vibrating  cilia  within  5  the  infusoria  and  other  minute  or 
ganisms  are  thus  carried  along  to  the  mouth  at  the  other  end,  while  the 
gills  are  supplied  with  oxygen  by  the  same  current ;  the  return  current 
passing  out  of  the  dorsal  tube  removes  the  waste  water  from  the 
gills,  together  with  the  f»3ces  and  excretions  of  the  animal,  and  also  the 
particles  of  wood  which  have  been  removed  by  the  excavating  process. 
As  the  animal  grows  larger  the  burrows  are  deepened,  the  lining  of 
shelly  matter  increases  in  length  and  thickness,  the  shell  itself  and  the 
pallets  increase  in  size,  and  the  terminal  tubes  grow  longer.  But  as  the 
orifices  of  the  terminal  tubes  must  necessarily  be  kept  at  the  external 
opening  of  the  burrow,  the  muscular  collar  at  the  base  of  the  tubes  con 
stantly  recedes  from  the  entrance,  and  with  it  the  pallets ;  at  the  same 
time  imbricated  layers  of  shelly  matter  are  usually  deposited  in  the 
upper  end  of  the  shelly  tube,  which  are  supposed  to  aid  the  pallets  in 
closing  the  aperture  when  the  tubes  are  withdrawn.  When  the  animal 
has  completed  its  growth,  or  when  it  has  encountered  the  tubes  of  its 
companions  and  cannot  pass  them,  or  when  it  approaches  the  exterior 
of  a  thin  piece  of  wood  and  cannot  turn  aside,  it  forms  a  rounded  or 
8v 


92  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [386] 

cup-shaped  layer  of  shelly  matter,  continuous  with  the  lining  of  the 
tubes,  and  closing  up  the  burrow  in  front  of  its  shell ;  sometimes  it 
retreats  and  forms  a  second  partition  of  the  same  kind. 

This  species  produces  its  young  in  May  and  probably  through  the 
greater  part  or  all  of  the  summer.  The  eggs  are  exceedingly  numerous, 
probably  amounting  to  millions,  and  they  are  retained  in  the  gill-cavit3r, 
where  they  are  fertilized  and  undergo  the  first  stages  of  their  development. 
The  embryos  pass  through  several  curious  phases  during  their  growth. 
In  one  of  the  early  stages  they  are  covered  with  fine  vibrating  cilia,  by 
means  of  which  they  can  swim  like  ciliated  infusoria ;  later  they  lose 
these  cilia  and  develop  a  rudimentary  bivalve  shell,  which  is  at  first 
heart-shaped,  and  the  mantle  begins  to  appear  and  larger  retractile 
cilia  develop  upon  its  edge,  which  serve  as  organs  for  swimming  ;  but 
at  this  period  the  shell  is  large  enough  to  cover  the  whole  body  when 
contracted.  In  this  stage  they  swim  actively  about  in  the  water  ;  later 
the  cilia  become  larger,  a  long,  narrow,  ligulate  foot  is  developed,  by 
means  of  which  they  can  creep  about  and  attach  themselves  temporarily 
to  solid  objects;  the  shells  become  rounder,  a  pair  of  eyes  and  organs 
of  hearing  are  developed ;  after  this  the  little  animal  begins  to  elongate, 
the  locomotive  cilia  are  lost,  the  eyes  disappear,  and  the  mature  form  is 
gradually  assumed.  These  young  Teredos,  when  they  finally  locate  upon 
the  surface  of  wood-work  and  begin  to  make  their  burrows,  are  not 
larger  than  the  head  of  a  pin,  and  consequently  their  holes  are  at  first 
very  minute,  but  owing  to  their  rapid  growth  the  holes  quickly  become 
larger  and  deeper. 

This  species  is  very  abundant  along  the  southern  coast  of  New  England, 
from  Xe\v  York  to  Cape  Cod,  wherever  submerged  wood- work,  sunken 
wrecks,  timber  buoys,  or  floating  pieces  of  drift- wood  occur.  It  also  infests 
the  bottoms  of  vessels  not  protected  by  sheathing.  It  is  not  confined  to 
pure  sea- water,  but  occurs  in  the  piles  and  timbers  of  our  wharves  in  har 
bors  that  are  quite  brackish.  I  have  found  it  abundant  in  the  piles  of  Long 
Wharf  in  New  Haven  Harbor,  where  the  water  is  not  only  quite  brack 
ish,  but  also  muddy  and  contaminated  with  sewerage  and  other  impuri 
ties.  At  Wood's  Hole  it  was  found  to  be  very  abundant  in  the  cedar 
buoys  that  hadt>een  taken  up  from  various  localities  and  placed  on  the 
wharves  to  dry  and  be  cleaned.  Captain  B.  J.  Edwards  informed  me  that 
formerly,  when  the  buoys  were  not  taken  up,  they  would  not  usually  last 
more  than  two  years,  owing  chiefly  to  the  attacks  of  this  Teredo,  but 
under  the  present  system  there  are  two  sets  of  buoys,  which  are  alter 
nately  taken  up  and  put  down  every  six  mouths.  After  a  set  has  been 
taken  up  and  allowed  to  dry  thoroughly  they  are  scraped  to  remove  the 
barnacles,  &c.,  and  then  receive  a  thorough  coat  of  verdigris  paint, 
each  time,  before  they  are  put  down.  With  this  treatment  they  will 
last  ten  or  twelve  years,  but  they  are  more  or  less  perforated  and  in 
jured  every  year,  until  finally  they  become  worthless.  Inasmuch  as  the 
Teredos  produce  their  young  all  through  the  summer,  and  they  develop 


[337]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  93 

to  a  very  large  size  in  one  season*  it  is  evident  that  the  best  time  to 
take  up  the  buoys  would  be  in  midsummer,  before  the  early  crop  of 
young  have  grown  large,  and  leaving  too  little  time  for  the  later  crop 
to  become  large,  in  the  buoys  thus  put  down,  before  winter,  when  most 
of  them  would  probably  be  killed  by  the  cold  weather.  In  this  way 
the  damage  might  be  materially  diminished,  if  not  inconsistent  with 
the  other  duties  of  the  officers  of  the  vessels  employed  in  this  service. 
There  are,  as  yet,  no  means  of  estimating  the  extent  of  the  damage 
done  to  our  wharves,  shipping,  &c.,  by  this  and  the  various  other  species 
of  Teredo  found  on  onr  coast,  but  judging  from  their  abundance  along 
the  whole  coast,  it  is  much  greater  than  is  generally  supposed. 

The  Teredo  navalis  is  also  abundant  on  the  coast  of  Europe,  from  the 
Mediterranean  and  Black  Seas  to  Christiania,  and  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain.  Its  habits  have  been  quite  thoroughly  investigated  by  several 
Dutch  naturalists,  owing  to  the  great  damage  that  it  has  done  on  their 
coast,  at  times  even  threatening  a  general  inundation  of  the  country  by 
destroying  the  wood- work  of  the  dikes.  This  Teredo  occupies  a  zone 
of  considerable  breadth,  for  it  often  lives  considerably  above  low-water 
mark  and  extends  several  feet  below  it,  even  to  the  depth  of  fourteen 
feet,  according  to  some  writers. 

The  best  remedies  in  common  use  to  resist  or  prevent  its  attacks  are 
copper-sheathing,  used  chiefly  on  vessels;  broad-headed  nails,  closely 
driven,  used  for  piles  and  timbers;  creosote  and  coal-tar,  frequently  applied. 
The  various  poisonous  substances  that  have  been  applied  to  timber  for 
this  purpose,  however  useful  they  may  be  in  other  respects,  have  little 
or  no  effect  on  the  Teredo,  for  it  does  not  depend  upon  the  wood  for  its 
food,  and  even  protects  its  body  externally  with  a  layer  of  shell,  lining 
its  holes.  The  only  remedies  that  are  likely  to  succeed  are  those  calcu 
lated  to  prevent  the  lodgment  and  entrance  of  the  young  ones  beneath 
the  surface.  Even  creosote,  thoroughly  applied  under  pressure  at  the 
rate  of  10  pounds  per  square  foot,  has  been  found  insufficient  to  prevent 
their  attacks,  for  piles  thus  treated  at  Christiania  were  found  by  Mr. 
Jeffreys  to  be  filled  with  the  Teredo  within  two  years  after  they  were  put 
down. 

Several  other  species  of  Teredo  also  occur  on  this  coast.  The  Teredo 
megotara  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  188)  has  been  found  in  floating  pine  wood  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  in  cedar  buoys,  &c.,  at  New  Bedford, 
Massachusetts;  as  well  as  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  at  Provincetown  and 
other  places ;  it  is  also  found  as  far  south  as  South  Carolina  at  least. 
This  species  sometimes  grows  to  a  large  size,  forming  tubes  at  least 
eighteen  inches  long.  It  sometimes  occurs,  also,  in  the  piles  of  wharves 
in  this  region.  The  Teredo  Thomsoni  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  187)  has  been 
found  in  great  numbers  in  the  marine  railway  and  also  in  cedar  buoys 
at  New  Bedford.  It  has  also  been  found  at  Provincetown  in  a  whaling- 
ship  that  had  cruised  in  the  West  Indies. 

The  Xylotrya  fimbriata  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  189)  is  very  similar  to  the 


94          REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [388] 

common  Teredo,  except  that  it  lias  long,  oar-shaped  pallets,  with  slender 
stalks  5  the  blade  is  flattened  on  the  inside  and  convex  externally,  and 
consists  of  ten  to  twelve,  or  more,  funnel-shaped  segments  which  set 
one  into  another ;  their  margins  project  at  the  sides,  making  the  edges 
of  the  blade  appear  serrated.  This  species  appears  to  be  indigenous 
on  this  coast.  It  has  been  found  living  in  a  sunken  wreck  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  and  I  have  also  taken  it  from  the  oak 
timbers  of  a  vessel,  the  Peterhoff',  employed  in  the  blockading  service, 
during  the  late  war,  on  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States.  It  grows  to  a 
rather  large  size,  often  forming  holes  a  foot  or  more  in  length  and  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  though  usually  smaller.  The  pallets  are 
sometimes  half  an  inch  long. 

Among  the  kinds  of  bivalve  shells  that  do  not  bore  in  wood,  there  are 
but  few  species  that  commonly  inhabit  piles  of  wharves.  The  most  fre 
quent  of  these  is  the  common  muscle,  Mytilus  edulis,  (p.  307,  Plate  XXXI, 
fig.  234,)- which  sometimes  adheres  in  large  clusters.  The  common  oyster, 
Ostrcea  Virginiana,  (p.  310,)  often  attaches  itself  to  the  piles,  but  in  such 
situations  seldom  survives  the  winter. 

Ascidians  often  occur  in  large  quantities  attached  to  the  piles,  at  and 
just  below  low- water  mark,  and  also  on  the  under  side  of  floating  timber. 
They  often  completely  cover  large  surfaces  and  spread  over  the  barna 
cles,  hydroids,  and  algse.  which  have  previously  located.  They  grow 
very  rapidly,  attaining  their  full  size  during  a  few  weeks  in  midsummer. 

The  most  abundant  species  are  usually  Molgula  Manhattensis  (p.  311, 
Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250)  and  Cynthia  partita,  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig. 
246.)  At  Wood's  Hole,  on  the  piles  of  the  Government  wharf,  in  August 
and  September,  thePerophoraviridis  V.  was  exceedingly  abundant,  creep 
ing  over  and  covering  up  the  other  ascidians  as  well  as  the  barnacles, 
hydroids,  and  algre.  This  is  a  compound  or  "  social n  Ascidian,  in  which 
stolon-like  tubular  processes  come  out  from  the  basal  portion  of  the  first 
individuals  and  run  in  every  direction  over  the  surfaces  of  objects  to 
which  they  are  attached,  producing  buds  at  intervals,  which  rapidly 
develop  into  little  Ascidians  like  the  old  ones,  and  give  out  other 
stolons  in  their  turn ;  thus  they  will  very  soon  cover  large  surfaces, 
though  each  individual  Ascidian  is  quite  small.  The  body  is  com 
pressed,  broad  oval,  or  more  or  less  rounded  in  outline,  with  a  terminal 
branchial,  and  lateral  anal  orifice,  both  slightly  raised  on  short  and 
broad  tubes.  The  body  is  attached  to  the  stolons  by  a  short  narrow 
pedicle,  and  is  usually  not  more  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch  high.  The 
color  is  bright  green  or  yellowish  green,  and  the  integument  is  soft  and 
translucent. 

On  the  piles  of  the  same  wharf,  and  associated  with  the  last,  was 
another  compound  Ascidian,  Amarcecium  constellatum  ;  this  forms  solid 
gelatinous  masses,  with  a  smooth,  convex  surface,  usually  less  than  an 
inch  in  diameter  and  about  half  an  inch  high,  but  often  larger.  The 
zooids,  or  individual  animals,  are  quite  small,  long,  and  slender,  and  en- 


[389]       INVERTEBRATE     ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          95 

tirely  imbedded  in  the  gelatinous  mass  that  unites  them  together.  They 
are  arranged  in  circular,  oval,  or  stellate  groups,  with  a  common  cloacal 
orifice  in  the  center  of  each  cluster.  The  masses  are  usually  pale  orange- 
red,  varying  to  yellowish  and  pale  flesh-color.  The  stomach  of  each  in 
dividual  is  bright  orange-red  ;  the  branchial  sac  is  flesh-color,  pale  yel 
low,  or  orange ;  the  tubes  and  upper  part  of  the  mantle  bright  orange  or 
lemon-yellow. 

The  Eotryllus  Gouldii  (p.  375,  Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  252,  253)  also  fre 
quently  occurs  on  the  piles  of  the  wharves,  creeping  over  the  stems  of 
Tubularians,  the  surfaces  of  other  ascidians,  fronds  of  algae,  or  on  the 
surface  of  the  wood  itself.  It  also  frequently  forms  broad,  soft  incrusta 
tions  on  the  bottoms  of  boats,  floating  timber,  &c. 

The  Bryozoa  are  also  usually  quite  abundant  on  the  piles  and  timbers 
of  wharves,  &c. 

The  Bugula  turrita( p.  311,  Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  258,  259)  is  one  of  the 
most  common  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  these.  It  occurs  at 
tached  to  the  adhering  sea-weeds,  &c.,  forming  delicate  white  plumes. 

The  Escliarella  variaUUs  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  256)  usually  forms 
firm,  coral-like  incrustations,  but  when  attached  to  hydroids  and  sea 
weeds  it  spreads  out  into  foliaceous  or  lichen-like,  rigid,  calcareous 
fronds,  which  are  dull  red  while  living. 

On  the  piles  at  Wood's  Hole  the  Bugula  flcibellata  was  also  very  abun 
dant.  This  forms  elegant  circular  or  fan-shaped  fronds,  consisting  of 
numerous  repeatedly  forked,  flat,  and  rather  narrow  branches,  on  which 
the  cells  are  arranged  in  about  three  longitudinal  rows.  This  species, 
like  others  of  the  genus,  bears  very  singular  structures,  known  as  avicu- 
laria,  which,  under  the  microscope,  have  the  form  and  appearance  of  the 
stout,  hooked  beaks  of  certain  birds,  such  as  the  hawk,  owl,  parrot, 
&c.  These  beaks  are  attached  by  flexible  stems,  and  are  provided  in 
ternally  with  powerful  muscles  by  means  of  which  they  are  constantly 
opened  and  closed,  and  can  bite  with  considerable  force.  In  this 
species  these  are  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  cells,  along  the  edges 
of  the  branches.  Their  office  seems  to  be  to  defend  the  colony  against 
small  parasites,  and  dirt  of  all  kinds,  which,  unless  thus  removed,  would 
soon  cover  up  the  cells  and  destroy  the  animals.  In  addition  to  these, 
various  less  conspicuous  species  often  occur  in  abundance,  especially 
Vesicularia  gracilis  ;  V.  dichotoma  V.  ;  and  V.  cuscuta. 

Of  Eadiata  there  are  but  few  species  in  such  localities,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  the  Hydroids,  which  are  usually  very  abundant. 

The  green  star-fish,  Asterias  arenieola,  (p.  3J6,  Plate  XXXV,  fig.  269,) 
may  occasionally  occur  adhering  to  the  piles  just  below  low- water  mark, 
but  it  does  not  have  this  habit  to  such  an  extent  as  does  the  A.  vulgaris, 
north  of  Cape  Cod,  for  the  latter  is  almost  always  to  be  seen  in  abun 
dance  on  the  piles  of  the  wharves  of  the  northern  seaports,  as  at  Port 
land,  Eastport,  &c.,  and  less  abundantly  at  Boston. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  abundant,  of 


96  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [390] 

the  Hydroids  that  occur  on  the  piles  of  wharves,  and  on  the  under  side 
of  floating  timber,  is  the  Parypha  crocea,  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  274.) 
This  species  grows  in  great  luxuriance  upon  the  piles,  especially  in 
those  harbors  where  the  water  is  somewhat  brackish.  It  forms  large 
clusters  of  branching  stems,  often  six  inches  or  more  in  height,  each  of 
which  is  surmounted  by  a  beautiful,  flower-like,  drooping  head  of  a  pink 
or  bright  red  color.  These  heads  are  often  broken  off,  or  even  volun 
tarily  cast  off,  when  the  animals  are  unhealthy,  but  new  ones  are  soon 
reproduced,  and,  therefore,  this  does  not  seem  to  be  a  very  serious  acci 
dent,  though  certainly  a  very  inconvenient  one,  for  the  mouth,  stomach, 
tentacles,  and  most  other  organs  are  all  lost  when  these  "heads'7 
drop  off.  This  species  does  not  produce  free-swimming  medusa?,  but 
the  buds,  corresponding  to  those  that  develop  into  free  medusae  in  many 
other  cases,  in  this  remain  attached  to  the  heads  in  drooping  clusters, 
looking  like  loose  clusters  of  light  red  grapes,  in  miniature. 

The  buds  produced  by  the  hydroid-heads  of  one  colony  are  either  all 
males  or  females,  and,  while  attached  to  the  hydroid-heads,  eggs  or 
sperm ules  are  developed  within  them;  the  eggs  are  fertilized  and  de 
velop  into  young  hydroids,  which,  when  finally  expelled,  are  provided 
with  a  circle  of  slender  tentacles,  and  need  only  to  attach  themselves 
to  some  solid  substance  by  the  basal  end  of  the  body  to  become  fixed, 
tubularian  hydroids,  similar  to  the  old  ones  in  many  respects,  though 
still  very  small  and  simple  in  structure.  These  young  tubularians  swim 
and  crawl  about  for  a  time,  and  after  attaching  themselves  they  rap 
idly  grow  larger  and  produce  stolons  from  the  base,  from  which  buds 
arise  that  develop  into  forms  like  the  first  one ;  other  buds  are  pro 
duced  from  the  sides  of  the  stems,  which  also  become  like  the  others, 
and  in  this  way  the  large  clusters  of  tubularians  are  rapidly  formed. 

Several  species  of  Campanulariaus  are  also  to  be  found  attached  to 
the  piles  and  timbers  of  wharves  and  bridges.  At  Wood's  Hole  the 
most  abundant  species  was  Qbelia  pyriformis,  which  grew  in  great  pro 
fusion  on  the  piles  just  below  low- water  mark.  It  is  a  delicate  and  much 
branched  species,  with  elongated,  pear-shaped,  reproductive  capsules, 
and  is  beautifully  phosphorescent.  On  the  hull  of  an  old  wreck  in 
Wood's  Hole  passage,  where  the  tide  flows  with  great  force,  the  Obelia 
flabellata  was  found  in  abundance,  though  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  noticed  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  before.  It  has  very  elongated, 
slender,  simple,  but  crooked  stems,  with  numerous,  alternate,  short, 
forking,  fan-shaped  branches  ;  these  generally  fork  close  to  their  origin^ 
the  divisions  diverging  in  opposite  directions.  The  hydroid  calicles 
(hydrothecoe)  are  small,  cup-shaped,  or  broad  bell-shaped,  with  a  smooth 
rim,  and  they  are  borne  on  slender  pedicles  that  are  of  various  lengths, 
but  mostly  short  and  composed  of  only  four  to  six  rings.  The  repro 
ductive  capsules  (gonothecas)  are  urn-shaped,  with  a  short,  narrow  neck  ; 
they  are  borne  on  short  pedicles,  of  few  rings,  arising  from  the  axils  of 
the  branches.  Some  of  the  specimens  were  eight  or  ten  inches  long. 


[391]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  97 

On  the  piles  of  Long  Wharf,  at  New  Haven,  the  Obelia  yelatinosa  of 
Europe  was  found  growing  in  great  luxuriance  in  September.  The 
water  at  this  locality  was  quite  brackish,  but  it  will  probably  be  found, 
also,  in  pure  sea- water,  for  on  the  coast  of  Europe  it  is  common  both 
in  brackish  and  pure  ocean-water.  It  is  probable  that  this  species  has 
not  been  observed  before  on  our  coast,  for  although  the  name  occurs 
in  several  local  lists,  these  refer,  according  to  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  to  other 
species,  and  he  does  not  include  the  present  species  in  his  Catalogue  of 
North  American  Acalephre.  It  is  a  large  species,  growing  to  the  length 
of  ten  or  tvvelve  inches,  and  branches  widely  and  very  profusely.  It 
differs  from  most  of  our  other  species  in  having  a  thick,  compound 
stem,  composed  of  many  united  tubes.  The  smaller  branches  are,  how 
ever,  profusely  divided,  and  the  branchlets  are  simple,  very  slender, 
white,  and  translucent,  their  delicacy  contrasting  strongly  with  the 
stout,  dark-colored  stems.  The  larger  branches  mostly  arise  in  pairs, 
close  together,  but  immediately  diverge ;  the  small  branches  and  branch- 
lets  are  alternate.  The  hydrothecae  are  very  small,  deeply  bell-shaped, 
the  rim  divided  into  ten  or  twelve  teeth,  which  are  squarish  in  form, 
and  slightly  emarginate  at  the  end  ;  their  pedicles  vary  in  length,  and 
are  often  rather  long  and  slender,  especially  the  terminal  ones.  The 
gonothecre  are  elongated,  urn-shaped,  with  a  narrow,  short,  tubular 
neck.  I  also  found  this  species  in  April,  growing  on  oysters,  at  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 

Several  other  species  of  Obelia  occur  in  similar  situations,  together 
with  various  related  genera. 

The  Sertularia  pumila,  (p.  327,  Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  279)  often  oc 
curs  attached  to  the  Fucus  and  other  sea- weeds  growing  on  the  piles. 

The  Halecium  yracile  V.,  (p.  328,)  often  grows  on  the  piles  in  great 
abundance,  especially  where  the  water  is  somewhat  brackish,  and  it 
sometimes  also  occurs  in  great  profusion  on  floating  drift-wood. 

Of  Actinians  the  most  frequent  species  is  the  Sagartia  leucolena, 
(p.  329,  Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  284,)  which  can  almost  always  be  found 
among  the  adhering  barnacles  and  ascidians ;  not  unfrequently  it  at 
taches  itself  within  a  dead  barnacle,  and,  in  fact,  seems  quite  partial  to 
such  a  location. 

The  Metridium  marginatum  (p.  329)  also  frequently  occurs  on  the 
piles,  but  is  much  less  frequent,  and  generally  of  smaller  size  than  it 
is  farther  north,  as  about  Boston  and  on  the  coast  of  Maine. 

Several  sponges  occur  frequently  on  the  piles  of  the  wharves,  but 
they  have  not  been  well  determined.  Among  them  the  Grantia  ciliata, 
or  a  closely  allied  species,  is  very  common,  and  also  another  of  the  same 
group,  which  is  tubular  and  branched,  (Leucosolenia  botryoides  ?). 

The  common,  red  branching  sponge  (p.  330)  is  frequent,  and  also 
a  slender  branching  species  of  Chalina,  near  C.  oculata.  Two  or  more 
species  of  Tedania,  forming  irregular,  massive,  pale-yellow  sponges  of  a 
brittle  texture,  are  common. 


98  REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [392] 


List  of  species  commonly  found  on  piles  and  timbers  of  wharves  and  bridges 
on  buoys,  bottoms  of  vessels,  and  other  submerged  wood- work. 

ARTICULATA. 

Insects. 
Page.  Page. 


Cbiroiiomus  oceanicus, 


379    Molanna,  sp 379 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Panopeus  Sayi 382 

P.  depressus 382 

Hyale  littoralis 315 

Gammarus  oruatus 382 

Melita  nitida 382 

Amphitboe  compta 382 

Coropbium  cylindricum 382 

Oaprella,sp 316 

Liranoria  liguorum 379 

Idotea  irrorata 316 

I.  pbospborea 316 


Jsera  copiosa 382 

Tanais  filum , 381 

Balauus  eburneus 381 

B.  crenatas 381 

B.  balanoides 381 

B.  tintinabulum 381 

Lepas  anserifera 382 

L.  anatifera 382 

L.  pectinata , 382 

Concboderrna  virgata 382 

C.  aurita .  382 


Annelids. 


Page. 

Lepidonotus  squamatus 320 

Harmotboe  imbricata 321 

Eulalia,  sp 349 

Eumidia,  sp 349 

Podarke  obscara 382 

Autoly tus  cornutus 397 

Nereis  limbata 382 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 321 


Page. 

Nicolea  simplex 382 

Leprsea  rubra 382 

Polycirrus  eximius 382 

Potainilla  oculifera 382 

Sabella  microptbalma 382 

Eucbone,   sp 416 

Serpula  diantbus 322 

Spirorbis   spirillum 323 


Nemerteans. 


Polinia  glutinosa 
Nemertes  socialis. 


Page. 
382 
324 


Cerebratulus,  (?)  sp 


Page. 

382 


MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 


Page. 

Bela  plicata 383 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 383 

Tritia  trivittata 383 

Ilyanassa  obsoleta 383 


Page. 

Astyris  lunata 383 

Anachis  avara 383 

Littorinella  minuta 383 

Kissoa  aculeus . .  383 


[393]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 


99 


Odostomia  fusca . 


Page. 
307 


O.  trifida  , , 307 

O.  bisuturalis . . 


383 

Littoriiia  palliata 383 


L.rudis 


383 


Bittium  nigrum 383 


Triforis  nigrocinctus . 
Oerithiopsis  terebralis 

0.  Greenii .    

^Eolidia  pilata 

Cavolina  gymnota  (?) 
Alexia  myosotis ....   . 


Lamellibranchs. 


Page. 

383 

387 

T.  megotara 387 

Xylotrya  fimbriata 387 


Teredo  navalis, 
T.  Thomsoni . . 


Mytilus  edulis 

Auomia  glabra . . . 
Ostrsea  Virginiana . 


Ascidians. 


Page. 

Cynthia  partita 388 

Molgula  Manhattensis 388 

Perophora  viridis 388 


Botryllua  Gouldii 

Amaroecium  constellatum 


Bryozoa. 


P  age. 

Crisia  eburnea . .  311 


Vesicularia,  dichotoma 

V.  gracilis 

Y.  cuscuta. . 


389 
389 
389 


Bugula  turrita 

B.  flabellata , 

Escharella  variabilis. . 
Membranipora  pilosa. 


Page. 
383 
417 
383 
383 
383 
383 


Page. 
388 
311 

388 


Page. 
389 
389 


Page. 
389 
389 
389 
406 


Asterias  arenicola 


RADIATA. 

Ecliinoderms. 

Page.   1 
389| 

Acalephs. 


Obelia  gelatinosa 


Page. 

391 

O.  flabellata 390 

O.  commisuralis 327 

O.  pyriformis 390 

O.  geniculata 407 


Campanularia  flexuosa. 

Haleciuin  gracile 

Sertularia  pumila 

Penuaria  tiarella 

Parypha  crocea , 


Polyps. 


Sargatia  leucolena. 


Page. 
391 


Metridium  marginatuin 


Page. 
327 
391 
391 
327 
390 


Page 
391 


100        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [394] 


PROTOZOA. 
Port/era,  (Sponges.) 


Page. 

Grautia  ciliata  (?) 391 

Leucosolenia  botry  oides  (?) . .       391 
Chalina,  sp 391 


Page. 

Halichondria,  sp 330 

Renieria,  sp 330 

Tedania,  sp 391 


II.  5. — ANIMALS  INHABITING  THE  ROCKY  BOTTOMS  OF  THE  BAYS  AND 

SOUNDS. 

In  this  region  the  proportion  of  rocky  bottom  is  relatively  quite 
small,  and  mostly  to  be  found  only  in  quite  shallow  water.  Therefore  the 
animal  life  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  rocky  shores  and  tide-pools, 
near  low- water  mark. 

In  Vineyard  Sound  and  vicinity  the  rocky  bottoms  examined  were 
chiefly  at  the  following  localities,  as  indicated  on  the  accompanying 
chart,  viz.:  1st.  An  area  south  of  Parker's  Point  and  occupying  a  part 
of  the  bottom  of  the  passage  between  Parker's  Point  and  Nonamesset 
Island,  on  both  sides  of  the  channel,  and  extending  somewhat  south  of 
a  line  drawn  from  Nobska  Point  to  the  southeastern  end  of  Nonaines- 
set  Island.  The  dredgings  made  in  this  area  are,  9,  «,  Z>,  c,  d  ;  2,  a,  &/ 
3,  a,  &,  c ;  4,  «,  b ;  5,  c,  rf,  e ;  8,  a,  1) ;  18,  a,  &.  2d.  An  area  south 
and  southwest  of  Nobska  Point ;  dredgings,  21,  &,  e ;  22,  a ;  and 
others  not  recorded  were  made  on  this  patch.  3d.  In  the  Wood's  Hole 
passage,  between  the  north  end  of  Nonamesset  Island  and  the  opposite 
shores,  there  are  numerous  rocky  patches,  and  the  tides  flow  with  great 
force 5  dredgiugs,  14,  a,  Z>,  c,  rf,  e,  /,  g;  16,  a,  I ;  17,  c,  d,  e;  15,  «,  ft; 
and  many  others  were  made  on  this  bottom.  4th.  A  small  area  between 
Uncatena  Island  and  Long  Neck;  dredgings,  11,  e,  /,  and  71,  c,  were 
on  this  patch.  5th.  A  small  area,  south  of  the  Wepecket  Islands,  where 
the  dredging,  73,  d,  was  made.  6th.  A  region  of  rocks  and  sand  off 
West  Chop,  north  of  Martha's  Vineyard ;  in  the  dredgings  made  here, 
37,  c,  t7,  e,  some  very  fine  hydroids  and  ascidians  were  obtained.  7th. 
In  Quick's  Hole,  the  passage  between  Nashawena  and  Pasque  Islands, 
a  rocky  bottom,  with  abundant  ascidians,  hydroids,  and  sponges,  was 
found,  where  dredgings  77,  a  and  c,  were  made. 

In  addition  to  these  localities  numerous  dredgings  were  made  on 
rocky  bottoms  off  Gay  Head  and  Devil's  Bridge,  and  also  between 
Martha's  Vineyard  and  No  Man's  Land,  but  these  properly  belong  to  the 
cold  outer  region. 

In  the  vicinity  of  New  Haven,  rocky  bottoms,  generally  of  small 
extent,  are  found  off  the  light-house,  and  off  South  End  and  Brauford 
Point,  also  among  the  Thimble  Islands.  All  these  localities  have 
been  examined  by  me  in  numerous  dredging  excursions  made  during 
the  past  eight  years.  Nevertheless  the  fauna  of  the  rocky  bottoms  of 


[395]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND     ETC.        101 

this  region  is  probably  more  imperfectly  kiiown  than  that  of  other  kinds 
of  bottom.  This  is  mainly  owing  to  the  difficulties  encountered  in 
dredging  upon  rough  rocks. 

Eocky  bottoms  are  very  favorable  for  many  kinds  of  Crustacea,  both 
for  those  that  swim  free  and  conceal  themselves  among  the  sea- weeds 
that  grow  on  rocks  in  shallow  ^ater,  and  for  those  that  take  refuge  be 
neath  the  rocks.  Consequently  rocky  bottoms  are  the  favorite  feeding- 
grounds  for  certain  kinds  of  fish,  especially  tautog,  striped  bass,  black 
bass,  dinners,  £c.,  in  this  region. 

The  common  crab,  Cancer  irroratus,  (p.  312,)  Panopeus  Sayi,  (p.  312,) 
P.  depressus,  (p.  312,)  the  larger  hermit-crab,  Eupagurus  pollicaris,  (p. 
313,)  and  the  smaller  hermit,  E.  longicarpus,(p.  313,)  are  common  species 
on  the  rocky  bottoms.  A  small  species  of  spider-crab,  Pelia  mutica,  oc 
casionally  occurs.  The  Cancer  borealis  has  hitherto  been  a  rare  species, 
and  little  is  known  concerning  its  habits  or  distribution  ;  it  appears  to 
frequent  rocky  bottoms  chiefly,  but  most  of  the  specimens  obtained  in 
this  region  were  found  thrown  up  by  the  waves  on  the  shores  of  Cutty- 
hunk  Island,  No  Man's  Laud,  and  near  Gay  Head. 

The  lobster,  Homarus  Americanus,  frequents  rocky  bottoms,  concealing 
itself  under  and  among  the  rocks  while  watching  for  its  prey,  but  it  is 
much  less  abundant  in  this  region  than  on  the  coast  of  Maine  and  in  the 
Bay  of  Fuiidy,  and  does  not  usually  grow  to  so  large  a  size  as  in  the 
northern  waters.  It  also  occurs  on  the  sandy  and  gravelly  bottoms  of 
Vineyard  Sound,  where  most  of  those  sent  to  the  markets  from  this  re 
gion  are  obtained.  The  young,  free-swimming  larvae  of  the  lobster,  in 
the  stages  represented  in  Plate  IX,  figs.  38,  39,  were  often  taken  at  the 
surface  in  great  abundance,  during  June  and  July,  in  the  towing-nets . 
The  young  lobsters  were  also  found  swimming  actively  at  the  surface 
by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith,  even  after  they  had  acquired  the  true  lobster-like 
form  and  structure,  and  were  nearly  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long.  In 
this  stage  they  swim  and  act  much  like  shrimp.  While  young,  there 
fore,  the  lobster  must  be  devoured  in  immense  numbers  by  many  kinds 
of  fishes,  and  even  when  of  considerable  size  they  are  still  preyed  upon 
by  the  tautog  and  black  bass,  and  especially  by  sharks,  skates,  and  rays, 
and  doubtless  by  other  fishes.  We  found  the  lobsters  very  abundant 
off  Menenisha  on  a  sandy  and  weedy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  At  this 
place  over  one  hundred  were  taken  at  a  single  haul,  by  the  trawl.  The 
lobsters  caught  for  the  market  are  nearly  all  caught  in  "  lobster -pots," 
baited  with  refuse  fish  of  various  kinds. 

In  addition  to  the  common  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris,  (p.  339,  Plate 
III,  fig.  10,)  another  quite  different  species  (Hippolyte  pusiola)  was  often 
met  with  on  the  rocky  bottoms.  This  is  a  smaller  species,  about  an  inch 
long,  of  a  pale  gray,  salmon,  or  flesh-color,  often  specked  with  red ; 
there  is  usually  a  white  stripe  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  some 
times  transverse  bands  of  red  or  white ;  the  antenna  are  annulated 
with  flesh-color  and  light  red,  and  the  legs  are  sometimes  specked  with. 


102        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND  FISHERIES.       [396] 

brown,  and  often  annulated  with  brown,  or  with  gray  and  white.  It 
differs  from  all  the  other  American  species  in  having  a  short,  acute  ros 
trum,  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  eyes,  with  three  or  four  sharp  teeth 
on  its  upper  edge  and  none  below.  In  form  and  general  appearance  it 
somewhat  resembles  the  Virbius  represented  in  Plate  III,  fig.  11,  but  is 
stouter  and  quite  different  in  color.  It  i£  a  northern  species,  extending 
to  Greenland  and  Northern  Europe,  and  is  more  common  on  the  coast 
of  Maine,  where  it  is  usually  associated  with  several  other  larger  species 
of  the  same  genus,  all  of  which  are  remarkable  for  their  brilliant  colors, 
the  various  shades  of  red  usually  predominating.  Their  bright  colors 
are  no  doubt  directly  connected  with  their  habit  of  living  among  the 
bright  red  alga3,  so  abundant  in  the  shallow  waters  on  rocky  bottoms. 

A  beautiful  little  shrimp-like  Crustacean,  Mysis  Americana  SMITH, 
sometimes  occurs  in  immense  numbers  among  the  algre  growing  on  the 
rocks  just  below  low-water  mark,  especially  in  spring.  This  is  an  im 
portant  species,  as  it  is  one  of  the  principal  kinds  of  food  for  the  shad 
and  other  fishes.  The  full  grown  specimens  are  only  about  an  inch  long. 
It  is  almost  transparent,  whitish,  with  conspicuous  black  eyes ;  there  is 
a  row  of  more  or  less  conspicuous,  dark  stellate  spots  along  the  body,  both 
above  and  below,  and  similar  specks  often  occur  on  the  tail ;  a  spot  of 
dark  brown  or  blackish  often  occurs  on  each  side  of  the  carapax.  The 
intestine  shows  through  as  a  greenish  or  brownish  line. 

Another  small,  shrimp-like  species  belonging  to  an  interesting  new 
genus,  the  Heteromysis  formosa  SMITH,  often  occurred  in  small  colonies, 
sometimes  hid  away  in  the  dead  shell  of  some  large  bivalve  or  gastro 
pod.  The  females  of  this  species  are  of  a  beautiful  light  rose  color,  but 
the  males  have  the  pale  color  and  translucency  common  to  most  of  the 
species  of  Mysis. 

Numerous  Amphipods  also  occur,  most  of  which  are  also  found  in 
the  pools  or  under  stones  at  low  water,  and  have,  consequently,  been 
mentioned  on  former  pages.  One  of  the  most  curious  Amphipods 
was  a  small  species,  found  living  among  the  large  compound  ascidians, 
which  is  probably  Cerapus  tubularis  SAY.  This  species  constructs 
a  little,  slender,  free  tube,  which  it  inhabits  and  carries  about 
upon  its  back  when  it  travels,  very  much  as  the  larvae  of  caddis-flies, 
common  in  fresh  waters,  carry  about  their  tubes.  One  species  of  bar 
nacle,  the  Balanus  erenatus,  was  abundant,  often  completely  covering 
small  stones  and  shells.  This  has  not  been  met  with,  as  yet,  at  low- 
water,  although  it  occurs  on  the  bottoms  of  vessels. 

Of  Annelids  a  large  number  inhabit  rocky  bottoms,  but  as  most  of 
them  live  beneath  the  rocks,  or  in  tubes  attached  to  rocks  and  stones, 
it  is  difficult  to  obtain  an  accurate  knowledge  of  them.  Many  of  the 
species  seem,  however,  to  be  found  also  in  pools  and  beneath  the  stones 
on  rocky  shores,  and  have  already  been  mentioned. 

Perhaps  the  most  characteristic  Annelids  of  rocky  bottoms  are  the 
scaly  worms,  of  which  three  species  are  common  in  this  region,  viz. : 


[397]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    S6UND,    ETC.        103 

Lepidonotus  squamatus,  (p.  320,  Plate  X,  figs.  40,  41 ;)  L.  sublevis  V., 
(p.  320,  Plate  X,  fig.  42 ;)  and  Harmothoe  imbricata,  all  of  which  cling 
close  to  the  rough  surfaces  of  the  stones,  or  hide  away  in  the  cracks  and 
crevices,  or  conceal  themselves  in  the  interstices  between  the  ascidians, 
barnacles,  roots  of  algae,  or  in  the  cavities  of  sponges,  &c.  Several 
long,  slender,  and  active  species,  belonging  to  the  genera  Phyllodoce,  Eu- 
lalici,  Eumidia,  and  Eteone,  are  of  frequent  occurrence ;  most  of  them  are 
bright  green  or  yellowish  green  in  color,  and  all  have  small,  leaf-like 
branchiae  along  the  sides. 

The  Nereis  pelagica  (p.  319,  Plate  XI,  figs.  52-55)  is  very  common, 
living  beneath  the  stones,  and  especially  in  the  interstices  between  the 
lobes  of  a  large,  sand-covered,  compound  ascidian,  Amarcecium  pelhici- 
dum,  in  company  with  the  species  of  Pliyllodoce,  &c.,  just  named.  This 
species  of  Nereis  is  remarkable  for  its  brilliant  iridescence.  It  is  a 
northern  species,  extending  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  northern  coast  of 
Europe.  It  is  very  abundant  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  under  stones 
at  low-water  mark. 

Associated  with  the  preceding  species  among  the  sandy  compound 
ascidians,  occurring  both  on  rocky  and  gravelly  bottoms,  were  large 
numbers  of  the  Lumbriconereis  opalina,  (p.  320,  Plate  XIII,  figs.  69, 
70,)  conspicuous  on  account  of  the  brilliant  iridescent  colors.  Several 
other  Annelids  also  occurred  among  these  ascidians.  The  Cirrinereis 
fragilis,  which  is  a  small  and  delicate  species,  furnished  with  con 
spicuous  eyes,  and  related  to  the  large  Cirralulus,  occurs  beneath  the 
stones.  The  singular  Naraganseta  coralii  occurs  burrowing  in  the  coral, 
Astrangia  Dance,  and  in  this  respect  is  similar  in  its  habits  to  the  allied 
genus  Dodecaceredj  which  excavates  its  galleries  in  the  solid  shells  of 
Cyprina  Islandica,  Pecten  tenuicostatus,  &c.,  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The 
Sabellaria  vulgaris,  (p.  321,  Plate  XVII,  figs.  88,  88^;)  Nicolea  simplex, 
(p.  321 ;)  Scionopsis palmata,  (p.  321;)  Potamilla  oculifera,  (p.  322,)  Plate 
XVII,  fig.  86 ;)  Sabella  microphtlialma,  (p.  323 ;)  Serpuladianthus,  (p  322  ;) 
and  Fabricia  Leidyi,  (p.  323,)  all  occur  in  tubes  attached  to  the  rocks 
and  stones. 

A  species  of  Spirorbis,  which  forms  a  small,  white,  calcareous  shell, 
coiled  up  in  an  open  spiral,  is  commonly  attached  to  the  alga3  and  hydroids. 
The  Autolytus  cornutus  (Plate  XIII,  tigs.  65,  66)  constructs  cylindrical 
tubes,  which  are  attached  to  sea-weeds  and  the  branches  of  hydroids. 
This  is  a  small  flesh-colored  species,  with  conspicuous  brown  eyes  5  the 
ends  of  the  body  are  often  tinged  with  green,  and  the  dark,  greenish 
intestine  shows  through  as  a  median  line.  The  males  and  females 
are  widely  different  in  appearance  and  structure,  and  there  are  also 
asexual  individuals  (fig.  65)  very  different  from  both.  The  asexual  ones 
construct  the  tubes  referred  to,  but  do  not  remain  in  them  constantly, 
for  they  are  also  often  taken  swimming  at  the  surface.  The  males  and 
females  are  also  taken  at  the  surface,  especially  in  the  evening,  but  they 
also  occur  creeping  over  and  among  the  hydroids.  This  worm  is  partic- 


104       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [398] 

ularly  interesting  on  account  of  its  remarkable  mode  of  reproduction, 
for,  like  several  other  marine  annelids,  it  presents  the  phenomena  of  al 
ternate  generation.  Its  history  has  been  well  given  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz.* 
The  very  numerous  eggs  of  the  female  (fig.  66,  e)  are  at  first  contained  in 
the  general  cavity  of  the  body,  between  the  intestine  and  the  outer  wall, 
along  the  whole  length  of  the  body  ;  afterwards  they  pass  into  a  pouch 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  body,  extending  from  the  twelfth  to  about  the 
twenty-sixth  segment ;  in  the  pouch  they  hatch  into  young  worms,  and 
soon  after  the  sac  bursts  and  they  escape  into  the  water.  The  females 
apparently  die  after  discharging  the  young.  The  eggs  do  not  develop 
into  males  and  females,  but  into  the  asexual  or  neuter  individuals,  (fig. 
65,)  which  differ  widely  from  the  others  in  form  and  in  the  eyes  and  other 
appendages  of  the  head,  as  well  as  in  the  internal  anatomy  and  lateral 
appendages.  After  these  neater  individuals  become  nearly  f nil-grown, 
having  forty  to  forty-five  segments,  a  median  dorsal  swelling  arises 
at  about  the  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  segment,  most  commonly  on  the 
thirteenth,  and  soon  after  two  others  arise  from  the  sides  of  the  same 
segment  and  develop  rapidly;  these  swellings  finally  become  the  three 
front  tentacles  of  a  new  head,  (#,  «,,  «,  fig.  65;)  soon  a  pair  of  eyes  appears 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  segment,  than  a  pair  of  tentacular  cirri •  then 
the  second  pair  of  eyes  ;  then  other  appendages  of  the  head,  until  finally 
a  complete  head  is  formed,  having  the  structure  belonging  to  the  head  of 
a  male  or  female,  as  the  case  may  be.  As  the  new  head,  with  its  append 
ages,  becomes  more  completely  organized,  the  segments  posterior  to  it, 
which  are  to  become  the  body  of  the  new  individual,  become  more  highly 
developed,  and  the  lateral  appendages  more  complicated,  those  back  of 
the  fifth  in  the  male,  or  the  sixth  in  the  female,  acquire  dorsal  fascicles 
of  long  setas,  and  the  dorsal  cirris  becomes  longer ;  at  the  same  time 
some  additional  segments  are  developed ;  and  the  ova  in  the  female,  or 
spermatazoa  in  the  male,  are  formed.  Finally  the  new  sexual  individ 
ual,  thus  formed  out  of  the  posterior  segments  of  the  original  neuter, 
breaks  its  connection  and  swims  off'  by  itself,  and  becomes  a  perfectly 
developed  male  or  female.  The  head  of  the  female  is  represented  in 
fig.  66 ;  a  male  individual  is  represented  as  developing  from  an  asexual 
individual  in  fig.  65.  The  male  can  be  easily  distinguished  from  the 
female  by  the  pair  of  large  an  tenure,  which  are  forked  in  the  male,  but 
simple  in  the  female.  Farther  details  concerning  this  curious  mode  of 
reproduction  may  be  found  in  the  memoir  of  Mr.  Agassiz,  together  with 
numerous  excellent  illustrations,  in  addition  to  those  here  copied. 

Associated  with  the  preceding  species  a  few  specimens  were  found 
which  probably  belong  to  another  species  of  Autolytus.  These  were  quite 
slender,  light-red  in  color,  with  paler  annulations,  but  only  the  asexual 
individuals  were  observed.  Another  species  of  larger  size  also  occurs 
among  the  hydroids,  near  New  Haven,  which  belongs  to  Autolytus  or 

*  On  Alternate  Generation  in  Annelids,  and  the  Embryology  of  Autolytus  cornutus; 
Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  VII,  p.  384,  1863. 


[399]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         105 

some  closely  allied  genus,  but  of  this  only  the  asexual  form  lias  occurred, 
and  it  has  not  yet  been  carefully  studied.  This  becomes  nearly  an  inch 
long  and  quite  slender.  The  body  is  white,  with  about  fifty  annulations 
of  bright  purplish  red  between  the  segments,  but  sometimes  a  red  ring 
is  absent,  leaving  wider  white  bands  ;  the  lateral  appendages  are  simple, 
and  each  has  a  dot  of  red  on  the  anterior  side ;  the  head  is  orange,  with 
four  dark  red  eyes. 

Of  Mollusks  there  are  but  few  species  among  the  higher  groups  which 
do  not  also  occur  on  the  rocky  shores  at  low- water,  but  of  the  As- 
cidians  and  Bryozoa  we  find  numerous  additional  species.  The  Gas 
tropods  are  represented  by  the  large  Fulgur  carica  (p.  355,  Plate  XXII, 
fig.  124)  and  Sycotypuq  canaliculatus^  (p.  355 ;)  also  by  the  "  drill,"  Urosctl- 
pinx  cinerea,  (p.  306,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  116,)  which  is  usually  abundant  in 
shallow  water  ;  Astyris  lunata  (p.  106,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  110)  is  abundant  on 
the  hydroids  and  algaj ;  A.sonaliSj  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  Ill,)  which  is  an  allied 
species,  of  larger  size  and  with  plainer  colors,  is  sometimes  met  with,  but 
is  rare  in  this  region.  It  takes  its  name  from  two  narrow  spiral  zones  of 
white  that  usually  surround  the  whorls.  The  Crucibulum  striatum 
(Plate  XVIII,  figs.  125, 126)  is  often  met  with  clinging  firmly  to  the  rocks 
and  stones. 

The  LeptocMton  apiculatits  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  167)  is  one  of  the  most 
characteristic  and  common  species  on  rocky  and  gravelly  bottoms ; 
this  also  adheres  firmly  to  the  stones  and  dead  shells,  and  its  grayish  or 
dirty  whitish  shell,  often  more  or  less  stained,  blends  its  color  with 
that  of  its  surroundings  in  a  way  that  might  deceive  the  fishes  them 
selves.  The  back  is  covered  with  a  series  of  movable  plates,  so  that 
when  removed  the  animal  can  curl  itself  into  a  ball,  like  a  a  pill-bug,'7 
(Oniscus,)  or  like  an  armadillo,  a  habit  that  it  shares  in  common  with 
the  scaly  annelids,  Lcpidonotus  and  Harmothoe,  which  live  in  the  same 
places  with  it.  The  flexibility  of  the  shell  also  enables  the  chitons  to 
adapt  themselves  more  closely  to  the  uneven  surfaces  of  the  rocks  than 
they  otherwise  could.  More  rarely  the  LeptocMton  ruler  (Plate  XXY, 
fig.  166)  is  met  with,  though  farther  north,  as  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  this 
is  a  very  common  species,  while  the  apiculatus  is  quite  unknown  there, 
being  decidedly  southern  in  its  range.  The  ruber  is,  as  its  name  implies, 
a  red  species,  and  its  colors  are  usually  bright  and  beautifully  varied 
with  lighter  and  darker.  Its  bright  color  would  seem  at  first  a  fatal  gift, 
calculated  to  attract  the  attention  of  passing  fishes,  which  are  always 
fond  of  such  food,  but  when  we  examine  its  habits  more  closely  we  find 
that  it  lives  almost  exclusively  on  and  among  rocks  that  are  incrusted 
by  the  curious  stony  algas,  known  as  "  nullipores,1'  (Lithotkamnion  poly 
morphism,}  which  are  red  in  color,  but  of  various  shades,  and  often  com 
pletely  cover  the  rocks  with  irregular  red  incrustations,  over  large  areas 
in  shallow  water,  especially  on  the  coasts  farther  north,  so  that  this 
shell  and  a  larger  species,  (C.  marmoreus,)  usually  associated  with  it, 
are  admirably  adapted  by  their  colors  for  living  and  concealing  them- 


106       EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [400] 

selves  on  such  bottoms,  while  many  other  species,  frequenting  the  same 
localities,  have  a  similar  coloration,  though  belonging  to  very  different 
groups.  As  examples  we  may  mention  the  beautifully  variegated  star 
fish,  OphiophoUs  aculeata,  (Plate  XXXV,  fig.  270,)  rare  in  this  region,  but 
very  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  Crangon  borcas,  common  on  the 
same  bottoms  in  the  Bay  of  Fuudy  ;  several  species  of  shrimp  belonging 
to  the  genera  Rippolyte,  Pandalus,  &c.  The  bright  red  colors  of  all  these 
animals  would  certainly  be  very  fatal  to  them  were  there  no  red  algre 
among  which  they  could  conceal  themselves  and  thus  escape,  to  a  con 
siderable  extent,  from  the  voracious  fishes,  which  are  nearly  always 
ready  to  pounce  upon  them  whenever  they  expose  themselves.  One  or 
two  handsome  species  of  JEolis  (similar  to  fig.  174)  were  taken,  but  for 
lack  of  opportunity  they  were  not  identified  while  living,  and  these  soft 
and  delicate  creatures  cannot  be  preserved  in  alcohol  so  as  to  be  identi 
fied  afterwards  with  certainty.  The  handsome  little  Doto  coronata 
(Plate  XXV,  fig.  170)  occurs  occasionally  on  the  hydroids,  upon  the 
animals  of  which  it  feeds.  This  species  is  generally  less  than  half  an 
inch  in  length.  The  body  is  pale  yellowish,  or  salmon -color,  or  rosy, 
specked  with  pink,  light  red,  or  dark  red,  which  often  forms  a  median 
dorsal  line  toward  the  head ;  the  curious  papillose  brauchia3  along  the 
back  are  pale  orange,  the  lateral  and  terminal  papillae  being  tipped  with 
bright  purplish  red,  dark  red,  or  carmine,  with  a  ring  of  flake-white 
below  the  tip  5  the  head  and  tentacles  are  pale  and  translucent.  The 
eggs  are  laid  upon  the  hydroids,  in  long,  flattened,  and  convoluted  gelati 
nous  strings,  at  various  times  during  the  early  summer. 

Another  curious  and  beautifully  colored  naked  mollusk,  the  Polycera 
Lessonii,  also  occurs  occasionally  on  rocky  bottoms,  among  hydroids  and 
bryozoa.  In  this  species  the  body  is  pale  flesh-color,  or  sometimes  pale 
orange,  and  thickly  covered  with  bright,  deep  green  specks,  giving  the 
whole  surface  a  green  color ;  along  the  back  is  a- median  line  of  tuber 
cles  or  papillae,  and  there  are  two  other  rows  on  each  side,  which  extend 
as  far  as  the  gills  or  a  little  beyond ;  all  these  tubercles  are  tipped  with 
bright  sulphur-yellow,  except  that  the  last  ones  of  the  lateral  rows, 
posterior  to  the  gills,  are  usually  tipped  with  flake- white,  but  these  have 
two  or  three  irregular,  lateral  lobes,  which  are  tipped  with  yellow; 
other  smaller,  yellow  tubercles  are  scattered  over  the  back,  sides,  head, 
and  tail ;  the  tentacles  are  also  bright  yellow,  but  sometimes  specked 
with  green  and  yellow,  with  yellow  tips.  The  gills  are  three  in  number, 
in  a  cluster  on  the  middle  line  of  the  back,  posteriorly ;  each  one  is 
bipinuate  and  delicately  plumose ;  they  are  colored  similar  to  the  back, 
generally  more  or  less  specked  with  bright  yellow,  and  often  with  flake- 
white  ;  the  tips  are  usually  bright  yellow. 

Another  small  but  singular  species,  which  also  occurs  among  the  hy 
droids,  as  well  as  among  dead  shells,  is  the  Doridella  obscura,  (Plate 
XXY,  fig.  173 ;)  in  this  the  colors  are  not  conspicuous,  but  seem  rather 
intended  for  its  concealment.  The  back  is  sometimes  light,  yellowish 


[401]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         107 

brown,  finely  mottled  with  white,  and  specked  with  darker  brown ; 
dorsal  tentacles  white  and  retractile ;  lower  surface  white  or  light  yel 
lowish,  a  three-lobed  yellowish  or  brownish  internal  organ  showing 
through  in  the  middle  of  the  foot.  Other  specimens  are  very  dark- 
brown  or  almost  black  above,  finely  mottled  with  whitish.  The  ante 
rior  angles  of  the  head  are  prolonged  into  tentacle-like  organs  or  palpi. 
The  gills  are  situated  beneath,  in  the  groove  between  the  edge  of  the 
foot  and  the  mantle,  on  the  left  side,  and  near  the  posterior  end  of  the 
foot ;  they  consist  of  a  tuft  of  slender  filaments. 

Of  Lamellibrauchs  certain  species  occur  on  rocky  bottoms,  which 
attach  themselves  firmly  to  the  rocks,  either  by  the  side  of  one  valve, 
like  the  oyster,  Ostrcva  Virginiana,  (p.  310,)  and  the  Anomia  glabra, 
(p.  311,  Plate  XXXII,  figs.  241,  242  ;)  or  by  threads  of  byssus,  which 
they  spin  and  use  as  cables  for  anchoring  themselves,  like  the  common 
muscle,  Mytilus  edulis,  (p.  307,  Plate  XXXI,  fig.  234,)  the  "horse- 
muscle,"  Modiola  modiolus,  (p.  309,  Plate  XXXI,  fig.  237,)  the  Argina 
pexata,  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  227,)  and  Seapharca  transversa,  (Plate  XXX, 
fig.  228,)  all  of  which  are  common  in  this  region ;  but  certain  other 
species  occur,  which  burrow  beneath  the  stones,  like  the  Saxicava  arc- 
tica  (p.  309,  Plate  XXVII,  fig.  192)  and  Mya  arenaria  (p.  463,  Plate 
XXVI,  fig.  179,)  and  several  other  less  common  species. 

The  Ascidians  are  usually  very  abundant  on  the  rocks  and  stones  at 
all  depths.  The  CyntUa  partita  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  246,)  is  very 
common,  often  forming  large,  rough  clusters,  much  overgrown  with  hy- 
droids,  bryozoa,  and  algae.  The  specimens  mostly  belong  to  the  erect 
variety,  and  in  form  are  quite  unlike  the  one  figured.  The  body  is 
more  or  less  cylindrical,  oblong,  or  urn-shaped,  about  twice  as  high  as 
broad  when  expanded,  and  with  a  wide  base;  the  branchial  orifice  is 
largest,  and  situated  at  the  summit  of  a  broad,  terminal  tube,  swollen 
at  base ;  the  anal  orifice  is  smaller,  on  a  short  lateral  or  subterminal 
tube.  Both  orifices  are  usually  squarish,  and  open  widely,  but,  when 
fully  expanded,  they  sometimes  become  nearly  circular;  they  are  often 
surrounded  at  the  edge  with  a  narrow  circle  of  red,  and  each  tube  has 
eight  longitudinal  stripes  of  white,  narrowing  downward  to  a  point  at 
the  base  of  the  tubes,  and  alternating  with  purplish  brown  ones,  which 
are  usually  specked  with  flake-white.  The  exterior  of  the  test  is  more 
or  less  rough  and  wrinkled,  and  generally  yellowish  or  rusty,  often 
tinged  with  deep  purplish  brown  on  the  upper  parts  or  throughout. 
The  tubes  are  usually  roughened  by  small,  wart-like  papillae.  Unprom 
ising  as  this  species  looks,  it  is  devoured  by  the  tautog.  The  Molgula 
Manhattensis  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250)  is  generally  associated 
with  the  former.  The  Perophora  viridis  (p.  388)  is  often  very  abundant, 
creeping  over  and  covering  up  the  two  preceding,  as  well  as  other  as- 
cidians,  alga3,  hydroids,  &c.  The  most  conspicuous  species,  however, 
are  the  massive  compound  ascidiaus,  which  sometimes  completely  cover 
the  bottom.  One  of  the  most  abundant  of  these  is  the  Amarcecium  pel- 
9  v 


108        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [402] 

lucidum,  which  forms  large,  hemispherical  or  irregular  masses,  often  six 
or  eight  inches,  or  even  more,  in  diameter,  with  the  surface  more  or 
less  completely  covered  by  adhering  sand.  These  masses  consist  of  a 
large  number  of  lobes  or  basal  branches,  which  come  out  from  a  com 
mon  base  as  elongated,  stolon-like  processes,  and  enlarge  upwrard  to  the 
end,  which  is  obtusely  rounded,  and  variable  in  size,  but  usually  from 
a  quarter  to  half  an  inch,  while  the  length  may  be  from  one  to  six 
inches ;  these  lobes  often  coalesce,  more  or  less  completely,  at  the  upper 
surface,  which  is  sometimes  naked  and  smooth,  translucent,  and  of  a 
gelatinous  appearance.  Each  of  these  lobes  contains  a  central  cloacal 
orifice,  around  which  a  colony  of  minute  ascidians,  or  zooids,  are 
grouped,  in  a  manner  analogous  to  the  arrangement  in  Botryllus,  already 
described,  (p.  389,)  but  in  the  present  case  the  zooids  are  very  long  and 
slender  5  the  lower  end  of  each,  containing  the  ovaries,  with  the  heart 
at  its  extremity,  extends  down  toward  the  base  of  the  lobe  in  which  they 
are  contained  to  various  distances,  varying  according  to  the  age  and 
state  of  development  of  each  zooid,  but  the  full-grown  ones  are  often 
nearly  an  inch  long.  Each  zooid  has  its  own  branchial  orifice  opening  at 
the  surface,  as  in  Botryllus,  while  all  the  anal  tubes  discharge  the  refuse 
water,  faeces,  and  eggs  into  the  common  cloacal  ducts. 

The  Amarcecium  stellatum  is  another  related  species,  which  is  nearly 
as  abundant  as  the  last,  and  likewise  grows  to  a  very  large  size.  It 
forms  large,  smooth,  irregular  plates,  or  crest-like  lobes  and  masses, 
which  are  attached  by  one  edge  to  the  stones  and  gravel.  These  plates 
are  sometimes  one  to  two  feet  long,  six  inches  high,  and  about  an  inch 
thick,  and,  owing  to  their  smooth  surface  and  whitish  color,  look  some 
thing  like  great  slices  of  salt-pork,  and  in  fact  it  is  often  called  "  sea- 
pork'7  by  the  fishermen.  Other  specimens  will  be  four  or  five  inches 
high,  and  only  one  or  two  inches  broad  at  the  base,  and  perhaps  half 
an  inch  in  thickness,  and  the  summit  often  divides  into  broad,  flat, 
blunt  lobes ;  various  other  shapes  also  occur,  some  of  them  very  irreg 
ular.  The  larger  specimens  of  this  species  are  generally  of  a  pale-blu 
ish  or  sea-green  color  by  reflected  light  when  first  taken  from  the  water, 
but  pale  salmon  or  flesh-color  by  transmitted  light.  The  zooids  are 
much  elongated  and  arranged  in  more  or  less  regular  circular  groups 
over  the  whole  surface,  with  a  small  cloacal  orifice  in  the  center  of  each 
circle.  If  kept  in  water,  when  they  grow  sickly  the  zooids  will  be 
forced  partially  or  wholly  out  of  their  cavities  by  the  contraction  of 
the  tissues  around  them — a  peculiarity  seen  also  in  other  species  of  this 
genus.  These  zooids  have  the  branchial  tube  prominently  six-lobed, 
and  of  a  bright  orange-color,  this  color  also  extending  over  the  upper 
or  outer  end  of  the  body,  between  the  tubes,  and  more  or  less  over  the 
branchial  sac,  wrhich  is  pale  yellow  or  whitish  below.  The  stomach  is 
longitudinally  sulcated,  with  bright  orange-red  ribs  or  glands ;  intes 
tine  bright  orange  or  yellow. 

This  species  is  devoured  by  sharks,  skates,  and  the  tautog,  although 


[403 J        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        109 

it  would  seem  difficult  for  them  to  digest  it,  or  get  much  nutriment  from 
it.  The  supply  is  certainly  sufficiently  abundant. 

A  third  species  of  this  genus,  and  much  more  beautiful  than  either 
of  the  preceding,  is  also  common  on  rocky  bottoms.  This  is  the  Ama- 
rcecium  constellatum  V.  (p.  388,)  which  has  already  been  described  as 
occurring  on  the  piles  of  the  wharves.  In  deeper  water,  attached  to 
rocks,  it  grows  to  a  larger  size,  forming  thick,  hemispherical  or  cake- 
shaped  masses  or  crusts,  sometimes  becoming  somewhat  mushroom-like 
by  the  upper  parts  growing  out  beyond  the  central  attached  portion, 
which  then  becomes  a  short  and  broad  peduncle.  It  can  be  easily 
distinguished  from  the  last  on  account  of  its  brighter  colors,  the  general 
color  inclining  to  orange,  and  by  the  more  irregular  and  complicated 
clusters  of  zooids.  It  is  less  abundant  than  either  of  the  two  preceding. 

Two  other  species  of  compound  Ascidians  are  also  abundant  in  this 
region,  as  well  as  farther  north.  These  belong  to  the  genus  Leptoclinum ; 
they  form  thin,  irregular,  often  broad,  white,  or  salmon-colored  incrus 
tations  over  the  surfaces  of  the  rocks,  shells,  and  other  ascidians ;  these 
crusts  are  of  a  firm,  coriaceous  or  gritty  texture,  and  have  a  finely 
grauulous  surface.  Under  the  microscope  they  are  seen  to  be  filled 
with  small,  nearly  globular  particles  of  carbonate  of  lime,  from  which 
points  project  in  every  direction.  The  zooids  are  very  minute  and 
are  scattered  over  the  surface  in  large  and  scarcely  distinct  groups, 
which  have,  however,  a  common  cloacal  orifice  in  the  middle,  but  the 
several  cloacal  tubes  or  channels  leading  to  each  central  orifice  are 
long,  with  many  crooked  branches,  reminding  one  of  miniature  rivers, 
and  the  zooids  are  arranged  along  these  ducts  and  their  branches. 
One  of  these  species,  the  Leptoclinum  albldum,  is  easily  distinguished 
by  its  chalky  white  color;  the  other,  L.  luteolum,  is  buff  or  salmon- 
color.  It  is  possible  that  the  last  may  even  prove  to  be  only  a  colored 
variety  of  the  former,  but  the  very  numerous  specimens  that  I  have 
collected  and  examined,  in  the  living  state,  both  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
and  Vineyard  Sound,  do  no  not  warrant  their  union.  In  these  locali 
ties  both  forms  are  about  equally  common,  but  near  New  Haven  the 
L.  luteolum  has  not  yet  been  met  with,  though  the  other  is  not  uncom 
mon. 

The  Bryozoa  are  very  abundant  on  rocky  bottoms  at  all  depths. 
Borne  of  these  incrust  the  rocks  directly,  like  the  Uscharella  variabilis, 
(p.  312,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  256;)  Alcyonidium  Ursutum  ;  Escliaripora  pune- 
tata:  &c. ;  but  even  these  seem  to  prefer  other  locations,  and  by  far  the 
greater  number  occur  attached  to  algas,  hydroids,  ascidians,  and  dead 
shells.  A  large  part  of  the  species  occur  also  in  rocky  pools  at  low- 
water  mark,  or  attached  to  the  Fuci  and  other  sea-weeds  between  tides, 
or  to  the  under  sides  of  stones  laid  bare  by  low  tides,  and  have,  con 
sequently,  been  previously  mentioned.  Others  which  have  not  yet  been 
detected  on  the  shore  will  doubtless  be  found  there  by  more  thorough 
search. 


110       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FSIH    AND    FISHERIES.       [404] 

The  Alcyonidium  ramosum  (Plate  XXXIV,  fig.  257)  is  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  species,  and  is  often  very  abundant,  attached  to  rocks  in 
shallow  water.  In  such  situations  we  have  often  found  arborescently 
branched  specimens,  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  high,  with  smooth,  cylin 
drical  branches  about  a  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

The  Alcyonidium  hispidum  (p.  312)  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
recorded  as  from  our  coast,  by  previous  writers,  but  it  is  one  of  our  most 
common  species,  and  may  almost  always  be  found  incrusting  the  stems 
of  Fucus  at  low-water  mark,  as  well  as  the  under  surfaces  of  rocks ;  below 
low-water  mark  it  is  less  abundant,  generally  incrusting  Phyllopliora, 
and  other  stout,  palmate  algae.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  slencjer, 
acute,  reddish  spines,  of  horn-like  texture,  which  surround  each  of  the 
cells.  It  forms  soft  crusts  of  moderate  thickness,  gradually  extending 
over  the  surface  of  the  sea-weeds  to  which  it  becomes  attached. 

The  A.  liirsutum  has  also  been  hitherto  overlooked  on  our  coast,  but 
is  common,  living  under  the  same  circumstances  as  the  last,  and  some 
times  associated  with  it,  both  above  and  below  low-water  mark.  I  have 
found  it  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  some  of  the  large,  rocky  tide-pools 
on  the  outermost  of  the  Thimble  Islands,  east  of  New  Haven.  It  was 
there  growing  chiefly  upon  PhyllopJwra  membranifolia,  in  some  cases  en 
tirely  covering  and  concealing  the  plant,  from  the  base  of  the  stem  to  the 
tips  of  the  fronds.  It  also  often  grows  on  the  u  Irish  moss,"  Chondrus 
crispus,  on  rocky  bottoms  in  shallow  water.  It  forms  rather  thin,  soft 
crusts,  which  have  small,  soft  papillae  scattered  over  the  surface  ;  from 
the  summit  of  each  of  these  papillasa  zooid  protrudes,  when  they  ex 
pand,  and  displays  an  elegant  little  wreath  of  tentacles,  much  as  in 
A.  ramosum,  (see  fig.  257.)  The  A.  parasiticum  is  also  a  species  hitherto 
neglected  on  our  coasts.  It  forms  thin  crusts  on  alga3  and  hydroids, 
which  generally  become  coated  with  a  layer  of  fine  sand  or  dirt.  I 
have  not  observed  it  at  low-water,  but  have  found  it  at  the  depth  of  a 
few  fathoms  on  rocky  bottoms  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

The  Vesicularia  dichotoma  V.  is  a  very  common  species,  both  on 
rocky  shores,  in  pools  and  on  the  under  side  of  stones ;  and  in  shallow 
water  on  rocky  and  shelly  bottoms.  It  is  also  capable  of  living  in 
brackish  water,  and  is  frequent  on  the  oyster-beds.  It  usually  forms 
csespitose  clusters  of  many  crowded,  slender,  white  stems,  each  of 
which  is  repeatedly  forked,  branching  in  a  somewhat  arborescent  man 
ner.  There  is  a  little  crowded  cluster  of  small,  dark-colored,  oval  or 
pear-shaped  cells  just  below  each  fork,  the  cells  being  sessile  and 
arranged  in  two  somewhat  spiral  rows  in  each  cluster.  It  generally 
grows  about  an  inch  high,  but  sometimes  two  or  three  inches.  When 
expanded  each  of  the  zooids  protrudes  from  its  cell-like  body  a  delicate 
wreath  of  eight  slender  tentacles. 

The  Vesicularia  cuscuta  is  a  delicate,  creeping  species,  which  resem 
bles,  in  miniature,  the  u  dodder- plant,"  (Cuscuta,)  and  creeps  over  other 
bryozoa  and  hydroids,  very  much  as  the  dodder  creeps  over  other 


[405]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         Ill 

plants.  The  stem  is  very  delicate,  filiform,  jointed,  and  at  intervals 
gives  off  two  very  slender,  opposite  branches,  which  diverge  at  right 
angles,  and  in  their  turn  branch  at  intervals  in  the  same  way.  The 
cells  are  small  and  oval  or  elliptical,  mostly  arranged  in  clusters  at  or 
near  the  branchings  of  the  stems,  but  some  are  often  scattered  on 
the  branches ;  they  are  attached  by  a  narrow  base.  It  occurs  both  at 
low-water  in  pools  and  in  shallow  water  among  rocks.  The  V.  armata 
is  also  a  creeping  species,  but  the  cells  are  terminated  by  four  conical 
prominences,  each  of  which  bears  a  slender  spine  when  perfect.  This 
also  occurs  both  between  tides  and  in  shallow  water,  on  hydroids  and 
bryozoa. 

With  these  species  of  Vesicularia,  and  often  attached  to  them  and 
creeping  over  them,  as  well  as  on  other  kinds  of  bryozoa,  hydroids, 
and  algre,  a  very  curious  little  species  often  occurs,  in  which  the  cells 
are  small,  campanulate,  and  raised  on  slender  pedicels,  which  rise 
from  slender,  white,  creeping  stems.  This  is  the  Pedicellina  Americana. 
The  zooids,  when  expanded,  display  a  wreath  of  twelve  or  more  tenta 
cles  ;  in  contraction  and  when  young  they  are  often  clavate. 

The  JEtea  anguinea  has  not  been  recorded  as  from  our  coast,  but  is  very 
common  on  rocky  and  shelly  bottoms,  creeping  over  various  hydroids, 
algae,  ascidians,  broyozoa,  &c. ;  it  also  frequently  occurs  on  floating  eel- 
grass  and  algre,  in  company  with  many  hydroids.  It  consists  of  delicate, 
white,  creeping,  calcareous  stolons,  from  which  arise  elongated,  slen 
der,  clavate,  white,  rigid,  erect  cells,  with  the  aperture  at  the  end  ;  the 
narrower,  pedicel-like  portion  of  the  cell  is  surrounded  by  fine,  circu 
lar,  punctate  strios. 

The  Eucrate  chelata  is  also  a  slender,  creeping  species,  and  has  some 
what  similar  habits,  but  is  much  less  common,  and  has  been  met  with 
only  in  the  deeper  parts  of  Vineyard  Sound  on  ascidians  and  hydroids. 
In  this  species  each  cell  arises  from  the  back  of  the  preceding  one,  near 
the  end,  and  bends  upward  and  forward  obliquely,  the  cell  expanding 
from  a  narrow,  pedicel-like,  basal  portion  to  a  more  or  less  oval  upper 
part,  with  the  aperture  oblique  and  subterminal.  This,  also,  is  a  new 
addition  to  the  fauna  of  our  coast,  although,  like  the  last,  long  well 
known  on  the  coast  of  Europe. 

The  Diastopora  patina  grows  attached  to  algae  and  eel-grass j  it  forms 
little  circular  disks,  with  tubular  cells  arising  from  the  upper  surface, 
those  in  the  middle  being  longest. 

The  Tubulipora  flabellaris  frequently  occurs  attached  to  various  kinds 
of  slender-branched  alga?,  such  asAhnfeltia  plicata,  &c.  It  forms  small, 
blunt-lobed,  coral-like  masses,  composed  of  long,  crooked,  tubular  cells, 
united  by  a  porous  mass  at  base.  Toward  the  borders  of  the  lobes  the 
cells  are  crowded  and  polygonal.  In  the  central  parts  they  are  more 
cylindrical  and  form  groups  or  radiating  rows.  Associated  with  the 
preceding  on  the  algre,  Crisia  eburnea,  (p.  311 ;)  Mollia  liyalina,  (Plate 
XXXIV,  fig.  2G4;)  Cellepora  ramulosa,  (p.  312;)  and  other  species  oc- 


112       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [406] 

cur.  The  Membranipora  pilvsa  (Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  262,  263)  is  frequent 
on  rocky  bottoms,  growing  chiefly  upon  Phyllophora  and  other  algae. 
It  may  be  known  by  the  oval  cells,  bordered  by  erect,  bristle-like  pro 
cesses,  of  which  the  one  at  the  proximal  end  of  the  cell  is  much  longer 
than  the  rest. 

Another  species,  M.  Uneata,  is  also  common,  incrusting  rocks  and 
shells  in  broad,  thin,  radiating  patches.  In  this  the  cells  are  oblong? 
crowded,  and  separated  only  by  the  linear  margins.  In  the  most  com 
mon  variety  there  are  eight  or  ten  slender  spinules  on  each  side  of  the 
cells,  which  bend  over  so  as  to  meet  or  interlock  across  the  open  cells. 
The  cells  are  much  smaller  as  well  as  narrower  than  those  of  the  pre 
ceding  species. 

Of  Echinoderms  only  a  few  species  occur  in  this  region,  on  rocky  bot 
toms,  which  causes  this  fauna  to  contrast  very  strongly  with  that  of  the 
rocky  bottoms  farther  north,  as  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  or  on  the  coast  of 
Maine,  where  numerous  other  fine  species  of  star-fishes  and  several  addi 
tional  Holothurians  are  common.  The  common  green  sea-urchin,  Stron~ 
gylocentrotm  Drobachiemis,  (Plate  XXXY,  fig.  268,)-  so  very  abundant 
farther  north,  and  especially  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  where  it  occurs  in 
abundance  at  low-water  mark,  and  on  rocky  bottoms  at  all  depths 
down  to  110  fathoms,  and  off  St.  George's  Bank  even  down  to  450  fath 
oms,  is  comparatively  rare  in  this  region  and  chiefly  confined  to  the 
outside  colder  waters,  as  off  Gay  Head  and  No  Man's  Land,  where  it 
was  quite  common.  But  a  few  specimens  were  dredged  at  several  local 
ities  in  Vineyard  Sound.  The  largest  occured  on  the  rocky  bottoms  off 
West  Chop,  and  off  Menemsha.  It  has  been  found  occasionally  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  as  off  New  Haven  and  Stratford,  Connecticut,  but  is 
there  quite  rare  and  small.  It  feeds  partly  on  diatoms  arid  other  small 
algse,  £c.,  which  it  cuts  from  the  rocks  with  the  sharp  points  of  its 
teeth,  but  it  is  also  fond  of  dead  fishes,  which  are  soon  devoured,  bones 
and  all,  by  it  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  In  return  it  is  swallowed  whole  in 
large  quantities  by  the  wolf-fish  and  by  other  large  fishes.  The  purple 
sea-urchin,  Arlacia  punctulata,  is  much  more  abundant  in  Vineyard 
Sound  and  similar  waters,  in  this  region.  This  is  a  southern  species 
which  is  here  near  its  northern  limit.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  its 
rather  stout,  unusually  long,  purple  spines  ;  by  its  ambulacral  pores  in 
two  simple  rows ;  by  the  upper  surface  of  the  shell  being  partly  desti 
tute  of  spines  ;  and  by  the  anal  region,  at  the  summit  of  the  shell,  which 
is  formed  of  only  four  rather  large  plates.  It  occurred  of  large  size, 
associated  with  the  preceding  species,  off  West  Chop  and  Holmes's 
Hole  5  it  was  quite  abundant  in  the  passage  at  Wood's  Hole,  especially 
on  shelly  and  gravelly  bottoms  north  of  Naushawena  Island,  and  it  was 
met  with  at  many  other  localities. 

The  common  green  star-fish,  Asterias  arenicola,  (p.  326,  Plate  XXXV, 
fig.  269,)  is  very  common  on  all  the  rocky  bottoms  in  this  region.  A 
smaller  and  more  beautiful  northern  star-fish  was  occasionally  met  with 


[407}        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        113 

in  Wood's  Hole  passage  ami  several  other  localities  on  rocky  or  grav 
elly  bottoms.  This  was  the  CribreUa  sanguinolenta  ;  it  is  much  more  com 
mon  north  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  north 
ward  to  Greenland  ;  it  is  also  found  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe. 
It  has  not  been  found  much  south  of  Vineyard  Sound  on  this  coast. 
It  can  easily  be  distinguished  by  its  five  round,  tapering  rays,  covered 
with  small  spinules,  and  by  having  only  two  rows  of  locomotive  suckers 
in  the  grooves  on  the  under  side  of  the  rays,  instead  of  four  rows,  as  in 
the  common  star-fishes  belonging  to  the  genus  Asterias.  Its  color  is 
quite  variable.  It  is  often  orange,  or  purple,  or  rose-color,  or  cream- 
color,  and  sometimes  mottled  with  red  and  purple,  &c.  Unlike  the  pre 
ceding,  and  most  other  species  of  our  star-fishes,  this  does  not  have  free- 
swimming  young.  Its  eggs  are  deposited  around  the  mouth,  and  re 
tained  by  the  mother  until  they  develop  into  little  star-fishes  capable  of 
taking  care  of  themselves. 

The  Hydroids  are  very  numerous  on  rocky  bottoms.  A  few  species, 
like  Hydractmia  polycllna  (p.  328)  and  the  Thamnocnida  tenella,  attach 
themselves  directly  to  the  rocks,  but  the  greater  number  adhere  to  as- 
cidians,  algre,  or  to  other  hydroids.  Many  of  the  species  are  also  to  be 
found  on  the  rocky  shores  in  tide-pools,  and  have  already  been  mentioned. 
Among  those  not  yet  detected  at  low  water  is  a  delicate  species  of  Phi - 
mularia,  with  slender,  alternately  pinnate  branches,  which  was  found 
growing  upon  rocks  in  company  with  Hydractinia.  The  Thamnocnida 
tenella  is  a  Tubularian  which  grows  in  clusters,  two  or  three  inches  high, 
consisting  of  long,  slender,  somewhat  branched  stems,  which  are  more  or 
less  crooked,  and  usually  irregularly  and  distantly  annulated,  with  beau 
tiful  pink  heads  at  the  top.  The  general  appearance  is  like  that  of  the 
Parypha,  (Plate  XXXV 1,  fig.  274.)  The  Obelia  dichotoma  was  found  grow 
ing  upon  ascidiaus  (Cynthia  partita,  &c.)  in  8  or  10  fathoms,  among  rocks. 
It  is  a  well-known  European  species,  but  has  not  hitherto  been  established 
as  an  inhabitant  of  our  coast.  It  has  dark,  horn-colored,  slender  stems, 
with  pretty  long  and  rather  erect,  slender,  alternate  branches,  which 
branch  again  in  the  same  way.  The  hydroid  cells  are  deeply  cainpauu- 
late,  with  the  margin  slightly  sinuous  or  scolloped,  the  slight  notches 
corresponding  with  faint  angular  ridges  which  run  down  on  the  upper 
parts  of  the  cells,  giving  the  upper  half  a  slightly  polygonal  form.  In 
this  respect  this  species  closely  resembles  the  Obelia  commisuralis.  The 
reproducsive  capsules  are  elongated,  urn-shaped,  with  a  narrow,  raised, 
sub-conical  neck. 

The  Obelia  geniculata  is  often  very  abundant  on  the  fronds  of  Lami- 
naria  and  other  alga3  having  flat  fronds.  Its  creeping  tubular  stolons 
often  thickly  cover  the  surface  with  a  complete  net-work;  from  these 
the  erect  stems  rise  to  the  height  of  about  an  inch.  This  species  may 
be  known  by  the  prominent  geniculatkm  at  the  origin  of  the  hydroid 
pedicels.  The  Obelia  fusiformis  has  a  similar  mode  of  growth,  but  is 


114       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [408] 

much  less  common.  Its  hydroid  cells  are  comparatively  small  and  their 
pedicels  very  short. 

Several  very  delicate  and  beautiful  creeping  hydroids,  belonging  to 
the  Campanularians,  also  occur  attached  to  larger  hydroids,  and  the 
algse.  Among  these  are  ClytiaJohnstoni,  having  comparatively  large,  bell- 
shaped  cups,  with  a  notched  rim,  each  borne  on  a  long,  slender,  generally 
simple  pedicel,  ringed  at  each  end,  and  arising  from  the  creeping  stems. 
The  reproductive  capsules  are  urn-shaped  and  aimulated.  The  C.  inter 
media  is  quite  similar  in  its  growth,  but  has  smaller  and  deeper  cups,  with 
smaller  notches  around  the  rim.  The  Orthopyxis  caliculata  grows  in  the 
same  manner ;  it  has  beautiful  little  bell-shaped  or  cup-shaped  cells, 
with  an  even  rim,  each  borne  on  a  long,  slender,  annulated  pedicel  with 
one  of  the  rings,  just  below  the  cup,  very  prominent.  Its  reproductive 
capsules  are  large,  oblong,  smooth,  and  obtuse  at  the  end.  The  Platy- 
pyxis  cylindrica  has  small,  very  deep ,  somewhat  cylindrical  cups,  with 
the  rim  divided  into  sharp  teeth  or  notches ;  each  one  is  borne  on  a  small, 
slender  pedicel,  generally  less  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch  high,  feebly 
aimulated  at  each  end.  The  reproductive  capsules  are  elongated,  com 
pressed,  flaring  slightly  at  the  end.  The  Campanularia  volubilis,  is  also 
a  very  small,  but  elegant  species ;  it  has  deep  cylindrical  cups,  which  have 
a  regularly  scolloped  rim,  the  scollops  being  small  and  evenly  rounded. 
The  pedicels  are  very  slender,  and  are  annulated  spirally  throughout 
their  whole  length,  so  as  to  appear  as  if  twisted ;  just  below  the  cup 
there  is  one  prominent  rounded  annulation,  or  bead,  the  whole  resem 
bling  iu,  miniature  the  stem  of  certain  wine-glasses  and  glass  vases. 
The  reproductive  capsules  are  vase- shaped,  attached  by  short  pedicels, 
and  have  the  neck  elongated  and  gradually  narrowed  to  the  end, 
which  flares  slightly. 

The  Lafoea  calcarata  is  also  a  small  creeping  hydroid,  belonging  to 
another  family.  It  has  curved  tubular  cells.  It  nearly  always  grows  on 
Sertularia  cornicina,  which  is  a  small  species,  resembling  8.  pumila, 
(Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  279.)  The  Sertularia  argentea  (Plate  XXXVII,  fig. 
280)  is  a  large,  profusely  branched  species,  often  growing  to  the  length 
of  a  foot  or  more.  It  is  very  abundant  in  this  region.  S.  cupressina  is 
closely  related,  but  much  less  common.  The  Hydrallmania  falcata  is 
also  a  large  species  very  common  on  these  bottoms.  It  can  be  easily 
distinguished  by  the  spiral  arrangement  of  its  branches  and  the  unilateral 
arrangement  of  its  jug-shaped  cells  along  the  branches. 

The  Eudendrium  ramosum  and  E.  dispar  are  not  uncommon  on  rocky 
bottoms,  and  are  both  beautiful  species,  somewhat  resembling  the 
Pennaria,  (Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  277.) 

The  species  of  Polyps  are  the  same  as  those  found  on  rocky  shores 
at  low-water  mark.  The  coral,  Astrangia  Dance,  (p.  329,)  is  much  more 
common  than  on  the  shores,  and  grows  larger,  some  of  the  specimens 
becoming  four  or  five  inches  across,  and  rising  up  in  the  middle  into 


[409]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OP    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        115 

lobes  or  irregular  branches,  sometimes  nearly  two  inches  high,  making 
very  elegant  specimens. 

Numerous  sponges  also  occur,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  carefully 
studied.  One  of  the  most  abundant  is  a  species  of  Chalina,  which  grows 
up  in  clusters  of  slender,  soft,  smooth  branches,  five  or  six  inches 
high,  and  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  pale 
yellowish  or  buff-color  while  living.  It  makes  very  delicate,  white,  and 
beautiful  specimens  when  the  animal  matter  has  been  thoroughly  washed 
out  and  the  sponge  dried  in  the  sun,  which  can  be  best  done  by  hang 
ing  them  up  in  a  reversed  position,  owing  to  the  flexibility  of  the  branches 
when  wet.  This  species  is  closely  related  to  the  Chalina  oculata,  which 
also  occurs  in  this  region,  in  the  outside  cold  waters,  as  off  Gay  Head, 
and  is  abundant  farther  north  and  on  the  coast  of  Europe ;  but  the  pre 
sent  species  is  much  more  delicate,  with  more  slender  and  rounder 
branches,  and  it  seems  to  be  a  southern  form,  for  it  is  common  all  along 
our  coast  as  far,  at  least,  as  North  Carolina. 

The  common,  irregularly  branched,  red  sponge  is  found  in  abundance, 
and  also  several  light  yellow,  irregular,  soft,  massive  species  of  Tedania, 
and  the  firm,  massive,  sulphur-yellow  CUona  sulphured. 

List  of  species  ordinarily  found  on  the  rocky  bottoms  of  the   bays  and 

sounds. 

ARTIOULATA. 

Insects. 

Page.  Page. 

Chiron oinus  halophilus 415     Palleue,  sp 421 

Crustacea. 

Page.  :  Page. 

Cancer  irroratus 395  j  Moera  levis 315 

C.  borealis 395  |  Autonoe,  sp 415 

Panopeus  depressus 395  I  Amphithoe  maculata 315 


P.  Sayi 395 

Pelia  mutica 395 

Eupagurus  pollicaris ,  395 

E.  longicarpus 395 

Homarus  Americanus 395 

Crangon  vulgaris  . . . , 395 

Hippolyte  pusiola 395 

My  sis  Americana 396 

Heteromysis  formosa 396 


A.  longimana 370 

Unciola  irrorata 340 

Cerapus  tubularis  (?) 396 

Caprella  geometrica 316 

Caprella,  sp 316 

Idotea  phosphorea 316 

Erichsonia  filiformis 316 

Balanus  crenatus 396 

Numerous  small    Eutomos- 


Lepidactylis  dytiscus 339  !      traca. 


116       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [410} 


Annelids. 


Page. 

Lepidouotus  squairiatus 397 

L.  sublevis 397 

Harmothoe  imbricata .......  397 

Pliyllodoce,  sp 397 

Eulalia,  sp 397 

Eumidia,  sp 397 

Autolytus  cornutus 397 

Autoly  tus,  sp , 398 

Nereis  pelagica 397 

Podarke  obscura 319 

MarpLysa  Leidyi 319 

Lumbriconereis  opaliua 397 


Ophelia  simplex 

Cirrhinereis  fragilis  . . . 

Naraganseta  coralii 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 

Nicolea  simplex . 

Scionopsis  palmata. . . 

Polyeirrus  eximius 

Potamilla  oculifera 

Sabella  microphthalma 

Fabricia  Leidyi 

Serpula  diantlms 

Spirorbis,  sp 


Page. 
319 
397 
397 
397 
397 
397 
320 
397 
397 
397 
397 
397 


Cosmocephala  ochracea 

Polinia  glutinosa.  - , , 


Nemerteans. 

Page.  | 

325    I   Cerebratulus?  sp. 

324    ! 


Page. 
324 


MOLLTJSCA. 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Fulgur  carica 399 

Sycotypus  canaliculatus 399 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 399 

Astyris  lunata ,  399 

A.  zonalis 399 

Anachis  avara 306 

Lacuna  viucta 305 

Bittiuin  nigruin 305 

Ceritbiopsis  Greenii 383 

C.  Emersonii , 417 


Triforis  nigrocinctus. . . 
Crueibuluiii  stoiatum .  . . 

Crepidula  fornicata 

C.  unguiformis 

Leptochiton  apiculatus 

L.  ruber 

Doto  coronata 

Polycera  Lessonii 

^Eolis,  sp 

Doridella  obscura 


Page. 
305 
399 
355 
355 
399 
399 
400 
400 
400 
400 


Lamellibranchs. 


Page. 

Mya  arenaria 401 

Saxicava  arctica 401 

ArgiDa  pexata 401 

Scapharca  transversa 401 


My  tikis  edulis 

Modiola  modiolus . . 
Anomia  glabra. . . . 
Ostraea  Virginiana 


Page. 
401 
401 
401 
401 


[411]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 

Ascidians. 


Page. 

Cynthia  partita 401 

Molgula  Manbatteiisis 401 

Perophora  viridis 401 

Leptoclinum  albidum 403 


L.  lutecium 

Amarcecium  stellatum 

A.  constellatum 

A.  pellucid  urn 


11? 


Page, 
403 
402 
403 
401 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 

Alcyonidium  ramosnm 404 

A.  hispidum 404 

A.  parasiticutn 404 

A.  birsutuin 404 

Vesicularia  gracilis 389 

V.  dichotoma 404 

V.  cuscuta 404 

V.  armata 405 

Tubulipora  flabellaris 405 

Diastopora  patina 405 

Orisia  eburnea  .  405 


Eucratea  chelata. . .    , 

JBtea  anguinea 

Bugula  turrita 

B.flabellata 

Membranipora  pilosa  . 

M.  lineata 

Escharipora  punctata . 
Escbarella  variabilis. . 

Mollia  hyalina 

Cellepora  ramulosa 

Pedicellina  Americana 


Page. 
405 
405 
405 
389 
406 
406 
40S 
403 
405 
405 
405 


BADIATA. 

EcMnoderms. 


Arbacia  punctulata 

Strorigylocentrotus      Dro- 
bachiensis  .  .    ..... 


Page. 
406 

406 


Asterias  arenicola  .... 
Cribrella  sanguinolenta 


Page,. 
406 
407 


Acaleplis. 


Page. 

Campanularia  flexuosa 327 

C.  volubilis 408 

Platypyxis  cylindrica 408 

Ortbopyxis  caliculata 408    , 

Olytia  Jobnstoni  , 408 

C.  intermedia 408 

Obelia  f usiformis 407 

O.  geniculata 407 

O.  dicbotoma 407 

O.  commisuralis 327 

Lafoea  calcarata 408 

Plumularia,  sp 407 


Sertularia  cornicina 

S.  argentea  

S.  cupressina 

Hydrallmania  falcata 

Halecium  gracile 

Bougaiuvillia  superciliaris 

Eudendrium  ramosum 

E.  dispar 

Pennaria  tiarella 

Tbamnocnida  tenella  

Hydractinia  polyclina 


Page, 


408 
408 
408 


408 
408- 
327 
40T 
407 


118       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [412] 

Polyps. 

Page,  j  Page. 

Metridium  marginatum 329       Astrangia  Daiwj! 408 

Sagartia  leucolena 329  | 

PROTOZOA. 
Sponges. 

Page.  Page. 

Grantia  ciliata 330      Chalina  oculata 409 

Cliona  sulphurea 409   j   Chalina,  slender  species 409 

Tedania 409   \   Several  other  sponges 409 

Sponge,  red  species 409 

Foraminifera. 

Page. 
Numerous  species 421 

<J.  FAUNA  OF  THE  GRAVELLY  AND  SHELLY  BOTTOMS  OF  THE  BAYS 

AND  SOUNDS. 

Bottoms  composed  of  gravel  or  pebbles,  often  with  small  stones,  and 
generally  with  a  considerable  proportion  of  dead  and  usually  broken  shells, 
were  of  frequent  occurence  in  Vineyard  Sound,  and  a  few  such  localities 
were  found  in  Buzzard's  Bay.  Similar  bottoms  of  small  extent  have 
also  been  examined  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven.  These 
bottoms  are  generally  the  most  productive  and  agreeable  for  the 
dredger,  for  they  are  the  favorite  abodes  of  large  numbers  of  animals 
of  all  classes,  and  the  contents  of  the  dredge  are  often  so  clean  that 
they  require  little  if  any  washing  in  the  sieves.  The}'  vary  much, 
however,  in  character,  some  of  them  consisting  mostly  of  gravel,  with 
pebbles  and  perhaps  small  scattered  boulders ;  others  consist  largely 
of  broken  shells,  especially  those  of  Mactra  solidissima  and  Crepidula 
fornicata,  mixed  with  more  or  less  gravel,  sand,  and  mud.  Others 
are  so  completely  overgrown  with  the  various  large  compound  asci- 
dians  described  above,  that  they  might  well  be  called  u  ascidian 
bottoms."  In  many  places,  however,  there  are  patches  of  mud  or  sand, 
scattered  here  and  there  over  a  bottom  which  is  mostly  of  gravel  and 
shells,  so  that  the  dredge  will  often  bring  up  more  or  less  mud  or  sand, 
with  some  of  the  animals  peculiar  to  such  patches,  mixed  with  those 
peculiar  to  the  gravelly  bottoms,  thus  augmenting  the  number  and 
variety  of  animals.  In  other  cases  more  or  less  mud  and  sand  may  be 
mixed  with  the  gravel  throughout,  or  the  bottom  may  be  in  process  of 
€hanging  from  inud  or  sand  to  gravel,  or  the  contrary,  owing  to  frequent 
•changes  in  the  directions  of  the  currents,  produced  chiefly  by  the  action 
of  storms  upon  the  shoals  and  bars  of  sand.  Hence  it  is  often  difficult  to 


[413]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        119 

distinguish  with  certainty  the  animals  properly  inhabiting  the  gravelly 
and  shelly  bottoms  from  those  that  pertain  to  the  muddy  and  sandy 
bottoms,  but  for  our  present  purposes  it  is  not  necessary  to  make  a  very 
sharp  distinction  between  the  different  lists,  for  many  species  are  com 
mon  to  all,  and  the  areas  of  the  different  kinds  of  bottom  are  generally 
small  in  this  region,  and  evidently  may  change  their  character  from 
time  to  time. 

After  a  single  storm  the  character  of  the  bottom,  in  some  localities, 
was  found  to  be  greatly  altered  over  wide  areas,  sometimes  several  miles 
in  extent,  at  depths  of  two  to  ten  fathoms,  and  the  animal  life  at  the  bot 
tom  was  always  found  to  have  changed  very  quickly,  when  the  physical 
character  of  the  bottom  had  been  modified.  The  most  frequent  cause 
of  change  was  the  accumulation  of  immense  quantities  of  dead  sea 
weeds  and  eel-grass  over  bottoms  that,  a  few  days  before,  had  been  per 
fectly  free  from  it.  Such  accumulations  must  either  kill  the  majority  of 
the  animals  inhabiting  gravelly,  sandy,  or  rocky  bottoms,  or  else  cause 
them  to  migrate.  In  all  probability  the  majority  of  them  perish,  at 
such  times,  beneath  the  accumulations.  In  other  cases  one  or  two 
storms  sufficed  to  change  gravelly  and  shelly  bottoms  to  sandy  ones, 
causing,  undoubtedly,  great  destruction  of  life  and  a  great  change  in  its 
character  over  particular  areas.  These  changes  in  the  character  of  the 
deposits  accumulating  on  the  bottom,  attended  with  extermination  of 
life  and  changes  in  its  character  in  particular  localities,  illustrate  on  a 
small  scale  similar  phenomena  that  have  constantly  occurred  on  a 
grander  scale  in  the  history  of  the  past  life  of  the  globe,  during  all  the 
geological  ages,  from  the  first  commencement  of  life.  Practically  it  was 
found  quite  difficult  to  find,  in  this  region,  large  areas  of  gravelly  and 
shelly  bottoms,  without  some  admixture  with  mud  or  sand,  and  it  very 
seldom  happened  that  a  continuous  series  of  dredgiugs  could  be 
made  on  such  bottoms  without  encountering  patches  of  mud  and  sand. 
Therefore  the  accompanying  list  of  species  undoubtedly  contains  many 
that  belong  rather  to  muddy  or  sandy  bottoms  than  to  those  now 
under  discussion,  for  species  have  not  been  excluded  unless  well  known 
from  many  observations,  to  be  peculiar,  or  nearly  so,  to  mud  or  sand 
and  rarely  met  with  on  true  hard  bottoms. 

The  following  are  the  principal  localities  where  this  kind  of  bottom 
was  explored  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  vicinity,  but  those  belonging  to 
the  outside  cold  area  are  not  included  : 

First.  An  extensive  area  extending  from  oft'  Nobska  Point  eastward, 
nearly  parallel  with  the  shore,  with  some  interruptions  of  sandy  bot. 
torn,  as  far  as  Suconesset  Shoal,  mostly  in  three  to  eight  fathoms  of 
water  5  on  this  bottom  were  the  dredgings  of  line  6,  a,  ft,  c,  rf,  e,f;  21, 
a,  fc,  c,  d;  22,  a,  &,  c,  d;  23,  a,  &,  e,f;  25,  &,  c,  d;  26,  a,  &,  c,  d,  e;  34, 
a,  &,  c,  d,  <?,/;  35,  a,  ft,  c,  d,  e. 

Second.  Another  similar  region  nearly  parallel  with  the  southeastern 
shores  of  Naushon  and  Nonamesset  Island  and  extending  out  into  mid- 


1*20       KEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [414] 

channel;  dredgings  on  line  5,  «-,  b;  7,  I,  c,  d;  8,  c,  d,  e,f,g;  42,  «., 
b  ;  43,  a,  b,  c,  d,  e,  were  made  on  the  shallower  portion  of  this  ground, 
mostly  in  three  to  eight  fathoms ;  38,  a,  &,  c  ;  39,  «.,  ft  ;  40,  a,  &,  c,  e?  / 
41,  b  ;  44,  a,  fc,  c,  <Z,  e  ;  46,  e,  were  made  in  the  deeper  parts  of  the  chan 
nel,  in  eight  to  fifteen  fathoms. 

Third.  Several  areas,  in  the  deeper  waters  of  the  sound,  north  and 
northeast  of  Holme's  Hole,  and  doubtless  continuous  with  the  last  area; 
dredgings,  at  line  28,  a,  &,  c,  d,  c,f ;  29,  a,  &,  c;  31,  «,  &,  c,  d,  e  ;  32, 
«.,  &,  c  ;  33,  a,  ft,  c,  tf,  were  made  on  these  bottoms. 

Fourth.  A  narrow  strip  of  clean  gravelly  bottom,  swept  by  the  strong 
currents  passing  around  West  Chop,  and  situated  between  the  "  Middle 
Ground'7  Shoals  and  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  extending  around  to  East 
Chop,  with  an  interruption  of  rocky  bottom  just  opposite  West  Chop  ; 
dredgings  on  line  37,  a,  &,  c,  tf,  g,  h  ;  47,  a,  and  48,  #,  fr,  c,  d,  were  made 
on  this  area. 

Fifth.  Iii  the  channel,  at  the  entrance  to  Great  Harbor,  off  Nonaniesset 
Island,  and  partially  extending  into  the  harbor,  there  is  more  or  less 
gravelly  and  shelly  bottom,  frequently  alternating  with  rocks  and 
often  composed  chiefly  of  dead  shells,  (mainly  Crepidula  fornicata.) 
This  place  is  swept  by  the  powerful  tidal  currents  running  through 
Wood's  Hole  Passage;  dredgings  at  line  3,  d,  e;  5,  ejf,g;  13,  a,  b; 
18,  a,  Z>,  c,  d  ;  19,  a  ;  20, a,  &,  and  many  others  not  indicated  on  the  chart, 
were  made  here. 

Sixth.  Another  area  at  the  other  end  of  Wood's  Hole  Passage,  north 
of  Hadley  Harbor,  and  extending  out  into  Buzzard's  Bay  a  short  dis 
tance  ;  some  parts  of  this  region  had  a  smooth  hard  bottom  of  fine 
gravel  and  sand,  or  coarse  sand ;  in  other  places  it  was  more  or  less 
stony :  dredgings  on  line  10,  e,  f ;  11,  a,  ft,  c,  d,  e,  g  ;  12,  &,  c ;  70,  a, 
b,  c,  d  ;  71,  «,  &,  were  on  these  gravelly  bottoms. 

Seventh.  A  shallow  region  oif  Cataumet  Harbor,  in  Buzzard's  Bay  ; 
the  bottom  here  was  hard  gravel  and  shells,  much  overgrown  with  algse  j 
dredgings  at  line  G5,  a,  Z>,  and  others  not  indicated,  were  made  here. 

Eighth.  At  Quick's  Hole,  in  the  channel  between  Nashawena  and 
Pasque  Islands,  good  gravelly  bottom  was  found;  di edgings  at  line 
45,  a,  b;  7G,  a,  Z>,  c;  77,  c,  d,  e,/,  were  on  this  area. 

Similar  bottoms  of  small  extent  were  also  met  with  in  other  places. 
There  are  also  gravelly  bottoms  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Vineyard 
Sound,  near  its  mouth,  as  off  Menemsha,  but  as  these  are  inhabited  by 
the  more  northern  species  of  animals,  they  will  be  grouped  with  those  of 
the  outside  waters. 

The  animals  of  gravelly  and  shelly  bottoms  may  be  burrowing  or  tube- 
dwelling  species,  like  many  annelids,  amphipods,  bivalve-shells,  &c. ; 
they  may  be  species  that  adhere  directly  to  the  shells  and  pebbles,  like  cer 
tain  hydroids,  bryozoa,  bivalve-shells,  and  the  numerous  ascidians ;  the 
latter  are  quite  as  numerous  here  as  upon  the  rocky  bottoms,  and  for  the 
most  part  of  the  same  species;  they  may  be  species  that  hide  among 


[415]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,   ETC.        121 

the  shells  and  pebbles  or  between  the  ascidians,  &c.,  like  many  of  the 
larger  annelids,  some  of  the  crabs,  and  other  Crustacea,  &c. ;  they  may 
be  species  that  live  among  or  attached  to  the  hydroids,  bryozoa,  ascid 
ians,  and  algae  which  grow  upon  the  shells  and  pebbles ;  such  are  many 
of  the  small  Crustacea,  some  annelids,  many  small  gastropod  shells,  and 
most  of  the  more  delicate  bryozoa  and  hydroids ;  or  they  may  be  larger- 
kinds  that  creep  or  swim  about  over  the  bottom,  in  search  of  food,  such 
as  the  lobster,  the  larger  crabs,  hermit-crabs,  large  gastropod  moliusks, 
star-fishes,  sea-urchins,  holothurians,  &c.  Owing  to  the  great  abundance 
of  animal  life  on  bottoms  of  this  character  they  are  the  favorite  feeding- 
grounds  of  many  kinds  of  fishes,  such  as  the  tautog,  scup,  black 
bass,  haddock,  and  cod,  together  with  many  others  that  are  less  valua 
ble.  Most  of  the  "banks77  and  "fishing-grounds"  resorted  to  by  the 
line  fishermen  have  either  gravelly  and  shelly  or  else  rocky  bottoms, 
and  those  banks  most  frequented  by  fishes  are  almost  always  found  to 
be  rich  dredgiug-grounds.  The  gravelly  banks  in  this  region  are,  in 
winter  and  spring,  fishing-grounds  for  cod  and  haddock,  but  these  fishes 
retreat  to  colder  waters  in  the  summer. 

Among  the  Crustacea  the  most  abundant  and  important  species  are 
the  lobster,  Homarus  Americanus,  (p.  395,)  the  common  shrimp,  Cran- 
gon  vulgar  is,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10,)  the  common  rock-crab,  Cancer 
irroratus,  (p.  312,)  Panopeus  Sayi,  (p.  312,)  P.  depressus,  (p.  312,  Plate 
I,  fig.  3,)  the  larger  hermit-crab,  Eupagurus  polllcaris,  (p.  313,)  the 
smaller  hermit-crab,  E.  longicarpus  (p.  313,)  the  Heteromysis  formosa, 
(p.  396,)  My  sis  Americana,  (p.  396,)  Unicola  irrorata,  (p.  340,  Plate  IV 
fig.  19,)  Amphithoe  maculata,  (p.  315,  Plate  IV.  fig.  16,)  Corophium  cyl- 
indricum,  (p.  370,)  which  lives  among  the  hydroids,  and  a  species  of 
Autonoe,  wThich  lives  in  the  crevices  among  the  lobes  of  the  sandy 
ascidians  (Amarcedum  pellucidum)  in  large  numbers.  The  barnacle,  Bal. 
anus  crenatus,  (p.  396,)  is  very  abundant. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  Crustacea  met  with  was  the  Het- 
erocrypta  granulata,  which  occurred  off*  Falmouth  and  near  Suconesset 
light-ship.  This  is  one  of  the  triangular  crabs  in  which  the  carapax  is 
smooth ;  the  chelipeds  are  long  and  triangular.  It  is  a  southern 
.species,  occurring  on  the  Florida  coast,  and  is  new  to  our  fauna. 

Another  triangular  crab,  the  Pelia  mutica,  also  occurs  on  these  bot 
toms,  but  this  has  a  rough  carapax,  and  resembles  a  small  specimen  of 
the  common  spider-crabs,  Libinia. 

Clinging*  to  and  creeping  over  the  hydroids  and  ascidians  a  singular 
long-legged  Pycnogonid  is  often  met  with  on  shelly  bottoms.  This  is  the 
Phoxichilidium  maxillare,  (Plate  VII,  fig.  35.)  It  is  most  frequently 
deep  purple  in  color,  but  gray  and  brown  specimens  are  often  met  with. 

The  larvae  of  a  fly,  Chironomus  lialopliilus,  was  dredged  in  five  fathoms. 

The  Annelids  are  quite  numerous,  and  the  majority  of  them  are  the 
same  as  those  found  on  the  rocky  bottoms,  for  the,  same  species  inhabit 
.the  interstices  of  the  massive  asoidimis,  found  equally  on  both  kinds  of 


l22      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [416] 

bottom,  and  the  same  tube-dwelling  species  can  attach  themselves  to 
stones  and  shells  just  as  well  as  to  rocks.  Most  of  the  additional  species 
are  burrowing  kinds,  and  some  of  them  probably  inhabited  patches  of 
mud  or  sand.  Among  the  more  interesting  species  are  Nephthys  bucera, 
(Plate  XII,  fig.  58  ;)  Antliostoma  acutum  Y.,  a  new  species  ;  Scolecolepis 
cirratd)  new  to  the  American  coast  j  Scalibregma  brevicauda  Y.,  a  very 
interesting  new  species ;  Cirratulus  tennis  Y.,  a  new  species ;  Ampha- 
rete  setosa  Y.,  also  a  new  species  ;  Serpula  dianthus  Y.,  (p.  322.)  Several 
rare  or  undescribed  species  were  also  met  with  that  have  not  yet  been 
fully  identified.  Among  these  were  a  peculiar  species  of  Nereis ;  a  large 
Anthostoma  ;  a  young  Polydora  ;  an  apparently  undescribed  species  of 
Samytlia  ;  a  species  of  Euclione,  perhaps  identical  with  E.  elegans  Y. ; 
the  calcareous  tubes  of  a  small  worm,  perhaps  a  Verm-ilia,  which  have 
two  carina  on  the  upper  side. 

Two  species  of  Sipunculoids  occurred,  one  of  which  is  probably  un 
described.  The  other  is  the  Phascolosoma  ccementarium,  (Plate  XYIII, 
fig.  92,)  a  species  very  common  on  all  the  northern  coasts  of  New  Eng 
land  in  deep  water.  This  worm  takes  possession  of  a  dead  shell  of  some 
small  Gastropod,  like  the  hermit-crabs,  but  as  the  aperture  is  always 
too  large  for  the  passage  of  its  body,  it  fills  up  the  space  around  it  with 
a  very  hard  and  durable  cement,  composed  of  mud  and  sand  united  to 
gether  by*  a  secretion  from  the  animal,  leaving  only  a  small,  round  open 
ing,  through  which  the  worm  can  extend  the  anterior  part  of  its  body  to 
the  distance  of  one  or  two  inches,  and  into  which  it  can  entirely  with 
draw  at  will.  It  thus  lives  permanently  in  its  borrowed  shell,  dragging  it 
about  wherever  it  wishes  to'go,  by  the  powerful  contractions  of  its  body, 
which  can  be  extended  in  all  directions  and  is  very  changeable  in  form. 
When  fully  extended  the  forward  or  retractile  part  is  long  and  slender, 
and  furnished  close  to  the  end  with  a  circle  of  small,  slender  tentacles, 
which  surround  the  mouth ;  there  is  a  band  of  minute  spiuules  just 
back  of  the  tentacles ;  the  anal  orifice  is  at  the  base  of  the  retractile 
part ;  the  region  posterior  to  this  has  a  firmer  and  more  granulous  skin, 
and  is  furnished  toward  the  posterior  end  with  a  broad  band  of  scat 
tered,  blackish,  acute,  recurved  spinules,  more  or  less  triangular  in 
form,  which  evidently  aid  it  in  retaining  its  position  in  the  shell.  As  it 
grows  too  large  for  its  habitation,  instead  of  changing  it  for  a  larger 
shell,  as  the  hermit-crabs  do,  it  gradually  extends  its  tube  outward  be 
yond  the  aperture  by  adding  new  materials  to  it.  Some  of  the  fishes 
often  suddenly  cut  short  this  labor  by  swallowing  the  worm,  shell  and  all. 

In  July  the  common  squids,  Loligo  Pealii,  (Plate  XX,  figs.  102-105,)  were 
taken  in  considerable  numbers  by  means  of  the  trawl,  on  gravelly  and 
shelly  bottoms  off  Falmouth,  and  with  them  large  quantities  of  the  eggs 
contained  in  large  bunches  or  groups  of  long,  gelatinous  capsules. 
They  were  apparently  spawning  at  that  time. 

Although  the  Gastropod  mollusks  are  seldom  very  numerous  at  any 
particular  spot  on  these  bottoms,  yet  a  pretty  large  number  of  species 


[417]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         123 

occur,  and  they  are  quite  generally  diffused.  Many  of  them  have 
already  been  enumerated  as  occurring  on  rocky  bottoms.  The  Fnlgur 
carica,  (p.  355,  Plate  XX,  fig.  124,)  and  the  Sycotypus  canaliculatus,  (p. 
355,)  are  found  chiefly  on  these  bottoms,  and  are  often  very  abundant. 
Over  a  barrel  of  living  specimens  were  obtained  on  a  single  excursion. 
The  Lunatia  heros,  (p.  354,  Plate  XXIII,  figs.  133-136,)  though  generally 
found  on  the  sandy  bottoms,  also  occurred  in  great  numbers  and  of 
very  large  size  on  some  of  the  gravelly  bottoms.  The  pretty  little 
Natica  pus-ilia  (Plate  XXIII,  fig]  132)  is  often  common  on  these  bottoms  ; 
it  is  usually  delicately  painted  with  brown. 

The  Crepidula  fornicata  (p.  355,  Plate  XXIII,  figs.  129, 129a)  was  one 
of  the  most  abundant  species,  often  occurring  adhering  to  each  other  in 
great  clusters,  the  lowest  ones  in  the  group  adhering  in  turn  to  dead 
bivalve  shells,  pebbles,  shells  of  living  Fulgur  and  Sycotypus,  and  still 
more  frequently  to  these  shells  when  dead  and  occupied  by  the  larger 
hermit-crabs,  (Eupagurus  pollicaris.}  The  dead  shells  of  this  Crepidula 
were  often  found  in  great  accumulations,  covering  considerable  areas 
of  bottom,  and  with  bat  little  admixture,  either  with  other  shells  or  with 
sand  and  gravel. 

The  Crepidula  unguiformis,  (p.  355,  Plate  XXIII,  fig.  127,)  though  very 
common,  did  not  occur  in  such  great  quantities.  Crucibulum  striatum 
(p.  399,  Plate  XXIII,  figs.  125,  126)  is  also  common,  adhering  to  vari 
ous  dead  shells. 

The  Vermetus  radicula  (Plate  XXIY,  fig.  157)  is  a  very  curious  shell, 
looking,  when  full  grown,  very  much  like  the  tube  of  an  Annelid,  such 
as  Serpula  or  Protula,  but  the  inhabitant  is  a  genuine  Gastropod,  and 
has  a  thin,  spiral,  horny  operculum,  for  closing  the  aperture  when  it 
withdraws.  When  young  this  shell  often  forms  a  very  regular,  closely 
coiled,  spiral  shell,  looking  like  that  of  a  Turritella,  and  sometimes  does 
not  become  irregular  until  the  spire  is  more  than  an  inch  long,  but  sooner 
or  later  it  goes  off  on  a  tangent  and  becomes  irregular  and  crooked. 
Sometimes  several  of  these  shells  interlock  irregularly  and  thus  form 
large  clusters. 

The  curious  and  minute  Ccecum  pulehellum  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  158)  is 
occasionally  met  with  in  considerable  numbers,  though  very  liable  to  be 
overlooked  owing  to  its  very  small  size.  Ccecum  costatum  V.  is  of  less 
frequent  occurrence,  and  easily  distinguished  by  the  prominent  ridges 
or  ribs  that  run  lengthwise  of  the  shell. 

Wherever' algaB  occur  in  abundance  on  these -bottoms,  the  Bittium 
nigrum  (p.  305,  XXIV,  fig.  154)  is  found  in  immense  numbers,  and  it  is 
generally  associated  with  Lacuna  vincta  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  139) 
and  with  a  few  specimens  of  Triforis  nigrocinctuSj  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV, 
fig.  152,)  Cerithiopsis  Greenii,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  153,)  Astyris  lunata, 
(Plate  XXI,  fig.  110,)  Anachis  avara,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  109,)  &c.  On  the 
shelly  bottoms  Cerithiopsis  tcrebralis  and  C.  Emersonii  ofter  occur,  but 
they  are  not  usually  common.  On  similar  bottoms,  sometimes  adhering  to 
10  v 


124       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [418] 

Pecten  and  other  shells,  we  cften  met  with  the  various  species  of  Odos- 
tomia,  among  which  0.  seminuda  (Plate  XXI V,  fig.  148,)  was  much  the 
most  common;  but  0. producta,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  143,)  0.  impressa, 
(Plate  XXIV,  fig.  147,)  and  0.  trijida,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  145,)  occurred 
in  shallow  water;  and  also  Turbonilla  elegans,  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  155,) 
which  is  a  very  handsome,  glossy,  brown  shell j  and  T.  interrupta,  which  is 
a  similar  shell,  but  more  slender,  with  less  convex  whorls.  The  Eulima 
oleacea  (Plate  XXIY,  fig.  149)  is  a  very  elegant,  white,  polished,  and 
shining  shell,  and  generally  rare,  but  in  two  instances  we  found  several 
of  them  adhering  to  the  skin  of  the  large  Holothurian,  Tliyone  Briareus, 
upon  which  it  seemed  to  live  as  a  quasi  parasite  or  "  commensal." 

On  shelly  and  muddy  bottoms  we  occasionally  found  Scalaria  lineata, 
(Plate  XXI,  fig.  123,)  and  S.  multistriata,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  122,)  both  of 
which  are  rare  and  elegant  shells.  The  Pleurotoma  Mcarinatum  (Plate 
XXI,  fig.  106)  occurred  rarely. 

The  bivalve  shells  are  also  quite  numerous  on  these  bottoms.  Among 
them  the  Mactra  solidissima  (p.  358,  Plate  XXVIII,  fig.  203)  is  most 
conspicuous  on  account  of  its  great  size  and  frequent  occurrence ;  its 
dead  shells  were  often  very  abundantly  scattered  over  the  bottom,  and 
were  generally  incrusted  with  numerous  bryozoa  and  hydroids.  The 
Gouldia  mactracea  (Plate  XXIX,  figs.  206, 207)  was  quite  common  in  many 
localities  in  a  living  state,  while  the  dead  shells  were  generally  diffused. 
Among  the  other  species  that  are  common  or  abundant  are  Scapharca 
transversa^  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  228,)  Clidiopliora  trilineata,  (Plate  XXVII, 
fig.  193,)  Nucula  proximo,,  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  230,)  Mytilus  edulis,  (Plate 
XXXI,  fig.  234,)  Modiola  modiolus,  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  237,)  Crenella 
glandula,  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  233,)  Pecten  irradians,  (Plate  XXXII,  fig. 
243,)  Anomia  glabra,  (Plate  XXXII,  figs.  241,  242.)  The  Modiolaria 
nigra  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  236)  occurred  only  in  few  localities  in  the  deep 
water  of  the  middle  of  the  Sound,  associated  with  the  common  muscle. 
The  Cumingia  tellinoides  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  221)  was  found  living  occa 
sionally,  but  its  dead  shells  were  quite  common.  The  same  is  true  of 
Corbula  contracta,  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  191,)  which  was  perhaps  a  little  more 
commonly  found  living  than  the  last.  The  Cyclas  dentata  (Plate  XXIX) 
fig.  211,)  is  a  handsomely  sculptured,  pure  white  shell,  which  we  met 
with  only  a  few  times  in  the  living  state,  though  dead  valves  often  oc 
curred.  The  same  remarks  will  apply  to  Coclodesma  Leanum,  (Plate 
XXVII,  fig.  198,)  of  which  the  shells  were  much  more  common.  The 
Kellia  planulata  (p.  310,)  and  Montacuta  elevata  also  occasionally  occur 
on  shelly  bottoms,  but  were  seldom  obtained  alive.  The  Cyclocardia 
lorealls  (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  216)  and  C.  N'ovanglioe  (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  215) 
were  quite  common  in  the  deeper  waters. 

The  Gastranella  tumida  V.,  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  190)  is  a  small  and 
rare  shell,  recently  discovered,  and  has,  as  yet,  been  found  only  on  a 
shelly  bottom  among  hydroids,  near  Xew  Haven,  in  4  or  5  fathoms. 
The  Anguhis  modestatus  V.  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  224)  is  a  species  recently 


[419]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       125 

described  from  specimens  dredged  by  us  in  Vineyard  Sound.  It  is  often 
handsomely  banded  with  light  red  and  pale  yellow.  It  is  still  a  rare 
species,  but  has  been  dredged  also  near  New  Haven. 

The  Ascidians,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  additional  species 
seldom  met  with,  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  rocky  bottoms,  and  they 
often  occur  in  immense  quantities,  especially  the  massive  sandy  ones, 
Amarcecium  pellucidum,  (p.  401,)  and  the  "  sea-pork,"  A.  stellatum,  (p. 
402,)  which  together  often  almost  entirely  cover  the  bottom  over  areas 
many  acres  in  extent.  They  furnish  excellent  hiding-places  in  the  open 
ings  and  crevices  between  their  lobes  for  numerous  Crustacea  and  Anne 
lids,  many  of  which  can  be  easily  secured  by  putting  the  masses  of 
these  ascidians  into  buckets  of  water  and  leaving  them  until  the  water 
begins  to  get  stale,  when  they  will  come  out  of  their  retreats  in  large 
numbers  and  seek  the  surface  or  edges  of  the  water  for  oxygen.  Or 
they  may  be  pulled  apart  directly  and  the  various  creatures  secured  at 
once. 

The  Molcjula  arenata  (Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  251)  is  a  nearly  globular, 
but  often  somewhat  flattened  species,  which  covers  itself  over  with  closely 
adherent  grains  of  sand  or  gravel.  It  is  most  common  on  sandy  bottoms 
but  is  found  also  on  gravelly  ones. 

The  Ciona  tenella  is  an  elongated,  erect  species,  attached  at  base  to 
rocks,  dead  shells,  &c.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  transparency,  whiteness, 
and  softness  of  its  integument,  and  for  the  bright  orange  ocelli  around 
its  orifices.  It  is  rare  in  this  region,  but  very  common  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

The  Bryozoa  are  very  abundant,  especially  on  the  shelly  bottoms. 
Some  of  them  grow  on  algce,  hydroids,  ascidiaus,  &c. ;  and  many 
form  incrustations  on  the  dead  shells  and  pebbles.  The  two  most 
abundant  and  prominent  species  are  Bugida  turrita  (p.  311,  Plate 
XXXIY,  figs.  258,  259)  and  Eschar  dla,  variabilis,  (p.  312,  Plate  XXXIII, 
fig.  256.)  The  former  grows  attached  to  the  various  sea-weeds  in  great 
quantities,  forming  delicate  white  plumes,  often  six  inches  to  a  foot  in 
length.  The  latter  mostly  forms  calcareous  incrustations  over  the  sur 
faces  of  dead  shells  and  pebbles,  thin  at  first,  but  eventually  becoming 
thickened  by  the  formation  of  layer  over  layer,  until  the  crust  may  be 
come  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness,  with  a  tabulated  and  vesicu 
lar  structure  in  the  interior.  The  masses  thus  formed  often  closely 
resemble  genuine  corals,  especially  some  of  the  ancient  fossil  forms, 
and  they  often  occur  in  great  quantities.  When  living  the  color  is  dull 
red,  but  when  recently  dried  they  have  a  yellowish -green  color,  which 
easily  bleaches  out,  however,  by  exposure  to  the  sun  and  air.  Vesicu- 
laria  diclwtoma,  (p.  404,)  Alcyonidium  ramosum,  (p.  404,  Plate  XXXIV, 
fig.  257,)  and  Crisia  eburnea  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  260,  261)  are 
usually  abundant.  Most  of  the  remaining  species  have  also  been  men 
tioned  in  the  previous  pages  as  inhabitants  of  rocky  bottoms,  or  else 
among  the  shore  species. 

Among  the  species  not  previously  mentioned  are  Cellepora  scabra, 


126       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [420] 

which  forms  branching,  coral-like  masses  on  the  slender  red  algae ;  a 
species  of  Lepralia,  found  with  the  last,  and  also  on  shells,  which  is  allied 
to  L.  Pallasiana  of  Europe;  Mollia  liyalina,  which  forms  circular  disks, 
with  irregular,  more  or  less  oblique  cells;  and  Membranipora  tennis, 
which  is  common  on  the  pebbles,  often  covering  their  whole  surface  with 
a  delicate  lace-like  incrustation,  made  up  of  very  small,  crowded,  oval 
or  oblong  cells,  which  have  the  inner  part  of  the  front  partly  closed  over, 
but  with  an  irregular,  mostly  three-lobed  aperture  toward  the  outer  end? 
which  is  bordered  by  small,  irregular  spinules. 

The  Vesicularia  fusca  was  also  found  in  a  few  instances,  in  deep  water. 
It  had  not  been  previously  known  on  the  American  coast.  Good  speci 
mens  of  the  Caberect  Ellisii  were  also  dredged  in  the  deeper  parts  of  Vine 
yard  Sound,  attached  to  ascidians. 

Of  Echinoderms  the  number  of  species  is  not  large.  The  common 
green  star-fish,  Asterias  arenicola  (Plate  XXXV,  fig.  269)  is  very  com 
mon;  the  Cribrella sanguinolenta,  (p.  407,)  is  comparatively  rare ;  and 
the  green  sea-urchin,  8.  DrobacMemis,  (p.  406,)  is  quite  infrequent. 
The  purple  sea-urchin,  Arbacia  punctulata,  (p.  326,)  is,  however,  quite 
common  in  many  localities.  The  largest  and  finest  specimens  were 
taken  off  Holmes'  Hole,  but  it  was  quite  abundant,  though  of  moder 
ate  size,  in  Great  Harbor  and  Wood's  Hole  passage.  The  Thyone  Bria- 
reus  (p.  362)  is  not  uncommon  in  shallow  water,  especially  among  weeds; 
it  has  already  been  mentioned,  (p.  418,)  as  carrying  Eulima  oleacea 
attached  to  its  skin. 

Another  Holothurian,  the  Pentamera  pulcliella,  seems  to  be  quite  com 
mon,  judging  by  the  numerous  specimens  thrown  on  Kobska  beach  by 
the  storms,  and  preserved  for  us  by  Mr.  Vinal  N.  Edwards,  during  the 
past  winter,  but  it  was  dredged  only  in  one  locality,  off  Holmes'  Hole, 
by  Messrs.  T.  M.  Prudden  and  T.  H.  Russell.  It  is  a  southern  species, 
not  previously  known  north  of  the  Carolina  coasts.  It  is  easily  distin 
guished  from  the  preceding  species  by  its  light  color,  and  by  having 
the  locomotive-suckers  arranged  in  five  broad  and  very  distinct  longi 
tudinal  bauds,  with  naked  spaces  between  them. 

A  very  delicate  little  Ophiurian,  the  Amphipholis  elegans,  was  occa 
sionally  met  with  on  the  shelly  bottoms.  This  is  a  northern  species, 
much  more  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  where  it  is  found  from  low- 
water  mark  to  80  fathoms,  and  it  is  found  also  on  the  northern  coasts 
of  Europe.  It  has  a  nearly  circular  disk,  covered  with  smooth  scales, 
regularly  arranged,  and  each  of  the  scales,  on  the  sides  of  the  slender 
rays,  bears  three  short,  blunt  spines.  Its  color  is  usually  light  gray  or 
whitish,  frequently  more  or  less  marked  with  dark  gray  or  brown. 

The  Hydroids  are  numerous  on  these  bottoms,'aud  mostly  of  the  same 
species  that  have  been  mentioned  as  occuring  on  rocky  bottoms. 

The  Polyps  are  few  and  essentially  the  same  as  those  on  the  rocky 
bottoms.  The  only  additional  species  was  a  small,  slender,  uudescribed 


[421]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        127 

species  of  Edwardsia,  E.  lineata  V.,  living  in  the  interstices  among 
ascidians  and  the  tubes  of  Sabella  and  Potamilla. 

Sponges  also  occur  in  considerable  numbers.  Among  them  the  most 
conspicuous  is  the  Cliona  sulphured,  a  bright  sulphur-yellow  species,  grow 
ing  into  hemispherical  or  irregular,  massive  forms,  of  firm  texture,  the 
surface  covered  with  scattered,  low,  wart-like,  soft  prominences,  about 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  contract  when  the  sponge  is 
dried,  leaving  shallow  pits.  The  sponge  commences  as  a  boring  species, 
on  various  dead  shells,  and  as  it  grows  it  penetrates  the  shells  in  every 
direction,  forming  irregular  holes  and  galleries,  which  continue  to  grow 
larger  as  more  and  more  of  the  substance  of  the  shell  is  absorbed,  until 
the  shells  are  reduced  to  a  completely  honey-combed,  brittle  mass,  or  a 
mere  skeleton  ;  finally  the  sponge  begins  to  protrude  from  the  surface, 
and  grows  up  into  mammilliform  masses,  or  small,  rounded  crusts, 
which  continue  to  grow  and  spread  in  every  direction,  until  finally  they 
may  form  masses  six  or  eight  inches  in  diameter,  with  the  base  spread 
ing  over  and  enveloping  various  dead  shells,  pebbles,  and  the  coral, 
Astrangia  Dance,  though  it  often  happens  that  living  specimens  of  the 
latter  grow  upon  the  sponge.  Owing  to  the  remarkable  boring  habits 
of  this  and  other  allied  sponges,  they  are  very  important  in  the  econ 
omy  of  the  sea,  for  they  are  the  principal  agents  in  the  disintegration 
and  decay  of  the  shells  that  accumulate  'over  the  bottoms,  thus  per 
forming  the  same  function  in  the  sea  that  fungi  and  insects  perform  on 
the  laud — the  removal  of  dead  organisms  that  otherwise  would  accu 
mulate  in  vast  quantities.  In  this  work  they  are  aided,  in  most  regions, 
either  by  certain  boring  Annelids,  (Dod-ecacerea,  &c.,)  or  by  various  bor 
ing  rnollusks,  (Liihodomus,  Pholas,  Gastrochcena,  &c.,)  but  the  greater 
part  of  this  work  seems  to  be  effected  by  the  sponges. 

Numerous  species  of  Foraminifera  were  obtained  on  these  and  also  on 
the  rocky  bottoms,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  studied.  The  most  com 
mon  kind  occurs  attached  by  one  side  to  dead  shells,  algse,  &c.  It  con 
sists  of  several  chambers  arranged  in  a  spiral  manner,  and  to  the  naked 
eye  resembles  a  minute  depressed  spiral  shell. 


List  of  species  inhabiting  gravelly  and  shelly  bottoms  of  the  bays  and 

sounds. 

ARTICULATA. 

Insects. 

Page,    i  Page. 

Chironomus  halophilus 415  ••  Muscidee,  larva 335 


Pycnogonids. 
Page. 


Phoxichilidiuin  maxillare.         415 


Page. 


Pallene,  sp 409 


128       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [422] 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Cancer  irroratus 415 

Panopeus  depressus 415 

P.Sayi 415 

Pelia  nmtica 415 

Heterocrypta  granulata 415 

Eupagurus  pollicaris 41 5 

E.  lougicarpus 415 

Horoarus  Americauus 415 

Crangori  vulgaris 415 

Hippolyte  pusiola 395 

Mysis  Americana 415 

Heteromysis  forinosa 415 


Page. 

Lepiclactylis  dytiscus 339 

Mcera  levis 315 

Autouoe,  sp 415 

Amphitlioe  inacalata 415 

Unciola  irrorata 415 

Oorophiuni  cylindricum 415 

Caprella,  sp 316 

Idotea  phosphorea 316 

Erichsonia  filiformis 316 

Epelys  trilobus 370 

Balanus  creuatus 415 

Numerous  Entomostraca. 


Annelids. 


Page. 

LepidoDotus  squamatus 320 

L.  sublevis 320 

Harmothoe  imbricata 321 

Sthenelais  picta 348 

Nephthys  picta 348 

N.  bucera 416 

Phyllodoce,  sp 349 

Eulalia,  sp 349 

Eulalia,  sp 349 

Euinidia,  sp 349 

Eteoue,  sp 349 

Antolytus  cornutus - .  397 

A.,  sp.,  banded 398 

Nereis  pelagica . . . ; 319 

N.  liinbata 318 

Nereis,  sp  . . . , 416 

Diopatra  cuprea 346 

Marphysa  Leidyi 319 

Lumbriconereis  opalina 320 

L.  tenuis 320 

Authostoma  acutum 416 

Anthostoma,  sp 416 

Scolecolepis  cirrata . .   416 


Page. 

Polydora,  sp 416 

Scalibregina  brevicauda 416 

Cirratulus  tenuis 416 

C.  grandis 319 

Girrhiuereis  fragilis ....  397 

Naragariseta  coralii 397 

Dodecacerea,  sp 397 

Clymenella  torquata 343 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 349 

Cistenides  Gouldii 349 

Ampharete  setosa 416 

Samytha,  sp 416 

Amphitrite  ornata 320 

Nicolea  simplex 321 

Polycirrus  eximius 320 

Potamilla  oculifera 322 

Sabella  microphthalma 323 

Euchone,  sp 416 

Fabricia  Leidyi 323 

Serpula  diauthus 416 

Yerinilia,  sp 416 

Spirorbis  spirillum 323 


Sipunculoids. 


Phascolosoma  caiineutarium      416 


Phascolosoma,  sp. 


Page. 
416 


[423]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 

Nemer  leans. 
Page. 


Meckelia  ingens .       324 

Poliuia  glutinosa 324 


Cosmocepbala  ochracea  . . . 


129 


Page. 
325 


MOLLUSCA. 

Ceplialopods. 


Loligo  Pealii.  eggs  and  adults . 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Pleurotoma  biearinatum . . .  418 

Bela  plicata 383 

Fulgur  carica 417 

Sycotypus  canaliculatus .  417 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

Eupleura  eaudata 371 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 306 

Astyris  lunata 417 

A.  zonalis 399 

Anachis  avara 417 

Odostoinia  producta 417 

O.  fusca 307 

O.  trifida 417 

O.  seminuda 417 

O.  impressa 417 

O.  bisuturalis 307 

Turbonilla  interrupta..  .     .  418 

T.  elegaiis 418 

Eulima  oleacea 418 

Lacuna  vincta  .  417 


Bittium  nigrum 

Triforis  nigrocinctns. . . 
Cerithiopsis  Greenii. . . 

C.  terebralis 

C.  Emersonii 

Verinetus  radicula 

Caecum  pulchellum 

C.  costatum 

Crucibulum  striatum  . 

Crepidula  fornicata 

C.  unguiforinis    

C.  convexa 

Natica  pusilla 

Lunatia  beros 

Scalaria  lineata 

S.  multistriata 

Leptochiton  apiculatus 

Poly  cera  Lessouii 

Doto  coronata.  1 

Doridella  obscura.. 


Lamellibranchs. 


Page. 

Saxicava  arctica 309 

Mya  arenaria,  (young) 309 

Corbula  contracta 418 

Clidiophora  trilineata . ,  418 

Lyonsia  byalina 358 

Cochlodesma  Leanum 418 

Mactra  solidissiina 418 

Mulinia  lateralis 373 

Cumingia  telliuoides 418 

Angulus  tener 358 


A.  inodestus 

Gastranella  turnida.. 
Cardium  piunulatum 

Cyclas  dentata 

Kellia  planulata 

Montacuta  elevata . . . 
Gouldia  inactracea  . . 

Astarte  castanea 

Cyclocardia  borealis. 
C.  Kovanglia3 


Page. 
416 


Page. 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
417 
355 
417 
417 
418 
418 
399 
400 
400 
307 


Page. 
418 
418 
435 
418 
418 
418 
418 
432 
418 
418 


130       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [424] 


Page. 

Nucula  proxima 418 

Argiua  pexata 309 

Scapharca  transversa 418 

Mytilus  edulis 418 

Modiola  modiolus 418 


Modiolaria  nigra.. 
Crenella  glandula  . 
Pecten  irradians  . . 

Anomia  glabra 

Ostrsea  Virginiana 


Ascidians. 


Page, 

Cioiia  tenella 419 

Cynthia  partita 311 

Molgnla  Maiihatteusis 311 

M.  arenata 419 

Peropkora  viridis . .    388 


Leptoclinum  albidum. 

L.  lutecium 

Amarceclum  stellatum 

A.  pellucidum 

A.  constellatum  . . 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 

Alcyonidium  rarnosum 419 

A.  hirsututn 404 

A.  parasiticum 404 

Yesicularia  dichotoma. ..    .  419 

V.  cuscuta 404 

Y.  gracilis , 389 

Y.  arrnata 405 

Y.  ( Avenella)  fusca 420 

Tubulipora  flabellaris 405 

Crisia  eburnea 419 

-2E  tea  an  guinea 405 

Eucratea  chelata .  405 

Caberea  Bllisii..  420 


Bugula  turrita 


B.  flabellata 

Membranipora  pilosa. . . 

M.  tenuis 

M.  lineata 

Escliarella  variabilis 
Escbaripora  punctata  (?) 

Lepralia,  sp 

Mollia  hyalina 

Discopora  cocciuea  ("?)•• 
Cellepora  ramulosa 

C.  scabra    

Pedicellina  Americana . . 


Page. 
418 
418 
418 
418 
310 


Page. 
403 
403 
419 
419 
403 


Page. 
419 
389 
406 
420 
406 
419 
403 
420 
420 
333 
312 
419 
405 


RADIATA. 


Echinoderms. 


Pentamera  pulckella 

Thy  one  Briareus 

Strongylocentrotus    Droba- 
chiensis  . 


Campauularia  Tolubilis 
Platypyxis  cylindrica. . 
Orthopyxis  caliculata. . 


Page. 
420 
420 

420 


Page. 

Arbacia  punctulata 420 

Asterias  arenicola 420 

Cribrella  sanguinolenta 420 

Amphipholis  elegans 420 


Acalephs. 


Page. 
408 
408 
408 


Page. 

Gly tia  Johnstoni 408 

Obelia  fusifornris 40  7 

O.  geniculata 407 


[425]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        131 


Page. 

O.  dichotoma 407 

O.  cominissuralis 327 

Lafoea  calcarata 408 

Sertularia  argentea , , .       408 

S.  cupressina 408 


Page. 

Halecium  gracile 328 

Eudendrium  dispar 408 

Pennaria  tiarella 327 

Thamnocnida  tenella 407 

Hydractinia  polyclina 328 


Hydrallmania  falcata 408 

Polyps. 


Page. 

Sagartia  inodesta 330 

Metridium  marginatum . . . ,       329 


Page. 

Edwardsia  lineata 421 

Astrangia  Dana3 . .       421 


PROTOZOA. 

Sponges. 


Page. 

Grantia  ciliata 330 

Chalina,  sp 409 

C.  oculata  .  409 


Page. 

Cliona  sulphurea 421 

Halichondria,  sp 330 

Tedania,  sp 409 


Foraminifera. 

Page. 
Numerous  species 421 

II.  7. — FAUNA  OF  TRE  SANDY  BOTTOMS  OF  THE  BAYS  AND  SOUNDS. 

The  sandy  bottoms  in  Vineyard  Sound  are  chiefly  found  in  shallow 
water,  either  along  the  shores  or  on  the  banks  and  shoals.  In  Buzzard's 
Bay  they  were  met  with  only  in  few  places,  near  the  shore,  and  have  no 
great  extent.  To  the  eastward  of  Vineyard  Sound,  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  Nan  tucket  Sound,  Muskeget  Channel,  and  the  waters 
south  and  southeast  of  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod,  the  bottom  is  gener 
ally  sandy,  sometimes  passing  into  gravelly  and  shelly. 

The  true  sandy  bottoms  are  not  favorable  to  many  kinds  of  animals, 
and  where  the  sands  are  constantly  changing,  as  on  most  of  the  shoals 
in  this  region,  the  bottom  is  sometimes  almost  barren  of  life,  though 
certain  burrowing  species  may  occur. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  special  localities  where  dredgings  were 
made  on  sandy  bottoms:  In  Buzzard's  Bay,  at  line  11,  d,  e,f;  64,  «,  &; 
66,  a,  b ;  67,  a,  b  ;  68,  a,  b ;  71,  a,  &,  d ;  73,  a,  &,  c,  e,  f.  In  Vineyard 
Sound,  at  line  14,  g,  Ji ;  25,  a,  b  ;  27,  a,  b  ;  30,  a,  b  ;  37,  7t,  i  ;  43,  a,  b  ; 
46,  c,  d  ;  47,  d,  e  ;  48,  a,  &.  A  large  portion  of  the  species  occurring  on 
these  bottoms  have  been  mentioned  before  either  as  inhabitants  of  the 
sandy  shores  at  low  water,  or  as  living  upon  gravelly  and  shelly  bot 
toms.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  species  living  attached  to  scattered 
shells  or  stones,  nearly  all  the  species  are  such  as  are  adapted  to  bur- 


132       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [426] 

rowing  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  though  many  of  them  may  also 
occur  creeping  on  its  surface. 

The  most  abundant  and  characteristic  species  of  Crustacea  are  the  lob 
ster,  Homarus  Americanus,  (p.  313,)  the  common  shrimp,  Crangon  vul- 
garis,  (p.  339,  Plate  lit.  fig.  10,)  the  "  lady-crab,"  Platyoniclms  ocellatus, 
(p.  338,  Plate  I,  fig.  4,)  the  larger  hermit-crab,  Eupagurus  polllcaris,  (p. 
313,)  the  smaller  hermit-crab,  Eupagurus  longicarpus,  (p.  313,)  Anthura 
brunnea,  Conilera  concharum,  Unciola  irrorata,  (p.  340,  Plate  IV,  fig.  19.) 

Of  Annelids  a  considerable  number  of  burrowing  species  occur,  and 
also  a  few  tube-dwelling  species,  which  attach  their  tubes  to  dead  shells  ; 
among  these  last  are  Sabellaria  vulgaris  (p.  321,  Plate  XVII,  figs.  88,  S8«,) 
and  Serpula  dianthus,  (p.  322.) 

The  Gastropods  are  not  numerous,  and  but  few  are  peculiar  to  sandy 
bottoms  5  the  majority  found  have  their  proper  homes  on  shelly  or 
muddy  bottoms  and  live  in  much  smaller  numbers  in  sandy  places; 
others  enumerated  in  the  following  list  inhabit  the  patches  of  eel-grass 
and  alga3  that  are  often  scattered  over  the  sandy  bottoms  in  shallow 
water.  A  few  species,  however,  have  their  proper  homes  on  the  sandy 
bottoms.  Among  the  most  important  of  these  are  Lunatia  heros,  (p.  353, 
Plate  XXIII,  figs.  133-136,)  Neverita  duplicata,  (p.  354,  Plate  XXIII,  fig. 
130,)  Natica  pusilla,  (p.  354,  Plate  XXIII,  fig.  132,)  Cyliclma  oryza, 
(Plate  XXV,  fig.  164,)  Utriculus  canalieulatus,  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  160.) 

The  bivalve  shells  are  more  numerous,  and  most  of  them  are  species 
that  burrow  beneath  the  surface.  The  most  common  and  characteristic 
species  are  Ensatella  Americana,  (p.  356,  Plate  XXVI,  fig.  182,  and 
Plate  XXXII,  fig.  245,)  Siliqua  costata,  (p.  358,  Plate  XXXII,  fig.  244,) 
Mactra  soUdissima,  (p.  358,  Plate  XXVIII,  fig.  202,)  Angulus  tener,  (p. 
358,  Plate  XXVI,  fig.  180,  and  Plate  XXX,  223,  shell;)  Tottenia  gemma* 
(p.  359,  Plate  XXX,  fig.  220,)  Lyonsia  liyalina,  (p.  358,  Plate  XXVII,  fig. 
194.)  In  certain  localities,  where  eel-grass  grows,  the  scollop,  Pecten 
irradians,  (p.  361,  Plate  XXXII,  fig.  243,)  occurs  in  considerable  abun 
dance.  The  common  muscle,  Mytilus  edulis,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  234,)  occa 
sionally  occurs  in  patches  or  beds.  Lccvicardium  Mortoni  (p.  358,  Plate 
XXIX,  fig.  208)  is  sometimes  abundant  in  sheltered  localities.  The 
Ceronia  arctata  appears  to  be  abundant  in  some  places,  as  it  is  some 
times  thrown  on  the  sandy  beaches  in  large  numbers,  but  it  was  seldom 
dredged.  The  Thracia  Conradi  lives  on  sandy  bottoms,  buried  six 
inches  or  more  beneath  the  surface,  but  is  seldom  obtained  alive.  The 
dead  shells  were  occasionally  dredged  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

Very  few  Ascidiaus  occur.  The  most  frequent  one  is  Molgula  arenata, 
(p.  419,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  251,)  which  lives  free  in  the  sand  and  covers 
itself  with  a  coating  of  closely  adherent  grains  of  sand.  Another  species, 
M.pellucida,  is  occasionally  met  with  ;  this  also  lives  free  in  the  sand,  but 
does  not  attach  the  sand  to  itself.  It  has  a  clean  translucent  integu 
ment,  a  round  body,  and  two  tubes  which  are  large  and  swollen  at  their 


f427]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        133 

bases.  Where  eel-grass  or  algae  afford  opportunities  for  its  attachment, 
the  M.  Manliattensis  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250)  generally  occurs. 

The  Bryozoa  are  not  numerous,  unless  where  dead  shells  are  scattered 
over  the  sand  for  their  attachment,  when  many  of  the  same  species  that 
inhabit  shelly  bottoms  may  occur.  The  only  species  that  are  frequent 
on  the  true  sandy  bottoms  are  Bugula  turrita,  (Plate  XXXIY,  figs.  258, 
259,)  which  occurs  attached  to  eel-grass,  &c.,  and  Eschar  ella  variabilis, 
(p.  311,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  256,)  which  iucrusts  dead  shells  or  other  solid 
objects ;  with  the  last,  Membranipora  lineata,  (p.  406,)  and  several  other 
species  may  sometimes  be  found. 

Several  species  of  Echinoderms  inhabit  the  sandy  bottoms.  The  most 
abundant  one  is  the  "  sand-dollar,"  Echinarachnius  parma,  (p.  362,  Plate 
XXXV,  fig.  267,)  which  occurs  in  immense  numbers  on  nearly  all  sandy 
bottoms,  except  on  the  most  exposed  shoals.  Another  related  species, 
Melitta  testudinaria,  was  dredged  two  or  three  times  in  Vineyard  Sound, 
but  the  specimens  were  dead  and  broken.  It  is  a  very  abundant  species 
south  of  Cape  Hatteras,  and  may  be  distinguished  by  having  five  large 
oblong  perforations  near  the  edge. 

At  least  three  species  of  Holothurians  live  upon  the  sandy  bottoms. 
The  most  common  one  is  the  Thy  one  Briareus,  (p.  362,)  conspicuous  on 
account  of  its  large  size  and  dark  purplish-brown  color,  as  well  as  for  the 
numerous  long  papilla  that  cover  its  body.  It  was  found  on  a  sandy  bot 
tom  off  Waqupit,  with  the  Eulima  oleacea  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  149)  adher 
ing  to  its  surface,  just  as  they  occurred  together  on  shelly  bottoms,  (see  p. 
418.)  The  Pentamem  pulchella,  (p.  420,)  also  inhabits  sandy  bottoms,  in 
shallow  water.  During  the  past  winter  Mr.  Vinal  N.  Edwards  collected 
numerous  specimens  of  this  and  the  preceding  species  on  Nobsca  beach, 
after  storms.  They  doubtless  live  in  the  sand,  in  shallow  water,  a  short 
distance  off  the  beach.  In  similar  situations  the  Caudina  arenata,  (p.  362,) 
occasionally  occurs,  but  it  is  apparently  rare  in  this  region.  It  has  a  thick, 
yellowish  white,  harsh  skin,  without  suckers,  and  its  body  tapers  off  into 
a  slender  caudal  portion.  The  common  star-fish,  Asterias  arenicola, 
(p.  326,  Plate  XXXV,  fig.  269,)  is  not  uncommon  on  sandy  bottoms,  though 
more  abundant  in  rocky  and  shelly  localities.  The  Ophiura  olivacea 
(p.  363)  lives  among  the  patches  of  eel-grass  in  shallow  water  on  the 
sandy  bottoms,  and  travels  over  the  surface  of  the  sand  quite  rapidly 
by  means  of  its  slender,  flexible  rays. 

Of  Hydroids  very  few  species  ordinarily  inhabit  sandy  bottoms,  and 
the  only  one  that  is  usually  met  with  is  Hydractinia  polyclina,  (p.  328,) 
which  lives  on  the  shells  occupied  by  hermit-crabs.  Others  occasionally 
grow  on  the  eel-grass  or  on  dead  shells. 

The  Cliona  sulphured,  (p.  421,)  is  the  only  large  sponge  that  is  com 
monly  met  with  on  sandy  bottoms,  but  another  bright  yellow  siliceous 
sponge,  forming  smooth,  firm,  crest-like  lobes  and  plates,  occurred  on 
Edgartown  beach. 


134        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.     [428] 
List  of  species  inhabiting  the  sandy  bottoms  of  the  bays  and  sounds. 

ARTICULATA, 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Cancer  irroratus 312 

Carcinus  granulatus 312 

Platyonickus  ocellatus 436 

Hippa  talpoida  338 

Eupagurus  pollicaris  ...=,...  426 

E.  longiearpus 426 

Homarus  Americanus 426 

Crangon  vulgaris 426 


Page. 

Lepidactylis  dytiscus 339 

Unciola  irrorata 426 

Idotea  caeca 340 

Epelys  trilobus 370 

Conilera  concharum 426 

Anthura  bmnnea 426 

Linmlus  Polyphemus 340 


Annelids. 


Page. 

Sthenelais  picta 348 

Nephthys  picta 348 

Eteone,  sp 349 

Neresis  pelagica 319 

Lumbriconereis  opalina ....  320 

Bhynchobolusdibrauchiatus  341 

E.  Americanus 342 

Anthostoma  robustum . .  343 


Page. 

A.  acutum 416 

Scolecolepis  cirrata 416 

Polydora,  sp 416 

Clymenella  torquata . .  343 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 426 

Cistenides  Gouldii 323 

Amphitrite  ornata 320 

Serpula  dianthus  426 


Nemerteans. 


Page. 
Meckelia  in  gens 349 


M.  rosea 
Sipunculoids. 


Page. 

Phascolosoma  Gouldii..          353 


P.  csementarium 


Page. 
350 


Page. 
416 


MOLLUSCA. 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Fulgur  carica 355 

Sycotypus  canaliculatus 355 

Eupleura  caudata 371 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 306 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

llyanassa  obsoleta 354 

Anachis  avara 306 

Astyris  lunata 306 


Page. 

Odostoinia  seminuda 417 

Turbonilla  interrupta 418 

Bittium  nigrum 305 

Triforis  nigrocinctus 305 

Cerithiopsis  Greenii 417 

0.  terebralis 417 

0.  Emersonii 417 

Caecum  pulchellum 417 


[429]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       135 


Page. 

C.  costatnm 417 

Oepidula  fornicata 355 

C.  convexa 355 

0.  unguiforinis 355 

Katica  pusilla 420 


Page. 
Lunatia  beros 426 

Neverita  duplicata 426 

Cylichna  oryza 426 

Utriculus  canaliculatus. .  426 


Lamellibranchs. 


Page. 

Eusatella  Americana . . 426 

Siliqua  costata 426 

Mya  arenaria 357 

Corbula  contracta 418 

Clidiophora  trilineata 418 

Lyonsia  liyalina. , . .- 426 

Thracia  Conradi 426 

Periploina  papyracea 435 

Cocblodesma  Leauum 418 

Mactra  solidissima 426 

Mulinia  lateralis 373 

Ceronia  arctata 426 

Macoma  fusca. .  359 


Tellina  tenta 

Augulus  modestus  . . . 

A.  tener - 

Venus  mercenaria 

Tottenia  gemma 

Lsevicardium  Mortoni 


Page. 
432 
418 
426 
359 
426 
426 


Cyclas  dentata 418 

Solenomya  velum 360 

Gouldia  mactracea 418 

Astarte  castanea 432 

Myti  lus  edulis 426 

Pecten  irradians 426 

Anomia  glabra 311 


Ascidians. 


Page. 

Molgula  arenata 426 

M.  Manhattensis . .  427 


Molgula  pellucida 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 

Bugula  turrita 427 

Membranipora  lineata 427 


Escharella  variabilis. 


Page. 
426 


Page. 
427 


EADIATA. 


Ecliinoderms. 


Page. 

Thy  one  Briareus 427 

Pentamera  pulcliella 427 

Caudiiia  arenata 427 

Echinarachuius  parma 427 


Melitta  testudiuaria 
Asterias  areuicola . . . 
Opbiura  olivacea 


Acalephs. 


Page. 

Obelia  diapbana , 327 


Hydractiuia  polyclina 


Page. 

427 
427 
427 


Page. 
427 


136       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [430] 

Polyps. 

Page. 
Paractis  rapiformis 363 

PROTOZOA. 

Sponges. 


Page. 

Clioua  sulphurea 427 


Page. 

Massive  siliceous  sponge 427 


Foraminifera. 

Page. 

Several  species 421 

II.  8. — FAUNA  OF  THE  MUDDY  BOTTOMS  OF  THE  BAYS  AND  SOUNDS. 

The  muddy  bottoms  are  inhabited  by  a  considerable  number  of 
species,  which  find  their  true  homes  in  such  localities.  Most  of  these 
are  either  burrowing  or  tube-dwelling  kinds.  A  few  creep  or  swim 
about  over  the  surface  or  conceal  themselves  in  the  superficial  layer  of 
mud  and  vegetable  debris. 

The  character  of  the  mud  itself  is  quite  various,  and  the  different 
kinds  are  often  inhabited  by  different  groups  of  animals.  The  mud  may 
be  very  thick,  heavy,  and  tenacious,  consisting  chiefly  of  clay ;  such 
mud  is  usually  inhabited  by  few  species  of  animals.  It  may  consist  of 
finely  comminuted  sand,  mixed  with  more  or  less  clay;  such  bottoms  are 
more  favorable  to  animal  life.  In  other  places  it  consists  partly  of  one 
of  the  preceding  kinds  intimately  mixed  with  large  quantities  of  decay 
ing  vegetable  debris,  derived  chiefly  from  eel-grass  and  algae;  such  mud, 
unless  too  fetid,  is  often  full  of  animal  life.  In  some  cases,  especially 
in  well-sheltered  localities,  where  the  water  is  tolerably  pure,  the  mud 
may  contain  large  quantities  of  living  and  dead  microscopic  organisms, 
both  animal  and  vegetable,  and  these  may  even  constitute  more  than 
one-half  of  the  bulk  of  the  mud,  which,  in  such  cases,  is  peculiarly  soft 
and  flocculent;  such  mud  is  extremely  favorable  to  many  kinds  of  ani 
mals  that  feed  on  the  microscopic  organisms,  especially  the  bivalve 
shells,  Holothurians,  and  many  Annelids,  and  the  u  menhaden  "  among 
fishes.  The  last  variety  of  bottom,  when  it  has  a  substratum  of  sand 
or  gravel  a  few  inches  below  the  surface,  is  the  most  favorable  kind  for 
oysters,  which  grow  very  rapidly  and  become  very  fat  in  such  places. 

In  Vineyard  Sound  and  Nantucket  Sound  muddy  bottoms  are  not 
common,  and  are  mostly  of  small  extent,  situated  in  coves,  harbors,  or 
in  places  where  the  tides  form  eddies  around  projecting  points  of  laud, 
or  in  the  lee  of  shoals. 

In  Buzzard's  Bay  the  bottom  is  muddy  over  the  greater  part  of  its 
area,  except  a  region  of  sandy  and  shelly  bottom  in  the  central  part. 

In  Long  Island  Sound  the  bottom  is  generally  muddy  throughout  its 


[431]         INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       137 

length  and  breadth,  though  small  areas  of  rocks,  gravel,  and  sand  occur 
at  various  places. 

The  special  localities,  indicated  on  the  chart,  where  dredgings  were 
made  on  muddy  bettoms,  not  including  the  outside  dredgings,  are  as 
follows :  In  Buzzard's  Bay.  at  line  67,  b  ;  68,  «,  &,  c  :  74,  «,,  1)  ;  75,  a,  ft, 
c,  $,  e,  f ;  in  Hadley  Harbor,  at  10,  a,  &,  c,  d  ;  in  Great  Harbor,  at  17, 
&,  c;  19,  b ;  in  Kobiuson's  Hole,  at  78,  «,  &,  c ;  in  Vineyard  Sound,  at 
47,  &,  c,  Numerous  other  dredgings  were  made  on  muddy  bottoms  in 
this  region  that  are  not  indicated  on  the  chart. 

In  Long  Island  Sound  numerous  dredgiugs  have  been  made  by  the 
writer,  with  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  and  others,  during  eight  years.  These  ex 
tend  from  a  few  miles  west  of  the  entrance  of  New  Haven  Harbor  to 
the  Thimble  Islands  and  Faulkner's  Island  on  the  east  5  and  from  the  Con 
necticut  shore  nearly  across  the  sound.  The  greater  part  of  these  dredg 
ings  were  on  muddy  bottoms,  and  generally  in  3  to  8  fathoms  of  water. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  most  common  and  important  of  the 
Crustacea  living  on  these  muddy  bottoms  :  the  spider  crab,  Libinia  can- 
aUculata,  (p.  368,)  L.  dubia,  (p.  368,)  Panopeus  depressiis,  (p.  312,  Plate 
I,  fig.  3,)  P.  Sayi,  (p.  312,)  the  "  blue-crab,"  Callinectes  liastatus,  (p.  367,) 
My  sis  Americana,  (p.  396,)  Ptilocheirus  pinguis,  (p.  431,)  Unciola  irro- 
rata,  (p.  340,  Plate  IV,  fig.  19,)  Limulus  Polyphemus,  (p.  340.)  Numer 
ous  tube-dwelling  Amphipods,  including  several  species  of  Ampelisca 
and  genera  belonging  to  the  Lysianassincc  occur,  some  of  them  in  great 
numbers,  and  also  additional  species  of  crabs  and  shrimps.  All  these 
are  of  special  importance,  because  they  furnish  great  quantities  of  food 
for  the  fishes  frequenting  muddy  bottoms. 

Of  Annelids  numerous  burrowing  and  tube-dwelling  kinds  are  to  be 
found,  some  of  them  in  great  abundance.  One  of  the  most  abundant 
and  conspicuous  species  is  Nephthys  ingens,  (Plate  XII,  figs.  59,  60.)  This 
worm  burrows  in  mud  of  all  kinds,  even  in  that  which  is  so  filled  with 
decaying  vegetable  debris  as  to  be  very  fetid.  It  grows  to  the  length 
of  more  than  six  inches,  with  a  diameter  of  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more, 
though  most  of  the  specimens  are  about  half  this  size.  The  body  is 
whitish,  with  a  red  median  blood-vessel,  but  the  lateral  appendages  are 
dark  and  the  setae  nearly  black.  It  is  very  active,  and  wriggles  about 
energetically  by  undulating  its  body  laterally,  to  the  right  and  left ;  this 
motion  enables  it  to  burrow  quickly,  or  to  swim  quite  rapidly.  When 
captured  it  is  very  apt  to  break  off  the  posterior  part  of  its  body, 
but  can  reproduce  it. 

The  Diopatra  cuprea  (p.  346,  Plate  XIII,  figs.  67,  68)  is  often  abun 
dant  where  the  mud  is  somewhat  firm  ;  the  dredge  often  brings  up  large 
quantities  of  the  projecting  ends  of  its  large  tubes,  but  the  occupant 
usually  escapes  by  retreating  below  the  surface.  The  two  species  of 
Ehynchobolus  are  also  quite  common,  but  R.  dibrancltiatus  (p.  341,  Plate 
X,  figs.  43,  44)  is  generally  the  most  abundant.  The  curious  ^ravisia 
carnea  V.  is  seldom  met  with,  and,  like  Brada  setosa  V.,  appears  to  be  rare 


138       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [432] 

in  this  region.  The  Trophonia  affinis  (Plate  XIV,  fig.  75)  is  more  com 
mon,  though  found  chiefly  in  the  deeper  waters,  and  more  frequently  in 
the  cold  waters  outside,  as  off  Outtyhunk  Island  and  off  Block  Island. 
Ampharete  setosa  V.  has  been  found  only  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near 
New  Haven.  The  Melinna  cristata  is  a  northern  and  European  species ; 
it  was  found  in  the  deeper  part  of  Vineyard  Sound,  inhabiting  flexible 
tubes  covered  with  fine  mud.  Euchone  eleyans  V.  (Plate  XVI,  fig.  84)  was 
found  in  the  deeper  parts  of  Vineyard  Sound,  living  in  small  tubes  of 
mud  ;  it  was  much  more  abundant  in  the  deeper  waters  outside.  The 
Meckelia  ingens  (p.  349,  Plate  XIX,  figs.  96,  96a)  occasionally  occurs  on 
muddy  bottoms,  though  more  common  on  sandy  ones. 

Of  Gastropod  mollusks  a  comparatively  small  number  of  species  oc 
cur  that  are  characteristic  of  these  bottoms.  There  are  several  species 
that  occur  on  eel-grass,  when  it  grows  on  the  muddy  bottoms,  which  are 
not  included  in  the  following  list.  They  have  been  mentioned  when 
speaking  of  the  fauna  of  muddy  and  sandy  shores. 

Among  the  species  of  special  interest  were  Mangilia  cermet,  which  is 
a  rare  and  little-known  species ;  Bela  plicata  (p.  383,  Plate  XXI,  fig. 
107)  ;  Turbonilla  elegans,  (p.  418,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  155),  which  was  re 
cently  described  from  specimens  obtained  in  Vineyard  Sound  by  us ; 
T.  interrupta,  (p.  418  ;)  two  species  of  Scalaria,  (p.  418 ;)  Cylichna  oryza, 
(Plate  XXV,  fig.  164;)  AmphispJiyra  pellucida,  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  162;) 
and  Utriculus  canaliculatus,  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  160). 

The  bivalve  shells  are  much  more  numerous  and  are  mostly  burrowing 
kinds.  Among  the  most  abundant  are  Mulinia  lateralis,  (p.  373,  Plate 
XXVI,  fig.  184  B,)  which  occurs  in  immense  quantities,  especially  in  soft 
sticky  mud ;  Clidiopliora  trilineata,  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  193 ;)  Tellina  tenta 
(Plate  XXX,  fig.  225,)  which  is  often  very  abundant  in  soft  mud,  in  shel 
tered  places,  as  in  Hadley  Harbor ;  Callista  convexa,  (Plate  XXX,  fig. 
219 ;)  Nucula proxima,  (Plate  XXX, fig.  230 ;)  Toldia  limatula,  (Plate  XXX, 
232 ;)  Astarte  castanea,  (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  204 ;)  and  Mytilus  edulis,  (p.  307.) 

The  last-named  shell,  which  is  the  common  muscle,  occurs  in  patches, 
"  beds,"  or  "banks,"  often  of  great  extent.  One  of  these  muscle-beds,  in 
which  the  animals  were  living,  was  found  extending  quite  across  the 
mouth  of  Cuttyhunk  Harbor,  at  line  75,  /,  on  the  chart ;  another  at 
Quick's  Hole,  at  line  76,  c,  and  45,  a,  ft;  others  at  77,  $,  #,/;  46,  ft,  c,  d. 
In  several  instances  large  beds  of  dead  muscles  were  found,  with  few 
living  ones,  and  in  all  these  cases  there  were  on  them  large  numbers  of 
star-fishes,  either  Asterias  arenicola,  in  case  of  those  in  Vineyard  Sound ; 
or  Asterias  vulgaris  on  those  in  the  deeper  and  colder  waters  near  the 
entrance  of  the  Sound  and  off  Gay  Head ;  and  sometimes  both  kinds,  at 
intermediate  localities.  These  star-fishes  had  no  doubt  devoured  the 
muscles.  Among  the  localities  of  this  kind  are,  47,  «,  &,  c,  d  ;  53,  &,  c  ; 
56,  &,  c,  d  ;  55,  a,  6,  c  ;  63,  a,  1)  ;  58,  d  ;  54,  &.  As  this  species  of  muscle 
grows  to  full  size,  under  favorable  circumstances,  in  one  year,  it  is  prob 
able  that  these  muscle-beds  vary  greatly  in  size  and  position  in  different 


[433]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        139 

years.  They  afford  habitations  for  various  kinds  of  animals  that  belong 
properly  on  shelly  or  stony  bottoms,  such  as  Arbacia  punctulata  (p.  326,) 
Cribrella  sanguinolenta,  (p.  407,)  and  various  shells,  ascidians,  hydroids, 
&c.  The  Modiolaria  nigra  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  236)  was  found  in  small 
numbers,  but  of  good  size,  associated  with  the  common  muscle,  in  the 
deeper  part  of  Vineyard  Sound. 

The  oyster  does  not  usually  occur  on  true  muddy  bottoms  in  this 
region,  unless  placed  there  by  human  agency,  but  unless  attacked  by 
the  star-fishes  or  other  enemies  they  will  flourish  well  in  such  localities. 
Beds  of  oysters  on  muddy  bottoms  always  afford  lodgment  for  large 
numbers  of  animals  that  belong  properly  to  the  shelly  and  rocky  bot 
toms  ;  these  have  mostly  been  omitted  from  the  following  list. 

Among  the  shells  of  peculiar  interest  that  live  in  the  mud  are  the 
species  of  Pholas.  The  largest  and  finest  species,  P.  costata,  has  been 
found  living  in  New  Bedford  Harbor,  according  to  Dr.  Gould.  It  lived 
buried  in  the  mud  two  or  three  feet  below  the  surface,  and  the  speci 
mens  were  dug  out  by  the  harbor-dredging  machines.  This  is  a  south 
ern  species,  found  quite  commonly  on  the  coasts  of  South  Carolina  and 
Florida,  and  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  With  the  last,  P.  truncata  (p.  372, 
Plate  XXVII,  fig.  200)  was  also  obtained,  but  this  is  quite  common  in  mud 
and  peat-banks,  above  low-water  mark.  Of  both  the  preceding  species 
we  dredged  dead  shells  at  Wood's  Hole  and  in  Great  Harbor,  and  with 
them  we  found  fragments  of  another,  Zirplicca  crispata,  which  is  a 
northern  and  European  species.  It  is  seldom  that  living  adult  speci 
mens  of  such  deep-burrowing  shells  can  be  obtained  by  the  ordinary 
dredge,  and  they  are  rarely  thrown  up  by  the  waves. 

Ascidians  are  not  often  found  on  the  muddy  bottoms,  and  most  of 
those  that  do  occur  adhere  to  the  shells  of  oysters,  muscles,  &c.,  or  to 
eel-grass.  Hydroids  and  Bryozoa  are  likewise  nearly  wanting  on  true 
muddy  bottoms,  though  a  few  may  occur  on  the  eel-grass  and  oysters. 

Of  Echinoderms  there  are  but  few  species.  The  Thyone  Briarem 
(p.  362)  sometimes  occurs  where  there  is  growing  eel-grass.  The  common 
star-fish,  Asterias  arenicola,  (p.  326,)  has  been  mentioned  above  as  in 
habiting  muscle-beds  and  oyster-beds.  The  Ampliipliolis  abdita  V.  is  a 
singular  Ophiuran,  with  a  small  body  and  very  long,  slender,  flexible, 
greenish  arms,  having  three  spines  on  each  side  arm-plate.  The  arms 
are  sometimes  six  inches  long.  The  creature  buries  itself  deeply  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  soft  mud,  and  projects  one  or  more  of  the  long  arms 
partially  above  the  surface  of  the  mud.  On  this  account  it  is  seldom 
dredged  entire;  the  projecting  arms  are  usually  cut  off  by  the  dredge, 
and  the  animal  escapes;  and  as  it  has  the  power  of  restoring  lost  arms, 
this  is  only  a  temporary  inconvenience.  The  same  thing  probably  hap 
pens  when  a  voracious  fish  seizes  one  of  the  arms. 
11  V 


140        EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [434] 

List  of  species  inhabiting  muddy  bottoms  of  the  bays  and  sounds. 


ARTICULATA. 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Pinnotheres  ostreum '  367 

P.  inaculatus 459 

Cancer  irroratus 312 

Panopeus  depressus 431 

P.Sayi .-. 431 

Carcinus  granulatus 312 

Callinectes  hastatus 431 

Libinia  canaliculata 431 

L.  dubia 431 

Eupagnrus  pollicaris 313 

E.  longicarpus  . . « 313 

Callianassa  Stimpsoui 369 

Crangon  vulgaris -  339 

Mysis  Americana 431 


Sqnilla  einpusa 

Lysianassinoe,    several    spe 
cies  

Phoxus  Kroyeri 

Melita  nitida 

Arnpelisca,  two  species 

Ptilocheirus  pinguis 

Ampliitkoe  compta  —  , . 

Corophium  cylindricum .... 

Unciola  irrorata 

Epelys  trilobns 

E.  inoutosus 

Liinulus  Polyphemus 

Numerous  Entomostraca. . . 


Annelids. 


Nephthys  in  gens 

Phyllodoce,  sp 

Eulalia,  sp 

Nereis  pelagica 

Diopatra  cuprea 

Marphysa  Leidyi 

Lumbriconereis  opalina  . . . 
Ehynchobolus  Americanus 
E.  dibranchiatus  . 


Meek  el  i  a  in  gens. 
Cerebratulus,  sp 


Page. 

431 

349 

349 

319 

431 

319 

320 

342 

431 


Travisia  carnea 

Troplionia  affiuis 

Brada  setosa 

Cistenides  Gouldii 

Ampharete  setosa 

Melinna  cristata 

Polycirrus  eximius  ....,.., 
ChsBtobrauchus  sanguiueus. 
Euchone  elegans 


Phascolosoma  csementarium 


E'ontonenia  marinum 


Nemerteans. 
Page.  ] 

432      Cosmocephala  ocliracea. 
324 

Sipunculoids. 


Nematodes. 

Page.  I 
325   j   P.  vacillatum 


Page. 
369 

431 

314 
431 
431 
370 
415 
431 
370 
370 
431 


Page. 
431 
432 
431 
323 
432 
432 
320 
320 
432 


Page. 
325 


Page. 
416 


Page. 
326 


[435]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND.    ETC.         141 


MOLLTJSCA. 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Mangilia  cerina  .    432 

Bela  plicata. 432 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

Ilyanassa  obsoleta 354 

Eupleura  caudata 371 

Odostomia  semiouda 417 

O.  fusca 307 

Turbonilla  interrupta 432 

T.  elea-aiis  .  432 


Page. 

Crepidula  fornicata . ....  ...       355 

C.  convexa 355 

!  C.  unguiformis 355 


Scalaria  lineata 

S.  multistriata 

Utriculus  eanaliculatus  . . . 

Bulla  solitaria  ...... 

Amphisphyra  pellucida  . . . 


432 
432 
432 
371 

432 


Cylichna  oryza  432 


Lamellibranchs. 


Page. 

Pholas  costata 433 

P.  truucata    433 

My  a  arenaria 309 

Clidiophora  trilineata -  432 

Lyonsia  Lyalina 358 

Periploma  papyracea 429 

Mulinia  later  alls 432 

Tagelus  gibbus 373 

T.  divisus 

Cumingia  tellinoides 418 

Macoma  fusca  359 

Angulus  tener 358 

Tellina  teuta 432 

Callista  convexa 432 

Yen  us  nierceuaria ,.  359 

Petricola  pholadiformis 372 


Page. 

Cardium  pinnulatum 423 

Kellia  plauulata 310 

Montacuta  elevata 418 

Solenornya  velum 360 

Astarte  castanea 432 

Cyclocardia  borealis 418 

0.  Novangliae 418 

Macula  proxima 432 

Yoldia  limatula 432 

Argina  pexata 309 

My tilus  edulis 432 

Modiolaria  nigra  . . .' ,  433 

Crenella  glandula .  418 

Anomia  glabra 311 

433 


Ostrsea  Virginian  a 


Asculians. 
Page,  j  Page. 

Molgula  Manbatteusis 311   \  Cyutbm  partita 311 

EADIATA. 

EcMnoderms. 

Page. 


Thyone  Briareus 433 

Asterias  arenicola. . . .  433 


Page. 

Aniphipholis  abdita -    433 


142        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [436] 
II.  9.— FREE  SWIMMING   AND   SURFACE   ANIMALS. 

Under  this  head  I  have  included  all  the  animals  found  swimming  free, 
whether  in.  the  bays  and  sounds,  or  in  the  coldel-  region  outside.  Nor 
have  I,  in  this  case,  attempted  to  separate  those  of  the  estuaries  and 
other  brackish  waters,  although  such  a  distinction  might  be  useful  had 
we  sufficient  data  to  make  it  even  tolerably  complete.  But  hitherto 
very  little  surface-collecting  has  been  done  in  waters  that  are  really 
brackish ;  and,  moreover,  since  every  tide  must  bring  in  myriads  of  free- 
swimming  creatures  with  the  waters  from  outside,  it  will  always  be  diffi 
cult  to  distinguish  between  those  that  are  thus  transported  and  those 
that  properly  belong  to  the  brackish  waters.  A  distinction  between  the 
free-swimming  animals  of  the  bays  or  sounds  and  those  of  the  open 
coast  has  not  been  made,  partly  on  account  of  the  constant  intermixture 
of  the  waters  and  their  inhabitants  by  the  tides,  and  partly  because  the 
observations  that  were  made  do  not  indicate  any  marked  difference  in 
the  life  or  in  the  average  temperature  of  the  surface  waters,  though  the 
waters  of  the  shallow  bays  become  more  highly  heated  by  the  direct 
heat  of  the  sun  in  summer.  The  waters  of  the  open  coast  are  evidently 
more  or  less  warmed  by  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  in  fact  numerous  species 
of  animals  that  properly  belong  to  the  fauna  of  the  Gulf  Stream  are 
constantly  brought  into  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  Sounds  by  the  cur 
rents,  showing  conclusively  that  a  portion  of  the  Gulf  Stream  water 
must  also  take  the  same  course. 

In  Vineyard  Sound,  during  August  and  the  first  part  of  September, 
the  temperature  of  the  surface  water  in  the  middle  of  the  day  was  gen 
erally  from  68°  to  71°  Fahrenheit ;  September  9,  off  Tarpaulin  Cove, 
the  surface  temperature  was  60°  5  off'  to  the  west  of  Gay  Head,  in  mid- 
channel,  it  was  07°  Fahrenheit;  but  farther  out,  off  No  Man's  Land,  on 
the  same  day,  it  was  62°,  (bottom,  in  18  fathoms,  62J° ;)  a  short  distance 
west  of  No  Man's  Land  it  was  63°,  (bottom,  in  11  fathoms,  59°;)  about 
sixteen  miles  off  Newport,  at  the  29-fathom  locality,  it  was  62°  on  Sep 
tember  14,  (at  the  bottom  59° ;)  off  Cuttyhunk,  in  25  fathoms,  it  was 
64°  at  the  surface  on  September  13,  (bottom  62J°.)  According  to  the 
record  made  by  Captain  B.  J.  Edwards,  during  the  past  wi liter,  from 
observations  taken  at  9  a.  in.  every  morning,  at  the  end  of  the  Govern 
ment  wharf  at  Wood's  Hole,  (where  the  temperature  must  be  nearly 
identical  with  that  of  Vineyard  Sound,)  the  average  temperature  of  the 
surface  water  was  31°  Fahrenheit,  from  December  27  to  February  28. 
The  average  temperature  for  that  hour  during  January  was  31.42° ; 
the  lowest  was  29°  on  January  29,  with  the  wind  N.  W.  ;  the  highest 
was  38°  on  January  17,  with  the  wind  S.  W.;  on  the  18th,  19th,  and 
22d  it  was  35°.  The  average  for  February  was  30.75°  ;  the  coldest  was 
29°,  on  February  24  and  25 ;  the  highest  33°,  on  February  8,  17,  and 
19.  The  temperature  at  the  bottom  (at  the  depth  of  nine  feet)  was 
also  taken,  but  rarely  differed  more  than  one  degree  from  that  of  the 


[437]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    QF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        143 

surface,  being  sometimes  a  little  lower  and  sometimes  higher  than  that 
of  the  surface,  but  generally  the  same.  The  higher  temperatures 
usually  occurred  with,  or  following,  southerly  or  southeasterly  winds, 
(from  the  direction  of  the  Gulf  Stream,)  while  the  lowest  ones  gener 
ally  accompanied  or  followed  northerly  winds.  The  tides  must  ob 
viously  also  have  some  effect  in  modifying  the  temperature. 

It  must  not  be  inferred  from  the  preceding  remarks  that  a  distinct  or 
constant  current  flows  into  these  waters  from  the  region  of  the  Gulf 
Stream,  for  the  facts  do  not  warrant  such  a  belief,  nor  is  there  any  dif 
ficulty  in  explaining  the  phenomena  in  another  way.  All  that  is  neces 
sary  to  account  for  the  higher  temperatures  of  this  region,  and  the  fre 
quent  occurrence  of  Gulf  Stream  animals,  is  to  suppose  that  when 
southerly  or  southeasterly  winds  blow  continuously  for  a  considerable 
time  they  cause  a  superficial  flow  or  drift  of  warmer  water  from  the 
Gulf  Stream  region  toward  these  shores,  which  may  also  be  aided  by 
the  tides;  such  a  surface-drift  will  gradually  lose  its  distinctness  as 
it  approaches  the  coast  and  mingles  more  and  more  with  the  cooler 
waters  beneath,  but  the  animals  borne  along  by  it  will  still  serve  to 
show  its  direction  and  origin,  even  after  its  temperature  becomes  iden 
tical  with  that  of  the  adjacent  waters.  Such  surface  currents  would 
necessarily  be  intermittent  in  character  and  variable  in  direction  and 
extent,  as  well  as  in  duration  and  temperature.  They  would  also  be 
more  frequent  in  summer  than  in  winter,  according  with  the  prevalent 
direction  of  the  winds.  So  far  as  known  to  me  all  the  facts  are  in 
harmony  with  this  view.  Accordingly  the  waters  of  Vineyard  Sound 
are  quite  cold  in  winter,  and  only  occasionally  receive  a  little  heat  from 
the  Gulf  Stream  region,  and  that,  probably,  largely  through  the  medium 
of  the  air  itself;  but  in  summer  these  waters  are  very  warm,  for  they 
not  only  receive  frequent  accessions  of  warm  water  from  the  Gulf 
Stream,  but  they  are  also  favorably  situated  to  be  rapidly  warmed  by 
the  direct  heat  of  the  sun. 

The  fauna  of  the  surface  in  this  region  is  very  rich  and  varied,  es 
pecially  in  summer.  In  winter,  life  is  also  abundant  in  the  surface 
waters,  but  very  different  in  character  from  that  found  in  summer. 
Had  collections  been  made  in  spring  and  autumn,  still  other  groups  of 
animals  would  doubtless  have  been  found.  Our  knowledge  of  the  surface 
animals  of  Vineyard  Sound ,  in  winter,  is  wholly  based  on  a  series  of  surface- 
dredgings  made  by  Mr.  Vinal  N.  Edwards  in  January,  February,  and 
March  of  the  past  winter.  A  separate  list  of  the  species  contained  in 
these  collections,  so  far  as  identified,  has  been  prepared  to  follow 
the  general  list.  The  most  noticeable  feature  of  the  winter  collections 
is  the  entire  absence  of  the  larval  forms  of  crabs,  shrimps,  lobsters, 
star-fishes,  sea-urchins,  annelids,  &c.,  which  so  abound  in  the  same 
waters  in  summer.  On  the  other  hand  there  is  a  great  abundance  of 
Entomostraca,  Sagitta,  several  northern  Amphipods,  species  of  My  sis , 
&c.,  together  with  eggs  and  young  of  certain  fishes. 


144        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [438] 

Iii  the  general  list  of  surface  species  only  those  that  have  "been  ac 
tually  observed  are  introduced,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  Crustacea,  annelids,  mollusks,  and  echinoderms  are 
well  known  to  have  free-swimming  young,  or  larval  forms,  and  that  the 
list  might  easily  be  doubled  by  the  introduction  of  such  species,  on 
theoretical  grounds  ;•  but,  by  omittingf  them,  the  list  serves  to  indicate 
how  much  yet  remains  to  be  done  in  this  direction.  There  are  large 
numbers  of  common  species  of  which  neither  the  young  nor  the  eggs 
are  known,  and  there  are  many  others  of  which  the  eggs,  or  young,  or 
both,  are  known,  but  the  time  required  for  the  hatching  of  the  eggs  and 
the  development  of  the  young  is  not  known.  The  dates  given  in  the 
lists-  refer  only  to  the  time  of  actual  capture  of  the  species,  and  it  must 
not  be  inferred  that  at  other  seasons  of  the  year  any  of  the  species  so 
designated  are  not  to  be  found  $  for,  doubtless,  many  of  those  that  swim 
free  when  adult  may  be  found  all  the  year  round.  And  possibly 
some  species  may  breed  during  every  month  of  the  year.  But  the 
breeding  season  of  most  species  is  probably  of  short  duration,  and 
therefore  the  larvas  and  young  may  occur  only  at  particular  seasons. 

Mr.  A.  Agassiz  has  made  a  very  large  collection  of  the  surface  ani 
mals  in  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  off  Newport,  and  to  his 
labors  we  owe  the  knowledge  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  jelly-fishes. 
He  has  also  described  the  larva?  and  young  of  several  Annelids  and 
Nemerteans,  and  has  described  and  beautifully  illustrated  the  Iarva3 
and  young  of  the  common  star-fishes,  (Asterias.)  and  the  green  sea- 
urchin,  (Strongylocentrotus  Drobachiensis.)  The  Salpa  Calotti  (Plate 
XXXIII,  figs.  254,  255)  was  also  well  described  and  illustrated  by  him; 
and  also  other  species,  but  a  large  part  of  the  collection  has  not  yet 
been  elaborated. 

Our  surface  collections  were  made  both  in  the  day  and  evening, 
at  various  hours,  chiefly  by  means  of  towing-nets  and  hand-nets.  The 
evening  or  night  hours  are  generally  more  productive  than  the  day- time 
in  this  kind  of  collecting,  but  we  Avere  unable,  owing  to  lack  of  time 
and  superabundance  of  other  specimens,  to  do  as  much  night-collecting 
as  we  desired. 

Among  the  Crustacea  there  are  a  considerable  number  of  species  that 
swim  at  the  surface  when  adult,  and  others  till  nearly  half-grown,  but 
the  majority  are  free-swimmers  only  when  quite  young,  or  even  only 
when  in  the  zoea  and  megalops  stages,  through  which  they  seem,  from 
Mr.  S.  I.  Smith's  observations  on  several  of  our  species,  to  pass  in  a 
short  time.  The  males  of  the  common  oyster-crab,  Pinnotheres  ostreum, 
(p.  3G7,  Plate  I,  fig.  2,)  were  often  caught  in  the  day-time  swimming  at 
the  surface  in  the  middle  of  Vineyard  Sound.  The  lady-crab,  Platyon- 
ichus  occUatus,  (p.  338,)  of  full  size,  was  also  occasionally  caught  swim 
ming  actively  at  the  surface.  The  "  blue-crab,"  or  common  edible 
crab,  CalUnectes  liastatm,  is  well  known  to  be  an  active  swimmer,  when 
adult,  but  most  of  those  seen  at  the  surface  were  young.  The  larvae 


[439]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       145 

of  Cancer  irroratm,  (p.  312,  Plate  VIII,  figs.  37,  37a,)  and  of  Platy- 
onichus  in  the  zoea  and  mega-lops  stages,  were  taken  in  vast  numbers, 
especially  in  bright  sunshine,  together  with  similar  larvse  of  many 
other  species.  The  larvre  and  young  of  the  lobster  (Plate  IX,  figs.  38, 
39)  were  also  abundant  in  mid-summer.  The  numerous  specimens  ob 
tained  have  enabled  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  to  describe  the  interesting  meta 
morphoses  of  our  lobster,  which  were  entirely  unknown  before.  The 
young  swim  actively  at  the  surface,  like  a  shrimp,  until  more  than  half 
an  inch  long.  The  larvre  and  young  of  the  various  species  of  shrimps 
are  also  abundant.  The  curious  larvae  of  Squitta  empusa  (Plate  VIII, 
fig.  36)  were  often  met  with. 

Several  species  of  Amphipods  are  also  common  at  the  surface.  The 
most  abundant  were  Calliopius  Icevimculus,  of  which  Mr.  V.K  Edwards 
also  took  numerous  large  specimens  in  February  and  March ;  Qammarus 
natator^  which  was  usually  common,  and  occurred  in  immense  numbers 
August  10  and  on  several  other  occasions ;  and  a  Hyper-ia,  which  infests 
several  species  of  large  jelly-fishes,  and  also  swims  free  at  will.  The 
Phronima-  is  a  related  genus,  but  is  very  remarkable  for  its  extreme 
transparency,  which  renders  it  almost  invisible  in  water.  Idotea  irro- 
rata  (p.  316,  Plate  V,  fig.  23)  and  I.  robusta,  Plate  V,  fig.  24)  were 
very  common  among  masses  of  floating  eel-grass  and  sea- weeds,  and 
the  latter  was  also  very  often  found  swimming  entirely  free. 

A  species  of  8a<ppliirina  (Plate  VII,  fig.  '33)  was  found  in  great  num 
bers  among  Sal-pce,  off  Gay  Head,  on  several  occasions,  early  in  Septem 
ber.  This  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant  creatures  inhabiting  the  sea.  It 
reflects  the  most  gorgeous  colors,  blue,  red,  purple,  and  green,  like  fire- 
opal,  although  when  seen  in  some  positions,  by  transmitted  light,  it 
is  colorless  and  almost  transparent.  Under  the  microscope,  when 
living,  it  is  a  splendid  object,  whether  seen  by  transmitted  or  reflected 
light,  the  colors  constantly  changing,  as  it  is  turned  in  different  posi 
tions.  When  seen  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sea,  in  large  numbers, 
the  appearance  is  very  singular,  for  each  one  as  it  turns  in  the  right  po 
sition  reflects  a  bright  gleam  of  light,  of  some  brilliant  color,  and  then 
immediately  becomes  invisible,  and  these  scintillations  come  from  dif 
ferent  directions  and  various  depths,  many  of  them  being  much  farther 
beneath  the  surface  than  any  less  brilliant  object  could  be  seen.  In 
some  cases  one  or  more  were  found  in  the  branchial  cavity  of  8alpce7 
but  whether  this  is  normal  or  accidental  was  not  determined. 

The  species  of  Argulus  are  parasitic  on  the  exterior  of  fishes,  but  we 
found  at  least  three  species  swimming  free  at  the  surface.  It  is,  there 
fore,  probable  that  they  are  able  to  leave  their  hosts  for  a  time,  and 
thus  to  migrate  from  one  fish  to  another.  The  species  of  Caligus  are  also 
parasites  on  fishes,  to  which  they  firmly  adhere,  but  the  half-grown 
young  of  one  species  was  taken  at  the  surface  in  the  towing-nets. 

Numerous  species  pf  Annelids,  in  the  larval  and  young  stages,  were 
taken  at  the  surface,  but  many  of  them  have  not  yet  been  identified, 


146        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [440] 

for  owing  to  the  great  changes  they  undergo,  this  is  often  impossible, 
unless  the  specimens  can  be  raised,  or  at  least  connected  with  the 
adults  by  a  large  series  of  specimens.  For  a  few  this  has  been  done. 
Several  species  also  swim  at  the  surface  in  the  adult  state,  especially  in 
the  evening.  With  some  this  seems  to  be  a  habit  peculiar  to  the 
breeding  season,  and  sometimes  only  the  males  are  met  with. 

Among  the  species  most  frequently  taken  in  the  adult  state  at  the 
surface,  are  Nereis  virens,  (Plate  XI,  figs.  47-50,)  chiefly  males ;  Nereis 
Umbata,  (Plate  XI,  fig.  51,)  mostly  males,  which  occurred  both  in  the 
evening  and  day-time  ;  Nectonereis  megalops,  (Plate  XII,  figs.  G2,  63,) 
which  was  quite  common  in  the  evening ;  Autotytus  cornutus,  (Plate 
XIII,  figs.  65,  66,)  the  males,  females,  and  asexual  forms ;  Podarke 
obscura,  (Plate  XII,  fig.  61,)  which  was  extremely  abundant  in  the  eve 
ning;  and  several  other  species.  The  Sagitta  elegans  was  taken  at 
/'  Wood's  Hole,  July  1,  and  off  Gay  Head,  among  Satycv,  September  8- 
It  is  a  very  small  and  delicate  species,  and  so  transparent  as  to  be 
nearly  invisible  in  water.  A  larger  and  stouter  species  of  Sagitta  was 
taken  in  large  numbers  at  Wood's  Hole,  by  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards,  January 
30,  Febuary  10,  and  February  27,  and  at  Savin  Kock,  near  New  Haven, 
May  5.  This  species  has  a  longer  caudal  portion,  with  a  small  terminal 
fin  ;  some  of  the  specimens  were  nearly  an  inch  long  and  many  con 
tained  in  the  cavity  of  the  body,  posteriorly,  a  parasitic  nematode 
worm,  about  half  as  long  as  the  body.  This  parasite  is  round,  not 
very  slender ;  the  head  has  three  prominent  angles  ;  tail  with  a  small, 
acute,  terminal  roucro. 

Many  of  the  Mollusca  swim  free  by  means  of  vibrating  cilia,  for  a 
short  time  in  the  larval  stages  of  growth,  but  as  such  larvaB  are  very 
minute  and  the  period  often  quite  short,  these  young  are  not  often  taken 
in  the  nets. 

The  Cephalopods  of  this  region  are  all  free-swimming  species,  from 
the  time  when  they  leave  the  eggs  through  life,  though  they  may  rest 
upon  the  bottom  when  depositing  their  spawn.  Numerous  specimens 
of  the  "  squid,"  Loligo  PealU,  (Plate  XX,  figs.  102-104,  embryos  and 
young,)  were  thus  taken  by  the  trawl  in  July,  together  with  large 
clusters  of  their  eggs.  Later  in  the  season  the  free-swimming  young  of 
this  species,  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  (fig.  105,) 
were  often  taken  at  the  surface  and  were  also  found  in  the  stomach  of 
the  red  jelly-fish,  Cyanca  arctica,  in  considerable  numbers.  The  adults 
were  frequently  taken  during  the  whole  summer  in  the  pounds.  Some 
of  these  were  over  a  foot  in  length,  but  most  of  them,  were  not  more 
than  five  or  six  inches  long.  The  color  when  living  is  very  changeable, 
owing  to  the  alternate  contractions  of  the  color- vesicles  or  spots,  but 
the  spots  of  different  colors  are  much  crowded,  especially  on  the  backr 
and  the  red  and  brown  predominate,  so  as  to  give  a  general  reddish  or 
purplish  brown  color,  and  this  is  usually  the  color  of  preserved  speci 
mens.  The  clusters  of  gelatinous  egg-capsules  of  this  species  were 


[441]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       147 

found  in  great  abundance  off  Falmouth,  on  a  shelly  and  weedy  bottom, 
as  already  mentioned,  (p.  416  ;)  and  near  New  Haven  light-house  large 
clusters,  apparently  of  the  same  species,  were  found  by  Professer  Todd, 
earlier  in  the  season,  (June  19.)  Some  of  these  masses  were  six  or  eight 
inches  in  diameter,  consisting  of  hundreds  of  capsules,  like  fig.  102, 
each  of  which  is  usually  three  or  four  inches  long  and  contains  numer 
ous  eggs.  These  last  contained  embryos  in  different  stages  of  devel 
opment,  two  of  which  are  represented  in  Plate  XX,  figs.  103, 104.  Even 
at  this  early  period  some  of  the  pigment  vesicles  are  already  developed 
in  the  mantle  and  arms,  and  during  life,  if  examined  under  the  micro 
scope,  these  orange  and  purple  vesicles  may  be  seen  to  rapidly  contract 
and  expand  and  change  colors,  as  in  the  adult,  only  the  phenomena  may 
be  more  clearly  seen,  owing  to  the  greater  transparency  of  the  skin  in 
the  embryos,  They  are,  therefore,  beautiful  objects  to  observe  under 
the  microscope.  At  this  stage  of  development  the  eyes  were  brown. 
In  these  embryos  the  yolk  is  finally  absorbed  through  the  mouth,  which 
corresponds,  therefore,  in  this  respect,  to  an  "  umbilicus."  The  more 
advanced  of  these  embryos  (fig.  103)  were  capable  of  swimming  about, 
when  removed  from  the  eggs,  by  means  of  the  jets  of  water  from  the 
siphon. 

Another  species,  Loligo  pallida  V.,  (Plate  XX,  figs.  101,  lOla,)  occurs 
abundantly,  in  autumn,  in  the  western  part  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
from  whence  Robert  Benner,  esq.,  has  sent  me  numerous  speci 
mens.  This  is  a  pale,  translucent,  gelatinous-looking  species,  with  much 
fewer  spots  than  usual,  even  on  the  back,  and  is  nearly  white  beneath- 
It  is  a  stout  species,  commonly  five  or  six  inches  long,  exclusive  of  the 
arms,  but  grows  considerably  larger  than  that.  It  is  often  taken  in  the 
seines  in  large  numbers  with  menhaden,  upon  which  it  probably  feeds. 
These  squids  are  eagerly  devoured,  even  when  full  grown,  by  many  of 
the  larger  fishes,  such  as  blue-fish,  black-bass,  striped-bass,  &c.  When 
young  they  are  preyed  upon  by  a  still  larger  variety  of  fishes,  as  well 
as  by  the  jelly-fishes,  &c. 

Another  species  of  "  squid,"  Ommastrephes  illecebrosa,  has  been  recorded 
from  Greenport,  Long  Island,  by  Mr.  Sanderson  Smith,  but  I  have  not  met 
with  it  myself,  south  of  Cape  Cod.  It  is  common  in  Massachusetts  Bay 
and  very  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Messrs.  S.  I.  Smith  and  Oscar 
Harger  observed  it  at  Proviucetown,  Massachusetts,  among  the  wharves^ 
in  large  numbers,  July  28,  engaged  in  capturing  and  devouring  the 
young  mackerel,  which  were  swimming  about  in  "  schools,"  and  at  that 
time  were  about  four  or  five  inches  long.  In  attacking  the  mackerel  they 
would  suddenly  dart  backward  among  the  fish  with  the  velocity  of  an 
arrow,  and  as  suddenly  turn  obliquely  to  the  right  or  left  and  seize  a  fish, 
which  was  almost  instantly  killed  by  a  bite  in  the  back  of  the  neck  with 
the  sharp  beaks.  The  bite  was  always  made  in  the  same  place,  cut 
ting  out  a  triangular  piece  of  flesh,  and  was  deep  enough  to  penetrate 
to  the  spinal  cord.  The  attacks  were  not  always  successful,  and  were 


148        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [442] 

sometimes  repeated  a  dozen  times  before  one  of  these  active  and  wary 
fishes  could  be  caught  Sometimes  after  making  several  unsuccessful 
attempts  one  of  the  squids  would  suddenly  drop  to  the  bottom,  and, 
resting  upon  the  sand,  would  change  its  color  to  that  of  the  sand  so 
perfectly  as  to  be  almost  invisible.  In  this  way  it  would  wait  until  the 
fishes  came  back,  and  when  they  were  swimming  close  to  or  over  the 
ambuscade,  the  squid,  by  a  sudden  dart,  would  be  pretty  sure  to  secure 
a  fish.  Ordinarily  when  swimming  they  were  thickly  spotted  with 
red  and  brown,  but  when  darting  among  the  mackerel  they  appeared 
translucent  and  pale.  The  mackerel,  however,  seemed  to  have  learned 
that  the  shallow  water  is  the  safest  for  them  and  would  hug  the  shore  as 
closely  as  possible,  so  that  in  pursuing  them  many  of  the  squids  became 
stranded  and  perished  by  hundreds,  for  when  they  once  touch  the  shore 
they  begin  to  pump  water  from  their  siphons  with  great  energy,  and  this 
usually  forces  them  farther  and  farther  up  the  beach.  At  such  times 
they  often  discharge  their  ink  in  large  quantities.  The  attacks  on 
the  young  mackerel  were  observed  mostly  at  or  near  high-water,  for 
at  other  times  the  mackerel  were  seldom  seen,  though  the  squids  were 
seen  swimming  about  at  all  hours ;  and  these  attacks  were  observed 
both  in  the  day  and  evening.  But  it  is  probable,  from  various  observa 
tions,  that  this  and  the  other  species  of  squids  are  partially  nocturnal 
in  their  habits,  or  at  least  are  more  active  in  the  night  than  in  the  day. 
Those  that  are  caught  in  the  pounds  and  weirs  mostly  enter  in  the 
night,  and  evidently  when  swimming  along  the  shores  in  u  schools." 
They  are  often  found  in  the  morning  stranded  on  the  beaches  in  im 
mense  numbers,  especially  when  there  is  a  full  moon,  and  it  is  thought 
by  many  of  the  fishermen  that  this  is  because,  like  many  other  noc 
turnal  animals,  they  have  the  habit  of  turning  toward  and  gazing  at  a 
bright  light,  and  since  they  swim  backwards  they  get  ashore  on  the 
beaches  opposite  the  position  of  the  moon.  This  habit  is  also  some 
times  taken  advantage  of  by  the  fishermen  who  capture  them  for  bait 
for  cod-fish;  they  go  out  in  dark  nights  with  torches  in  their  boats  and 
by  advancing  slowly  toward  a  beach  drive  them  ashore.  They  are  also 
sometimes  taken  on  lines,  adhering  to  the  bait  used  for  fishes. 

The  specimens  observed  catching  young  mackerel  were  mostly  eight 
or  ten  inches  long,  and  some  of  them  were  still  larger.  The  length  of 
time  required  for  these  squids  to  become  full  grown  is  unknown,  as  well 
as  the  duration  of  their  lives,  but  as  several  distinct  sizes  were  taken  in 
the  pounds,  and  those  of  each  school  were  of  about  the  same  size,  it  is 
probable  that  they  are  several  years  in  attaining  their  full  size.  A 
specimen,  recently  caught  at  Eastport,  Maine,  was  pale  bluish  white, 
with  green,  blue,  and  yellow  iridescence  on  the  sides  and  lower  surface  j 
the  whole  body  was  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  small,  unequal,  circu 
lar,  orange-brown  and  dark  brown  spots,  having  crenulate  margins ;  these 
spots  are  continually  changing  in  size  from  mere  points,  when  they  are 
nearly  black,  to  spots  0.04  to  0.06  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  when  they  are 


[443]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        149 

pale  orange-brown,  becoming  lighter  colored  as  they  expand.  On  the 
lower  side  the  spots  are  more  scattered,  but  the  intervals  are  generally 
less,  than  the  diameter  of  the  spots.  On  the  tipper  side  the  spots  are 
much  crowded  and  lie  in  different  planes,  writh  the  edges  often  over 
lapping,  and  thus  increasing  the  variety  of  the  tints.  Along  the  middle 
of  the  back  the  ground-color  is  pale  flesh-color,  with  a  median  dorsal 
band,  along  which  the  spots  are  tinged  with  green,  in  fine  specks.  Above 
each  eye  there  is  a  broad  lunate  spot  of  light  purplish  red,  with  smaller 
brown  spots.  The  upper  surface  of  the  head  is  deeply  colored  by  the 
brown  spots,  which  are  here  larger,  darker,  and  more  crowded  than  else 
where,  and  situated  in  several  strata.  The  arms  and  fins  are  colored 
like  the  body,  except  that  the  spots  appear  to  be  smaller.  The  suckers 
are  pure  white.  The  eyes  are  dark  blue-black,  surrounded  by  an  irides 
cent  border,  and  in  this  genus  the  eyes  are  provided  with  distinct  lids. 
In  this  respect,  Ommastrephes  differs  from  Loligo,  for  in  the  species  of  the 
latter  genus,  the  integument  is  continued  directly  over  the  eye,  the  part 
covering  the  eye  being  transparent. 

Most  of  the  higher  Gastropods  inclose  their  eggs  in  capsules,  which 
they  attach  to  stones,  alga?,  or  shells,  and  within  these  the  eggs  hatch 
and  the  young  have  a  well  formed  shell  before  they  eat  their  way  out  of 
the  capsules,  and  when  free  they  crawl  about  by  means  of  the  "  foot," 
like  the  adult.  But  in  the  lower  orders  of  Gastropods  most  of  the  young, 
when  first  hatchecl,  are  furnished  with  vibrating  cilia  and  swim  free,  by 
this  means,  for  a  short  time.  These  larvoe  are  very  different  from  the 
adults,  and  in  case  of  the  naked  mollusks  (j^udibrauchs)  the  larvoe  are 
furnished  with  a  beautiful,  little,  glossy,  spiral  shell,  which  they  after 
wards  lose. 

The  Pteropods  swim  free  in  all  stages.  The  young  and  adults  swim  by 
means  of  two  wring-like  appendages,  developed  on  each  side  of  the  neck, 
which  may  be  compared  to  the  anterior  lateral  lobes  of  the  foot,  seen  in 
yEolis,  (fig.  174,)  and  many  other  Gastropods,  if  we  suppose  these  to 
become  enormously  enlarged,  while  the  rest  of  the  foot  remains  in  a  rudi 
mentary  or  undeveloped  condition,  often  serving  merely  for  the  attach 
ment  of  the  operculuni. 

The  Styliola  v-itrea  (Plate  XXY,  fig.  178)  was  taken  in  the  day-time 
at  the  surface,  September  8,  among  Satyce,  off  Gay  Head.  Its  shell 
is  a  thin,  white,  transparent,  glassy  cone,  about  a  third  of  an  inch  long? 
and  slightly  curved  toward  the  tip.  The  animal  is  also  white.  The 
Spirialis  Gouldii  has  a  delicate,  white,  transparent,  spiral  shell,  when 
adult  having  seven  whorls,  which  turn  to  the  left.  The  shell  is  marked 
by  very  fine  revolving  lines,  visible  only  under  the  microscope.  This 
species  is  seldom  met  with  at  the  surface  in  the  day-time,  but  is  often 
abundant  in  the  early  evening.  According  to  the  observations  of  Mr. 
A.  Agassiz,  in  confinement  they  rarely  left  the  bottom  of  the  jars  dur 
ing  the  day,  merely  rising  a  few  inches  and  then  falling  again  to  the 
bottom.  After  dark  they  became  very  active,  swimming  actively  near 


150        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [444] 

the  surface  of  the  water.  "During  the  day  they  often  remain  sus 
pended  for  hours  in  the  water  simply  by  spreading  their  wing-like  ap 
pendages,  and  then  suddenly  drop  to  the  bottom  on  folding  them."  Mr. 
Agassiz  captured  the  specimens  upon  which  his  observations  were  made, 
at  Nahant,  Massachusetts,  during  the  summer  of  1869,  and  judging 
from  the  figures  in  Binney's  Gould  they  were  probably  specimens,  not 
quite  adult,  of  this  species.  He  has  also  taken  adult  specimens  at 
Newport.  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  captured  full  grown  specimens  in  the  edge 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  off  St.  George's  Bank,  and  we  have  specimens  taken 
from  the  stomach  of  mackerel,  caught  twenty  miles  south  of  No  Man's 
Land. 

The  Cavolina  tidentata  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  177)  is  a  beautiful  and  curious 
species,  with  a  singularly  shaped,  amber-colored,  translucent  shell,  much 
larger  than  that  of  either  of  the  preceding  species.  We  did  not  observe 
it  living  in  these  waters,  but  the  shells  were  twice  dredged  off  Martha's 
Vineyard,  and  one  of  them  wTas  perfectly  fresh  and  glossy,  as  if  just 
dead.  It  is  a  southern  species  which  comes  north  in  the  Gulf  Stream, 
but  it  had  not  been  found  previously  on  the  coast  of  New  England. 
Another  Gulf  Stream  species,  the  Diacria  trispinosa,  is  occasionally 
found  at  Nantucket,  according  to  Dr.  Stimpson,  but  whether  it  has  been 
observed  there  alive  is  uncertain  ;  eight  or  nine  other  species  were  taken 
in  the  Gulf  Stream,  off  St.  George's  Bank,  by  Messrs.  Smith  and  Har- 
ger  in  1872,  all  of  which  may,  perhaps,  occasionally  occur  about  Martha's 
Vineyard  and  Nan  tucket. 

Another  very  interesting  and  beautiful  Pteropod,  the  Clione papilio- 
nacect)  was  taken  in  considerable  numbers  at  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island, 
April  13,  by  Professor  D.  0.  Eaton  and  myself.  They  were  swim 
ming  at  midday  near  the  surface,  associated  with  Pleurobmcliia  rliodo- 
clactyla,  and  appeared  to  be  common  at  that  time,  Mr.  Vinal  N. 
Edwards  obtained  two  specimens  in  Vineyard  Sound,  April  30. 
This  differs  from  those  named  above,  in  being  destitute  of  a  shell,  as 
well  as  in  many  other  characters.  The  body  is  stout,  somewhat  fusi 
form,  tapering  gradually  to  the  pointed  posterior  end ;  in  the  largest 
specimens  the  length  was  about  1.5  inches.  The  head  is  rounded,  with 
two  small  conical  processes  in  front,  on  the  upper  side.  Six  tentacle- 
like  organs,  or  "  arms,"  bearing  minute  suckers,  can  be  protruded.  The 
wings  or  fins  are  large  and  broad  oval  in  outline. 

The  body  and  wings  are  pale,  transparent  bluish,  with  opalescent 
hues ;  the  mouth  and  parts  around  it,  the  "  arms,"  and  part  of  the 
head,  and  some  of  the  internal  organs,  are  tinged  with  orange ;  the 
posterior  part  of  the  body  is  bright  reddish  orange,  for  nearly  half  an 
inch.  Some  of  the  internal  organs  are  orange-brown  and  olive-brown > 
and  show  through  the  transparent  integuments  as  dark  patches.  This 
species  has  seldom  been  observed  on  our  coast.  Dekay,  in  1843,  men 
tioned  its  occurrence  in  a  single  instance,  off  New  York.  In  1869,  it 
was  taken  in  considerable  numbers  at  Portland,  Maine,  by  Mr.  C.  B. 


[445]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        151 

Fuller.  It  may,  nevertheless,  occur  annually  in  winter,  and  yet  be  sel 
dom  observed ;  for  very  few  naturalists  go  out  to  collect  marine  animals 
in  winter  and  early  spring. 

The  bivalve  shells  mostly  produce  minute  young,  or  larvae,  which  are 
at  first  provided  with  vibrating  cilia  and  swim  free  for  several  days,  as 
is  well  known  to  be  the  case  with  the  oysters,  clams,  muscles,  Teredo,  &c. 
But  a  few  species,  like  the  Tottenia  gemma,  (p.  359,)  produce  well  d§vel- 
oped  young,  furnished  at  birth  with  a  well  formed  shell. 

The  common  fixed  Ascidians,  both  simple  and  compound,  mostly  pro 
duce  eggs  that  hatch  into  tadpole-shaped  young,  which  swim  about  for 
a  short  time  by  the  undulatory  motions  of  the  tail,  but  finally  become 
fixed  by  the  head-end,  and  losing,  or  rather  absorbing,  the  tail-portion, 
rapidly  develop  into  the  ordinary  forms  of  the  ascidians.     This  pro 
cess,  although  often  very  rapid,  is  a  very  interesting  and  complicated  one 
In  Molgula  Manhattensis  there  is,  according  to  the  observations  of  Dr. 
Theodore  A.  Tellkampf,  an  alternation  of  generations.     He  states  that 
the  minute  yellow  ova  were  discharged  July  18,  invested  in  a  viscid 
yellowish  substance,  which  become  attached  to  the  exterior  of  many 
specimens.    In  a  few  days  the  "  viscid  substance"  had  changed  its  ap. 
pearance  and  became  contractile;  the  ova  became  larger,  round,  and  of 
different  sizes ;  "  after  two  or  three  days  the  largest  protruded  some 
what  above  the  surface  of  the  common  envelope,  and  presented  a  circular 
or  oval  aggregation,  like  that  of  the  Mammaria  found  a  year  ago ?  on 
the  llth  day,  the  round  ova  had  increased  in  size,  with  a  central  round 
or  oval  orifice  through  which  the  motion  of  the  cilire  of  the  branchial 
meshes  were  visible.     "  The  orifice  had  approached  on  the  1st  of  August 
more  or  less  to  one  apex;  in  some  specimens,  which  were  now  oval,  it 
was  terminal."    In  this  stage  he  names  it  Mammaria  Manhattensis, 
regarding  the  Mammaria  as  a  "  nurse ;"  within,  each  of  the  Mammarice,  at 
the  end  opposite  the  branchial  orifice,  there  was  seen  a  mass  of  cells, 
which  ultimately  developed  into  a  tadpole-shaped  larva,  similar  to  that  of 
other  ascidians.    He  observes  that  the  Mammarice  increase  after  the 
discharge  of  the  Iarva3,  and  that  gemmation  takes  place  within  the 
common  envelope.*     These  observations,  if  correct,  are  very  interesting 
and  important,  but  they  need  farther  confirmation.    The  development 
of  the  larvae  from  the  Mammarice  into  Molgula  was  not  traced  j   neither 
did  he  witness  the  actual  discharge  of  the  ova,  which  produced  the 
Mammarice,  from  the  Molgula.    They  may  possibly  have  no  relation  with 
one  another. 

Several  kinds  of  Ascidians,  however,  swim  free  in  the  water  during 
their  entire  life.  The  most  common  Ascidian  of  this  kind  is  the  Salpa 
Cabotti,  (Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  254,  255.)  This,  like  the  other  species, 
exists  under  two  different  forms ;  or,  in  other  words,  it  is  one  of  those  an 
imals  having  alternations  of  generations.  The  sexual  individuals  (fig. 
255)  are  united  together  into  long  chains  by  processes  (c)  from  the  sides 

*  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York,  Vol.  10,  p.  83,  1872. 


152       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [446} 

of  the  branchial  sac ;  these  chains  are  often  a  foot  or  even  a  foot  and  a 
half  long,  and  contain  two  rows  of  individuals,  which  are  united  to 
gether  in  such  a  way  that  they  stand  obliquely  to  the  axis  of  the  chainr 
the  branchial  openings  being  all  on  the  upper  side  of  the  chain  as  it 
floats  in  the  water,  while  the  posterior  openings  are  all  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  chain,  close  to  the  edge.  Each  individual  is  connected  both  with 
its  n\ate  on  the  right  or  left  side,  and  to  those  immediately  in  front  and 
behind  on  the  same  side.  The  succeeding  individuals  in  the  chain  over 
lap  considerably.  The  chains  do  not  appear  to  break  up  spontaneously, 
but  when  broken  apart  by  accident  the  individuals  are  capable  of  living 
separately  for  several  days.  The  chains,  when  entire,  swim  about  quite 
rapidly  by  means  of  the  streams  of  water  passing  out  of  all  the  cloacal 
orifices  in  one  direction.  The  individuals  composing  the  chains,  when 
full  grown,  are  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long.  They  are  transparent 
and  white,  or  pale  rose,  often  with  the  edges  of  the  mantle  and  the 
nucleus  bright  Prussian  blue,  and  with  delicate  reticulations  of  the 
same  blue  over  the  surface  of  the  mantle.  Each  of  the  individuals  in 
the  chains  is  hermaphrodite,  and  each  produces  a  single  egg,  which  de 
velops  into  an  embryo  before  it  is  discharged,  and  finally  when  it  grows 
to  maturity  produces  an  asexual  individual,  which  is  always  solitary, 
(Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  254.)  These  are  larger  than  those  in  the  chains 
and  are  quite  different  in  form,  but  the  color  is  the  same.  These  when 
mature  produce,  by  a  budding  process  in  their  interior,  a  series  of  mi 
nute  individuals  united  together  along  a  tube  into  a  small  chain,  (s,  fig. 
254,)  which  may  be  seen  coiled  up  around  the  nucleus.  The  chain  con 
sists  of  three  sections,  those  individuals  in  the  section  first  formed  being 
largest  and  nearly  equal  in  size ;  those  in  the  next  much  smaller  ;  while 
new  ones  are  just  forming  at  the  other  end;  as  the  chain  grows  longer, 
and  the  component  individuals  larger,  it  projects  more  and  more,  and 
finally  the  end  protrudes  from  an  opening  in  the  tunic,  and  the  little 
chain  becomes  detached  and  is  discharged  into  the  sea.  These  chains 
consist  of  twenty  to  thirty  pairs  of  individual  zooids.  This  operation  is 
frequently  repeated  during  the  summer,  and  these  chains  of  all  sizes, 
from  those  just  liberated  up  to  the  full-grown  ones,  may  be  taken  at  the 
same  time:  They  appear  to  grow  very  rapidly.  Thus  by  autumn  these 
Salpce  became  exceedingly  abundant,  at  times  completely  filling  the 
water  for  miles  in  every  direction,  from  the  surface  to  the  depth  of  sev 
eral  fathoms,  and  are  so  crowded  that  a  bucket  of  water  dipped  up  at 
random  will  often  contain  several  quarts  of  Salpcv.  They  were  found  in 
wonderful  abundance  on  September  8,  off  Gay  Head  and  throughout 
the  outer  part  of  Vineyard  Sound,  and  on  several  other  occasions  were 
nearly  as  abundant. 

Two  species  of  Append  icularia  and  a  species  of  DoUolum  were  also 
found  in  these  waters  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  but  we  did  not  observe  them. 
These  are  also  free-swimming  Ascidians,  related  to  Salpa,  but  very  dif 
ferent  in  form. 


[447]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        153 

Among  the  Eckinoderins  there  are  no  species  that  swim  at  the  surface 
when  adult,  but  most  of  them  produce  eggs  which  hatch  into  very  re 
markable  larvte,  entirely  unlike  their  parents  in  form  and  structure^  and 
these  swim  free  in  the  water,  often  for  a  considerable  period,  by  means 
of  vibrating  cilia. 

The  young  star-fish  or  sea-urchin  develops  gradually  within  the  body 
of  the  larva,  on  the  water-tubes,  and  as  it  grows  larger  it  gradually  ab 
sorbs  the  substance  of  the  larva  into  its  own  body.  The  development  of 
the  Iarva3  of  Aster  las  vulgaris  (A.palUda  AG-.)  and  A.  areniwla  (A.  leryl- 
inus  AG.)  has  been  described  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  from  the  time  pre 
vious  to  hatching  from  the  eggs  till  they  become  young  star-fishes,  with 
the  essential  characters  of  the  adults.  He  has  also  described  the  young 
of  the  common  green  sea-urchin  (under  the  name  of  Toxopneustes  Dro- 
baehiensis)  in  the  same  way.  The  Cribrella  saguinolenta,  (p.  407,)  like 
several  other  star-fishes,  does  not  have  free  swimming  larvre,  but  retains 
and  protects  the  eggs  by  holding  them  by  means  of  the  suckers  around 
the  mouth,  curving  the  body  around  them  at  the  same  time.  In  this 
position  the  eggs  hatch  and  pass  through  a  metamorphosis  different 
from  that  of  Asterias,  though  somewhat  analogous  to  it.  The  develop 
ment  of  this  species  was  described  by  Professor  M.  Sars  many  years  ago. 
Some  of  the  Ophiurans  are  viviparous,  among  them  the  Ampliiplwlis 
elcgans  (p.  418)  found  in  this  region,  but  others  have  free-swimming 
larvte,  and  pass  through  a  metamorphosis  similar  to  that  of  Asterias, 
though  the  larvaB  are  quite  different.  Some  of  the  Holothurians  are  also 
viviparous,  while  others  have  free-swimming  Iarva3,  but  the  young  of 
most  of  the  species  of  this  region  are  still  unknown. 

The  Acalephs  all  swim  free  in  one  stage  or  another  of  their  existence. 
Some  of  the  Hydroids,  like  jSertularia  and  allied  genera,  are  only  free-swiM- 
iners  while  in  the  early  embryonic  stages,  when  they  are  covered  by  vi 
brating  cilia  $  but  they  soon  become  fixed  and  ever  after  remain  attached 
in  one  place.  Others,  like  the  species  of  Obelia,  swim  free  in  the  em 
bryonic  state,  and  then  develop  into  attached  hydroids,  which  by  bud 
ding  may  produce  large  branching  colonies  of  similar  hydroids,  but 
ultimately  they  produce  another  kind  of  buds,  which  are  developed 
witliin  capsules  or  gonothecro.  These  soon  become  elegant,  little,  circu 
lar,  and  disk-shaped  jelly-fishes,  which  are  then  discharged  and  swim 
free  in  the  water ;  they  soon  grow  larger,  acquire  more  tentacles,  and 
ovaries  or  spermaries  develop  along  the  radiating  tubes,  the  eggs  are 
formed,  discharged,  and  fertilized,  and  each  egg  may  develop  into  a 
ciliated  embryo,  which  in  its  turn  may  become  attached  and  start  a  new 
hydroid  colony.  Thus  among  these  animals  we  find  an  alternation  of 
generations,  complicated  by  different  modes  of  budding. 

In  the  case  of  the  large  red  jelly-fish,  Cyanea  arctica,  and  the  com 
mon  whitish  jelly-fish,  Aurelia  flavidula,  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  271,)  the 
history  is  somewhat  different.  These  jelly-fishes  produce  immense  num 
bers  of  minute  eggs,  which  are  discharged  into  the  water  and  develop 


\ 


154      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [448] 

into  minute,  oblong,  ciliated  larvae ;  these  soon  become  attached  by  one 
end  and  grow  up  into  broad-disked  young,  like  hydroids  with  long, 
slender  tentacles ;  each  of  these  after  a  time  sends  out  stolon-like  tubes 
from  the  base,  and  from  these  tubes  buds  are  developed,  each  of  which 
grows  up  into  a  a  scyphostoma,-'  or  hydroid-form,  like  the  first  one  $  all 
these  eventually  become  much  elongated,  then  circular  constrictions  begin 
to  form  along  the  body,  which  grow  deeper  and  deeper  until  they  sepa 
rate  the  body  into  a  series  of  concave  segments,  which  are  held  together 
by  a  pedicle  in  the  middle  of  each,  their  borders  at  the  same  time  be. 
coming  divided  into  eight  lobes,  or  four  bilobed  ones  ;  in  the  mean  time 
the  long  tentacles  around  the  upper  end  or  original  disk  of  the  "  scyph- 
ostoma"  gradually  grow  shorter ,and  are  finally  entirely  absorbed;  then 
the  first  or  upper  disk  breaks  off,  and  finally  all  the  rest,  one  after 
another,  until  a  mere  stump  is  left  at  the  base ;  after  becoming  detached 
each  of  the  disks  swims  about  in  the  water,  and  gradually  develops  its 
mouth,  stomach,  tentacles,  and  other  organs,  and,  turning  right  side  up 
and  rapidly  growing  larger,  eventually  becomes  a  large  and  complicated 
jelly-fish,  like  its  grandparents  or  great-grandparents  that  produced 
the  egg  from  which  the  original  "  scyphostoma  n  was  developed.  The 
stump  of  the  hydroid  produces  another  set  of  tentacles,  even  before  the 
separation  of  all  the  segments,  and  grows  up  again  into  the  elongated 
or  u  strobila7'  form,  and  again  undergoes  the  same  process  of  transverse 
division,  thus  producing  successive  crops  of  jelly-fishes.  In  these  cases 
there  are  alternations  of  generations,  accompanied  both  by  budding  and 
fissiparity.  The  young  of  this  species  in  the  "ephyra"  stage  were  found 
April  17,  and  at  several  other  times  during  April,  in  abundance,  by 
Mr.  Vinal  N.  Edwards.  These  were  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  must  have  become  free  only  a  short  time  before.  On 
April  30  he  took  young  specimens  from  half  an  inch  to  about  an  inch 
in  diameter.  The  young  of  various  sizes,  up  to  nearly  three  inches  in 
diameter,  were  common  at  New  Haven  May  5.  All  these  young  speci 
mens  were  taken  in  the  day-time. 

In  some  jelly-fishes  buds  may  even  be  produced  upon  the  proboscis  of 
the  adult  jelly-fish,  which  develop  directly  into  free  jelly-fishes,  like  the 
parent.  This  is  the  case  with  the  Dysmorpliosa  fulguram,  found  in  these 
wraters,  and  with  Lizzia  grata,  found  farther  north. 

On  the  other  nand  there  are  many  jelly-fishes  that  do  not  have  a 
hydroid  state,  nor  bud,  nor  pass  through  any  marked  metamorphosis. 
This  is  the  case  with  our  Pleurolrachia  rliododactyla,  Idyia  roseola,  and 
other  Ctenophora3.  In  these  the  young,  even  before  hatching,  become 
perfect  little  jelly-fishes,  and  swim  round  and  round  within  the  egg  by 
means  of  the  miniature  paddles  or  flappers  along  their  sides.  The  young 
are,  nevertheless,  very  different  from  the  adults  in  form  and  structure. 

It  will  be  apparent,  from  the  preceding  remarks,  that  a  complete 
list  of  free-swimming  animals  would  necessarily  include  all  the  Aca- 
lephs  of  the  region,  but,  as  this  would  uselessly  swell  the  list,  only 


[449]       INVEKTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        155 

those  that  have  been  actually  taken  at  the  surface  will  be  here  included. 
Quite  a  number  of  the  species  were  not  observed  by  us,  but  have  been 
recorded  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  but  in  some  cases  he  has  given  neither  the 
time  nor  date  of  capture. 


\ 


A  fine  large  specimen  of  the  beautiful  jelly-fish,  Tima  formosa,  has 
been  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards,  who  captured  it  at  Wood's 
Hole,  April  30.  He  states  that  the  same  species  was  very  abundant  in 
February,  1872.  It  has  not  been  previously  recorded  as  found  south  of 
Cape  Cod.  The  specimen  received  differs  from  the  'description  given 
by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  in  having  thirty-six  tentacles  instead  of  thirty-two. 

Among  the  most  common  of  the  larger  species  in  summer  were  Mnem- 
iopsis  Leidyl,  which  occurred  in  abundance  at  nearly  all  hours  of  the 
day  and  evening,  and  was  very  phosphorescent  at  night;  Cyanea  arc- 
tica,  which  ocurred  chiefly  in  the  day-time,  and  was  here  seldom  more 
than  a  foot  in  diameter;  Aurelia  flavidula,  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  271,) 
which  was  not  unfrequently  seen  in  the  day-time ;  Dactylometra  quinque- 
cirraj  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  272,)  which  was  quite  common  both  by  night 
and  day  in  August  and  September ;  and  Zygodactyla  Grcenlandiea,  (Plate 
XXXVII,  fig.  275,)  which  was  common  in  July,  both  in  the  day  and 
evening,  but  was  seldom  seen  later  in  the  season. 

The  two  species  last  named,  and  also  the  Cyanea  arctica,  were  fre 
quently  found  to  be  accompanied  by  several  small  fishes,  of  different 
sizes  np  to  three  inches  long,  which  proved  to  be  young  "  butter-fishes,7 
Poronotns  triacanthus.  These  fishes  swim  beneath  the  broad  disk  of 
these  jelly-fishes,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  numerous  tentacles, 
which  probably  serve  as  a  protection  from  larger  fishes  that  are  their 
enemies,  for  the  tentacles  of  the  jelly-fishes  are  capable  of  severely  sting 
ing  the  mouths  of  most  fishes,  evidently  causing  them  great  pain.  As 
many  as  ten  or  twelve  of  these  fishes  were  often  found  under  a  single  jelly 
fish,  and  in  one  case  twenty-three  were  found  under  a  Cyanea  about  ten 
inches  in  diameter.  They  do  not  appear  to  suffer  at  all  from  contact  with 
the  stinging-organs  of  the  tentacles,  and  a^re,  perhaps,  protected  from  them 
by  the  thick  coating  of  tenacious  mucus  which  constantly  covers  the  skin, 
and  gives  them  their  common  English  name.  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  states* 
that  he  constantly  observed  a  "  Clupeoid"  fish  under  the  Dactylometra 
in  this  region,  which  had  essentially  the  same  habits,  according  to  his 
account,  as  the  species  observed  by  us,  though,  if  a  Clupeoid,  it  must 
have  been  a  very  different  fish. 

He  says,  however,  that  the  fishes  observed  by  him  were  occasionally 
devoured  by  the  jelly-fish :  "  It  is  strange  that  the  fish  should  go  there 
for  shelter,  for  every  once  in  a  while  one  of  them  pays  the  penalty  by 
being  swallowed,  without  this  disturbing  the  others  in  the  least ;  they 
in  their  turn  find  food  in  the  lobes  of  the  actiuostome,  and  even  eat  the 
folds  themselves,  until  their  turn  comes  to  be  used  as  food.  I  have 
seen  in  this  way  three  fishes  eaten  during  the  course  of  as  many  days. 


*  Catalogue  of  North  American  Acalepha?,  p.  49. 
12  V 


156        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AKD    FISHERIES.      [450] 

The  specimens  measured  about  an  inch  in  length."  The  fishes  found 
by  us  were  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  three  inches  long,  and  we 
never  saw  them  swallowed,  and  never  found  them  in  the  stomachs  of 
any  among  the  several  dozen  jelly-fishes,  of  the  different  kinds  that  we 
found  accompanied  by  the  fishes,  although  we  found  young  squids  and 
other  kinds  of  marine  animals  in  a  half-digested  condition.  It  is  pos 
sible  that  the  observation  of  Mr.  Agassiz  was  made  on  them  when 
kept  in  confinement,  and  that  the  fishes  devoured  were  not  in  a  perfectly 
healthy  and  natural  condition,  so  as  to  resist  the  stings  of  the  nettl 
ing  organs.  But  if  his  fish  belonged  to  a  family  different  from  ours,  the 
difference  may  be  peculiar  to  the  respective  fishes.  Yet  our  observa 
tions  afford  only  negative  evidence,  and  it  may  be  that  this  is  one  of 
the  peculiarities  of  this  remarkable  companionship ;  though,  if  so,  we 
should  suppose  that  the  race  of  Poronotus  would  soon  become  extinct, 
for  we  never  observed  the  young  under  any  other  circumstances.  The 
adult  fishes  of  this  species,  when  five  or  six  inches  long,  were  often  taken 
in  the  pounds  in  considerable  numbers. 

Among  the  mouth-folds  and  lobes  of  the  ovaries,  beneath  the  disk  of 
Cyanea,  we  very  often  found  large  numbers  of  living  specimens  of  a 
delicate  little  jelly-fish,  nearly  globular  in  form,  the  Margelis  Carolines- 
sis,  which  we  also  frequently  took  in  the  towing-nets  in  the  evening. 

In  the  winter  season  the  Mneniiopsis  Leidyi  is  often  abundant  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  and  I  have  also  observed  it  in  New  York  harbor  in  Feb 
ruary,  in  large  numbers.  At  Wood's  Hole  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards  found 
the  PleurObracMa  rhododactyla,  both  young  and  nearly  full-grown,  very 
abundant  in  February  and  March;  at  Watch  Hill,  April  13,1  found 
both  adult  specimens  and  young  ones  not  more  than  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  It  probably  occurs  through  the  entire  year,  for  we 
frequently  met  with  it  in  mid-summer  in  Vineyard  Sound.  Mr.  S.  I. 
Smith  also  found  it  very  abundant  at  Fire  Island,  on  the  south  side  of 
Long  Island,  in  September. 

In  July  and  August  we  obtained  several  large  and  perfect  specimens 
of  the  curious  "  Portuguese  man-of-war,"  Physalia  Arcthusa.  This  species 
occurs  as  far  west  as  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  where  it  Avas  observed 
by  Professor  D.  C.  Eaton.  The  boatmen  at  that  place  state  that  it  is 
frequent  there  in  summer.  The  float  of  this  species  was  generally  deep, 
rich  crimson  or  purple,  and  the  hydroids  beneath  it  were  commonly 
bright  blue  in  the  specimens  observed  by  us.  The  float  or  air-bag  is, 
however,  sometimes  blue  and  sometimes  rose-color. 

According  to  Professor  Agassiz,  (Contributions,  vol.  IV,  p.  335,)  the 
floating  bag  in  windy  weather  always  presents  the  same  side  to  the 
wind,  and  it  is  upon  the  windward  side  that  the  bunches  of  very  long 
locomotive  hydroids  of  the  lower  surface  are  situated,  and  these  at  such 
times  are  stretched  out  to  an  enormous  length,  and  thus  act  as  anchors 
to  retard  the  motion  by  friction  in  passing  through  the  water.  The 
smaller  locomotive  hydroids,  the  feeding  hydroids,  and  the  reproductive 
hydroids,  are  on  the  lee  side. 


[451]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        157 

This  species  is  capable  of  stinging  the  hands  very  severely  if  they  be 
brought  into  contact  with  the  hydroids  attached  to  the  lower  surface  of 
the  floating  air-bag. 

The  Idyia  roseola,  so  abundant  on  the  coast  of  New  England  north  of 
Cape  Cod,  was  only  occasionally  met  with,  and  in  small  numbers,  while  the 
Bolina  alata,  which  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  species  on  the  northern 
coast  of  New  England,  was  riot  seen  at  all.  The  Aiirelia  flavidula  is 
less  common  than  north  of  Cape  Cod,  but  was  found  in  abundance  in 
Buzzard's  Bay,  in  May,  by  Y.  N.  Edwards. 

Many  of  the  Polyps  have  free-swimming,  ciliated  embryos,  but  others, 
like  many  of  the  sea-anemones,  are  viviparous,  discharging  the  young 
ones  through  the  mouth.  These  young  are  of  different  sizes,  and  fur 
nished  with  a  small  but  variable  number  of  tentacles,  but  in  most 
other  respects  they  are  similar  to  their  parents.  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  has, 
however,  recently  ascertained  that  the  young  of  a  species  of  Edwardsia 
swims  free  in  the  water  for  a  considerable  period,  or  until  it  develops  at 
least  sixteen  tentacles.  In  this  condition  it  has  been  described  as  a  dif 
ferent  genus  and  species,  (Arachnactis  brachiolata  A.  AG-.)  Whether  the 
other  species  of  this  genus  all  have  free-swimming  young  is  still  uncer 
tain  ;  if  so.  these  young  must  differ  considerably  among  themselves,  for 
Edwardsia  farinacea  Y.,  of  this  coast,  has  but  twelve  tentacles  when 
adult,  and  E.  elegans  Y.  has  but  sixteen,  while  others  have  as  many  as 
forty-eight  tentacles,  when  full  grown.  Among  the  Protozoa  there  are 
great  numbers  of  free-swimming  forms  included  among  those  commonly 
known  as  Ciliated  Infusoria,  but  those  of  our  coast  have  been  studied 
but  little.  The  germs  of  sponges  also  swim  free  in  the  water,  by  means 
of  cilia,  Species  of  Polycystina  would  probably  be  found,  if  carefully 
sought  for,  but  we  have  not  yet  met  with  any  of  them. 

List  of  species  taken  at  the  surface  of  the  'water  on  the  southern  coast  of 

Neiv  England. 

In  this  list  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  enumerate  the  numerous 
species  of  free  Copepod  Crustacea,  which  are  very  abundant,  but  have 
not  been  carefully  studied. 

AKTICULATA. 

Crustacea. 

Pinnotheres  ostreum,  males  and  young,  (438.) 

Cancer  irroratus,  in  the  zoea  and  megalops  stages  ;  June,  July,  (438.) 

Platyonichus  ocellatus,  young  and  adult;  megalops;  June,  July,  (438.) 

Callinectes  hastatus,  young,  (438.) 

Many  other  species  of  Brachyurain  the  zoea  and  megalops  stages. 

Hippa talpoida,  young,  5  or  6mjn  in  length;  early  in  September,  (339.) 

Eupagurus,  several  species  in  the  larval  stages  ;  July  to  September. 

Gebia  affinis,  young,  4mm  long ;  early  in  September. 

Homarus  Americanus,  larv«  and  young;  July,  (395.) 

Crangon  vulgaris,  larva?  and  young  ;  June  and  July. 


158       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [452] 

Virbius  zostericola,  larvae  and  young  ;  July  to  September. 

Palremonetes  vulgaris,  larvae  and  young  ;  July  to  September. 

Larval  forms  and  young  of  other  species  of  Macroura. 

Squilla  empusa,  Iarva3  in  different  stages ;  August,  (439.) 

Mysis  Americana,  young  and  adult ;  April,  May,  (39G.) 

Heteromysis  formosa,  young  and  adult. 

Thysanopoda,  sp.     Vineyard  Sound ;  April  30,  (Y.  K  Edwards.) 

Cumacea,  several  species. 

Lysianassina3,  several  species,  young  and  adult. 

Urothoe,  sp. 

Monoculodes,  sp. 

Calliopius  Ireviusculus,  adult  and  young  ;  summer  and  winter,  (439.) 

Pontogeneia  iuermis,  full  grown  ;  winter. 

Gammarus  natator,  adult  and  young ;   summer  and  winter,  (439.) 

Mcera  levis. 

Ampelisca,  sp.,  young. 

Amphithoe  maculata,  young. 

A.  longiinana,  young  even  5  or  6mm  long. 

Hyperia,  species  ;  summer,  (439.) 

Phronima,  sp. ;  September  8,  (439.) 

Idotea  irrorata,  (439.) 

I.  robusta,  (439.) 

I.  pliospliorea. 

Ericlisouia  filiformis. 

Epelys  trilobus. 

Tanais  filum. 

Sappliirina,  sp.  5  September,  (439.) 

Eree  Copepods  of  many  genera  and  numerous  species. 

Argulus  laticaudaj  August,  (439.) 

A.  latus;  July. 

A.  megalops ;  September  8. 

Caligus  rapax  ;  September  8,  (439-.) 

Balaims  balanoides,  larvae  5  April,  May,  June,  (304.) 

Lepas  fascicularis  j  June  and  July,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  (382.) 

Limulus  Polyphemus,  young,  (340.) 

Worms. 

Phyllodoce,  sp.,  adult ;  July  3  ;  evening. 
Phyllodoce,  sp.,  young  ;  evening. 
Eulalia,  sp.,  young;   Septembers;  evening. 
Eulalia,  sp.,  young;  evening. 
Eumidia,  sp.,  young;  September  8;  evening. 
Eteone,  sp.,  young  ;  evening. 

Autolytus  coruutus,  male,  female,  and  asexual  forms;  July  29  to  Au 
gust  18;  evening.     Watch  Hill ;  April  13,  asexual  form,  (440.) 
Autolytus,  sp.,  asexual  individuals,  (398.) 


[453]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        159 

Gattiola,  sp.,  young  ;  September  3 ;  evening. 

Syllis  (?),  sp.,  young  ;  September  3 ;  evening. 

Ehyncbobolus  Americanus,  young  ;  September  3  ;  evening. 

Nereis  virens,  adult  males  ;  April ;  day-time,  (440.) 

N.  limbata,  adult  males  filled  with  milt,  September  3,  evening;  Sep 
tember  5,  at  Fire  Island,  day.  Females,  September  3,  (few  ;)  young, 
common,  August,  September,  evening,  (440.) 

N.  pelagica,  young;  August,  September;  evening. 

Nectonereis  megalops ;  July  3,  11 ;  September  3,  8 ;  evening,  (440.) 

Podarke  obscura,  adult ;  June  26  to  August ;  evening,  (440.) 

Spio  setosa,  young ;  evening. 

Scolecolepis  viridis,  young ;  evening. 

Polydora  ciliatuni,  young  ;  September  3  ;  evening. 

Nicolea  simplex,  young ;  August,  September  ;  evening. 

Amphitrite  ornata,  young  ;  evening. 

Lepra3a  rubra,  young  ;  evening. 

Polycirrus  eximius,  young;  August,  September;  evening. 

Spirorbis,  sp.,  young ;  evening. 

Tomopteris,  sp.,  young ;  evening. 

Sagitta  elegans,  adult ;  July  1,  September  8  ;  day-time,  (440.) 

Sagitta,  sp.,  adult  and  young;  January  30  to  May  5;  day,  (440.) 

Balanoglossus  aurantiacus  ;  larvae  in  the  u  toruaria  "  state,  (351.) 

Meckelia  ingens  ;  specimens  up  to  ten  inches  long ;  evening,  (349.) 

Pontoueina  mariuum,  adult ;  February  ;  day-time. 

Several  other  small  Nematodes  with  the  last. 

Slender  round  worm,  up  to  six  inches  long;  June  29,  July  13;  evening. 

Young  of  many  other  worms ;  undetermined. 

MOLLUSOA. 
C&phalopods. 

Ommastrephes  illecebrosa,  adult ;  July,  August,  (441.) 

Loligo  Pealii ;  June  to  September;  young,  July,  August,  (440.) 

L.  pallida,  adult ;  October,  November,  (441.) 

Pteropods. 

Clione  papilionacea,  adult;  April  13,  April  30,  (444.) 
Styliola  vitrea,  adult ;  September  8 ;  day-time,  (443.) 
Spirialis  Gouldii,  adult;  August;  evening,  (443.) 
Diacria  trispinosa,  (444.) 
Cavolina  tridentata,  (444.) 

Lamellibranclis. 

Teredo  navalis,  larvas ;  May,  June,  (386.) 
Mytilus  edulis.  larvse  ;  April,  (308.) 
Ostrsea  Yirginiana,  larvae  ;  June,  July,  (310.) 
Larvae  of  many  other  species,  undetermined. 


160       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [454] 

Ascidians. 

Salpa  Cabotti,  adults  and  young ;  August  and  September,  (445.) 
Doliolum,  sp. ;  summer,  (A.  AG-ASSIZ,)  (446.) 

Appendicularia,  sp.,  (like  A.  furcata ;)  summer,  (A.  AG-ASSIZ,)  (446.) 
Appendicularia,  sp.,  (like  A.  longicauda  ;)  summer,  (A.  AofASSiz.) 
Larvae  of  fixed  Ascidiaus,  (445.) 

RADIATA. 
Ecliinoderms. 

Strongyloceutrotus  Drobachiensis,  larvae,  (447.) 
Asterias  areuicola,  larvae  ;  evening,  (447.) 
A.  vulgaris,  larvae  ;  evening,  (447.) 

Acaleplis. 

Mnemiopsis  Leidyi;  February,  July  to  September ;  day-time,  (449.) 

Lesueuria  liyboptera,  adult ;  September;  day-time. 

Pleurobrachia  rbododactyla,  adult  and  young;  January  to  May, 
July  to  September ;  day-time  and  evening,  (448.) 

Idyia  roseola,  adult ;  September  ;  day-time,  (451.) 

Cyanea  arctica,  adult;  August,  September;  day-time.  Young  in  the 
"ephyra"  stages;  April;  young  of  all  sizes  up  to  four  inches  across; 
May,  (449.) 

Aurelia  flavidula  ;  August,  September  ;  day-time,  young ;  May,  (449.) 

Dactylometra  quinquecirra,  adult  and  young;  July  to  September; 
day  and  evening,  (449.) 

Trachynema  digitale,  young;  Wood's  Hole,  July  1;  day-time. 

Tiaropsis  diademata;  Wood's  Hole;  April  17,  (Y.  N.  Edwards.) 

Oceania  lauguida,  medusae;  June  to  September;  day-time. 

Eucheilota  ventricularis,  young  medusas;  evening. 

E.  duodecimals,  medusa;  July. 

Obelia,  several  species,  medusas ;  evening  chiefly,  (447.) 

Ehegmatodes  tennis,  medusas;  September;  evening. 

Zygodactyla  Grosnlandica,  medusas;  June  to  September;  day  and 
evening,  (449.) 

JEquorea  albida.  medusa ;  September ;  evening. 

Tima  formosa,  adult ;  February,  1872 ;  April  30,  1873,  (449.) 

Eutima  limpida,  medusas;  September;  evening. 

Lafoea  calcarata,  medusas ;  September ;  evening. 

Nemopsis  Bachei,  medusas;  June  to  September;  evening. 

Bougainvillia  superciliaris,  medusas,  April,  May,  June :  evening. 

Margelis  Carolineusis,  medusas;  August  and  September,  chiefly  in  the 
eveniug,  (450.) 

Dysmorphosa  fulgurans,  medusas ;  evening,  (448.) 

Modeeria,  sp.,  medusas. 

Turritopsis  nutricula,  medusas;  July  to  September;  evening. 


[455]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       161 

Stomotoca  apicata,  medusae. 
Willia  oruata,  young  medusre  ;  last  of  September. 
Dipurnea  conica,  medusa ;  July ;  evening. 
Gemmaria  gemmosa,  medusas ;  evening. 
Pennaria  tiarella,  medusae  ;  August,  September. 
Ectopleura  ochracea,  medusa3  ;  September. 
Nanoinia  cara,  August,  September;  evening. 
Physalia  Arethusa,  July  to  September;  day,  (450.) 
Velella  mutica.  August ;  day. 

Polyps. 

Edwardsia,   sp.,   larvae    in  the    "  Aracbuactis "  stage;    September; 
evening,  (451.) 

PROTOZOA. 

Numerous  kinds  of  ciliated  infusoria,  (451.) 
List  of  species  taken  at  the  surface  in  winter,  December  to  March. 

Crustacea. 

Craugou  vulgaris,  young. 

My  sis  Americana. 

Anonyx,  (?,)  sp. 

Calliopius  laeviusculus,  (439.) 

Pontogeneia  iuerniis. 

Gammarus  natator.  « 

Monoculodes,  sp. 

Several  species  and  genera  of  Oopepods,  very  abundant. 

Larvae  of  Balanus,  December  21,  January  7  and  8. 

Annelids,  &c. 

Nereis  virens,  adult  males. 
Sagitta,  sp.,  adult,  abundant,  (440.) 
Pontonema  marinurn,  adult. 
Other  Neniatodes,  undetermined. 

Acalephs. 

Pleurobrachia  rhododactyla,  young  and  adult,  abundant,  (450.) 
Mnemiopsis  Leidyi,  adult,  abundant,  (450.) 
Cyanea  arctica,  young ;  March. 
Tima  formosa,  adult,  (449.) 

II.   10. — ANIMALS  PARASITIC   ON  FISHES,  ETC. 

Large  numbers  of  fishes  were  examined,  both  internally  and  externally, 
for  parasites,  and  a  large  collection  of  such  parasites  was  made.     The  in- 


162       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [456] 

ternal  parasites  were  collected  mainly  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  and  will 
be  of  great  interest  when  carefully  studied  and  described.  As  yet,  noth 
ing  more  than  a  casual  examination  of  them  has  been  made.  These 
internal  parasites  were  found  in  nearly  all  kinds  of  fishes,  chiefly  in  the 
stomach  and  intestines,  but  also  very  frequently  in  the  flesh,  or  among 
the  abdominal  viscera,  or  in  the  air-bladder,  or  even  in  the  eyes,  &c. 
The  internal  parasites  were  mostly  worms,  but  these  belong  to  four  very 
distinct  orders. 

1st.  The  "  round -worms,"  Nematodes. 

These  are  related  to  the  round- worms  so  frequent  in  the  intestines  of 
children,  and  also  to  the  notorious  Trichina  of  man  and  the  hog.  One 
or  more  species  are  found  in  the  intestine  and  stomach  of  nearly  every 
kind  of  fish,  and  frequently,  also,  in  the  liver,  peritoneum,  eyes,  and 
various  other  organs.  One  species,  two  or  three  inches  long,  is  very  fre 
quently  found  coiled  np  spirally  in  the  flesh  of  the  cod.  Another  large 
species  is  frequently  found  in  the  flesh  of  the  torn-cod,  or  frost-fish. 
Although  these  are  not  dangerous  to  man,  they  are  very  disagreeable 
when  found  in  fish  intended  for  food. 

A  species  belonging  to  this  group  is  very  frequently  found  in  the  body- 
cavity  of  one  of  our  species  of  Sagitta  (see  page  440). 

2d.  The  flat- worms  or  "  flukes,"  Trematodes. 

These  are  short,  more  or  less  broad,  depressed  worms,  which  are  pro 
vided  with  one,  two,  or  more  suckers,  for  adhering  firmly  to  the  mem 
branes.  They  pass  through  very  remarkable  transformations,  as  do 
most  of  the  other  parasitic  worms.  Species  belonging  to  this  group  are 
common  in  the  stomach,  oesophagus,  and  intestine,  and  also  encysted  or 
in  follicles  in  the  mouth,  liver,  peritoneum,  and  various  other  parts  of 
the  body. 

3d.  The  thorn-headed  worms,  Acantliocepliala. 

These  have  an  elongated  roundish  body,  with  a  proboscis  at  the  an 
terior  end,  covered  with  hooks,  or  recurved  spines.  The  proboscis  and 
front  end  of  the  body  can  be  withdrawn  and  thrust  out  at  pleasure. 
Such  worms  are  very  common  in  the  stomachs  and  intestines  of  fishes, 
and  are,  perhaps,  the  worst  parasites  that  torment  them.  The  young  of 
these  worms  also  occur  quite  frequently,  encysted  in  the  liver,  peri 
toneum,  throat,  mouth,  and  other  organs. 

4th.  The  "  tape-worms,"  or  Cestodes. 

These  are  long  flat  worms,  divided  into  many  distinct  segments,  and 
are  very  frequently  found  in  the  intestines  of  most  fishes.  There  are 
numerous  species  of  them,  ranging  in  size  from  less  than  an  inch  to 
many  feet  in  length. 

Although  parasitic  worms  are  found  in  nearly  all  kinds  of  fishes,  they 
are  most  frequent  and  in  the  greatest  variety  in  the  large  and  very  vor 
acious  kinds,  such  as  sharks,  rays,  the  angler  or  goose-fish,  salmon,  blue 
fish,  cod,  haddock,  &c. 

Nor  are  other  marine  animals  free  from  these  internal  parasites.     Cer- 


[457]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        163 

tain  species  have  been  found  in  Crustacea,  others  in  mollusks,  &c.  Mr. 
A.  Agassiz  has  briefly  described,  but  not  named,  a  remarkable  worm 
that  he  found  very  common  in  the  jelly-fish,  Mnemiopsis  Leidyi,  and  the 
young  of  this  or  a  different  species  was  observed  by  me  in  the  same  Aca- 
leph.  It  appeared  to  be  a  species  of  Scolex.  It  was  pale  purple,  with 
light  yellowish  orange  stripes.  I  have  previously  mentioned  a  round 
worm  (Ascarisf)  which  frequently  occurs  in  winter  in  one  of  our  species 
of  Sayitta. 

Most  of  the  species  that,  in  the  adult  state,  inhabit  fishes,  live  while 
young,  or  in  the  larval  stages,  in  smaller  fishes,  or  in  other  animals, 
upon  which  the  larger  fishes  feed,  and  from  which  they  thus  derive  their 
parasites. 

Besides  the  parasitic  worms  there  are  also  many  internal  parasites  that 
belong  to  the  Protozoa. 

The  external  parasites  of  fishes  are  also  numerous.  They  are  chiefly 
Crustacea  and  leeches. 

Among  the  Crustacea  there  are  a  few  species  of  Amphipods  that  are 
parasitic.  One  of  these,  Laphystius  sturionis,  lives  upon  the  gills  of 
fishes  and  upon  the  surface  of  the  body.  It  was  found  on  the  gills  of 
the  u  goose-fish,"  (Lophius,)  in  Vineyard  Sound,  and  on  the  back  of 
skates  at  Eastport.  It  is  remarkable  in  having  large  claws  developed 
on  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  legs,  those  of  the  first  and  second  be 
ing  small.  Its  color  is  light  red. 

Certain  Isopod  Crustacea,  belonging  to  the  genus  Livoneca  (Plate  YI 
fig.  29)  and  allied  genera,  live  in  the  mouths  and  on  the  gills  of  fishes? 
clinging  firmly  to  the  membrane  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  or  other 
parts,  by  means  of  their  strong  sharp  claws.  These  are  generally 
unsymmetrical  inform.  The  species  of  the  genus  Bopyrus  live  on  the 
gills,  under  the  carapax  of  shrimp  and  other  crnstacea,  producing  large 
tumors.  A  species  is  common  on  species  of  Rippolyte  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy  :  and  a  species  has  been  found  in  this  region.  The  genus  Cepon 
is  allied  to  the  last,  and  our  species  occurs  under  the  carapax  of  the 
"  fiddler-crabs  "  in  this  region. 

Among  the  Entomostraca  the  number  of  parasitic  species  is  still 
greater,  but  most  of  these  live  on  the  external  surface  and  gills  of  fishes, 
though  some  of  them  occur  also  in  the  mouth.  The  species  of  Panda- 
rus  and  allied  genera  adhere  firmly  to  the  skin,  and  are  provided  with  a 
proboscis.  They  are  very  common  on  sharks,  but  occur  also  on  other 
fishes.  A  ltcntiaru(  t  e  VII,  fig.  31)  and  Nogagm  Latreillii  (Plate 
VII,  fig.  32)  were  both  found  on  u  Atwood's  shark,'7  the  "  man-eater"  of 
this  region,  associated  also  with  Nogagus  tenax.  The  species  of  "Noga- 
gusn  are  merely  the  males  of  other  genera,  for  no  one  has  yet  deter 
mined  both  males  and  females  of  the  various  species.  The  young  of 
one  species,  Caligus  rapax,  were  found  swimming  free  at  the  surface. 

The  species  of  Argulus  and  allied  genera  are  less  strictly  parasitic,  or 
rather  they  adhere  less  closely,  and  apparently  leave  the  fishes  at  pleas- 


164       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [458] 

ure  and  migrate  from  one  to  another.  Three  species  belonging-  to  this 
group  were  taken  at  the  surface  with  the  towing-nets.  The  Lerneans 
are  remarkable  creatures.  The  females  are  generally  very  curious  in 
form  and  very  much  larger  than  the  more  active  and  less  abnormal  males, 
and  they  are  very  low  in  structure,  the  reproductive  system  being  enor 
mously  developed  at  the  expense  of  nearly  all  the  other  organs.  They 
live  upon  the  exterior  and  gills  of  fishes,  with  the  head  deeply  buried 
in  the  flesh,  and  subsist  by  sucking  the  blood  of  their  victims.  The 
Lerncconema  radiatum  (Plate  VII,  fig.  30)  is  very  common  on  the  men 
haden,  and  is  also  found  on  the  alewives. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  parasitic  leeches.  One  of  the  most  remark 
able  is  the  BrancMoMella  Ravenelii,  (Plate  XVIII,  fig.  89.)  This  genus 
is  peculiar  in  having  broad,  foliaceous,  lobed  or  scolloped  gills  along 
the  sides  of  the  body.  The  large  species  figured  was  found  several  times 
on  the  large  "  sting-rays,"  several  of  them  usually  occurring  together, 
on  a  large  spot  which  had  become  sore  and  much  inflamed  by  their  re 
peated  bites.  It  is  a  very  active  species. 

The  Cystobranchus  vividus  is  a  much  smaller  and  quite  slender  leech, 
which  has  small,  papilliform,  whitish  gills  that  alternately  contract  and 
expand  along  the  sides  of  the  body,  each  surrounded  by  a  semicircular 
white  spot.  The  colors  are  brownish  or  purplish,  with  three  rows  of 
small  white  spots  on  the  back.  This  species  is  frequent  on  the  common 
minnow,  (Fundulus  pisculentus,)  in  autumn  and  winter,  and  lives  both 
in  brackish  water  and  fresh  water.  With  the  last,  on  the  minnows,  is 
found  another  slender  leech,  destitute  of  gills  ;  this  is  the  Iclitliyobdella 
FunduU.  It  has,  like  the  last,  four  ocelli.  The  color  is  pale  green  with 
darker  green  and  brown  specks,  often  with  whitish  transverse  bands 
anteriorly,  and  a  white  ring  behind  the  head,  at  the  constriction  ;  some 
times  there  is  a  narrow  pale  dorsal  line. 

A  long,  slender,  sub-cylindrical  leech,  the  PontoMella  rapaxV.,  (Plate 
XVIII,  fig.  91,)  is  quite  common  on  the  upper  side  of  the  "  summer- 
flounder,"  (Clicenopsetta  ocellaris.)  It  is  a  very  active  species,  dark  olive 
or  brown  in  color,  with  a  row  of  square  or  oblong  whitish  spots  along 
each  side  ;  the  suckers  are  pale  greenish  white.  The  young  are  reddish 
brown,  without  spots. 

A  species  of  Pontoldella  was  found  adhering  to  Mys-is  Americana, 
near  New  Haven,  May  5,  in  three  instances,  but  whether  this  be  its  nor 
mal  habit  is  uncertain. 

The  MalacoMella  obesa  V.  (Plate  XVIII,  fig.  90)  .is  a  large,  stout, 
yellowish  white  leech,  often  two  inches  long,  which  is  quite  common  in 
the  branchial  cavity  of  the  "long  clam,"  (Mya  arenaria.) 

The  MalacoMella  mercenaria  V.  is  another  similar  species,  but  smaller 
and  more  slender,  which  lives  in  the  same  way  in  the  "  round  clani" 
(Venus  mercenaria.) 

The  MyzoMella  lugulris  is  a  small  leech,  which  lives  on  the  "  edible 
crab"  (Callinectes  hastatus,)  adhering  to  the  soft  membranes  between 
the  joints  and  at  the  base  of  the  legs. 


[459]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        165 

List  of  external  parasites  observed  on  fishes  and  oilier  marine  animals  of 
Southern  New  England. 

In  the  following  list  I  have  included  all  the  determined  species  ob 
served  in  these  waters,  whether  living  in  the  sounds,  or  in  the  outer 
waters,  or  in  the  brackish  waters  of  the  estuaries,  for  most  of  these  par 
asitic  species  are  capable  of  living  in  as  diverse  conditions  as  do  the  ani 
mals  which  they  infest,  and  most  of  the  fishes  pass  from  time  to  time  into 
each  of  the  divisions  named,  though  some,  like  the  cod,  are  chiefly  found 
in  the  colder  outer  waters,  and  even  there  only  in  winter. 

The  list  is  undoubtedly  very  incomplete  for  it  is  based  chiefly  on  col 
lections  made  during  two  seasons,  and  mainly  in  the  summer  months. 
In  addition  to  the  true  parasites  I  have,  for  greater  convenience,  in 
cluded  in  the  list  some  that  merely  live  on  or  with  other  animals, 
either  for  the  sake  of  shelter,  or  to  feed  upon  their  excretions,  or  to 
share  their  food.  Some  of  these  would  be  properly  classed  as  "  commen 
sals.7' 

ARTICULATA. 

Crustacea. 

Pinnotheres  ostreum,  (p.  367,)  in  oysters. 

P.  maculatus,  in  Mytilus  edulis. 

Laphy  stiiis  sturionis,  on  goose-fish  and  skate,  (457.) 

Hyperia,  species,  on  jelly-fishes,  (439.) 

Nerocila  munda,  on  file-fish. 

Conilera  concharum. 

Livoneca  ovalis,  on  blue-fish,  (457.) 

Cepon  distortus,  in  branchial  cavity  of  Gelasiinus,  (457.) 

Ergasilus  labraces,  on  striped-bass. 

Argulus  catostomi,  on  the  sucker,  (Catostomus.) 

A.  laticauda,  (457.) 

A.  latus. 

A.  megalops. 

A.  alosai,  on  "  alewives." 

Caligus  curtus,  on  cod-fish. 

C.  rapax,  on  sting-ray,  (Trygon  hastata.) 

Lepeophtheirus,  sp.,  on  sting-ray. 

Lepeophtheirus,  sp.,  on  flounder,  (Ohsenopsetta  ocellaris.) 

Echthrogalus  coleoptratus,  on  mackerel- shark,  (Larnua  punetata.) 

E.  deriticulatus,  on  Atwood's  shark,  (Carcharodou  Atwoodi.) 

Pandarus  Grauchii,  (?)  on  dusky  shark,  (Platypodon  obscurus.) 

Pandarus,  sp.,  on  Atwood's  shark,  (Carcharodon  Atwoodi.) 

Xogagus  Latreillii,  on  Atwood's  shark,  (457.) 

N.  tenax,  on  Atwood's  shark,  (457.) 

Pandarus  sinuatus,  on  the  "  dog-fish,"  (Mustelus  canis.) 

Cecrops  Latreillii,  on  Othagoriscus  rnola. 


166       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [460] 

Antbosoma  crassum,  on  mackerel-shark. 

Lernrea  braiickialis,  ou  cod-fisb. 

Penella  plumosa,  on  Diodou  pilosus  and  Rhombus,  sp. 

Ancborella  uncinata,  on  cod-fish. 

Lernreoneina  radiatum,  on  menhaden,  (458.) 

Lerna3onema,  sp.,  on  a  species  of  Carangus. 

Corouula  diadem  a,  on  whales. 

Leeches. 

Branchiobdella  Eavenelii,  on  sting-rays ;  August,  September,  (458.) 
Cystobranchus  vividus,  on  minnows  ;  October  to  December  18,  (458.) 
Ichthyobdella  Funduli,  on  minnows  ;  with  last,  (458.) 
Ichthyobdella,  sp.,  dredged  off  New  London,  April. 
Pontobdella  rapax,  on  flounders,  (458.) 
Malacobdella  obesa,  in  long  clams,  (458.) 
M.  mercenaria,  in  round  clams,  (458.) 
Myzobdella  lugubris,  on  the  edible  crab,  (458.) 
BcHloura  Candida,  on  gills  of  Limulus. 

MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 

Stylifer  Stiinpsonii,  on  the  green  sea-urchin. 
Eulima  oleacea,  on  Tliyone  Briareus,  (418.) 

III. — FAUNA  OP  THE  ESTUARIES,  HARBORS,  PONDS,  AND  MARSHES. 

The  region  about  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  like  that  of  the 
entire  southern  coast  of  New  England  and  the  coast  farther  south,  is 
characterized  by  large  numbers  of  ponds,  lagoons,  and  estuaries,  having 
a  more  or  less  interrupted  communication  with  the  sea.  These  are 
usually  quite  shallow,  though  often  of  great  extent.  The  bottom  is 
generally  muddy,  with  occasional  patches  of  sand,  but  at  the  surface 
usually  consists  largely  of  decaying  vegetable  and  animal  debris  mixed 
with  mud. 

The  " eel-grass"  (Zostera  marina)  grows  in  the  shallower  waters  in 
great  quantities,  sometimes  in  small  scattered  patches,  at  other  times 
covering  large  areas.  Some  of  these  ponds  and  estuaries  receive  con 
siderable,  though  variable,  quantities  of  fresh  water  from  streams  flow 
ing  into  them,  while  others  receive  but  little,  except  the  surface  drain 
age  of  the  land  immediately  around  them ;  but  in  most  of  them  the 
fresh  water  is  in  sufficient  quantities  to  give  a  "  brackish  "  character  to 
the  wraters.  Owing  to  the  narrow  and  often  shallow  channels  by  which 
the  ponds  communicate  with  the  open  waters,  the  tide  is  usually  irreg 
ular,  and  its  rise  and  fall  often  much  less  than  outside,  so  that  the  wa 
ters  have  little  tidal  motion.  The  shallo  wness  of  the  water  and  the  abun- 


[461]       INVERTEBTATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       167 

dant  eel-grass  also  impede  the  motion  caused  by  the  wind,  so  that  these 
bodies  of  water  are  comparatively  quiet  under  ordinary  circumstances. 
The  same  causes  allow  the  water  to  become  highly  heated  during  the 
summer.  It  is  evident  that  the  heat  and  quietness  of  the  waters  are 
unfavorable  for  the  rapid  absorbtion  of  oxygen  from  the  air,  while  by 
the  rapid  decay  of  the  dead  materials  of  the  bottom  large  quantities  of 
carbonic  acid  and  other  gases  must  be  evolved,  which  would  in  some 
cases  soon  render  the  water  fatal  to  all  animal  life,  were  it  not  for  the 
presence  of  the  eel-grass,  Viva,  and  other  plants  that  flourish  in  such 
waters,  which,  while  absorbing  the  excess  of  carbonic  acid,  also  help 
to  give  the  requisite  amount  of  oxygen  to  the  water.  During  storms 
the  mud  of  the  bottom  is  quickly  disturbed,  causing  the  escape  of  nox 
ious  gases,  and  rendering  the  water  turbid,  while  the  eel-grass  is  torn 
up  in  large  quantities,  thus  adding  to  the  decaying  materials  of  the  bot 
tom  and  shores.  Moreover,  in  case  of  rain-storms  or  spring- freshets,  the 
sudden  addition  of  large  volumes  of  fresh  water  often  causes  great 
changes  in  the  density  and  character  of  the  water,  sufficient  to  kill  spe 
cies  not  adapted  to  such  varying  and  peculiar  conditions. 

We  accordingly  find  that  although  animal  life  is  usually  very  abun 
dant,  the  number  of  species  that  habitually  live  and  prosper  in  these  im 
pure  and  decidedly  brackish  waters  is  comparatively  small.  But  such 
as  do  occur  are  usually  found  in  great  quantities,  and  are  remarkable 
for  their  hardiness  and  ability  to  live  under  widely  varying  conditions. 
Many  of  them  are  strictly  southern  species,  which  do  not  extend  much 
farther  north  ;  but  there  are  some,  like  the  long  clam,  muscle,  &c.,  which 
extend  even  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  the  coasts  of  Europe. 

Many  of  the  estuaries  and  harbors,  and  some  of  the  ponds,  have  a 
much  freer  communication  with  the  sea,  and  then  the  water  is  less 
brackish  and  generally  less  impure  in  other  respects,  and  the  number 
of  species  of  animals  becomes  much  greater.  In  other  cases  the  water 
is  so  little  brackish  that  the  fauna  is  nearly  identical  with  that  of  the 
outer  bays.  A  few  of  these  species  are  almost  restricted  to  the  brack 
ish  waters,  but  by  far  the  greater  number  are  able  to  live  in  pure  sea- 
water,  and  are  accordingly  also  found  in  the  bays  and  sounds.  There 
are  various  degrees  of  preference  shown  by  the  different  species ;  some 
are  very  abundant  in  the  brackish  waters  and  very  seldom  found  out 
side  ;  some  evidently  prefer  the  estuaries  but  are  also  abundant  in  the 
sounds;  some  flourish  equally  well  in  both  situations 5  many  are  com 
mon  in  the  estuaries  but  much  more  abundant  in  the  pure  waters  of  the 
sounds  ;  and  a  large  number  which  are  occasionally  found  in  the  brackish 
waters,  especially  where  but  little  freshened,  have  their  proper  homes  in 
the  pure  waters  outside. 

Most  of  our  food-fishes  frequent  the  ponds  and  estuaries,  either  for 
the  sake  of  food  or  for  the  purpose  of  spawning,  and  many  spend  the 
earlier  part  of  their  lives  entirely  in  such  waters.  It  is  apparent,  there 
fore,  that  among  the  few  species  of  invertebrate  animals  living  in  the 
brackish  waters,  there  are  some  that  are  of  great  importance  as  food  for 


168       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [462] 

fishes.  It  is  true  that  many  of  the  larger  fishes  frequent  the  estuaries 
to  prey  upon  smaller  ones,  some  of  which  are  extremely  abundant  in 
these  waters.  But  the  small  fishes,  like  minnows,  as  Avell  as  the  young 
of  the  larger  ones,  feed  chiefly  upon  the  small  Crustacea,  worms,  and 
shells  that  live  in  the  waters  that  they  inhabit.  Therefore  the  entire 
value  of  the  estuaries  as  feeding-grounds  for  the  larger  fishes  depends 
directly  upon  those  species  of  Crustacea,  &c.,  that  naturally  live  in 
brackish  water. 

In  discussing  the  fauna  of  the  estuaries  I  have.found  it  most  conven 
ient  to  group  the  species  under  the  following  divisions :  1.  Those  of  sandy 
shores  and  bottoms.  2.  Those  of  muddy  shores  and  bottoms.  3.  Those 
inhabiting  oyster-beds.  4.  Those  inhabiting  the  eel-grass.  5.  Those 
attached  to  rocks,  piles  of  wharves,  floating  timber,  buoys,  &c. 

The  lists  could  be  greatly  extended  by  including  all  the  species  to  be 
found  near  the  mouths  of  estuaries,  or  in  those  harbors  and  ponds  that 
are  scarcely  brackish,  for  in  these  localities  the  fauna  is  nearly  identi 
cal  with  that  of  the  bays  and  sounds,  and  the  lists  already  given  on 
previous  pages  will  also  apply  very  well  to  such  places. 

As  a  general  rule  only  those  species  that  are  abundant,  or  at  least 
frequent,  in  waters  distinctly  brackish,  have  been  included  in  the  lists. 

Ill,  1.— ANIMALS  INHABITING  THE  SANDY  SHORES  AND  BOTTOMS  OF 

BRACKISH   WATERS. 

Sandy  shores  and  bottoms  are  generally  less  common  and  less  exten 
sive  than  muddy  ones,  and  occur  chiefly  toward  the  mouths  of  estuaries, 
or  on  the  more  exposed  borders  of  the  larger  ponds  and  harbors,  where 
the  wave-action  is  greatest. 

When  such  bottoms  are  covered  with  eel-grass,  as  often  happens,  the 
animals  are  quite  numerous,  but  when  destitute  of  vegetation  the  spe 
cies  of  animals  are  but  few,  and  mostly  of  the  kinds^that  burrow.  But 
when  there  is  a  mixture  of  mud  with  the  sand  the  variety  is  much 
greater. 

Near  high-water  mark,  colonies  of  the  "  sand-fiddler,7'  Gelasimus  pu- 
gilator,  (p.  336,)  often  occur,  as  on  the  sandy  beaches  outside.  In  the 
same  situations  the  beach-fleas,  Talorchestia  longicornis  and  T.  meyal- 
ophthalma  (p.  336,)  also  occur,  burrowing  in  the  sand  ;  while  the  Orclies- 
tia  agilis  SMITH  is  abundant  under  the  vegetable  debris  at  high-water 
mark. 

Several  species  of  salt-water  insects  also  occur,  burrowing  in  the 
sandy  beaches  at  and  below  high-water  mark.  Among  these  are  sev 
eral  beetles,  which  live  in  such  situations,  both  in  the  larval  and  adult 
conditions.  The  Bledius  cordatus  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  these. 
This  is  a  small,  dark-colored,  "  rover-beetle,"  with  very  short  elytra. 
It  makes  small,  perpendicular  holes  in  the  sand  near  high-water  mark, 
throwing  up  a  little  mound  of  sand  around  the  burrows.  A  larger  spe 
cies,  Bledius  pallipennis,  occurs  lower  down,  at  about  half-tide  mark 
and  makes  similar  burrows,  but  they  are  larger  and  deeper.  This  spe- 


[463]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        169 

cies  is  yellowish  brown  in  color.  The  larva  of  a  fly  belonging  to  the  Mus- 
cidre,  and  growing  to  the  length  of  three-quarters  of  an  inch,  occurs 
beneath  the  sand  at  low-water  mark,  and  was  also  dredged  off-shore  in 
three  or  four  fathoms  of  water. 

In  the  shallow  waters  and  on  the  flats  the  common  shrimp,  Crangon 
•vulgaris,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10,)  is  always  to  be  found  in  abundance 
where  the  water  is  not  too  much  freshened  by  the  rivers.  The  prawn, 
Palcemonetes  vulgaris,  (p.  339,  Plate  II,  fig.  9,)  is  also  frequent  on  the  sandy 
bottoms,  though  more  abundant  among  the  eel-grass,  and  this  species 
extends  far  up  the  estuaries  into  the  mouths  of  rivers,  where  the  water 
is  but  little  salt. 

The  most  abundant  Annelids  are  Nereis  virens,  (Plate  XI,  figs.  47-50,) 
N.  limbata,  (Plate  XI,  fig.  51,)  Rhynchobolm  dibranchiatus,  (Plate  X,  figs 
43,  44,)  E.  Americamis,  (Plate  X,  figs.  45,  46,)  and  Scolecolepis  viridis  V., 
(p.  345,)  all  of  which  burrow  in  the  sand  at  low-water  mark  in  the  same 
way  as  on  the  shores  of  the  sounds. 

Under  vegetable  debris  and  stones,  at  high-water  mark,  the  Halo- 
drillus  UttoraUs  (p.  324)  and  Clitellio  irroratus  (p.  324)  occur  in  abun 
dance.  The  Lumbriculus  tennis  burrows  among  the  roots  of  grass  at 
high-water  mark. 

The  most  abundant  Gastropod  shells  are  llyanassa  obsolete^  (Plate 
XXI,  fig.  13,)  Tritia  trivittata,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  112,)  Bittium  nigrum, 
(Plate  XXIV,  fig.  154,)  Astyris  lunata,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  110,)  which  occur 
on  the  flats  and  on  the  bottom  in  shallow  water,  but  all  are  more  com 
mon  among  eel-grass.  The  Melampus  bidentatus  (Plate  XXV,  figs.  169, 
169a)  is  very  abundant  among  the  grass  and  weeds  at  and  just  above 
high-water  mark.  It  contributes  largely  to  the  food  of  the  minnows 
and  other  small  fishes,  as  well  as  to  that  of  many  aquatic  birds.  The 
Crepidula  convexa  (Plate  XXIII,  fig.  128)  is  frequent  on  the  dead  shells 
occupied  by  the  small  herinit-crab,  Eupdgurus  longicarpus^  (p.  313,) 
Avhich  is  abundant,  running  over  the  bottom  in  shallow  water. 

The  most  abundant  bivalves  are  the  long  clam,  My  a  arenaria,  (Plate 
XXVI,  fig.  179,)  and  Macoma  fu-sca,  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  222.)  These  both 
occur  burrowing  in  the  sand  between  tides,  and  both  occur  far  up  the 
estuaries,  where  the  water  is  very  brackish,  but  they  are  most  abun 
dant  where  there  is  a  mixture  of  sand  and  mud.  In  the  estuaries  the 
long  clam  is  extremely  abundant  all  along  the  coast  from  New  Jersey 
to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  as  well  as  on  all  the  northern  coa  sts  of  Europe 
It  also  occurs  south  of  Cape  Hatteras,  as  at  Beaufort,  North  Carolina, 
but  in  greatly  diminished  numbers.  North  of  New  York  it  is  very  ex 
tensively  used  as  an  article  of  food.  North  of  Cape  Cod  it  is  the  com 
mon  "  clam  "  of  the  fishermen  ;  and  north  of  Boston  it  almost  entirely 
displaces,  in  the  markets,  the  "round-clam,7'  or  "  quahog,"  Venus  mer- 
cenaria,  which  is  the  common  clam  at  New  York  and  farther  south. 
Along  the  southern  coast  of  New  England  both  species  are  abundant, 
and  both  are  sold  in  large  quantities  in  the  markets.  South  of  New 


170       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [464 J 


York  the  long  clam  is  but  little  sought  as  au  article  of  food,  except  for  local 
use.  Ou  the  coast  of  New  Jersey  it  is  often  called  the  "  mauinose  clam,'7 
from  the  Indian  name  (frequently  corrupted  to  "  nanny-nose.")  It  is 
also  sometimes  called  the  "soft-shelled  clam,"  in  distinction  from  the 
"  quahog,"  which  is  called  "  hard-shelled."  The  "long  clams"  of  certain 
localities  on  Long  Island  Sound,  as,  for  instance,  those  from  Guilford, 
Connecticut,  are  of  very  excellent  quality,  and  are  very  highly  esteemed. 

The  Guilford  clams  are  assorted  into  regular  sizes,  and  are  bought  from 
the  fishermen  on  the  spot  by  the  hundred.  Those  of  large  size  bring 
about  $3  per  hundred  ;  these  are  retailed  in  the  market  at  New  Haven 
for  GO  cents  per  dozen.  Smaller  sizes  bring  48  cents  and  36  cents  per 
dozen.  During  unusually  low  tides  in  winter  clams  of  extraordinary  size 
are  obtained  at  Guilford,  below  the  zone  ordinarily  uncovered  by  the 
tide;  these  often  weigh  a  pound  or  more,  and  sell  for  about  $1.25  per 
dozen  ;  occasionally  the  weight  is  as  much  as  a  pound  and  a  half,  and  the 
shells  become  six  or  eight  inches  in  length. 

The  ordinary  long  clams  of  small  and  moderate  sizes  bring  95  cents, 
$1.25,  and  $2  per  bushel  at  wholesale;  these  retail  in  our  markets  at 
50  cents  to  75  cents  per  peck,  the  smallest  sizes  being  cheapest,  while 
the  reverse  is  the  case  with  the  round  clams. 

In  New  Haven  the  long  clams  are  chiefly  sold  in  winter,  being  a  out 
of  season"  in  summer,  when  the  round  clams  supply  the  markets.  But 
in  New  York  the  long  clams  are  sold  during  the  whole  year. 

Large  quantities  of  these  clams  are  also  collected  on  the. northern 
coasts  of  New  England  and  put  up  for  bait,  to  be  used  in  the  cod-fishery 
at  the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 

The  total  amount  collected  and  used  annually  is  probably  not  less 
than  1,000,000  bushels. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  sandy  shores  and  bottoms  of  estuaries. 

ARTICULATA. 


Insects. 


Page. 

Larvae  of  fly,  (Muscidae) 463 

Ephyd^a,  sp.,  larvae 466 

Ciciudela,  larvae 335 

Bembidium  coristrictuin . 

B.  contractum 

Phy  tosus  littoralis 335 


Page. 

Bledius  cordatus 462 

B.  pallipenuis 462 

Heterocera  uudatus 335 

Phaleria  testacea 

Anurida  maritima. .  331 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Gelasimus  pugilator 462 

Cancer  irrora"  tus 312 

Carcinus  granulatus 312 

Eupagurus  lougicarpus 463 

PaHemonetes  vulgaris 463 

Crangon  vulgaris 463 


Orchestia  agilis 


Page. 

462 

Talorchestia  longicornis 462 

T.  megalophthalma 462 

Epelys  trilobus 370 

Limulus  Polyphemus  .....         340 


[465]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        171 


Annelids. 


Page. 


Page. 


Nereis  virens 

!N.  limbata 

Rhynchobolus  Americanus. 
E.  dibranchiatus 


463 
463 
463  I 
Spio  robustus  .............       345  j 

Scolecolepis  yiridis  ........       463  \ 

S.  tenuis  .  .  345 


463  |   Clymenella  torquata 343 

Cisteuides  Gouldii ...       323 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 321 


Lumbriculus  tenuis 
Clitellio  irroratus 
Halodrillus  littoralis 


Meckelia  ingens 


Nemerteans. 

Page,    i 

349    Meckelia  rosea 

MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 


463 

463 
463 


Page. 
350 


Page.    | 

llyanassa  obsoleta 463  \ 

Tritia  trivittata 463 

Eupleura  caudata 371 


Page. 

Odostomia  trifida 307 

Bittiam  nigrum 463 

Crepidula  convexa 463 


Astyris  lunata 463  I  Melampus  bidentatus 

Lamellibranclis. 


463 


Page. 

Mya  arenaria 463 

Macoraa  fusca 463 

Angulus  tener 358 

Tottenia  gemma 359 

Venus  mercenaria. .  463 


Page. 

Laevicardium  Mortoni  358 

Solenomya  velum 360 

My  tilus  edulis 307 

Modiola  plicatula 307 

Pecten  irradians  . .  361 


III.  2. — ANIMALS  INHABITING-  THE  MUDDY  SHORES  AND  BOTTOMS  or 

BRACKISH  WATERS. 

The  bottoms  of  the  sheltered  estuaries,  ponds,  and  harbors,  are  almost 
invariably  muddy,  throughout  the  greater  part  of  their  extent,  from  low- 
water  mark  to  their  greatest  depths,  or,  in  other  words,  wherever  the 
waves  do  not  act  with  considerable  force.  The  shores  between  tides  are 
also  muddy  in  the  more  protected  localities,  where  the  waves  do  not 
have  sufficient  power  to  remove  the  fine  sediments.  The  upper  and  nar 
rower  parts  of  nearly  all  the  estuaries  in  this  region  are,  on  this  account, 
muddy,  for  the  rapidity  of  the  tide  is  seldom  sufficient  to  entirely  re 
move  the  fine  sediments  brought  down  by  the  streams. 

A  large  part  of  the  muddy  bottoms  is  generally  covered  in  summer  by 
extensive  patches  of  eel-grass.  Over  other  portions  large  beds  of  oys- 
13  v 


172       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [466] 

ters  are  always  planted,  thus  greatly  modifying  the  natural  conditions 
of  such  localities  and  introducing  a  large  number  of  species  not  prop 
erly  belonging  to  the  true  muddy  bottoms. 

The  shores  of  the  muddy  estuaries  and  ponds,  or  lagoons,  are  usually 
low,  flat,  and  bordered  by  more  or  less  extensive  salt-marshes,  with  the 
surface  generally  just  above  high- water  mark  of  ordinary  tides,  but  lia 
ble  to  inundation  by  unusually  high  tides.  These  marshes  are  always 
traversed  by  winding  and  sluggish  tidal  streams  of  brackish  water  and 
by  smaller  ditches,  and  the  surface  is  often  diversified  by  small  pools  or 
ponds  of  impure  brackish  water,  in  which  there  is  generally  a  deep  de 
posit  of  soft,  slimy  mud  and  decaying  organic  matter,  which  often  be 
comes  putrid,  and  exhales  fetid  gases.  All  such  waters,  whether  iu  the 
ditches  or  pools,  and  however  filthy  they  may  be,  are  inhabited  by  cer 
tain  kinds  of  invertebrate  animals,  and  they  are  also  frequented  by  mul 
titudes  of  minnows  and  other  small  fishes,  which  undoubtedly  find 
abundant  food  in  such  places. 

In  these  brackish  pools  and  ditches  we  find  certain  beetles,  both  in  the 
adult  and  larval  stages.  Among  these  the  most  conspicuous  is  Hydro- 
pMlus  quadristrtatus  HORN.,  a  large,  black  species,  which  appears  to  be 
common.  The  larva  of  the  salt-marsh,  musquito  (Culex,  sp..)  also  lives  in 
such  situations,  and  the  adults  in  August,  September,  and  October,  so 
swarm  in  these  marshes  as  to  render  it  extremely  unpleasant  to  go  on 
or  near  them.  The  larvas  of  an  Epliydra  also  occurs,  and  many  other 
insects  will  doubtless  be  found  in  these  places  when  carefully  sought  for. 

One  Amphipod,the  Gammarusmucronatus,  commonly  lives  in  the  most 
brackish  pools  and  among  the  grass  on  the  marshes.  The  prawn,  Palce- 
monetes  vulgaris,  (Plate  II,  fig.  9,)  is  also  very  abundant  in  these  pools 
and  ditches,  even  where  the  water  is  but  little  salt,  and  also  occurs  in 
immense  numbers  on  the  muddy  bottoms  and  among  the  eel-grass  of  the 
estuaries.  In  the  pools  there  are  also  myriads  of  small  Eutomostraca 
of  many  kinds,  upon  which  the  prawn  and  other  species  feed,  while  the 
Entomostraca  find  an  abundance  of  ciliated  Infusoria  and  other  micro 
scopic  animals  for  food. 

We  find  several  species  of  crabs  burrowing  in  muddy  banks  along  the 
shores  of  the  estuaries,  as  well  as  along  banks  of  the  streams  and  ditches 
in  the  salt-marshes.  The  most  abundant  of  these  is  the  marsh  fiddler- 
crab,  Gelasimus  pugnax,  which  is  often  so  abundant  that  the  banks  are 
completely  honey-combed  and  undermined  by  them.  These  holes  are  of 
various  sizes  up  to  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  de 
scend  more  or  less  perpendicularly,  often  to  the  depth  of  two  feet  or 
more.  Occasionally  in  summer  these  crabs  will  leave  their  holes  and 
scatter  over  the  surface  of  the  marshes,  which  at  such  times  seem  to  be 
perfectly  alive  with  them,  but  when  disturbed  they  will  scamper  away 
in  every  direction  and  speedily  retreat  to  their  holes,  but  occasionally, 
at  least,  they  do  not  find  their  own,  for  sometimes  the  rightful  owner 
will  be  seen  forcibly  ejecting  several  intruders.  It  is  probable  that  at 


[467]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        173 

such  times  of  general  retreat  each  one  gets  into  the  first  hole  that  he 
can  find.  Associated  with  this  "fiddler"  another  related,  crab,  the  Se- 
sarma  reticulata,  is  occasionally  found  in  considerable  numbers.  This 
is  a  stout-looking,  reddish  brown  crab,  with  a  squarish  carapax ;  its  large 
claws  are  stout  and  nearly  equal  in  both  sexes,  instead  of  being  very 
unequal,  as  in  the  male  "fiddlers."  It  lives  in  holes  like  the  "fiddlers," 
but  its  holes  are  usually  much  larger,  often  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half 
in  diameter.  It  is  much  less  active  than  the  "fiddlers,"  but  can  pinch 
very  powerfully  with  its  large  claws,  which  are  always  promptly  used 
when  an  opportunity  occurs. 

The  Carcinus  granulatus  (p.  312)  of  large  size  may  often  be  found  con 
cealed  in  the  cavities  under  the  banks  undermined  by  the  two  preceding 
species,  along  the  ditches  and  streams  in  the  salt-marshes.  On  the 
marshes  farther  up  the  estuaries,  and  along  the  mouths  of  rivers  and 
brooks,  and  extending  up  even  to  places  where  the  water  is  quite  fresh, 
another  and  much  larger  species  of  "fiddler-crab"  occurs,  often  in  abun 
dance  ;  this  is  the  Gelasimus  minax.  It  can  be  easily  distinguished  by 
its  much  larger  size  and  by  having  a  patch  of  red  at  the  joints  of  the 
legs.  Its  habits  have  been  carefully  studied  by  Mr.  T.  M.  Prudden  of 
New  Haven,  but  his  interesting  account  of  them  has  not  yet  been  pub 
lished.  He  has  also  investigated  its  anatomy.  According  to  Mr.  Prud 
den  this  species,  like  G.  pugilator,  (see  p.  336,)  is  a  vegetarian.  He  often 
saw  it  engaged  in  scraping  up  and  eating  a  minute  green  algoid  plant, 
which  covers  the  surface  of  the  mud.  The  male  uses  its  small  claw  ex 
clusively  in  obtaining  its  food  and  conveying  it  to  the  mouth.  The 
female  uses  either  of  her  small  ones  indifferently.  In  enlarging  its  bur 
rows  Mr.  Prudden  observed  that  these  crabs  scraped  off  the  mud  from, 
the  inside  of  the  burrow  by  means  of  the  claws  of  the  ambulatory  legs, 
and  having  formed  the  mud  into  a  pellet,  pushed  it  up  out  of  the  hole 
by  means  of  the  elbow-like  joint  at  the  base  of  the  great  claw,  when 
this  is  folded  down.  He  also  ascertained  that  this  crab  often  constructs 
a  regular  oven-like  arch  of  mud  orer  the  mouth  of  its  burrow.  This 
arch-way  is  horizontal,  and  large  and  long  enough  to  contain  the  crab, 
who  quietly  sits  in  this  curious  door-way  on  the  lookout  for  his  enemies 
of  all  kinds. 

This  species  can  live  out  of  water  and  without  food  for  many  days. 
It  can  also  live  in  perfectly  fresh  water.  One  large  male  was  kept  in 
my  laboratory  in  a  glass  jar  containing  nothing  but  a  little  siliceous  sand, 
moistened  with  pure  fresh  water,  for  over  six  months.  During  this 
whole  period  he  seemed  to  be  constantly  in  motion,  walking  round  and 
round  the  jar  and  trying  to  climb  out.  He  was  never  observed  to  rest 
or  appear  tired,  and  after  months  of  confinement  and  starvation  was 
just  as  pugnacious  as  ever. 

Although  some  of  the  colonies  of  this  species  live  nearly  or  quite  up 
to  fresh  water,  others  are  found  farther  down  on  the  marshes,  where  the 
water  is  quite  brackish,  and  thus  there  is  a  middle  ground  where  this 


174        EEPOET    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [468} 

and  Q.  pugnax  occur  together.  This  was  found  by  Mr.  Prudden  to  be 
the  case,  both  on  the  marshes  bordering  West  Elver  and  on  those  of 
Mill  River  near  New  Haven.  They  are  abundant  along  both  these 
streams.  The  holes  made  by  this  species  are  much  larger  than  those  of 
G.  pugnax.  Some  of  them  are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in 
diameter. 

The  "blue  crab"  or  common  edible  crab,  Callinectes  hastat-us,  (p.  367,) 
frequents  the  brackish  streams  and  estuaries,  where  it  is  often  taken  in 
large  quantities  for  the  markets.  These  are  usually  brought  to  market 
early  in  May,  but  the  "soft-shelled"  ones,  which  are  more  highly  es 
teemed,  are  taken  later.  These  soft-shelled  individuals  are  merely  those 
that  have  recently  shed  their  old  shells,  while  the  new  shell  has  not  had 
time  to  harden.  The  period  of  shedding  seems  to  be  irregular  and  long 
continued,  for  soft-shelled  crabs  are  taken  nearly  all  summer.  The  young 
and  half-grown  specimens  of  this  crab  may  often  be  found  in  consider 
able  numbers  hiding  in  the  holes  arid  hollows  beneath  the  banks  during 
the  flood-tide.  When  disturbed,  they  swim  away  quietly  into  deeper 
water.  These  small  crabs  are  devoured  by  many  of  the  larger  fishes. 
During  flood-tide  the  large  crabs  swim  up  the  streams  like  many  fishes, 
and  retreat  again  with  the  ebb.  They  feed  largely  on  fishes,  and  often 
do  much  damage  by  eating  fishes  caught  in  set-nets,  frequently  making 
large  holes  in  the  nets  at  the  same  time. 

The  "mud-crabs,"  Panopeus  Sayi  (p.  312)  and  P.  depressus,  (Plate  I, 
fig.  3,)  are  very  common  in  all  the  muddy  estuaries  and  harbors.  P. 
Harrisii  also  occurs  in  similar  places  ;  it  is  far  less  common,  and  appar 
ently  usually  lives  higher  up  toward  high-water  mark,  under  stones,  &c., 
but  it  has  been  found  on  the  salt-marshes  at  the  mouth  of  Charles  Kiver, 
according  to  Dr.  A.  A.  Gould. 

The  Orchestia  palustris  SMITH,  is  found  on  the  salt-marshes,  where  it 
occurs  under  drift-wood,  vegetable  debris,  &c.,  extending  its  range 
nearly  or  quite  up  to  fresh  water,  and  at  times  living  in  places  that  are 
almost  dry,  above  high- water  mark. 

The  Squilla  empusa  (p.  369)  burrows  in  muddy  shores  and  bottoms  at 
or  below  low-water  mark. 

The  Gebia  affinis  (p.  368,  Plate  II,  fig.  7)  also  lives  in  similar  places  in 
deep  burrows,  as  described  on  a  previous  page. 

The  "  horseshoe-crab,"  Limulus  Polyphemus  (p.  340,)  is  also  a  com 
mon  inhabitant  of  muddy  bottoms,  in  estuaries,  where  it  grows  to  great 
size. 

The  most  common  Annelids  are  partly  the  same  as  those  given 
above  for  the  sandy  shores.  The  Nereis  mrens  is  generally  very  abun 
dant  ;  the  two  species  of  Rhynchoboliis  are  common  5  and  also  Lumbri- 
conereis  opalina,  (Plate  XIII,  figs.  69,  70;)  Cirratulus  yrandis,  (Plate  XV, 
figs.  80,81;)  Polycirrus  eximius,  (p.  320,  Plate  XYI,  fig.  85;)  Chwto- 
Iranchus  sanyuineus,  (p.  320 ;)  and  several  other  less  conspicuous  species. 

Among  the  Gastropods  by  far  the  most  abundant  species  is  the  llya- 


[469]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,  ETC.        175 

nassa  obsoleta,  (p.  354,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  113,)  which  creeps  over  the  flats 
and  muddy  bottoms  in  countless  multitudes,  sometimes  almost  covering 
the  entire  surface.  When  left  by  the  tide,  on  the  flats,  especially  in  cold 
weather,  they  will  creep  into  the  small  pools  and  depressions  of  the  sur 
face,  where  they  often  huddle  together  in  great  crowds,  sometimes  form 
ing  many  layers,  one  above  another.  This  is  probably  the  most  abundant 
shell,  of  any  considerable  size,  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States.  It 
occurs  abundantly  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is 
essentially  a  scavenger,  and  owing  to  its  vast  numbers  its  services  in 
that  line  must  be  of  great  value.  It  occurs  far  up  the  estuaries,  where 
the  water  is  decidedly  brackish,  but  flourishes  equally  well  on  the  outer 
shores. 

The  Littorinella  minuta  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  140)  also  occurs  in  vast 
numbers  on  the  mud-flats,  and  in  the  pools  and  ditches  of  the  salt- 
marshes,  but  it  is  a  small  and  inconspicuous  species.  It  is,  however,  not 
overlooked  by  the  small  fishes  and  various  aquatic  birds,  for  they  feed 
largely  upon  it. 

TheMelampits  lldentatus  (Plate  XXV,  figs.  169,  lG9a)  is  also  extremely 
abundant  on  the  muddy  salt-marshes,  creeping  over  the  general  surface, 
or  in  the  shallow  pools  and  ditches,  and  among  the  grass,  creeping  up 
the  stalks.  In  shallow  water,  where  not  too  brackish,  the  Bulla  solitaria 
(Plate  XXV,  fig.  1G1)  is  sometimes  found  in  considerable  numbers, 
creeping  over  soft,  muddy  bottoms.  It  is  a  favorite  article  of  food  with 
the  flounders. 

Among  the  Lamellibranchs,  one  of  the  most  common  species  is  the 
Modiola.pUcatula,  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  258,)  which  occurs  everywhere  on 
the  muddy  banks  at  and  above  high-water  mark,  and  also  over  the  salt- 
marshes,  along  the  borders  of  ditches  and  streams,  and  wherever  there 
is  sufficient  moisture,  partially  imbedding  its  shell  in  the  mud  or  among 
the  roots  of  grass,  and  anchoring  itself  by  means  of  a  stout  .byssus. 
The  long  clam,  Hya  arenaria,  (p.  463)  and  the  Macoma  fusca,  (Plate 
XXX,  fig.  222)  are  almost  everywhere  abundant  on  the  shores  between 
tides. 

The  "  round  clam,'7  Venus  mercenaries,  (p.  359,  Plate  XXVI,  fig.  184,) 
occurs  on  the  muddy  bottoms  in  shallow  water,  often  in  great  abundance, 
especially  where  the  mud  is  somewhat  firm,  or  where  there  is  an  admix 
ture  of  sand,  and  the  water  is  not  very  much  freshened.  This  clam  is  usually 
taken  in  such  places  by  means  of  long-handled  tongs,  and  sometimes 
with  the  dredge.  It  is  especially  abundant  in  the  estuaries  and  harbors 
opening  into  Long  Island  Sound.  The  quantity  of  this  clani  taken 
annually  for  food  is  enormous,  but  it  is  impossible,  at  present,  to  get  re 
liable  statistics,  either  for  this  or  the  long  clam,  for  they  are  mostly  taken 
and  sold,  a  few  bushels  at  a  time,  by  individual  fishermen,  and  the 
traffic  is  diffused  along  the  whole  coast,  from  Florida  to  Boston ;  but 
it  is  probable  that  more  than  1,500,000  bushels  are  annually  consumed. 


176       KEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [470] 

In  the  New  Haven  markets  the  round  clams  retail  at  $2  to  $3  per  bushel 
for  the  small  ones,  and  $1  to  $2  per  bushel  for  the  large  ones. 

The  common  muscle,  Mytilus  edulis,  (p.  307,  Plate  XXXI,  fig.  234,)  is 
also  extremely  abundant  on  the  muddy  bottoms,  forming  immense  beds 
in  many  places.  It  is  taken  in  vast  quantities  for  fertilizing  the  land, 
but  is  seldom  used  as  food  on  our  coast,  although  it  is  used  extensively 
in  some  parts  of  Europe. 

The  muddy  bottoms  of  the  estuaries,  ponds,  and  harbors,  especially 
when  composed  largely  of  organic  matter  in  a  living  state,  afford  the 
best  localities  for  "planting"  oysters,  and  they  are  extensively  utilized 
for  this  purpose.  The  oysters  thus  planted  are  mostly  brought  from 
farther  south,  but  young  "  natives"  are  also  transplanted  on  a  large 
scale  in  some  localities. 

It  is,  however,  very  certain  that  the  oysters  did  not  originally  grow 
on  muddy  bottoms,  for  the  young  cannot  maintain  themselves  during 
early  life  unless  attached  to  some  solid  substance. 

Therefore,  where  large  oyster-beds  have  been  planted,  the  bottom 
should  no  longer  be  classed  as  "muddy,"  but  rather  as  a  "  shelly  bot 
tom,"  for  a  large  number  of  animals,  in  addition  to  those  of  true  muddy 
bottoms,  live  among  or  attached  to  the  oysters. 

Along  the  peaty  and  clayey  banks,  especially  where  undermined  by 
the  waves,  even  nearly  up  to  high-water  mark,  the  Petricola  plioladi- 
formis  (p.  372,  Plate  XXVI,  fig.  199,)  and  Pholas  truncata,  (Plate  XXVII, 
fig.  200,)  are  often  found  in  their  deep  burrows  in  considerable  numbers. 
The  Tacjelus  gibba  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  181,  and  Plate  XXX,  fig.  217,) 
burrows  at  and  below  low-  water  mark  on  the  muddy  and  argillaceous 
shores  of  the  estuaries,  as  well  as  on  the  shores  of  the  bays.  On  muddy 
bottoms,  toward  the  outer  parts  of  the  estuaries  and  harbors,  the 
Mul'mia  later  alls  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  184,  B)  often  occurs  in  great  abun 
dance.  And  in  similar  places,  even  where  the  bottom  consists  largely  of 
decaying  vegetable  matter,  the  Tellina  tenta  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  225)  and 
Solenomya  velum  (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  210)  are  sometimes  found  in  consid 
erable  numbers.  The  Callista  convexa  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  219)  also  occurs 
in  similar  places. 

The  Ascidians,  Bryozoa,  and  Eadiata  are  almost  entirely  wanting  on 
the  muddy  shores  and  bottoms  of  estuaries,  unless  in  localities  where 
eel-grass  or  oyster-beds  afford  them  suitable  stations  ;  but  such  localities 
•will  be  discussed  farther  on. 

List  of  species  -inhabiting  the  muddy  shores  and  bottoms  of  brackish  waters. 

ARTICTJLATA. 

Insects. 


Page. 

Cicindela  inarginata  .......       335 

Hydrophilus  quadristriatus      4G6 


Page. 

Culex,  sp  ..........  ,  ......       466 

Ephydra,  sp  -----  ..........       466 


[471]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         177 


Gelasimns  pugnax. 

G.  minax 

Sesaroia  reticulata 

Panopeus  Sayi 

P.  depressus 

P.  Harrisii 

Callinectes  bastatus  ...... 

Carcinus  granulatus 

Libinia  canaliculata 

Eupagurus  longicarpus. . . 
Gebia  affinis . . . 


Grangon  vulgaris 

Palsemonetes  vulgaris 

Mysis  stenolepis 

Squilla  empusa 


Crustacea. 

Page.  ! 

466  |  Orchestia  agilis 

4671  O.  palustris 

467!  Gammarns  mueronatus,,. 

468 !  Melita  nitida 

468  Ampelisca,  sp 

468  Ampbitboe  valida 

468  A.  compta 

467;  Coropbium  cylindricum . . 

368  Spbrcroma  quadridentata 

313  Idotea  irrorata 

468 !  Epely s  trilobus 

339 1  E.  mootosus 

466  :  Jsera  copiosa 

370 ;  Limrioria  lignorum  ...... 

468  ]  Limulus  Polyphemus 

Annelids. 


Xephthys  ingens 

Podarke  obscura 

Eteone,  sp 

Nereis  virens 

Marpbysa  Leidyi 

Luinbriconerels  opalina 

Ebyncbobolus  Americauus . 


Nemertes  socialis 


Page. 
431 
319 
349 
468 
319 
468 
342 


E.  dibrancbiatus 

Cirratubis  grandis 

Notomastus  filiformis 

Cistenides  Gouldii .... 

Polycirrus  exiinius 

Ohaetobranchus  sangnineus 


Nemerteans. 

Page. 
324  {  Cosmocepbala  ocbracea. 

Nematodes. 


Ponton  em  a  inarinum 


Page. 
325 


P.  vacillattim 


Page. 
314 
468 
466 
314 
431 
315 
370 
370 
315 
316 
370 
370 
315 
370 
468 


Page. 
341 
468 
342 
323 
468 
468 


Page. 
325 


Page. 
326 


MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 

Page. 


llyauassa  obsoleta 

Nassa  vibex 

Eupleura  caudata. 
Urosalpinx  cinerea 

Astyris  lunata 

Bittium  nigrum  . . . 

Littorina  rudis 

L.  palliata 


468 
371 
371 
306 
306 
305 
305 
305 


Littorina  irrorata 

Littorinella  miimta  . .  - 

Crepidula  convexa 

0.  fornicata 

C.  tinguiforniis 

Bulla  solitaria 

Melampus  bideutatus 


Page. 
372 
469 
355 
355 
355 
469 
469 


178       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES        [472] 

Lamellibranclis. 

Page,  i  Page. 

Pholas  truncata 470  I  Callista  convexa 470 

P.  costata 433  j  Mulinia  lateralis 470 

Mya  arenaria 469  j  Solenomya  velum 470 

Macoma  fusca 469  !  Xucula  proxima 432 

Tellina  tenta 470  !  Argina  pexata 309 

Angulustener 358  i  Modiola  plicatula 469 

Tagelus  gibba 470  !  M.  hamatus 374 

Petricola  plioladiformis 470  j  Mytilus  edulis 470 

Venus  merceuaria 469    Ostrsea  Virginiana 310 

III.  3.— ANIMALS  INHABITING  OYSTER-BEDS  IN  BRACKISH  WATERS. 

Although  the  oyster-beds  are  generally  planted  on  bottoms  that  were 
originally  muddy,  when  Covered  wholly  or  partially  with  living  oysters  or 
with  dead  oyster-shells,  such  bottoms  may  properly  be  regarded  as  "shelly 
bottoms'7  analogous  to  the  natural  shelly  bottoms  of  the  outer  waters. 
The  shells  of  the  oysters  afford  suitable  attachment  for  various  shells, 
bryozoa,  ascidians,  hydroids,  sponges,  &c.,  which  could  not  otherwise 
maintain  their  existence  on  muddy  bottoms,  while  other  kinds  of  ani 
mals,  such  as  crabs,  annelids,  &c.,  find  shelter  beneath  the  shells  or  in 
their  interstices.  Some  species  have  apparently  been  introduced  from 
farther  south  with  the  oysters  ;  among  these  are  Modiola  Jiamatus  and 
Panopeus  Herbstii,  neither  of  which  is  positively  known  to  be  fully  nat 
uralized  on  our  shores. 

In  planting  the  oysters  they  are  more  or  less  uniformly  scattered  over 
the  bottom,  from  somewhat  above  low-water  mark  to  the  depth  of  ten 
or  twelve  feet.  The  oysters  thus  planted  are  brought  mostly  from  the 
waters  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  in  spring.  During  the  summer  they 
usually  increase  greatly  in  size,  and  often  become  very  fat  and  improve  in 
flavor.  They  are  taken  up  in  the  fall,  for  if  left  exposed  to  the  freezing 
weather  of  our  winters,  at  least  all  those  in  very  shallow  water  would  be 
killed.  They  often  double  in  bulk  during  the  summer.  Besides  the  im 
mense  quantities  of  oysters  til  us  brought  from  farther  south  to  be  "  plant 
ed"  in  our  waters,  large  quantities  of  young  "  natives"  are  also  collected 
from  the  localities  where  they  naturally  breed,  and  are  planted  on  muddy 
bottoms  in  the  brackish  waters,  where  they  grow  very  rapidly,  usually 
attaining  a  size  suitable  for  the  market  in  two  or  three  years. 

These  u  native  oysters,"  although  of  the  same  species  as  those  brought 
from  the  south,  are  more  hardy,  and  will  live  through  the  winter  if  cov 
ered  by  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  to  prevent  them  from  freezing.  The 
young  oysters  that  attach  themselves  to  stones,  ledges,  &c.,  between 
tides,  often  in  great  abundance,  nearly  all  perish  by  freezing  during  the 
winter.  They  mostly  become  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diame'ter 
during  the  first  summer.  The  period  of  spawning  lasts  for  some  time, 


[473]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        179 

but  most  of  it  seems  to  be  done  in  May,  June,  and  July.  The  young, 
after  swimming  about  for  a  short  time,  attach  themselves  to  any  suitable 
hard  object,  such  as  rocks,  shells,  timber,  brush,  &c.  On  our  coast  very 
few  attempts  have  been  made  to  raise  the  young  oysters  by  artificial 
means,  because  the  young  oysters,  of  a  size  suitable  to  plant,  can  gen 
erally  be  bought  at  a  price  less  than  the  actual  cost  of  raising  them. 
The  time  will  doubtless  come,  however,  when  this  will  no  longer  be  the 
case,  and  then  the  methods  so  successfully  employed  on  the  coast  of 
France  may  be  resorted  to  with  great  advantage. 

The  young  oysters  must  find  some  solid  substance  to  which  they  can 
attach  themselves,  before  losing  their  locomotive  organs,  otherwise  they 
will  fall  to  the  bottom  and  perish  in  the  mud.  It  is  evident,  therefore, 
that  although  the  oysters  planted  on  muddy  bottoms  of  the  right  kind 
will  grow  most  rapidly,  owing  to  the  great  abundance  of  their  micro 
scopic  food  in  the  mud  and  turbid  water  ;  yet  such  localities  are  unfa 
vorable  for  breeding- grounds,  because  the  youug,or  "  spat,''  will  find  no 
suitable  objects  to  which  they  can  attach  themselves,unless,  by  chance, 
to  the  shells  of  the  old  oysters.  Therefore,  if  it  be  desired  to  have  the 
oysters  in  such  localities  produce  the  young  ones  necessary  to  maintain 
the  bed  permanently,  it  will  be  necessary  to  place  hard  objects  on  the 
bottom,  to  which  they  may  adhere.  Stones,  broken  bricks,  £c.,  may  be 
used  for  this  purpose,  but  nothing  is  better  than  old  oyster- shells,  and 
they  are  generally  cheaper  than  anything  else. 

On  the  coast  of  France  bundles  of  twigs  or  fagots,  prepared  tiles, 
and  other  objects  have  been  used  to  catch  the  young,  and  they  are  al 
lowed  to  remain  on  such  objects  until  they  become  large  enough  to  be 
removed  and  planted  elsewhere. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  best  breeding-grounds  are  on  hard  bottoms, 
where  there  are  large  quantities  of  dead  shells,  pebbles,  &c.,  to  which 
the  young  will  be  sure  to  adhere.  But  such  bottoms  are  not  the  best 
localities  for  the  rapid  growth  and  fattening  of  the  oysters.  Therefore 
it  is  always  found  profitable  to  transplant  the  young  oysters,  when  large 
enough,  from  hard  bottoms  to  the  muddy  bottoms  of  the  estuaries, wrhere 
their  natural  food  most  abounds. 

All  muddy  bottoms  are  not  equally  adapted  for  this  purpose.  The  great 
differences  to  be  found  in  the  muddy  bottoms  of  various  localities  have 
already  been  mentioned  on  a  previous  page.  (See  p.  430.)  Those  bottoms 
that  are  composed  mainly  of  tenacious  clay  are  unsuitable,  both  because 
the  oysters  become  imbedded  too  deeply  in  the  clay,  and  because  such 
mud  contains  but  little  organic  matter.  Those  that  consist  of  clay  or 
sand  mixed  with  decaying  vegetable  matter,  and  have  a  black,  putrid 
layer  just  beneath  the  surface  are  also  unsuitable  and  should  be  avoided. 
Those  that  consist  of  very  deep,  soft,  pasty  mud,  though  the  mud  itself 
may  be  of  good  quality,  are  apt  to  allow  the  oysters  to  sink  too  deeply 
beneath  the  surface  and  thus  become  smothered  in  the  mud. 

The  most  suitable  localities  are  those  sheltered  places  wrhere  there  is 
a  firm  substratum  of  sand  or  gravel,  overlaid  with  a  few  inches  of  soft, 


180       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [474] 

flocculent  mud,  consisting  largely  of  living  microscopic  animals  and 
plants,  Infusoria,  Diatoms,  &c.  Such  localities  are  to  be  found  in  most 
of  our  shallow  estuaries,  harbors,  and  brackish  ponds,  and  on  such 
grounds  the  oysters  grow  and  become  fat  with  surprising  rapidity. 

The  character  of  such  bottoms  is  very  liable  to  be  changed  by  storms, 
especially  in  winter,  either  by  the  removal  of  the  organic  mud  to 
some  other  part  of  the  bottom  or  shore,  or  by  the  washing  in  of  silt  or 
clay  in  quantities  sufficient  to  cover  the  bottom  and  destroy  the  living 
organisms.  Thus  it  happens  that  a  locality  may  be  an  excellent  oys 
ter-ground  one  year  and  comparatively  worthless  the  next,  or  a  poor 
locality  may  in  the  next  year  become  a  good  one.  And  on  this  account 
the  great  reputation  that  the  oysters  of  a  particular  locality  often  ac 
quire  in  a  favorable  year  may  not  belong  to  them  in  subsequent  years, 
for  the  quality  of  the  oysters  changes  with  the  character  of  the  food  and 
bottom  where  they  grow.  I  have  already  mentioned  several  of  the  more 
important  enemies  of  the  oysters  on  former  pages.  (See  pp.  306,  326.) 
The  star-fishes,  which  are  among  the  most  destructive  of  these,  do  not 
flourish  in  brackish  waters,  and  this  is,  therefore,  a  great  advantage. 

The  quantity  of  oysters  taken  from  our  waters  is  far  greater  than  is 
generally  supposed  by  those  not  familiar  with  this  important  business. 
The  best  statistics  are  necessarily  very  incomplete,  but  they  are  sufficient 
to  show  the  almost  incredible  magnitude  of  this  industry,  which  is, 
moreover,  rapidly  increasing  as  the  facilities  for  transporting  the  oysters 
to  all  parts  of  the  country,  even  to  the  Pacific  coast,  are  multiplied. 

According  to  the  official  report  of  Hunter  Davidson,  commissioner, 
upon  the  oyster-fisheries,  &c.,  of  Maryland,  January,  1872,*  the  quantity 
of  oysters  taken  in  Maryland  waters  in  the  year  1869-'70  was  11,233,475 
bushels,  which,  at  an  average  value  of  35  cents  per  bushel,  would  amount 
to  $4,031,716.  To  catch  and  convey  these  to  market  8,070  men  were  em 
ployed  on  the  water ;  7,190,400  bushels  were  taken  by  642  vessels  (ton 
nage  14,436)  engaged  in  dredging,  and  employing  4,060  hands.  The 
balance,  2,043,075  bushels,  were  taken  by  1,647  boats  or  "  canoes,"  using 
tongs  and  rakes,  and  employing  3,410  hands. 

In  1870-'71,  597  vessels,  (tonnage  13,425,)  engaged  in  dredging,  and 
employing  3,775  hands,  took  6,686,400  bushels  ;  and  1,649  "  canoes " 
took,  with  tongs,  2,261,403  bushels,  employing  3,507  hands  ;  making  the 
total  amount  for  the  year,  10,947,803  bushels,  valued  at  $3,831,731. 
Many  of  these  oysters  were  sold  at  $1  to  $1.50  per  bushel,  while 
others  were  sold  for  less  than  twenty-five  cents,  but  it  is  probable  that 
the  estimated  average  value  (thirty-five  cents)  is  considerably  below  the 
actual  value. 

The  quantity  taken  in  the  waters  of  Virginia  is  probably  quite  as 
large  as  that  from  Maryland. 

Large  quantities  are  also  taken  along  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  Long 

*  Report  on  the  Oyster-Fisheries,  Potomac  River  Shad  and  Herring  Fisheries,  and 
the  Water-fowl  of  Maryland,  to  his  excellency  the  governor  and  other  commissioners 
of  the  State  oyster-police  force,  January,  1872. 


[475]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        181 

Island,  and  Connecticut.  It  is,  therefore,  probable  that  the  total  amount 
taken  on  the  coast  north  of  Cape  Hatteras  is  not  less  than  30,000,000 
bushels  annually,  having  a  value  of  more  than  $20,000,000.  In  making 
this  estimate  we  should  allow  for  the  great  increase  in  bulk  and  value 
of  many  of  the  Maryland  and  Virginia  oysters  that  are  transplanted  to 
northern  waters,  and  allowed  to  grow  before  using.  The  average  value 
of  the  northern  oysters,  both  native  and  transplanted,  is  probably  more 
than  seventy-five  cents  per  bushel.  It  is,  therefore,  probable  that  the 
above  estimate  is  considerably  too  low. 

The  great  oyster-markets  of  the  country  are  Baltimore  and  New  York. 
In  Baltimore  immense  quantities  of  oysters  are  put  up  in  kegs  and 
cans  to  supply  the  distant  parts  of  our  own  country  and  also  to  ship 
to  nearly  all  foreign  countries.  In  1867  it  was  estimated  that  more 
than  10,000  persons  were  employed  in  this  branch  of  the  business. 
There  were  then  thirty  packing-houses,  employing  4,500  openers.  In  ad 
dition  to  the  packing  business  great  quantities  of  oysters  are  sold  at  Bal 
timore  and  sent  away  in  the  shell.  The  total  quantity  sold  at  Baltimore 
exceeded  7,000,000  bushels,  of  which  about  5,000,000  bushels  came  from 
Maryland  waters,  and  the  balance  from  Virginia.  Of  these  over 
1,000,000  bushels  were  sent  to  New  York,  700,000  to  Fair  Haven,  Con 
necticut,  where  an  extensive  packing  business  is  carried  on,  450,000 
to  Philadelphia,  350,000  to  Boston. 

The  oyster  trade  of  New  York,  several  years  ago,  was  estimated  at 
over  $8.000,000,  employing  2,500  vessels,  and  it  has  greatly  increased 
since  that  estimate  was  made. 

Among  the  most  common  shells  that  are  found  attached  to  oysters 
are  Crepidulafornicata  (Plate  XXIII,  figs.  129, 129a)  and  C.unymformis, 
(Plate  XXIII,  fig.  127.)  They  both  occur  together  on  the  upper  as  well 
as  the  under  valves,  and  in  all  cases  retain  their  ordinary  characters, 
except  that  the  latter  is  more  regular  in  form,  and  usually  has  the 
upper  surface  slightly  convex,  instead  of  being  much  distorted  and 
with  a  concave  upper  surface,  as  the  larger  specimens  that  live  on 
the  inside  of  dead  univalves  usually  are.  Its  color,  when  living  on  the 
oysters,  is  always  white,  while  the  C.  fornicata  is  always  more  or  less 
marked  with  brown. 

The  common  muscle,  Mytilus  edulis,  (p.  307)  frequently  occurs  attached 
to  oysters,  and  when  it  accumulates  on  the  oyster-beds  in  large  quan 
tities  it  is  very  injurious.  The  Modiola  Jiamatus  (p.  374)  is  a  very  pe 
culiar-looking  muscle,  having  a  broad,  often  hatchet-shaped,  distorted 
shell,  covered  with  prominent  radiating  ribs,  many  of  which  are  forked. 
Its  color  is  yellowish  or  brownish.  It  somewhat  resembles  Modiola  plica- 
tula,  but  is  broader  and  has  coarser  ribs.  This  muscle  is  sometimes 
found  in  New  Haven  Harbor,  living  on  the  oyster-beds  in  considerable 
numbers,  and  of  full  size,  attached  to  the  oysters,  either  singly  or  in 
clusters,  by  the  byssal  threads.  It  has  been  observed  only  in  the  sum 
mer  and  fall  and  it  may  not  have  survived  the  winters,  for  it  is  possible 


182       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [476] 

that  all  the  individuals  may  have  been  brought  from  the  south,  in  the 
spring,  when  quite  small,  attached  to  the  oysters.  It  may  be,  however, 
that  it  has  really  become  naturalized  on  our  shores.  It  is  very  common 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  on  other  parts  of  the  southern  coast.  The 
Anomia  glalra  (p.  311,  Plate  XXII,  figs.  241,  242,  242«)  is  also  very 
commonly  found  adhering  to  oysters. 

The  hard  sandy  tubes  of  Sdbellaria  vulgaris  (p.  321,  Plate  XVII,  figs 
88,  SSa)  and  the  calcareous  tubes  of  Serpula  dianthus  (p.  322)  are  very  fre 
quent  upon  oyster-shells,  and  occasionally  those  of  Potamilla  oculifera, 
(p  322,  Plate  XVII,  fig.  86,)  Scionopsis  palmata,  (p.  321,)  and  other  species 
are  met  with.  Many  other  Annelids  are  to  be  found  burrowing  or  hiding 
beneath  the  oysters.  The  common  green  star-fish,  Aster  las  arenicola,  (p. 
326,  Plate  XXXV,  fig.  269,)  occasionally  occurs  on  the  oyster-beds  near 
the  mouths  of  estuaries,  but  is  seldom  sufficiently  abundant  in  the 
brackish  waters  to  do  serious  damage  to  the  oyster-beds. 

In  the  brackish  waters  the  "  drill,"  ftrosalpinx  clnerea,  (p.  300,  Plate 
XXI,  fig.  116,)  is  the  worst  enemy  of  the  oyster,  and  is  sometimes  so 
numerous  as  to  do  very  serious  damage. 

Several  species  of  Hydroids  grow  adhering  to  oysters.  The  most 
abundant  of  these,  in  brackish  water,  is  usually  Halecium  gracile  V., 
(p.  328,)  but  two  or  three  species  of  Obelia  and  some  other  forms  occur. 

Of  Bryozoa,  one  of  the  most  common  species  is  the  Escliarella  variab- 
ilisj  (p.  312,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  256,)  which  forms  calcareous  incrusta 
tions.  The  Bugula  turrita,  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIV,  figs  258,  259,)  and 
Yesicularici  dichotoma  V.  (p.  404)  are  also  common.  The  Alcyonidium 
Mrsutum,  (p.  404,)  which  forms  soft  fleshy  crusts  over  the  surface  of 
the  shells,  is  quite  frequently  seen. 

The  common  red  sponge  (p.  330)  is  often  abundant  on  the  oyster-beds 
where  the  water  is  not  much  freshened. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  oyster-beds  in  brackish  waters. 

ARTICULATA. 

Insects. 

Page. 

Chironomus  oceauicus 379 

Crustacea. 
Page.    I  Page. 


Pinnotheres  ostreum 367 

Cancer  irroratus , 312 

Panopeus  Herbstii - . .  472 

P.  Sayi - 312 

P.  depressus 312 

Carciuus  granulatus 312 

Libinia  canaliculata 368 

Eupagurus  pollicaris 313 


E.  lougicarpus 313 

Craiiffon  vuljraris.  -  339 


Mysis  Americana 370 

Melita  nitida 314 

Ampelisca,  sp 431 

Unciola  irrorata 340 

Corophium  cylindricum .  —  370 

Epelys  trilobus 370 


f477]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        183 

Annelids. 


Lepidonotus  squainatus 

L.  sublevis  .  -  - 

Phyllodoce,  sp 

Eulalia,  sp 

Eteone,  sp 

Podarke  obscura 

Nereis  virens 

N.  liinbata 

Marphysa  Leidyi 

Lurobriconereis  opalina 

Rhynchobolus  Americanus. 
K.  dibrancliiatus. . 


,Page. 
320 
320 
349 
349 
349 
319 
317 
318 
319 
320 
319 


Cirratulus  grandis 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 

Cistenides  Gouldii 

Nicolea  simplex 

Scionopsis  palmata 

Polycirrus  eximius 

Chretobranchus  sanguineus, 

Potamilla  oculifera 

Sabella  microphthalma 

Fabricia  Leidyi 

Serpula  dianthus  , 

Spirorbis,  sp  , 


Page. 
319 
476 
323 
321 
476 
320 
320 
476 
323 
323 
476 
323 


Nemerteam  and  Planar-lane. 


Page.  |  Page. 

Nemertes  socialis  ____  ......     324  j  Monocelis  agilis  ...........       325 

Cosmocephala  ochracea  ____     325  j  Procerodes  frequens  .......      325 

Polinia  glutinosa  ..........     324  j 


Nematodes. 

Page.   I 
Pontonema  marinum 325  j  P.  vacillatum 

MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 


Page. 

326 


Page/ 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 476 

Fulgur  carica 355 

Syeotypus   canaliculatus. ..  355 

Ilyauassa  obsoleta 354 

Astyris  lunata 306 

Eissoa  acnleus 306 

Littorinella  minuta. 469 

Bittium  nlgrum 305 


Page. 

Odostomia  fusca ...       307 

O.  trifida 307 

O.  bisuturalis 307 

Crepidula  fornicata 475 

C.  UDguiformis , 475 


C.  convexa 

Doridella  obscura. 


355 
307 


Lamellibranclis. 


Page. 

Venus  mercenaria 469 

Argina  pexata , 309 

Scapharca  transversa 309 

Mytilus  edulis 475 


Page. 

475 

361 

476 

Ostrsea  Yirgiuiana ....       472 


Modiola  hamatus 
Pecten  irradians  , 
Anomia  glabra... 


184      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [478] 

Ascidians. 


Page. 
Cynthia  partita 311 


Page. 

Molgula  Manhattensis 311 


Bryozoa. 

Page.  Page. 

Bugula  turrita 47G   |  Vesicularia  dichotoma 476 

Escharella  variabilis 476    !  Alcyonidium  hirsutum 476 

Membranipora  lineata 406       Pedicellina  Americana 405 

RADIATA. 

Ecliinoderms. 

Page. 

Asterias  arenicola 476 


Acalephs. 


Page. 

Obelia  gelat  inosa 391 

O.  diaphana 327 


Page. 

Halecium  gracile 476 

Sertularia  ar gen tea 408 


O.  pyriformis 390 

Polyps. 


Page. 

Metridium  marginatuin . . . .     329 


Page. 
Sagartia  leucolena. .  329 


PROTOZOA. 


Sponges. 


Page. 


Page. 


Tedania,  species .     330      Eed  branching  sponge 476 

Halichondria,   sp 330   ! 

III.  4. — ANIMALS  INHABITING  EEL-GRASS  IN  BRACKISH  WATERS. 

A  large  portion  of  the  shallow  parts  of  nearly  all  the  harbors,  estu 
aries,  and  ponds  is  occupied  by  a  dense  growth  of  eel-grass,  Zostera 
marina,  in  summer.  This  plant  flourishes  both  on  sandy  and  muddy 
bottoms.  During  the  fall  and  winter  it  is  mostly  torn  up  and  drifted 
away  bj  storms,  but  in  the  spring  a  new  crop  starts  up  and  grows  very 
rapidly,  the  narrow,  ribbon-like  leaves  often  becoming  six  feet  or  more 
in  length  during  the  summer. 

These  tracts  of  eel-grass  are  the  favorite  resorts  of  a  considerable 
number  of  animals,  which  seek  these  places  either  for  food  or  conceal 
ment  and  shelter,  or  for  both  combined.  Other  species,  including  certain 
hydroids,  bryozoa,  and  ascidiaus,  grow  attached  to  the  leaves  of  the 
eel-grass. 


[479]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        185 

Many  small  fishes  frequent  tiie  patches  of  eel-grass,  and  find  there 
abundance  of  food  and  unusual  safety  from  their  enemies. 

Among  the  most  common  Crustacea  found  among  the  eel-grass  are 
the  edible  crab,  CalUnectes  liastatus,  (p.  367 ;)  Panopeus  Sayi,  (p.  312 ;) 
P.  depressus,  (Plate  I,  fig.  3  ;)  Eupagurus  longicarpus,  (p.  313  ;)  the  prawn, 
Palcvmonetes  vulgaris.  (p.  369,  Plate  II,  fig.  9 ;)  the  common  shrimp,  Gran- 
gon  vulgaris,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10  5)  the  green  shrimp,  VirMus  zosteri- 
cola,  (p.  369,  Plate  III,  fig.  11;)  Mysis  stenolepis,  (p.  370,  Plate  III,  fig.  12;) 
M.  Americana,  (p.  370;)  Idotea  irrorata,  (p.  316,  Plate  Y,  fig.  23;)  Melita 
nitida,  (p.  314.)  The  common  prawn  (Plate  II,  fig.  9)  has  its  true  home 
among  the  eel-grass,  and  here  it  occurs  in  countless  numbers.  Its  trans 
lucent  body,  marked  with  irregular,  ill-defined,  dark  blotches  and  spots, 
admirably  adapts  it  for  concealment  among  the  discolored  and  dead 
leaves  of  the  plant,  at  or  near  the  bottom. 

Where  the  eel-grass  grows  on  sandy  bottoms  the  common  shrimp  is 
scarcely  less  abundant.  The  VirMus  is  often  abundant,  associated  with 
the  common  prawn,  and  having  similar  habits.  All  these  shrimps  and 
prawns  are  eagerly  devoured  by  the  fishes.  The  Idotea  irrorata  is  gen 
erally  very  abundant,  and  clings  firmly  to  the  leaves  of  the  eel-grass 
lengthwise.  Its  body  is  generally  curiously  and  variously  colored  with 
green  and  brown,  &c.,  and  these  colors  are  often  so  arranged  as  to  imi 
tate  very  perfectly  the  colors  of  the  eel-grass  when  partially  dead  or 
discolored.  Sometimes  the  right  or  left  half  of  the  body  will  be  bright 
green,  while  the  opposite  half  will  be  dark  brown.  In  other  cases  there 
will  be  a  dorsal  bright  green  stripe,  while  the  sides  will  be  dark  brown, 
just  like  one  of  the  leaves  of  the  eel-grass  that  is  discolored  at  the 
edges,  but  green  in  the  middle.  More  commonly  these  colors  are  ir 
regularly  disposed  in  blotches. 

The  Ericlisonia  attenuata  HAEGER,  is  a  remarkably  slender  species^ 
which  also  lives  clinging  to  the  eel-grass.  Its  colors  are  green  and 
brown,  and  quite  variable. 

Several  species  of  Amphipods  are  also  abundant  among  the  eel-gras?8 
One  of  the  most  common. of  these  is  the  Gammarus  mucronatus,  (p.  466,) 
which  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  dorsal  teeth  on  the  abdominal  seg 
ments.  Microdeutopus  minax  SMITH,  is  a  very  small  species,  which 
sometimes  occurs  in  great  abundance  in  the  small  brackish  ponds.  It 
is  remarkable  for  its  relatively  large  and  very  broad^  hands,  armed 
beneath  with  three  prominent  teeth.  The  hands  are  nearly  as  large  as 
the  entire  body. 

Among  the  Mollusks  several  interesting  species  occur.  The  Ilyanassa 
obsolete,  (p.  371,  Plate  XXI, fig.  113;)  Bittium  nigrum,  (p.  305,  Plate XXIV, 
fig.  154;)  and  Astyris  lunata,  (p.  306,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  110,)  are  generally 
the  most  abundant  species.  The  Nassa  vibeoc  (p.  371,  Plate  XXI,  fig.  114) 
is  met  with  occasionally,  living  on  and  about  the  roots  of  eel-grass,  but 
it  is  an  uncommon  shell  in  our  waters,  though  quite  abundant  on  the 
southern  coasts.  The  Crepidula  convexa  (p.  371,  Plate  XXIII,  fig.  128) 


186       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [480} 


may  be  found,  both  adhering  to  the  leaves  of  eel-grass  and  attached  to 
shells  occupied  by  the  smaller  hermit-crabs. 

The  curious  little  naked  mollusk,  Elysiella  catulus,  (Plate  XXV,  fig. 
171,)  is  often  quite  common  on  the  leaves  of  eel-grass  in  our  harbors. 
It  also  has  the  power  of  floating  with  the  bottom  of  the  foot  at  the 
surface  of  the  water.  Its  small  size  and  bright  green  color,  like  that 
of  the  growing  leaves  of  the  Zostera,  cause  it  to  be  easily  overlooked. 

The  related  species,  Elysia  chlorotica,  (Plate  XXV,  fig.  172,)  appears* 
to  have  similar  habits,  but  is  much  less  common.  It's  color  is  alsa 
green.  The  pretty  Doto  coronata  (p.  400,  Plate  XXV,  fig.  170)  alsa 
occasionally  occurs  on  the  leaves  of  eel-grass. 

A  green  Planarian  is  frequent  on  the  eel-grass,  and  also  a  bright  red 
species. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  the  eel-grass  in  brackish  waters. 


ARTICULATA. 

Insects. 


Chironornus  oceanicus. 


Page. 
379 


Crustacea. 


Page. 

Panopeus  depressus 479 

P.  Sayi... 479 

Callinectes  hastatus 479 

Carcinus  granulatus 312 

Libinia  canaliciilata 3C8 

L.  dubia 368 

Eupagurus  longicarpus 479 

Crangon  vulgaris 479 

Virbius  zostericola 479 

talsemonetes  vulgaris 479 

Mysis  stenolepis 479 

M.Americana 479 

Gammarus  inucronatus..  479 


Page. 

Melita  nitida . 479 

Microdeutopus  minax 479 

Amphithoe  valida 315 

A.  longimana 370 

A.  compta 370 

Corophium  cylindricum 370 

Caprella  geometrica 382 

Idotea  irrorata  479 

Erichsonia  attenuata 479 

Epelys  trilobus 370 

Balanus  eburueus 381 

Limulus  Polyphemus 340 


Annelids.. 

Page. 

Lepidonotus  squainatus 320 

Podarke  obscura 319 

Autoly tus  cornutus 397 

Nereis  limbata ..  318 


Page. 

Nicolea  simplex 321 

Scionopsis  palinata 321 

Polycinus  exioiius 320 

Spirorbis,  sp 323 


Nemerteans  and  Planar  ians. 


Page. 

Polinia  glutinosa 324 

Cerebratulus,  sp 324 


Page. 

Planarian,  (red  sp.) 480- 

Planarian,  (dark  green  sp.)  .       480- 


[481]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF   VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         187 

MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 


Page. 

Illyanassa  obsoleta 479 

Nassa  vibex 479 

Astyris  lunata 4?9 

Anachis  avara 306 

Bittium  iiigrum 479 


Page. 

Littorinella  rainuta 409 

Crepidula  couvexa . . . .       479 

Doto  coronata 480 

Elysia  chlorotica 480 

Elysiella  catulus 480 


Triforis  nigrocinctus 305 

Lamellibranchs. 

Page.    I  Page. 

Argina  pexata 309    I  Pecten  irradians 

My tilus  edulis 470    j  Ostrsea  Yirginiana 472 

Ascidicms. 

Page.  Page. 

Molgula  Manbattensis 311      Botryllus  Gouldii 375 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 
Bugula  turrita 311 

Vesicularia  dichotoina . .  404 


Page. 

Escbarella  variabilis  312 

Membranipora,  liueata 406 


RADIATA. 

Acalephs. 


Page. 

Obelia  diapbana 327 


Page. 

Hydractinia  polyclina 328 


Obelia,  sp . .     476 

Polyps. 

Page. 
Sagartia  leucolena , 329 

III.  5. — ANIMALS  LIVING  ON  OR  AMONG  PILES  OF  WHARVES,  BRIDGES, 

FLOATING  TIMBER,  ROCKS,  ETC.,   IN   BRACKISH  WATERS. 

Tbe  piles  of  wharves  in  brackish  harbors  are  often  inhabited  by  an 
abundance  of  animal  life.  The  same  species  are  mostly  to  be  found  also 
on  piles  of  wharves  in  the  purer  waters  of  the  sounds,  and  many  of  them 
have,  therefore,  already  been  mentioned  in  a  previous  place,  (p.  378.) 
There  are  some  of  these  species,  however,  that  appear  to  flourish  best 
in  waters  that  are  decidedly  brackish. 

Among  the  most  conspicuous  of  these  is  the  beautiful  Tubularian 
14  v 


188       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [482] 

Paryplia  crocea-1  (p.  390,  Plate,  XXXVI,  fig.  274,)  which  grows  in  large 
tufts,  several  inches  in  height,  and  often  covers  large  surfaces  of  the  piles 
and  timbers  at  and  just  below  low-water  mark.  Associated  with  this  the 
OleUa  (jelatinosa  (p.  391)  often  occurs  in  large  quantities.  This  is  a 
large  and  very  beautiful  species,  having  a  large  dark  colored  stem,  com 
posed  of  numerous  united  tubes,  but  the  terminal  branches  are  white 
and  delicate,  and  the  cells  have  an  elegant  bell-shaped  form,  with  a 
toothed  margin.  It  grows  to  the  length  of  a  foot  or  more.  This  species 
occurs  on  the  piles  of  Long  Wharf,  in  New  Haven  Harbor,  in  great 
abundance,  associated  with  the  preceding  ;  at  this  place  the  water  is  not 
only  quite  brackish,  but  is  very  impure,  on  account  of  sewerage,  &c. 

Other  species  of  Obelia  also  occur  in  similar  places.  TheBalanus  ebur- 
neus  is  a  very  abundant  barnacle  in  brackish  waters,  growing  upon  piles, 
timbers,  oyster-stakes,  and  every  other  kind  of  fixed  wood- work,  and 
also  upon  the  bottoms  of  vessels  and  floating  timber.  As  already  re 
marked  (p.  381)  it  is  capable  of  living  even  in  fresh  water.  The  Bala* 
nus  balanoides  also  occurs  where  the  water  is  less  brackish.  The  piles 
and  timbers  of  the  wharves  are  often  badly  damaged  by  the  perfora 
tions  of  Teredo  navcdis  (p.  384,  Plate  XXYI,  fig.  183)  even  where  the 
water  is  very  brackish.* 

The  Limnoria  lignorum  (p.  379)  also  attacks  wood-work  in  waters  that 
are  somewhat  brackish. 

Lists  of  species  inhabiting  piles  of  wharve$,  floating  timbers^  &c.,  in  "brack 
ish  waters. 

ARTICULATA. 

Insects. 

Page.    I  Page. 

Chironomus  oceanicus 331    i  Anurida  maritima 331 


Crustacea. 


Page. 


Page, 


Panopeus  depressus 312      Jrera  copiosa 315 


Microdeutopus  miiiax 479 

Amphithoe  compta 370 

Corophium  cyliudricum 370 

Caprella,  sp 316 


Idotea  irrorata >  316 

Limnoria  lignorum 482 

Balanus  balanoides 482 

B.  eburneus.. 482 


*  Since  the  account  of  the  Teredo  navalis,  on  page  384,  lias  been  in  type,  I  have  learned 
some  additional  facts  in  regard  to  it  from  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards.  The  statement  that  the 
buoys  are  taken  up  every  six  mouths  does  not  apply  to  the  spar-buoys,  which  are 
taken  up  only  once  a  year,  in  April  and  May.  Mr.  Edwards  states  that  the  Teredos 
would  destroy  an  unpainted  spar-buoy  in  one  year,  but  when  painted  with  verdigris 
they  will  only  work  where  the  paint  becomes  rubbed  off.  They  grow  to  full  size  in 
one  year.  They  first  attack  buoys  or  piles  just  below  the  water's  edge,  but  eventually 
will, destroy  the  entire  submerged  part  of  the  spar-buoys.  He  thinks  that  some  of 
them  live  through  the  winter. 


[483]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 

Annelids. 


Page. 

Nereis  limbata 318 

Autolytus  cornutus 397 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 321 

Nicolea  simplex 321 

Polycirrus   eximius 320 


Potamilla  oculifera  ........ 

Sabella  microplithalma  ____ 

Fabricia  Leidyi  .....  >  ..... 

Serpula  dianthus  .......... 

Spirorbis,  sp  .  .  .  ,  .......... 


Page. 

Monocelis  agilis 325 

Poliuia  glutinosa . .  324 


Turbellarians. 

^emertes  socialis 


Page. 
Pontoneina   marimim 325 


Nematodes. 

P.  vacillatum 


189 


Page. 
322 
323 
323 
322 
323 


Page. 
324 


Page. 
326 


MOLLUSCA. 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Eela  plicata 383 

Ilyanassa  obsoleta 468 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

Urosalpinx  cinerea .  - , .  306 

Astyris  lunata 306 

Anachis  avara 306 

Kissoa  aculeus 306 

Skenea  planorbis 383 

Littorina  riulis  305 


Page. 

L.  palliata 305 

Odostotniabisuturalis ......  307 

Bittinm  iiigriim 305 

Cerithiopsis  Greenii 383 

Triforis  nigrocinctus 305 

Alexia  myosotis .  - 383 

Melampus  bidentatus 469 

^Eolidia  pilata 383 


Laniellibranclis. 


Page. 

Teredo  navalis 482 

Argina  pexata 309 

Mytilus  edulis 307 


Page. 

Modiola  plicatnla. 307 

Anoinia  glabra 311 

Ostrava  Yirginiana ,       310 


Ascidians. 


Page. 

Molgula  Manliattensis 311 

Cynthia  partita 311 


Botryllus  Gouldii 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 

Vesicularia  dichotoma 389 

Escharella  variabilis  -  -  312 


Bugula  ttirrita 

Pedicellina  Americana 


Page. 
389 


Page. 
311 
405 


190       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [484] 

EADIATA. 

Hydroids. 
Page,    i  Page. 

Obelia  gelatinosa 482    !  Halecium  gracile 328 

O.  pyrilbrniis 390      Parypha  crocea 482 

O.  diaphana 327 

Polyps. 

Page.    1  Page, 

Sagartia  leueolena 329      Metridium  marginatum 329 

IV.— FAUNA   OF  THE   OCEAN    SHORES   AND  OUTER    COLD  WATERS. 

All  along  this  coast,  from  Cape  Cod  to  Stoningtou,  Connecticut,  there 
is  a  belt  or  current  of  cold  water  which  impinges  directly  against  the 
outer  islands  and  the  open  coast,  especially  where  there  are  points  of 
land  projecting  outward  toward  the  deeper  waters.  This  is  especially 
noticeable  at  Gay  Head,  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  No  Man's  Land,  Cutty- 
hunk  Island,  Mont-auk  Point,  Block  Island,  Point  Judith,  and  Watch 
Hill.  This  cold  water  is  undoubtedly  derived  from  the  Arctic  current, 
which  passes  slowly  southward  in  deep  water  off  our  coast,  but  whether 
an  actual  current,  distinguishable  from  the  tidal  currents,  exists  in  the 
waters  of  moderate  depth  along  the  coast  is  still  uncertain.  The  tidal 
currents  apparently  have  the  effect  of  bringing  the  cold  water  of  the 
outside  regions  up  into  the  shallower  localities  along  the  shores,  and  it 
is  probable  that  the  presence  of  the  cold  water  in  moderate  depths  is 
due  to  the  joint  action  of  the  tides  and  the  slow-moving  Arctic  current, 
which  impinges  more  or  less  against  and  upon  the  slope  of  the  sub 
merged  eastern  border  of  the  continent.  But  the  position,  extent,  and 
temperature  of  this  cold  wrater  along  our  shores  varies  greatly,  accord 
ing  to  the  direction  of  the  tidal  currents  and  the  surface  currents 
caused  by  the  wind.  We  have  shown,  on  a  former  page,  that  at  times 
these  local  winds  and  tidal  currents  are  able  even  to  bring  Gulf  Stream 
water  and  its  characteristic  animals  directly  upon  this  coast,  even  as  far 
westward  as  Watch  Hill,  .Rhode  Island,  where  the  Physalia  is  often  cast 
ashore  in  summer.  At  such  times  the  cold  current  must  necessarily  be 
wholly  displaced,  or  disguised  by  intermixture  with  the  warmer  waters. 
When  the  tide  is  flowing  from  Long  Island  Sound,  Vineyard  Sound,  or 
other  large  bodies  of  warm  water,  the  cold  waters  will  also  be  displaced 
and  the  temperature  raised  even  at  the  distance  of  twenty  or  thirty  miles 
from  the  shore  in  summer.  In  winter  there  is  comparatively  little 
effect  from  the  Gulf  Stream,  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  northerly  winds, 
and  there  is  also  far  less  effect  from  the  warm  waters  of  the  shallow 
bays  and  sounds  carried  by  the  titles.  Therefore  the  full  effect  of  the 
northern  current  is  felt  only  in  winter,  and  it  doubtless  adds  to  the  cold 
proper  to  the  season  and  land  climate. 

In  winter  and  early  spring  we  accordingly  find  numerous  species  of 
northern  animals  and  alga3  which  disappear  partially  or  wholly  in  many 


[485]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        191 

of  tliese  localities  in  summer.  In  April,  May,  and  June,  the  cod  and 
haddock  resort  in  large  numbers  to  the  banks  and  re^fs  off  Stoniugton, 
Watch  Hill,  No  Man's  Land,  and  other  similar  places,  but  are  quite 
unknown  there  later  in  the  summer. 

In  consequence  of  the  varying  temperatures  of  the  currents  which 
alternately  pass  over  certain  of  these  localities,  there  is  a  very  peculiar 
admixture  of  northern  and  southern  species,  side  by  side.  This  is  par 
ticularly  the  case  on  the  reefs  between  Watch  Hill  and  Fisher's  Island, 
where  the  southern  Astrancjia  Dance  is  associated  with  the  northern 
Alcyonium  carneum,  Cribrella  sanguinolenta,  and  many  other  northern 
forms. 

The  temperature  of  the  bottom-water  during  the  last  of  August  and 
first  of  September  was  found  to  vary  from  57°  P.  to  63°,  in  sixteen  to 
twenty-nine  fathoms  off  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  (see 
chart.)  The  surface  temperatures  were  at  the  same  time  02°  to  64°,  and 
occasionally  as  high  as  67°,  when  affected  by  warmer  currents. 

IV.  1. — SPECIES  INHABITING-  ROCKY  SHORES  OF  THE  OPEN  COAST. 

The  principal  localities  under  this  head  at  which  we  have  made  col 
lections  are  Xo  Man's  Laud,  Cuttyhunk  Island,  Gay  Head,  and  Watch 
Hill,  Rhode  Island.  Dr.  J.  E.  Leidy  has  published  a  partial  list  of  the 
species  found  at  Point  Judith,*  and  we  have  more  or  less  information 
concerning  the  fauna  of  several  other  similar  localities.  In  all  these 
places  the  assemblage  of  animals  is  nearly  the  same,  and  in  general  not 
very  different  from  what  we  find  on  the  rocky  shores  of  the  sounds  and 
bays,  (see  p.  303.)  A  large  part  of  the  species  of  these  shores  have, 
therefore,  already  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  fauna  of  the 
bays  and  sounds. 

There  are,  however,  many  species  that  are  characteristic  of  the  latter, 
which  are  found  but  rarely,  or  not  at  all,  on  the  colder  and  more  ex 
posed  outer  shores ;  and  these  are  characterized  by  the  abundance  of 
some  northern  species  which  are  rare  or  wanting  on  the  inner  shores,  or 
which  occur  there  only  in  winter. 

Among  the  most  abundant  species  of  shells  are  Purpura  lapillus,  (p. 
306,  Plate  XXI,  figs.  US,  110  ;)  Littorina  pallia ta,  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV, 
fig.  138;)  L.rudis,  (p.  305,  Plate  XXIV,  fig.  137;)  Acmcva  tentudinalis, 
(p.  307,  Plate  XXIV,  figs.  158,  159;)  and  Lacuna  vincta,  (p.  305,  Plate 
XXIV,  fig.  139,)  all  of  which  occur  adhering  to  the  rocks  or  algre,  even 
in  the  most  exposed  situations.  These  are  all  hardy  northern  species. 
which  extend  their  range  to  Greenland  or  beyond,  and  although  all  of 
them  are  to  be  found,  more  or  less  frequently,  on  the  inner  shores,  they 
are  there  less  abundant  and  generally  of  smaller  size.  The  Littorina 
palliata  is  extremely  abundant  on  the  Fucus,  and  individuals  were  found 
at  Watch  Hill,  copulating,  April  12.  The  Lacuna  vincta  breeds  still 

*  Jonrqal  of  the  Academy  *f  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  2d  series,  vol.  iii, 
1855. 


192        EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [486] 

earlier  in  the  season,  for  its  eggs  were  found  attached  to  algre  and  eel- 
grass  at  the  date  named.  The  eggs  of  this  species  are  small,  yellowish 
white,  imbedded  in  a  gelatinous  mass,  having  an  annular  form,  but 
showing  a  break  or  suture  on  one  side.  These  annular  egg-masaes  are 
attached  by  one  side  to  the  surfaces  of  flat  alga?  or  eel-grass  in  large 
numbers ;  they  are  from  .12  to  .20  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

The  JEoUs  papillom  was  found  at  Watch  Hill,  under  stones,  April 
12,  and  with  it  were  long,  much  convoluted,  gelatinous  cords,  tilled  with 
minute  pale  red  or  salmon-colored  eggs,  which  probably  belong  to  this 
species,  which  is  a  northern  one,  and  has  not  hitherto  been  recorded  as 
from  south  of  Cape  Cod.  It  is  very  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and 
similar  egg-clusters  are  found  there  under  rocks  during  the  entire  sum 
mer. 

Among  and  between  the  stones  the  northern  purple  star-fish,  Asterias 
vulgaris  (p.  432)  is  often  found  at  low-water,  and  also  the  green  sea- 
urchin,  Stronyylocentrotus  Drobachiensis  (p.  40G,  Plate  XXXY,  fig.  268) 
during  the  spring  tides. 

The  Balanus  balanoides  (p.  305)  is  quite  as  abundant  on  the  most  ex 
posed  rocks  as  elsewhere.  The  minute  bivalve  young  of  this  species 
were  found  just  attaching  themselves  to  the  lower  surfaces  of  rocks  in 
immense  numbers  at  Watch  Hill  on  the  12th  of  April. 

Beneath  the  stones  the  rock-crab,  Cancer  irroratus,  (p.  312,)  is  very 
common,  and  occasionally  the  much  rarer  Cancer  borealis  is  found  dead 
on  these  shores.  It  was  thus  found  at  Gay  Head  and  No  Man's  Land, 
but  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  lives  above  low-water  mark.  In  the 
Power  part  of  the  fucus  zone  the  large  Gammariis  oruatus  (p.  314,  Plate 
IY,  fig.  15)  is  always  to  be  found  in  great  abundance  under  stones,  and 
in  the  upper  half  of  the  fucus  zone  the  smaller  species,  Oammarns  an- 
nulatas  (p.  314)  and  Oam  mar  us  marinus  often  occur  in  great  numbers, 
associated  with  Jccra  copiosa  (p.  315)  and  Idotea  irrorata  (p.  316,  Plate 
V,  fig.  23.)  The  Gammarus  mar-inns  occurs  higher  up  than  either  of 
the  other  species,  and  is  sometimes  abundant  even  near  high-water 
mark,  where  the  soil  beneath  the  stones  is  barely  moist  at  low  water. 
The  Ampliiihoe  maculata  (p.  315,  Plate  IV,  fig.  16)  is  also  a  common 
species  under  stones  ;  and  both  green  and  reddish  brown  varieties 
occur. 

Another  species  of  Amphithoe]  of  smaller  size,  was  found  swimming 
free  in  the  rocky  pools  at  Watch  Hill,  April  12.  In  this  the  general  color 
was  red,  or  brownish  red,-  the  body  was  transversely  banded  with  pale 
flesh-color  or  whitish,  alternating  with  bands  of  dark  red  or  brown,  which 
are  made  up  of  minute  crowded  specks;  the  antenna?  are  annulated  with 
pale  red,  and  are  thickly  specked,  on  the  bands  and  at  the  base,  with 
darker  red.  The  Hyale  littoralis  (p.  315)  is  a  small  but  very  active  Am- 
phipod,  which  is  often  abundant  near  high-water  mark  on  the  rocky 
shores,  clinging  to  the  Fucus  and  other  algre,  or  swimming  in  the  tide- 
pools.  It  is  capable  of  leaping  actively  like  tiie  beach-fleas,  (Qrchestia 


[487]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND;    ETC.         193 

agilis,)  which  it  somewhat  resembles  in  form.  The  color  is  very  variable ; 
it  is  often  bright  yellowish  greet),  but  frequently  dark  green,  brownish 
green,  or  brown. 

The  Nereis  virens  (p.  317,  PL  XI,  figs.  47-49)  is  very  abundant  in  bur 
rows  beneath  the  rocks.  The  males  of  this  species,  six  to  ten  inches  or 
more  in  length,  and  of  a  dark  green  color,  were  found  at  Watch  Hill? 
April  12,  in  great  numbers,  swimming  about  in  the  pools  of  water  among 
the  rocks,  with  an  undulatory  motion,  and  discharging  their  milt  in  large 
quantities.  Various  other  Annelids  burrow  or  build  tubes  beneath  the 
stones.  A.planaria  and  Leptoplana  folium  creep  over  their  lower  sur 
faces. 

Attached  to  the  stems  of  Fucus  at  low-water,  several  Hydroids  may 
usually  be  found,  but  the  Sertularia  pumila  (p.  327,  PI.  XXXVII,  fig. 
279)  is  by  far  the  most  abundant.  The  Obelia  geniculata  is  also  very 
common,  attached  to  Laminaria  and  other  alga3.  Various  Bryozoa  occur 
attached  to  stones  and  to  Fucus  and  other  alga3.  The  Alcyonidium 
hispidum  (p.  312)  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  species,  and  usually  in 
vests  the  stems  and  fronds  of  Fucus  vesiculosus,  but  also  often  covers 
broad  surfaces  of  the  rocks.  The  A.  liirsutum  is  often  associated  with 
the  preceding  species  on  the  rocks;  it  forms  broad,  thin,  soft  crusts,  cov 
ered  with  small  soft  prominences,  but  is  without  the  spines  or  bristles 
seen  in  the  latter.  The  Zooids  are  also  much  smaller. 

The  Farrella  familiar is  is  a  singular  and  delicate  species,  which  occurs 
both  on  the  under  side  of  rocks  and  on  algre.  The  body  is  small,  fusi 
form,  attached  by  a  long  and  very  slender,  flexible  pedicel.  When  it 
surrounds  the  stems  of  small  alga3,  the  whitish  pedicels  project  outward 
in  all  directions,  and  thus  produce  the  appearance  of  a  delicate  chenille- 
cord.  This  is  a  northern  and  European  species.  It  was  also  dredged  on 
Saint  George's  bank  in  1872. 


List  of  species  found  on  the  outer  roclcy  shores. 

ARTICULATA. 

Crustacea. 


Page. 

Cancer  irroratus 486 

Cancer  borealis 486 

Panopeus  depressus 312 

Panopeus  Sayi 312 

Homarus  Americanus.   492 

Orchestia  agilis 315 

Hyale  littoralis 486 

Calliopius  lamusculus 315 

Gam  mar  us  ornatus 486 

Gammarus  annulatus.  .  486 


Page. 

Gammarus  marinus 486 

Amphithoe  inaculata ...  486 

Amphithoe,  sp 486 

Caprella,  sp 316 

Jrera  copiosa . , 486 

Idotea  irrorata 486 

I.  phosphorea 316 

Erichsonia  nliformis 316 

Balauus  balauoides. .    486 


194        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [488] 


Annelids. 


Page.   I 

Lepidonotus  squamatus 320 

Harmothoe  imbricata . 321 

Phyllodoce  cantenula 494 

Eteone  robusta 349 

Antol ytas  cornutus 397 

Nereis  virens 487 

ST .  pelagica 319 

Ophelia  simplex 319 


Cirrhinereis  fragilis . . 
Clyinenella  torquata. 
Polycirrus  exiinins  . . 
Sabellaria  Tulgaris. . . 
Potamilla  oculifera. . 

Fabricia  Leidyi 

Serpula  diantbus 

Spirorbis,  sp 


Turbellaria. 


]Semertes  soeialis, 


Page. 

PI  an  aria,  species „     487 

Leptoplana  folium 487  |  Nemertes,  sp 

Procerodes  frequens 325 


Mouocelis  agilis. 


Nematodes. 


Page. 

Pontonema  marinum ,     325 


Pontoueiua  vacillatum 


Page. 

397 
343 
320 
321 
322 
323 
322 
323 


Page. 
324 
498 
325 


Page, 
326 


MOLLUSCA. 


Gastropods. 


Page. 

Buccinum  nndatuin 494 

Tritia  tri vittata 354 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 30(3 

Purpura  lapillus 485 

Astyris  Innata 306 

Littorina  palliata 485 

L.  rudis 485 

Lacuna  vincta . .  485 


L.  neritoidea 

Bittiuni  nigrum 

Acmsea  testudinalis 

Doris  bifida 

Polycera  Lessonii 

Dendronotus  arborescens. . . 

^Eolis  papillosa , 

Tergipes  despectus 


Lamellibranclis. 


Page. 

Saxicava  arctica 309 

Mya  arenaria 309 

Kellia  planulata 310 


My  til  us  edulis 
Modiola  modiolus. 


Anomia  glabra 


Ascidians. 


Cyntbia  partita , 

Molgula  Manbattensis. . . 


Page. 
311 
311 


Amarcecium  pellucidum 


Page. 
495 
305 
485 
307 
400 
495 
486 
495 


Page. 
307 
309 
311 


Page. 
401 


[489]      INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF   VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        195 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 

Alcyonidinm  Mrsutuin 487 

A.  hispid nm 487 

Yesicularia  gracilis 389 

V.  cuscuta 404 

V.fusca 420 

Farrella  familiaris 487 

Tubulipora  flabellaris 405 

Crisia  eburnea 311 


Bugula  flabellata.  . 
Membranipora  pilosa 
M.  lineata 

Escharella  variabilis 
Discopora  coccinea 
Lepralia,  sp 
Oellepora  ramulosa 
Pedicellina  Americana 


Page. 
311 
406 
406 
312 
333 
420 
312 
405 


RADIATA. 


Eclimoderms. 


Page. 

StrongylocentrotusDrobachi- 
eusis  . .        , 496 


Page. 

Asterias  vulgar  is . . 496 

Cribrella  sanguinolenta 407 


AcalepJis. 


Page. 

Obelia  pyriformis 390 

O.  geniculata 487 

O.  flabellata 390 

O.  diaphana 327 

Campanularia  flexuosa 327 


Page. 

Sertularia  pumila 487 

S.  argentea 408 

Peunaria  tiarella 327 

Clava  leptostyla 328 

Hydractinia  polyclina 228 


Polyps. 


Metridiuin  marginatuin 


Page. 
329 


Sagartia  leucolena. 


Page. 
329 


IY.  2.— SPECIES  INHABITING  THE  SANDY  SHORES  OF  THE  OPEN  COAST. 

Owing  to  the  force  of  the  waves  the  sand  and  gravel  of  the  exposed 
shores  are  kept  in  constant  motion  in  stormy  weather,  and  are  often  dis 
turbed  to  a  considerable  depth,  especially  in  winter.  Therefore  the  con 
ditions  are  very  unfavorable  for  the  existence  of  animal  life.  The  fauna 
of  such  shores  is,  accordingly,  very  meager,  as  compared  with  that  of 
the  more  sheltered  sandy  shores  of  the  bays  and  sounds. 

It  often  happens  that  one  may  examine  these  sandy  beaches  fora  mile 
or  more  at  low- water  without  finding  more  than  half  a  dozen  species  of 
animals  that  actually  live  on  them,  though  many  may  be  found  thrown 
up  by  the  waves  from  below  low-water  mark. 

In  coves  or  other  localities  that  are  somewhat  sheltered,  the  number  of 
species  is  greater,  and  most  of  them  are  identical  with  those  found  on 
the  sandy  shores  of  the  sounds. 

Toward  high-water  mark  the  Talorcliestia  longicornis  (p.  336)  and  T. 


196       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [490] 

megalopkthalma  (p.  336)  are  everywhere  common,  burrowing  in  the  sand. 
The  Cancer  irromtus  (p.  338)  and  Platyonichm  ocellatus  (p.  338)  are  rather 
common  at  and  just  below  low-water  mark.  The  Hippa  talpoida  (p.  338, 
Plate  II,  fig.  5)  is  occasionally  found,  and  the  young  sometimes  occur 
in.  large  numbers,  burrowing  in  the  sand  at  low-water  mark.  The  com 
mon  shrimp,  Crangon  vulyaris,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10,)  is  usually  abund 
ant  where  there  are  sheltered  sandy  flats. 

The  Annelids  are  less  numerous  than  on  the  sandy  shores  of  the 
sounds,  but  such  as  do  occur  are  mostly  of  the  same  species.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  is  the  Nerine  agilis^  (p.  346,)  which  is  very  remark 
able  for  the  rapidity  with  which  it  burrows  in  the  sand. 

The  Mollusks  are  few  in  number.  One  of  the  most  abundant  of  the 
Gastropods  is  the  Lunatia  lieros,  (p.  353,  Plate  XXIII,  figs.  133-136,) 
which  burrows  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  at  and  below  low- 
water  mark.  The  Neverita  duplicata  (p.  354,  Plate  XXIII,  fig.  130)  is 
also  occasionally  found,  but  is  much  less  abundant  than  in  the  bays. 

Of  Lamellibranchs  there  are  but  few  species  that  can  maintain  them 
selves  in  such  situations.  Among  these  the  "  long  clam,7'  Mya  arenaria, 
(p.  463,)  the  ll  razor-shell,"  Ematella  Americana,  (p.  356,)  and  the  "surf- 
clam,"  Mactra  solidissiina,  (p.  358,)  are  the  most  common. 

Very  few,  if  any,  Eadiates  are  to  be  found  on  the  exposed  sandy  shores, 
unless  thrown  up  by  the  waves  from  deeper  water.  In  places  that  are 
somewhat  protected  from  the  violence  of  the  surf,  the  Leptosynapta  Gi- 
rardii  (p.  361,  Plate  XXXY,  figs.  265,  266)  is  often  found  burrowing  in 
the  sand  at  low- water  mark.  Sometimes,  in  similar  places,  the  "  sand- 
dollar,"  Echinaraclinius  parma,  (p.  362,  Plate  XXXY,  fig.  267,)  is  found 
in  large  numbers  at  extreme  low- water  mark. 

There  are  no  Hydroids  and  Polyps  that  properly  inhabit  such  shores. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  the  sandy  shores  of  the  open  coast. 

ARTICULATA. 

Crustacea. 


Page. 

Ocypoda  arenaria,  (young). . .  337 

Cancer  irroratus 490 

Cancer  borealis 486 

Platyonichus  ocellatus 490 

Hippa  talpoida 490 

Eupagurus  pollicaris 313 


Page. 

Crangon  vulgaris 490 

Orchestia  agilis 336 

Talorchestia  longicornis 489 

T.  megalophthalma 489 

Unciola  irrorata 340 

Idotea  ca3ca 340 


Annelids. 

Page.   |  Page. 

Nereis  virens 317     Scolecolepis  viridis 345 

K.  limbata 318  I  Clymenella  torquata 343 

Khynchobolus  Ainericanus. .     342  |  Amphitrite  ornata 320 

ferine  agilis 490  j  Poly  cirrus  eximius 320 


[491]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC. 

MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 


197 


Sycotypus  canaliculatus 


Page. 
390 

Tritia  trivittata 354 

Crepidula  fornicata 355 


Page. 

0.  unguiformis   . .       354 

Lunatia  heros 490 

Xeverita  duplicata 490 


Lamellibranclis. 


Page. 

Ensatella  Americana 490 

Siliqua  costata , 426 


Mya  arenaria 490 

Mactra  solidissima 490 


KADIATA. 

Ecliinoderms. 


Page. 
Leptosynapta  Girardii 490 


Page, 
Echinaraehnius  parma 490 


IY.  3. — ANIMALS  INHABITING  KOOKY  BOTTOMS  OFF  THE  OPEN  COAST. 

The  fauna  of  the  rocky  bottoms  in  these  outer  waters  is  rich  and  in 
teresting,  and  decidedly  northern  in  character,  though  there  is  usually 
an  admixture  with  southern  species. 

The  principal  localities  where  dredgings  were  made  on  this  kind  of 
ground  are :  First,  off  Gay  Head  and  Devil's  Bridge,  at  localities  marked 
on  the  chart,  53,  «,  &,  c,  d  ;  55,  a,  &,  c  ;  5G,  a,  &.  c,  d  ;  57,  a,  Z>,  c,  d  ;  58, 
«,  &,  c  ;  59,  a,  b,  c;  60,  a,  Z>,  c ;  61,  a,  &,  c;  62,  a,  &,  c  ;  63,  a,  b  ;  83,  a,  &,  c. 
Second,  between  Gay  Head  and  No  Man's  Land,  and  to  the  westward  of 
the  latter  island,  at  localities  82,  a,  b  ;  84,  «,  ?>,  c,  d  ;  at  these  localities  cod 
are  caught  in  the  spring.  Third,  on  and  about  the  rocky  reef  extending 
from  Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island,  to  Fisher's  Island,  and  forming,  in  part, 
the  physical  boundary  of  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island  Sound ;  this 
is  also  a  locality  where  cod  and  haddock  are  caught  in  spring.  The 
dredgings  at  this  place  were  made  by  Professor  D.  C.  Eaton,  Mr.  C.  A. 
Burr,  and  myself,  April  13, 1873.  Fourth,  a  locality  off  Cutty Imnk  Island, 
where  dredgings  were  made,  April,  1872,  by  Mr.  T.  M.  Prudden,  Mr.  T. 
H.  Eussell,  and  others. 

The  four  localities  named  are  characterized  by  a  similar  fauna, 
but  each  one  yielded  some  species  not  found  in  the  others,  though 
more  numerous  dredgings  might  have  revealed  them.  The  reef  off 
Watch  Hill  is  of  peculiar  interest  on  account  of  the  singular  blending 
of  the  northern  and  southern  faunae  at  that  place,  as  mentioned  above. 
It  seems  to  be  nearly  at  the  extreme  western  range  of  many  northern 
species,  though  some  of  them  may  occur  sparingly  in  certain  favorable 
localities  still  farther  westward,  in  Long  Island  Sound  itself.  Many 
northern  alga3  were  also  collected  there  by  Professor  Eaton,  in  abuucl- 


198        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND  FISHERIES.       [492] 

ance,  and  some  of  them  have  not  been  found  farther  westward,  and  others 
but  rarely.  Among  these  were  Ptilota  eleyans  and  Delesseria  sinuosa,  both 
of  which  were  abundant  on  the  reef  in  four  or  five  fathoms,  associated 
with  large  quantities  of  Phyllophora  Brodicci,  and  P.  membranifolia  ; 
Eutliora  cristata  and  Lithothamnion  polymorphum  also  occurred.  The 
u  dulse,"  Rhodymenia  palmata,  Laminaria  diyitata,  L.  saccharine^  and 
L.  longicrura^  all  of  which  are  decidedly  northern  species,  were  large  and 
abundant. 

A  similar  assemblage  of  algae  was  also  found  on  the  rocks,  in  shallow 
water,  off  Gay  Head,  though  some  of  the  species  just  named  were  not 
found  there. 

Among  the  Crustacea  of  these  localities,  the  most  important  is  the 
lobster,  Homarus  Americanus,  (p.  395,)  which  finds  its  proper  habitat  in 
such  places.  It  is  very  abundant  off  Gay  Head,  and  among  the  reefs 
and  rocks  off  Watch  Hill  and  Stonington,  Connecticut*  It  also  occurs 
plentifully  in  similar  localities  off  New  London,  Connecticut,  and  still 
farther  west  in  Long  Island  Sound.  At  all  these  and  many  other  locali 
ties  large  quantities  are  caught  for  the  markets.  They  are  nearly  all 
taken  in  "  lobster  pots"  baited  with  refuse  fish,  &c. 

The  lobster  fishing  begins  in  this  region  in  the  latter  part  of  March  or 
early  in  April,  according  to  the  season.  By  the  middle  of  April  they 
are  usually  taken  in  large  quantities  and  shipped  alive  to  New  York, 
New  Haven,  and  other  cities.  The  extent  of  this  trade  is  enormous 
even  in  this  region,  while  north  of  Cape  Cod,  along  the  whole  northern 
coast  of  New  England,  and  on  the  shores  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  lobster  is 
taken  in  still  larger  quantities.  At  present  we  have  no  reliable  data  for 
estimating  the  number  annually  caught,  but  it  probably  amounts  to 
several  millions. 

In  winter  the  supply  comes  from  the  northern  coasts  of  Massachusetts 
and  Maine,  where  they  may  be  taken  in  moderately  deep  water  at  all 
seasons.  According  to  Captain  N.  E.  At  wood*  they  do  not  come  into 
shallow  water  at  Provincetown  until  June  and  remain  there  until  Oc 
tober,  when  they  disappear  again.  He  also  states  that  those  that  visit 
that  locality  are  nearly  all  females  ;  "  they  appear  to  come  near  the  shore 
for  the  purpose  of  depositing  their  young,  after  which  they  pass  away 
and  others  in  turn  take  their  places,  as  is  indicated  by  the  change  that 
is  constantly  taking  place,  for  when  the  fishermen  are  catching  great 
quantities  of  large,  good  hard-shell  lobsters,  and  they  are  unusually 
abundant,  perhaps  the  next  day  there  will  be  a  new  kind,  smaller  and 
not  of  so  good  quality,  the  former  ones  having  passed  away  and  others 
come  to  take  their  places."  "  In  Boston  the  number  of  lobsters  sold 
annually  cannot  be  much  short  of  a  million.  The  male  lobster  is  pre 
ferred  and  is  the  most  salable,  as  this  city  has  always  been  supplied 
from  the  northern  shore  of  Massachusetts  and  coast  of  Maine,  where  the 

*  Proceedings  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  x,  p.  11,  1866. 


[493]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND     ETC.       199 

males  are  most  plentiful.  It  is  a  great  advantage  to  the  fishermen  that 
the  people  prefer  males.  In  New  York  it  is  very  different  in  this  par 
ticular,  that  city  being  supplied  from  Cape  Cod  after  June,  and  the 
female  lobster  thus  considered  much  the  best.  I  have  sold  many  lob 
sters  in  New  York,  and  males  sell  at  only  about  half  price ;  the  male  is 
much  poorer  than  the  female  in  meat."  Captain  Atwood  states,  in  the 
same  place,  that  northward  and  eastward  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts , 
"three-quarters  at  least  are  males  at  all  seasons  of  the  year."  Among 
those  that  I  have  examined  from  New  London,  Waterford,  and  Stoning- 
ton,  Connecticut,  in  our  markets,  I  have  not  noticed  any  marked  in 
equality  in  the  number  of  the  sexes.  Mr.  Smith  examined  the  "lobsters  in 
the  market  at  Proviricctowu  on  two  occasions  in  August  and  September, 
without  finding  any  decided  differences  in  the  number  of  males  and 
females.  He  also  repeatedly  examined  those  in  the  fish-markets  at 
Eastport,  Maine,  in  summer,  with  the  same  result.  It  is  possible  there 
fore,  that  the  fishermen  do  not  correctly  distinguish  the  sexes,  when  the 
females  are  without  eggs,  and  that  an  erroneous  opinion  has  thus  be 
come  current  among  them. 

There  is  a  great  difference  in  the  breeding  season  on  different  parts  of 
the  coast.  The  lobsters  from  New  London  and  Stoniugton  often  lay 
their  eggs  as  early  as  the  last  of  April  or  first  of  May  5  while  at  Halifax, 
Mr.  Smith  found  females  with  recently  laid  eggs  in  September.  At  East- 
port,  Maine,  the  females  carry  their  eggs  in  mid-su  miner.  In  the  male  the 
genital  orifices  are  in  the  bases  of  the  last  pair  of  legs  ;  in  the  female 
they  are  at  the  bases  of  the  middle  pair.  This  will  always  serve  to  dis 
tinguish  the  sexes,  but  they  also  differ  in  the  structure  of  the  abdomi 
nal  appendages. 

The  rock-crab,  Cancer  irroratus,  (p.  312,)  is  very  common  on  these  bot 
toms,  and  C.  boreaUs  (p.  395)  also  inhabits  them,  judging  from  the  large 
dead  specimens  found  on  the  adjacent  beaches,  but  we  only  dredged  a  few 
small  living  specimens.  One  of  these  was  taken  on  the  reef  between 
Watch  Hill  and  Fishers  Island,  in  4  or  5  fathoms,  among  algas.  It  is 
more  convex,  and  much  more  hairy  than  the  preceding  species,  and  the 
teeth  along  the  sides  of  the  carapax  are  quite  different. 

A  large  and  handsomely  colored  shrimp,  Pcmdalus  annulicornls  (Plate 
II,  fig.  6,)  often  occurs  in  the  deeper  waters,  outside,  but  is  far  more 
common  farther  north,  as  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The  common  shrimp, 
Crangon  vulgaris,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10,)  is  common,  especially 
where  there  are  spots  of  sand  among  the  rocks.  The  little  bright  colored 
shrimp,  Hippolyte  pmiola,  (p.  395,)  is  frequently  met  with  among  the  red 
algre.  The  Unciola  irrorata,  (p.  340,  Plate  IV,  fig.  19,)  and  Ampliitlioe 
maculata,  (p.  315,  Plate  IV,  fig.  16,)  together  with  several  other  Ainphi- 
pods,  are  common,  especially  among  the  red  algre,  and  some  of  them  are 
handsomely  marked  with  red  and  other  bright  colors. 

Among  these  are  Podocerus  fucicola,  which  is  a  small  species  and  quite 
variable  in  color ;  some  of  those  from  the  reef  at  Watch  Hill  had  a 


200        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [494] 

transverse  dorsal  band  of  red  or  orange  on  each  segment,  and  similar 
ones  on  the  epimera,  and  were  minutely  specked  with  dark  brown  ;  the 
antenna?  and  legs  were  annnlated  with  white  and  light  red  or  orange. 
Another  species  of  Podocerus  was  still  more  abundant  among  the  red 
algae ;  in  this  the  males  and  females  differ  greatly  in  size,  form,  and  color. 
The  females  are  much  smaller  and  stouter  than  the  males  ;  their  colors 
were  generally  red  and  white,  in  strong  contrast,though  some  were  pur 
plish  and  more  like  the  males  in  color  \  most  of  the  females  have  the 
head  and  few  anterior  segments  dark  red  ;  then  a  band  of  white  ;  then 
three  or  four  bands  of  dark  red7  on  the  middle  of  the  body,  which  are 
often  confluent  into  a  large  dorsal  spot  of  red  or  brown  ;  these  are  fol 
lowed  by  a  broad  white  band  or  spot ;  the  abdominal  rings  are  alternately 
banded  with  red  and  white;  part  of  the  epimera  are  red.  The  an  tenure 
and  legs  are  more  or  less  aunulated  and  spotted  with  red.  The  eyes  are 
black.  In  the  male  the  color  is  generally  reddish  or  purplish  brown, 
but  irregularly  specked  with  darker  brown,  and  with  the  intervals 
between  the  segments  pale  red. 

Species  of  Caprella  occur  in  considerable  numbers,  clinging,  in  gro 
tesque  attitudes,  upon  the  delicate  algre  and  hydroids.  The  Idotea 
irrorata,  (p.  316,  Plate  V,  fig.  23,)  is  also  very  common,  living  among  the 
alga3,  and  Ericlisonia  filiformis  (p.  31G,  Plate  VI,  fig.  26,)  is  often  associ 
ated  with  it. 

The  Annelids  living  upon  such  bottoms  are  difficult  to  obtain,  since 
they  mostly  burrow  beneath  the  stones  or  live  in  tubes  attached  to  the 
rocks.  The  few  species  obtained  are,  with  few  exceptions,  not  different 
from  those  found  in  the  sounds,  on  similar  bottoms.  The  Autolytus  cor- 
nutuSj  (p.  397,  Plate  XIII,  figs.  65,  66,)  and  another  species  of  the  same 
genus  were  found  in  abundance,  living  in  tubes  attached  to  the  fronds 
of  Laminar  ia  among  hydroids,  (ObeUa  geniculata.)  On  the  same  fronds 
were  long,  crooked  tubes,  formed  of  grains  of  sand  and  small  bits  of 
shells,  belonging  to  Nicolea  simplex,  (p.  397.) 

Burrowing  in  the  corals  of  Astrangia  Dance  we  found,  on  the  reef  off 
Watch  Hill, the  singular  Annelid  named  Naraganseta  coralii  by  Dr.  Leidy, 
who  obtained  his  specimens  at  Point  Judith.  The  specimens  found  by 
us  were  mostly  very  dark  greenish  brown  or  black,  but  some  had  dark, 
orange- colored  branchiaB.  The  Lepidonotus  angustus,  Pliyllodoce  gracilis, 
P.  catenula,  and  Eumidia  Americana  are  new  and  interesting  species. 
Nereis  fucata  occurs  rarely. 

Of  Gastropods  many  species  already  enumerated  as  inhabitants  of 
the  rocky  shores  occur  also  on  the  rocky  bottoms  in  abundance,  but  there 
are  a  number  of  additional  species.  One  of  the  largest  is  the  "  whelk," 
Buccinum  undatum,  (Plate  XXI,  fig.  121.)  This  is  a  decidedly  northern 
and  arctic  shell,  found  also  on  all  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  though 
several  authors  believe  that  the  American  and  European  shells  are  dis 
tinct  species. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  northern  shells  that  occur  here  is 


[495]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       201 

the  Leptocliiton  ruber,  (p.  399,  Plate  XXV,  fig.  16G.)  This  adheres  to 
rocks  and  stones  that  are  incrusted  by  the  red  nullipore  Lithothamnion 
polymorplnun,  with  which  its  red  color,  of  various  shades,  agrees  very 
closely.  It  is  a  far  more  abundant  shell  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  where 
it  also  lives  among  the  same  nullipore.  Among  the  other  less  common 
northern  species,  met  with  on  these  bottoms,  are  Rissoa  exarata  ;  Lacuna 
neritoidea;  and  Astyris  rosacea. 

Several  very  interesting  species  of  naked  mollusks  (Nudibranchs)  occur 
on  these  bottoms,  creeping  over  algae  and  hydroids,  and  feeding  upon 
the  latter.  One  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  these  is  the  Dendronotus 
arborescens,  which  is  a  northern  form,  and  had  not  been  found  south  of 
Cape  Cod  until  this  spring,  when  we  dredged  it  on  the  reef  off  Watch 
Hill,  in  four  or  five  fathoms.  It  can  be  easily  distinguished  by  the  two 
rows  of  large  arboresceutly-branched  gills  along  the  back ;  by  the 
branched  lobes  of  the  tentacle-sheaths  and  the  arborescently  divided 
branch  on  their  outer  side,  near  the  base  ;  and  by  the  very  narrow  and 
almost  linear  foot,  which  is  adapted  for  creeping  over  hydroids. 

The  Oncjnjdoris pallida ..was  dredged  by  Messrs.  Prudden  and  Eussell, 
off  Cuttyhuiik  Island,  in  April,  1872.     It  has  not  been  previously  re 
corded  from  south  of  Cape  Cod,  but  it  is  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
It  can  easily  be  recognized  by  its  pale  yellow  color,  and  the  long,  blunt-  i 
conical  papillae  that  cover  its  back. 

The  ^Eolis papillosa  and  Tergipes  despectus  were  both  found  at  Watch 
Hill  this  spring,  April  13,  and  are  new  additions  to  the  fauna  of  south 
ern  New  England.  The  former  was  found,  with  its  eggs,  among  the 
roots  of  Landnaria ;  the  latter  was  abundant  in  four  or  five  fathoms, 
creeping  over  Obelia  geniculata,  which  was  abundant  on  the  fronds  of 
Laminaria.  Its  eggs,  inclosed  in  small  masses  of  gelatinous  matter 
were  attached  to  the  Obelia  in  large  numbers.  The  Doto  coronata, 
(Plate  XXV,  fig.  170,)  was  associated  with  the  Tergipes  on  the  Obelia. 
An  undetermined  species  of  JEolis,  with  bright  red  brauchire,  was 
dredged  off  Gay  Head,  on  a  rocky  bottom. 

The  Larnellibraiichs  are  not  of  much  interest,  and  scarcely  any  are 
peculiar  to  this  kind  of  bottom.  The  Modiola  modiolus  (p.  309,  Plate 
XXXI,  fig.  237)  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  characteristic  species. 
The  northern  scaly  or  spiny  Anomia  aculeata  (Plate  XXXII,  figs.  239, 
240)  is  common ;  it  adheres  to  rocks,  shells,  and  the  roots  and  stems 
of  large  algae. 

Among  the  Ascidians  there  are  several  northern  species,  not  before 
found  so  far  south.  The  Cynthia  carnea  (Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  247, 248)  was 
found  off  Gay  Head  in  ten  fathoms.  The  young  specimens  were  numer 
ous  on  the  stones  and  shells.  In  contraction  they  are  low  and  flat,  with 
a  thin  margin  ;  the  color  is  light  red,  or  flesh-color.  With  this  a  few 
young  specimens  of  Cynthia  echinata  were  found.  These  are  peculiar  in 
being  covered  by  stellate  spines.  The  color  of  the  young  specimens  is 
pink,  the  apertures  rose-red.  The  Molgula  papillosa  also  occurred  spar- 


202       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [496] 

ingly  with  the  last  two  species.  This  is  also  a  northern  species,  common 
in  the  Bay  of  Ftmdy.  Among  the  compound  Ascidians  the  only  species 
found  here  that  did  not  occur  also  in  Vineyard  Sound  was  Amarcecium 
pallidum,  a  small  species,  which  forms  small  rounded  or  turbinated 
whitish  masses,  of  a  firm  gelatinous  appearance,  but  with  fine  grains  of 
sand  imbedded  in  the  substance.  It  is  a  common  species  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

The  Bryozoa  are  represented  by  numerous  species,  some  of  which 
are  very  abundant.  The  Membranipom  pilosa  (Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  262, 
263)  is  one  of  the  most  abundant.  It  incrusts,  and  often  entirely 
covers,  the  fronds  of  various  algre,  especially  of  Phyllophora  Broduci,  P. 
membranifolia,  Rhodymenia  palmata,  Delesseria  sinuosa,  £c.  On  the 
reet  off  Watch  Hill  it  was  particularly  abundant  on  these  and  other 
algse,  shells,  £c.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  single  long  spine  at 
the  proximal  end  of  the  cell,  and  by  the  shorter  ones  along  the  sides. 
With  the  preceding,  Crisia  elurnea,  (p.  311,  Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  2(30,  201 ;) 
Tubulipora  flabellaris ;  Cdlepora  ramulosa,  (p.  312;)  and  a  species  of 
Dlscopora,  allied  to  D.  coccinea,  were  very  abundant,  adhering  to  the 
more  slender  red  algre.  A  species  of  Lepralia,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
forming  both  incrusting  and  lichen-like  corals,  was  common.  In  this  the 
apertures  of  the  cells  are  large,  operculated,  broadest  proximally,  and 
each  one  has  a  short,  stout,  conical  spine  at  its  proximal  border,  which 
is  scarcely  visible  except  in  a  profile  view. 

The  Bugula  Murrayana,  which  forms  clusters  of  broad,  thin,  flexible 
fronds  nearly  two  inches  high,  was  dredged  several  times.  It  is  very 
common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  An  incrusting  species  of  Alcyonidium, 
perhaps  identical  with  A.  gelatinosum  of  Europe,  occurred  on  the  red 
alga3.  A  species  of  Cellularia,  allied  to  A.  ternata,  was  also  obtained. 

The  Echinoderms  are  represented  by  the  common  green  sea-urchin, 
Strongylocentrotus  Drobachiensis,  (p.  406,  Plate  XXXV,  fig.  268,)  which 
is  common  off  Gay  Head,  and  as  far  as  off  New  London,  though  far  less 
abundant  than  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  by  the  common  red  or  purple 
star-fish,  Asterias  mil-gar  is,  (p.  407,)  which  was  abundant  off  Gay  Head 
and  on  the  reef  off  Watch  Hill  5  Cnbrella  sanguinolcnta,  (p.  407,)  which  is 
not  uncommon  as  far  west  as  the  Watch  Hill  reef,  and  off  New  London  $ 
and  by  the  Ophiopholis  aculeata,  (Plate  XXXV,  fig.  270,)which  was  only 
once  met  with  off  Gay  Head,  but  of  which  we  dredged  several  specimens 
on  the  reef  off  Watch  Hill.  The  last-named  species  is  extremely 
abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  northward,  from  low-water  to  the 
depth  of  more  than  one  hundred  fathoms. 

The  Hydroids  are  very  numerous  on  the  rocky  and  stony  bottoms, 
attached  to  alga3,  stones,  shells,  ascidians,  £c.  One  of  the  most  abun 
dant  is  Obelia  geniculata,  (p.  407,)  which  grows  on  the  fronds  of  Lamina- 
ria,  Rhodymenia,  and  other  algaB ;  it  often  nearly  covers  one  or  both  sides 
of  the  broad  fronds  of  Laminar ia,  for  the  distance  of  two  or  three  feet, 
the  creeping  stems  forming  an  intricate  net- work  from  which  the  upright 


[497]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       203 

stems  arise  in  great  abundance  to  the  height  of  an  inch  or  more.  This 
species  was  particularly  abundant  on  the  reef  off  Watch  Hill,  and  those 
obtained  on  the  13th  of  April  were  loaded  with  the  reproductive  cap 
sules,  (gonothecaB.) 

At  the  same  place  we  obtained  luxuriant  specimens  of  0.  fiabellata, 
(p.  390,)  some  of  which  were  eight  or  ten  inches  long  and  profusely 
branched ;  these  also  bore  reproductive  capsules  at  the  same  date. 

The  curious  Antennularia  antennina  was  dredged  off  Gay  Head  in 
eight  fathoms,  where  a  number  of  large  and  fine  specimens  were  ob 
tained.  This  species  had  not  been  previously  recorded  from  America, 
but  it  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

The  Alcyonoid  Polyps  are  represented  by  the  northern  Alcyoniwn 
earneum,  (Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  ^83,)  which  we  dredged  off  Gay  Head, 
off  Cutty  hunk,  and  on  the  reef  at  Watch  Hill.  This  species  grows  up 
into  lobed  or  arborescently  branched  forms,  with  the  delicate,  translu 
cent  polyps  mostly  clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The 
general  color  is  translucent,  pale  yellow,  or  salmon,  sometimes  more  or 
less  tinged  with  orange  or  red.  Among  the  Actinoids  there  is  a  species 
of  Edwardsia,  (E.  lineata  V.,)  which  is  as  yet  undesctlbed.  It  occurred 
in  considerable  numbers  crowded  into  the  openings  and  interstices  be 
tween  ascidians,  worm-tubes,  &c.  It  is  peculiar  in  having  no  distinct 
naked  basal  portion,  at  least  in  the  numerous  specimens  hitherto  seen, 
for  in  all  cases  the  rough  epidermis  extended  entirely  over  the  base. 
The  tentacles  are  long,  slender,  thirty  or  more,  and  each  usually  has  a 
flake-white  line  down  the  center.  The  disk  is  usually  marked  with  radi 
ating  white  lines.  This  species  was  dredged  off  Gay  Head  and  also  on 
the  reef  off  Watch  Hill. 

The  Sponges  are  numerous  on  the  outer  rocky  bottoms,  and  belong 
to  about  a  dozen  species,*inost  of  which  are  still  undetermined ;  but 
they  are  nearly  all  northern  forms,  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

One  of  the  most  common  is  the  Chalina  oculata,  which  forms  thick, 
upright,  more  or  less  flattened  stalks,  which,  as  they  grow  larger,  fork 
and  divide  into  more  or  less  numerous,  and  often  digitate  branches, 
which  vary  greatly  in  form  and  thickness ;  scattered  over  the  surface 
are  round  orifices,  about  a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  color  is 
dull  orange-red,  when  living,  but  the  color  disappears  when  the  animal 
matter  is  removed,  leaving  the  sponge  white.  The  texture  is  open  and  quite 
delicate.  Another  very  curious  species,  (Polymastia  f)  when  young,  forms 
yellowish  white  incrustations  over  stones  and  shells;  later,  it  rises  at  sev 
eral  points  into  long,  slender,  round,  tapering,  finger-like  prolongations, 
which  do  not  branch,  but  are  often  so  grouped  as  to  give  a  digitate 
appearance  to  the  whole.  This  was  dredged  off  Gay  Head  in  18  to  20 
fathoms,  and  is  also  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  One  of  the  most 
abundant  species  of  this  region  forms  very  irregularly  shaped,  uneven, 
pale  yellow  masses,  attached  to  the  stems  and  fronds  of  Phyllophora  and 
other  small  algae,  and  often,  as  it  grows  larger,  spreading  over  and 
15  v 


204       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [498] 


•entirely  covering  and  destroying  the  algre.  The  large  openings  (oscnla) 
-are  irregularly  scattered  over  the  surface  and  quite  unequal  in  size, 
varying  from  less  than  .05  to  .10  of  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  The 
texture  is  rather  close  when  dried,  showing  a  finely  reticulated  texture 
at  the  surface.  This  appears  to  belong  to  the  genus  Tedania.  Another 
species,  apparently  of  the  same  genus,  occurs  with  the  last,  and  has  the 
same  habits,  but  its  color  is  pale  buff,  or  yellowish  white,  and  its  text 
ure  is  much  firmer  and  more  compact.  Another  species,  occurring  with 
the  last  two  on  the  Pliyllopliora,  at  Watch  Hill,  forms  small,  irregular, 
deep  yellow  masses,  of  a  soft  and  somewhat  gelatinous  consistency. 
Foraminifera  of  several  species  are  abundant,  attached  to  the  fronds 
of  the  red  algre,  to  the  rough  integument  of  Ascidiaus,  to  stones,  shells, 
worm-tubes,  &c,,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  identified. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  the  stony  and  rocJcy  bottoms  on  the  open  coast. 

ARTICULATA. 

Crustacea. 


Page. 

Cancer  irroratus 493 

C.  borealis  493 

Libinia  canaliculata 339 

Eupagurus  lougicarpus 313 

E.  Bernhardus 501 

Homarus  Americanus .. .  492 

Crangon  vulgaris 493 

Hippolyte  pusiola 493 

Pandalus  annulicornis 493 

Lysianassinse,  (one  species)  . .  431 
Pontogeneia  inermis 452 


Page. 

Mcera  levis 315 

Amphithoe  maculata 493 

Unciola  irrorata 493 

Cerapus  rubricornis 565 

Podocerus  fucicola 493 

Podocerus,  species 494 

Caprella,  species 494 

Idotea  irrorata 494 

I.  phosphorea 316 

Erichsonia  filiformis 494 

Balanus  crenatus  .  396 


Annelids. 


Page. 

Lepidonotus  squamatus 320 

L.  Augustus . , 494 

Harmothoe  imbricata 321 

Phyllodoce  gracilis 494 

P.  catenula 494 

Eumidia  Americana ,  494 

Autolytus  cornutus 494 

Autolytus,  species 494 

Nereis  pelagica 319 

K  fucata 494 

Lumbriconereis  fragilis 501 


Page. 

Clymenella  torquata 343 

Naraganseta  coralii 494 

Sabellaria  vulgaris 321 

Polycirrus  eximius 320 

Nicolea  simplex 494 

Potamilla  oculifera 322 

Sabella  microphthalrna 323 

Spirorbis  spirillum 323 

S.  pcrrecta  ? 504 

Serpula  dianthus . .  322 


Nemerteans  and  Planarians. 


Nemertes,  species 


Page. 
.  505 


Leptoplana  folium 


Page. 

.  487 


[499]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          205 


MOLLUSCA. 

Gastropods. 


Tage. 

Urosalpinx  cinerea 30G 

Bucciimin  undatum 494 

Tritia  trivittata. .  .  354 


Page. 

Crucibuluin  striatum 417 

Crepidula  fornicata 355 

0.  uiiffuiformis . .  .  355 


Astyris  lunata 306  [  Lunatia  heros 426 

Leptochiton  apiculatus 399 

L.  ruber 495 

Onchydoris  pallida 495 

Polycera  Lessonii 400 

Dendronotus  arborescens 495 

Tergipes  despectus 495 

JEolis  papillosa 495 

Dote  coronata. .  .  495 


A.  xonalis  . . 399 

A.  rosacea 495 

Anachis  avara 306 

Lacuna  vincta 305 

L.  neritoidea 495 

Eissoa  exarata 495 

Cerithiopsis  terebralis 417 

Bittium  nigrum 305 


Lamellibranclis. 


Page. 

Saxicava  arctica 309 

Mya  arenaria 472 

Kellia  planulata 310 

Argina  pexata 309 

Scapbarca  transversa 309 


Page. 

Mytilus  edulis 307 

Modiola  modiolus 495 

Modiolaria  nigra 433 

Anemia  aculeata. .  .  495 


Ascidians. 


Page. 

Cynthia  partita , 311 

0.  carnea 495 

C.  ecbinata 495 

Molgula  Manhatteusis 311 

M.  papillosa 495 

Perophora  viridis 388 


Page. 

Amaroecium  pelluciduna 401 

A.  pallidum 496 

A.  constellatum   388 

Leptoclinum  albidum 408 

L.  lutecium. .  .  403 


Bryozoa. 


Page. 

Crisia  eburnea 496 

Tubulipora  flabellaris 496 

Alcyonidium  hirsutum  404 

A.  parasiticnm 404 

A.  gelatmosuin  (?) 496 

Vesicularia  cuscuta 404 

Y.  gracilis ...   , 389 

Y.  fusca 420 

Farrella  familiaris 487 

^Etea  anguina .  405 

Eucratea  chelata 405 

Cellularia,  species 496 


Page. 

Caberea  Ellisii 420 

Bugula  turrita 311 

B.  Murrayana 496 

Meinbranipora  pilosa 496 

M.  lineata 406, 

M.  tenuis 420 

Escharella  variabilis 312 

Lepralia,  (species) 496 

Discopora  coccinea  (?) 496 

Mollia  liyalina 420 

Cellepora  ramulosa 496 

0.  scabra..  .  419 


206       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [500} 

RADIATES. 

Ecliinoderms. 


Page. 
Strongylocentrotus  Drobachi- 

ensis 49G 

Asterias  vulgaris 496 


A.  arenicola 326 

Cribrella  sanguinolenta 496 

Ophiopholis  aculeata 496 


Acalephs. 


Page. 

Clytia  Johnstoni 408 

O.  intermedia 408 

Qrthopyxis  caliculata 408 

Platypyxis  cyliiidrica 408 

Campanularia  volubilis 408 

C.  flexuosa 327 

Obelia  geniculata  , . . 496 

O.  dichotoma 407 

O.  flabellata 497 

O.  diaphana 327 


Page. 

SertuJaria  argentea 408 

S.  cupressina 408 

Hyd  rail  mania  falcata 408 

Pin  malaria,  species 407 

Antennularia  antennina 497 

Eudeadrium  ramosum 408 

E.  dispar 408 

Penriaria  tiarella 327 

Tbarnnocuidia  tenella 407 

Hydractinia  polyclina 328 


Polyps. 
Page. 

Alcyoniuin  carneum 497 

Metridium  margiuatnm 329 


Page. 

Edwardsia  lineata 497 

Astrangia  Dana) 408 


PROTOZOA. 


Sponges. 


Page. 

Chalina  oculata 497 

Tedania,  two  species 498 

Eenieria,  species 330 

Cliona  sulplmrea. . , 421 


Page. 

Polymastia  (!) 497 

Grantia  ciliata 330 

Leucosolenia  botryoides  (!) . .    391 


IV.  4. — FAUNA  OF  THE  SANDX  AND  GRAVELLY  BOTTOMS  OFF  THE 

OPEN  COAST. 

The  bottom  off  the  southern  shores  of  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vine 
yard  is  sandy  or  gravelly  over  large  areas,  from  low-water  mark  down 
to  25  fathoms  or  more.  Tracts  of  similar  bottom  occur  off  Cuttyhunk 
Island  and  farther  west.  In  many  of  these  places,  especially  in  the 
shallower  waters,  near  shore,  the  material  of  the  bottom  is  nearly  pure 
siliceous  sand,  varying  in  fineness  from  coarse  gravel  to  the  finest  sand, 
and  as  these  sands  are  generally  loose  and  moved  by  the  storm-waves, 
in  shallow  water,  their  inhabitants  are  but  few.  In  deeper  water,  at 
depths  of  20  to  25  fathoms  or  more,  the  material  is  usually  a  very  fine 
sand,  often  firmly  compacted,  and  not  infrequently  mixed  with  more  or 
less  fine  mud.  Such  localities  are  favorable  for  a  much  greater  variety 


[501]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        207 

of  animals,  and  especially  for  many  burrowing  annelids,  Crustacea,  and 
bivalve  shells.  Bottoms  of  this  character  pass  by  insensible  gradations 
intoUhe  true  muddy  bottoms,  so  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  make  any 
sharp  distinction  between  them,  or  between  the  animals  that  inhabit 
them.  Several  localities  at  which  we  dredged  were  quite  intermediate 
in  character,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  in  which  division  they  should 
be  put.  Yet  there  is  a  very  wide  difference  between  the  animals  of  the 
pure  sandy  and  of  the  soft  muddy  bottoms.  Most  of  the  localities  where 
the  bottom  was  of  this  mixed  or  intermediate  character,  and  of  very  fine 
material,  have  been  classed  with  the  muddy  bottoms,  because  the  ani 
mals  inhabiting  them  agree  more  closely  with  those  of  the  true  muddy 
bottoms  than  with  those  of  the  genuine  sandy  ones.  But  in  each  case 
I  shall  endeavor  to  give  an  idea  of  the  fauna  of  typical  localities  of 
pure  sand,  of  true  mud,  of  muddy  sand,  and  of  sandy  mud,  so  that  the 
more  general  lists  given  under  the  sandy  and  muddy  bottoms,  respect 
ively,  need  not  cause  confusion. 

The  special  localities  where  dredgings  were  made  on  sandy  bottoms 
avre  as  follows  :  line  80,  a,  16  J  fathoms,  siliceous  sand  j  ft,  18J  fathoms, 
siliceous  sand ;  81,  a,  ft,  1GJ  fathoms,  sand  ;  85,  &,  &,  15  J  fathoms,  sili 
ceous  sand  and  gravel ;  86,  a,  fc,  25  fathoms,  sand  and  gravel,  with  some 
mud  and  small  stones  j  off  Watch  Hill,  6  to  8  fathoms,  loose  siliceous 
sand,  with  some  stones.  Besides  these  a  few  other  dredgings  were  made 
on  similar  bottoms,  but  not  recorded. 

Among  the  Crustacea  that  are  characteristic  of  the  true  sandy  bot 
toms  are  Platyonichus  ocellatus,  (p.  388,  Plate  I,  fig.  4,)  which  is,  how 
ever,  more  common  in  the  sounds ;  Eupagurus  Bernhardus,  a  decidedly 
northern  hermit  crab:  Crangon  vulgaris,  (p.  339,  Plate  III,  fig.  10;) 
Ptilocheirus  pinguis  ;  Idotea  Tuftsii.  Where  the  bottom  is  of  loose 
siliceous  sand,  the  common  Unciola  irrorata  (p.  340,  Plate  IV,  fig.  19) 
frequently  occurs,  usually  associated  with  but  few  others,  except  a 
species  of  Anonyx,  or  some  closely  allied  genus,  which  seems  to  live 
exclusively  on  such  bottoms.  This  last  species  is  rather  stout,  pale 
grayish  or  yellowish  white,  usually  tinged  with  purple  on  the  back  The 
posterior  portion  is  more  decidedly  pprple,  together  with  the  caudal 
appendages  and  some  of  the  last  epimera.  This  was  dredged  off  Watch 
Hill. 

Several  interesting  species  occurred  on  the  bottoms  of  fine  compact 
mud  and  sand,  in  20-29  fathoms.  Among  these  were  Phoxus  Kroyeri, 
which  is  a  northern  species;  Siplioncecetes  cuspidatus  SMITH,  an  undes- 
cribed  species ;  ByWis  serrata  SMITH,  another  very  interesting  new 
species ;  undetermined  species  of  Ampelisca,  &c. 

Few  Annelids  are  peculiar  to  true  sandy  bottoms.  Among  those  of 
most  interest  are  Sthenelais  picta  V.,  (p.  348;)  Lumbriconereis  fmgilis,  a 
northern  and  European  species ;  Anthostoma  acutum  V. ;  and  Scolecolepis 
cirrata.  The  last  is  a  northern  species  found  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and 
north  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  also  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe. 


208        KEPOKT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [502 1 

The  color  is  chocolate-brown,  with  bright  red,  ligulate,  dorsal  branchiae 
on  the  anterior  third  of  the  body.  The  two  large  tentacles  exceed  in 
length  three  times  the  breadth  of  the  body ;  they  are  often  coiled  up,  and 
are  greenish  in  color.  This  worm  is  three  or  four  inches  long. 

A  large  purple  Meckelia  (M.  lurida  V.)  was  dredged  in  two  localities. 

Among  the  Mollnsks  there  are  but  few  species  that  are  characteristic 
of  these  bottoms,  and  probably  none  that  are  peculiar  to  them,  unless 
some  of  the  Ascidians  should  prove  to  be  so.  The  Molgula  arenata  (p. 
426,  Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  251)  is  often  common  even  on  loose  siliceous 
sand  and  gravel,  with  which  it  forms  a  coating  over  its  body.  The 
Molgula  producta  was  dredged  in  some  numbers  on  a  bottom  of  fine 
sand,  with  some  mud.  The  integument  is  thin,  translucent,  closely 
covered  with  a  layer  of  fine  sand ;  the  tubes  are  transparent,  whitish  or 
flesh-color,  sometimes  pink  at  the  ends ;  anal  tube  wi  th  four,  and  branchial 
with  six,  flake-white,  longitudinal  stripes,  and  often  with  a  circle  of  flake- 
white  spots  at  the  base  outside,  and  other  spots  within.  The  anal  ori 
fice  is  square,  but  the  branchial  is  either  subcircular  or  squarish,  in 
expansion,  and  destitute  of  distinct  lobes  or  papillte,  in  this  respect  dif 
fering  from  all  the  other  species  of  the  geiius.  The  branchial  tube  is 
generally  a  little  the  longest,  and  both  of  them  are  somewhat  tapered, 
with  a  swollen  base. 

The  Glandula  arenicola  is  another  nearly  globular  Ascidian,  which  lives, 
like  the  two  preceding,  free  in  the  sand,  and  covers  itself  with  a  closely- 
adherent  coating  of  sand.  This  species  grows  to  be  about  half  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  can  easily  be  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  much 
smaller  tubes,  both  of  which  have  small  square  orifices,  and  by  its  thicker 
and  firmer  integument,  in  which  the  sand  appears  to  be  somewhat  im 
bedded.  At  the  base  there  are  some  slender  fibers  for  anchoring  it  more 
securely  in  the  sand.  This  was  dredged  by  Mr.  Prudden,  off  Cuttyhunk 
Island,  in  1872.  Messrs.  Smith  and  Harger  dredged  it  in  great  abun 
dance  last  year  on  St.  George's  Bank,  on  a  bottom  of  clear  siliceous  sand, 
in  28  fathoms.  Dr.  Dawson  has  also  dredged  it  in  Murray  Bay,  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  Eiver.  It  is,  therefore,  a  decidedly  northern  species. 

Another  species  of  Glandula  also  occurred  on  the  true  sandy  bottoms. 
The  specimens  of  this  were  all  small,  mostly  less  than  a  fifth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  the  integument  was  densely  covered  by  rather  coarse 
and  very  firmly  adherent  grains  of  sand,  in  several  layers ;  the  sand 
completely  concealed  the  tubes  from  view  in  all  the  specimens  observed, 
and  it  was  not  sufficiently  studied  while  living  to  afford  an  accurate 
description. 

The  Bryozoa  and  Hydroids  that  are  found  on  the  sandy  bottoms  are 
mostly  attached  to  dead  shells  and  small  stones  that  are  scattered  over 
the  surface. 

Of  Echinoderms  several  species  occur  on  the  hard  bottoms  of  fine, 
compact  sand,  or  sandy  mud,  but  most  of  these  are  more  at  home  on 
rocky  bottoms. 


[503]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        209 

On  the  bottoms  of  loose  siliceous  sand  the  Ecliinaraclinius  parma  (p. 
362,  Plate  XXXV,  fig.  267)  is  often  very  abundant.  Several  hundred  are 
sometimes  obtained  at  a  single  cast  of  the  dredge.  At  locality  81,  &, 
off  the  south  coast  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  21  fathoms,  on  a  bottom  of 
clear  siliceous  sand,  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  dredged  a  fine  specimen  of  a 
rare  and  little  known  Holothurian,  the  Stereoderma  unisemita.  This  has 
not  been  found  before,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  since  the  two  original 
specimens  were  described  twenty  years  ago.  One  of  those  was  from  the 
Banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  other  was  supposed  to  have  been  from 
off  Massachusetts  Bay.  As  both  the  original  specimens  appear  to  have 
been  lost  or  destroyed,  this  rediscovery  was  of  considerable  interest. 
This  specimen  was  about  three  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch  in  diam 
eter,  fusiform,  tapering  to  each  end;  the  body  and  suckers  were  pale 
flesh-color,  and  the  integument  is  filled  with  a  great  abundance  of  small 
calcareous  plates. 

Most  of  the  Polyps  and  Sponges  that  occur  on  these  sandy  bot 
toms  are  attached  to  the  scattering  dead  shells  and  small  stones  or 
pebbles,  and  belong  properly  on  the  rocky  and  stony  bottoms.  One 
large  and  fine  sponge  seems,  however,  to  be  peculiar  to  the  sandy 
bottoms.  This  is  a  firm,  siliceous  sponge,  with  a  very  compact  and  fine 
texture.  It  is  quite  irregular  in  shape,  but  often  grows  in  the  form  of 
elongated,  compressed  masses,  attached  by  one  edge  ;  these  masses  are 
often  six  inches  or 'more  in  length  and  one  or  two  in  thickness,  and 
perhaps  two  or  three  high.  Some  of  the  largest  specimens  consist  of 
two  or  three  such  crest-like  plates  or  lobes  attached  together  at  base. 
When  living  the  color  is  bright  sulphur-yellow  or  lemon-yellow,  and  the 
surface  is  nearly  smooth.  One  fine  living  specimen,  of  large  size,  was 
dredged  by  Dr.  Packard  off  the  southern  shore  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  at 
locality  80,  &,  on  a  bottom  of  clear  siliceous  sand.  Numerous  specimens 
were  also  found  thrown  on  Edgar  town  beach.  These  were  mostly 
bleached  out  white  and  more  or  less  worn.  This  species  has  not  yet 
been  identified.  I  have  specimens  of  it  from  the  coast  of  Virginia. 

A  very  curious  organism,  of  which  the  nature  is  still  uncertain,  but 
which  was  supposed,  at  the  time  it  was  taken,  to  belong  to  the  sandy 
Foraminifera,  was  often  extremely  abundant  in  the  clear  siliceous  sand. 
They  were  nearly  circular,  somewhat  flattened  or  biscuit-shaped,  and 
entirely  covered  by  adherent  grains  of  sand,  except  that  there  were 
several  dark-colored,  hook-like  processes  projecting  from  the  circumfer 
ence.  The  size  was  generally  less  than  a  fifth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  more  frequently  not  more  than  .12  to  .15  of  an  inch.  When  dried  they 
became  very  friable,  and  the  sand  fell  asunder  at  a  slight  touch, 
so  that  they  then  appeared  like  mere  lumps  of  sand,  but  they  retain 
their  firmness  when  preserved  in  alcohol.  They  were  often  so  abundant 
in  the  fine  sand  that  when  a  dredge-full  was  washed  through  a  moder 
ately  fine  sieve  several  hundreds  or  thousands  would  sometimes  remain 
in  the  sieve. 


210        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [504] 


List  of  species  inhabiting  sandy  and  gravelly  bottoms. 

In  the  following  list  I  have  included  nearly  all  the  species  that 
ordinarily  occurred  on  those  bottoms  in  which  sand  predominated,  even 
though  some  of  them  are  more  strictly  muddy-bottom  species.  Others 
belong  more  properly  on  rocky,  stony,  or  shelly  bottoms,  but  are  intro 
duced  here  because  they  occur  attached  to  the  scattered  shells  and  stones 
that  are  always  liable  to  be  met  with  on  sandy  bottoms. 

In  order  to  designate  those  species  that  are  more  strictly  character 
istic  of  the  clear  sandy  bottoms,  I  have  prefixed  to  them  a  dagger, 
(thus :  f.)  To  show  the  character  of  the  fauna  on  the  bottoms  of  mixed 
or  intermediate  character,  I  have  selected  a  single  locality,  86,  &,  south" 
west  of  Cuttyhunk  Island  and  opposite  the  mouth  of  Buzzard's  Bay, 
where  the  depth  was  twenty-five  fathoms,  and  the  bottom  consisted  of 
fine  sand  mixed  with  some  mud  and  gravel,  with  a  few  small  scattered 
stones,  and  have  prefixed  an  asterisk  (thus :  *)  to  such  species  as  occurred 
at  that  particular  locality,  though  most  of  them  occurred  also  at  other 
localities. 

ARTICULATES. 


f  Cancer  irroratus 

C.  borealis 

Panopeus  depressus 

tPlaty onicbus  ocellatus 

Hyas  coarctatus 

tEupagurus  pollicaris 

IE.  Bernhardus 

f Homarus  Americanus 

*Pandalus  annulicornis 

t*Crangoii  vulgaris 

*Diastylis  quadrispinosa,and 
other  species  of  Cumacea. 


Crustacea. 

Pa-e. 

312 

493 

312 

501 

548 

313 

501 

492 

493 

501 


507 


*Phoxus  Kroyeri 

*Ampelisca,  sp 

Byblis  serrata 

Mo3ra  levis 

*tUnciola  irrorata 

*Ptilocheirus  pinguis 

tAnonyx(l),  sp , 

*Siphoncecetes  cuspidatus 

tldotea  Tuftsii 

Epelys  montosus 


Annelids. 


Page. 

Lepidonotus  squamatus 320 

*Harmothoe  imbricata 321 

tSthenelais  picta 501 

*Nephthys  ingens 431 

Phyllodoce   catenula 494 

Nereis  plagica 397 

*]Slnoe  nigripes 508 

fLumbriconeris  fragilis 501 

*Rhynchobolus  dibranchia- 

tus 341 

tAnthostoma  acutum 501 


t*Scolecolepis  cirrata 

*Ampharete  gracilis 

t*Clymenella  torquata 

*Mcomache  dispar 

* Ammochares,  sp 

*Trophonia  affinis 

*Ammotrypane  fimbriata 

*Cistenides   Gouldii 

*Potamilla  oculifera , 

*Euchone  elegans 

*Spirorbis  porrecta?  . .  . . 


Page. 
501 
507 
501 
315 
501 
501 
501 
501 
501 
370 


Page. 
501 
508 
343 
512 
508 
507 
508 
323 
322 
433 
498 


[505]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        211 
Nemerteans  and  Plananans. 


Page. 

*Meckelia  lurida  .  50- 


Page. 

*Leptoplana  folium 487 


Kemertes,  (?)  red  sp 498 

Sipunculoids. 

Page. 

*Phascolosoma  csementarium , 416 

MOLLUSCA. 
Gastropods. 

Page.  Page. 

*Neptunea  pygmoea 508     Crepidula  foruicata. .......  805 

Buccinura   undatam 494     C.  unguiformis 355 

Astyris  lanata 306     fLunatia  lieros 426 

Anacbis  avara ,     306     Eissoa  exarata 495 

t*Tritia  trivittata 354     ^Margarita  obscura 508 

*Crucibulain  striatum 417 

Lamellibranchs. 

Page.  Page. 

tMya  arenaria,  (young) 472     f Astarte  castanea 432 

t*Ensatella  Americana 356     fA.  quadrans 509 

tSiliqua  costata 358     *A.  imdata 508 

Corbula  contracta 418     t*Cyclocardia  borealis 418 

Clidiophora  trilineata 432     f*C.  Kovanglia3 418 

*Lyonsia  hyalina 358     *Yoldia  sapotilla 509 

*Periploina  papyracea 509     *Nucula  proxima 432 

Cochlodesma  Leanum 418     Scapharca  transversa 309 

tAngulus  tener 358     *Modiolaria  corrugata 509 

*0umingia  tellinoides 418     Pecten  tenuicostatus 509 

*Callista  convexa 432     Anomia  aculeata 495 

*Cardium  pinnulatum 423 

Ascidians, 

Page,  j  Page. 

*0yntbia  partita 311     fGlandula  arenicola 502 

tMolgula  arenata 502     tGlandula,  sp 502 

t*M.  producta 502     *Amaro3cium  pallidum 496 

*M.  Manbattensis 311 

Bryozoa. 

Page.  Page. 

*Crisia  eburnea 311     Bugula  Murrayana 496 

*Caberea  Ellisii , .     420     *Cellepora  ramulosa 312 


212       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.  [506] 

E  ADI  AT  A. 

Ecliinoderms. 

Page.  pao-e. 

tStereoderma  uniseinita 503     Asterias  vulgaris 496 

t*Echinarachnius  parrna 503  I  *Cribrella  sanguinolenta. ..  407 


Strongylocentrotus  Drobach- 


Ophiopholis  aculeata 496 


iensis 406 

Acalephs. 


Page. 

*Platypyxis  cylindrica 408 

*Clytia  Johnston! 408 

Eudendrinm  ramosum  . .  408 


Page. 

*Plumularia,  sp 407 

Hydractinia  polyelina. ....       328 


Polyps. 

Page.   I  Page. 

Edwardsia  lineata 497  |  Alcyonium  carneuin 497 

PROTOZOA. 

Sponges. 
Page,   j  Page. 


Chalina  oculata 497 

Polymastia  (?) 497 


fMassive  siliceous  sponge  . .       503 


IV.  5. — FAUNA  OF  THE  MUDDY  BOTTOMS  OFF  THE  OPEN  COAST. 

Within  the  depths  to  which  our  dredgings  extended,  very  few  true 
muddy  bottoms  occur.  The  deposits  of  mud  on  the  open  coast  usually 
begin  to  occur  only  at  the  depths  of  twenty -five  to  thirty  fathoms,  and 
even  at  these  depths  there  is  a  considerable  admixture  with  fine  siliceous 
sand.  The  central  and  deeper  portion  of  the  depression  in  line  with  the 
axis  of  Vineyard  Sound  is,  however,  occupied  off  to  the  west  of  Gay 
Head  and  No  Man's  Land  by  a  deposit  of  fine,  soft,  sticky  mud,  filled 
with  the  tubes  of  Annelids  and  Ainphipods,  (Ampelisca,  &c.)  Dredgings 
were  made  on  this  bottom  at  localities  85,  c,  in  18  fathoms  ;  d,  19  fathoms ; 
e,  11  fathoms.  On  September  9,  the  temperature  at  85,  c,  was  58°  Fah 
renheit  at  the  bottom,  and  62°  at  the  surface ;  at  d,  it  was  57°  at  the 
bottom  and  62°  at  the  surface  5  at  e,  it  was  59°  at  the  bottom  and  63°  at 
the  surface.  This  muddy  bottom  abounded  in  Annelids,  small  Crustacea, 
and  bivalve  shells. 

In  several  other  localities,  where  the  bottom  was  a  mixture  of  mud 
and  fine  sand,  the  mud  seemed  to  predominate  and  to  determine  the 
character  of  the  life,  so  that  such  localities  have  been  classed  with  the 
muddy  bottoms,  though  the  fauna  differed  considerably  from  that  of  the 
soft  muddy  bottoms  referred  to  above.  In  the  following  list,  however,  I 
have  specially  designated  the  species  found  in  the  typical  localities  of 
each  kind. 


[507]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        213 

The  principal  localities  where  we  dredged  on  the  bottoms  of  fine  sandy 
mud  are  as  follows:  80,  c,  south  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  21  fathoms; 
84,  &,  southwest  of  Gay  Head,  in  16  fathoms ;  87,  a,  I,  about  fifteen 
miles  east  of  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms.  At  the  last  locality  the  tem 
perature,  on  September  14,  was  62°  F.  at  the  surface,  and  59°  at  the 
bottom. 

Among  the  Crustacea  none  was  more  abundant  on  the  soft,  muddy 
bottoms  than  a  small  species  of  Ampelisca,  which  inhabits  soft,  flabby 
tubes,  covered  with  fine  mud.  When  taken  out  of  the  water  these  tabes 
are  always  collapsed  and  flat,  and  they  were  so  abundant  in  the  mud 
that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  wasli  it  through  the  sieves,  because 
they  soon  became  completely  clogged  up  with  the  tubes.  When  a  quan 
tity  of  the  mud  was  left  in  a  bucket  of  water  these  Crustacea  would 
come  out  of  the  tubes  and  rise  to  the  surface  in  large  numbers.  This 
species  is  generally  quite  pale,  or  nearly  white.  Its  body  is  much  com 
pressed. 

Another  variety,  or  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  found  with  the  last,  is 
pale  flesh-color,  with  a  row  of  bright  red  spots  along  the  middle  of  the 
back ;  the  antenna?  were  specked  with  red ;  eyes  bright  red ;  epimera 
reticulated  with  red  lines ;  and  the  legs  and  caudal  appendages  are 
more  or  less  marked  with  red. 

The  Unciola  irrorata,  (p.  340,)  PtilocJieirus  pinguis,  and  other  Am- 
phipods,  were  associated  with  the  preceding  species. 

The  Diastylis  quadrispinosa  (Plate  III,  fig.  13)  was  very  abundant  on 
the  soft  muddy  bottoms,  together  with  other  species  of  Cumacea,  not 
yet  identified.  It  is  pale  flesh-color,  with  a  reddish  purple  patch  at  the 
posterior  part  of  the  carapax,  and  two  small  spots  of  pink. 

The  Annelids  were  very  numerous,  both  on  the  soft  muddy  bottoms 
and  in  the  sandy  mud.  One  of  the  most  conspicuous  species  is  the 
Aphrodita  aculeata,  which  was  common  in  the  soft  mud.  This  is  a  large, 
stout  Annelid,  the  largest  specimen  obtained  measuring  about  3  inches 
in  length,  and  about  half  as  much  in  breadth.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
exceedingly  numerous  and  long  seta?  of  many  kinds,  which  cover  its  sides 
and  back,  except  along  a  narrow  dorsal  space ;  some  of  these  setae  are 
stout,  and  nearly  an  inch  long,  with  sharp  points,  and  barbed  near  the 
end,  and  they  curve  over  the  back  much  like  the  quills  of  a  porcupine, 
and  are  liable  to  inflict  painful  wounds,  if  the  creatures  are  carelessly 
handled.  These  seta?  usually  reflect  bright,  iridescent  colors. 

Several  other  northern  European  species,  found  also  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy  and  at  Saint  George's  Banks,  were  also  met  with.  Among  these 
were  Lumbriconereis  fragilis,  Scolecolepis  cirrata,  Melinna  cristata, 
Terebellides  Stroemi,  and  several  more  common  species. 

The  Nephthys  ingens  (p.  431,  Plate  XII,  figs.  59-60)  is  a  very  abundant 
species  on  these  bottoms  and  grows  to  a  large  size. 

The  curious  Sternaspis  fossor  (Plate  XIV,  fig.  74)  is  quite  common  ; 
and  the  Trophonia  affinls  (Plate  XIV,  fig.  75)  was  dredged  several  times. 


214        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [508] 

Many  other  species  were  also  common,  or  even  abundant,  in  the  various 
localities,  and  quite  a  number  proved  to  be  undescribed,  and  therefore 
their  descriptions  will  be  found  in  the  systematic  catalogue  accompany 
ing  this  report.  Among  these  were  Lycidice  Americana,  Ninoe  nigripes, 
AntJiostoma,  sp.,  Acutum,  Ammotrypane  fimbriata,  Travisia  carnea, 
Eone  gracilis,  Brada  setosa,  Nicomache  dispar,  Rhodine  attenuata,  a 
species  of  Ammochares,  Ampharete  gracilis,  Euchone  elec/ans,  and  a 
species  of  Nematonereis. 

Several  species  of  Nemerteans  also  occur  on  these  bottoms.  The  largest 
and  most  interesting  is  a  large  species  of  Meckelia,  (M.  lurida,  V.)  This 
grows  to  the  length  of  8  or  10  inches,  and  .25  broad ;  its  color  is  deep 
chocolate- brown, with  paler  margins.  It  generally  breaks  up  into  numerous 
fragments  when  caught.  Another  species,  belonging,  perhaps,  to  the 
genus  CerebratuluSj  but  not  sufficiently  studied  while  living,  was  2  or  3 
inches  long  in  extension,  and  .05  to  .08  of  an  inch  broad.  Its  color  was 
dark  olive-green,  darkest  anteriorly,  the  head  with  a  white  margin. 
The  lateral  fossse  of  the  head  were  long  and  deep  ;  the  eyes  in  con 
spicuous,  perhaps  wanting  ;  proboscis  emitted  from  a  terminal  pore ;  the 
ventral  orifice,  or  mouth,  placed  well  forward.  Both  this  and  the  pre 
ceding  were  found  at  the  29-fathom  locality,  in  sandy  mud,  but  the 
former  also  occurred  in  soft  mud,  in  19  fathoms. 

One  of  the  most  abundant  Gastropods  is  Neptunea  pygmwa,  (Plate 
XXI,  fig.  115,)  which  is  a  rather  northern  shell,  very  common  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy.  The  specimens  from  this  region  are,  however,  quite  as 
large  as  any  that  I  have  seen  from  farther  north.  The  small  disk-shaped 
egg-capsules  of  this  shell  were  found  in  great  abundance  early  in  Sep 
tember  attached  to  various  bivalve  shells,  as  well  as  to  the  shells  of  the 
Neptimea  itself. 

Buccinum  undatum,  (Plate  XXI,  Fig.  121;)  Bela  harpularia,  (Plate 
XXI,  fig.  108 ;)  Lunatia  immaculata,  (Plate  XXIII,  fig.  131;)  Margarita 
obscura,  (Plate  XXI Y,  fig.  156;)  Astyris  rosacea  ;  and  Cylichna  alba, 
(Plate  XXV,  fig.  163,)  are  all  northern  shells,  which  were  met  with  in 
small  numbers  on  the  muddy  bottoms. 

The  Lamellibranchs  were  quite  abundant.      One  of  the  most  con 
spicuous  is  the  northern  Cyprina  Islandica,  (Plate  XXVIII,  fig.  201,) 
which  was  quite  common  at  several  localities,  especially  in  soft  mud. 
Many  of  the  shells  from  the  deeper  dredgings  in  this  region  are  north- 
Fig.  3.          ern  and  even  arctic  species,  several  of  which  have  been 
supposed  not  to  occur  south  of  Cape  Cod.      Among 
these  northern  forms  are  Macoma  proxima,  of  which 
we  dredged  a  few  small  specimens ;  Cyclocardia  borealis 
and  C.  Novangliw  (p.  418,)  both  of  which  were  common; 
Astarte  undata,   (Plate    XXIX,  fig.  203,)   which    was 
dredged  in  considerable  abundance  at  several  localities. 
A    large    proportion    of    the  shells  of   this    species, 
obtained  here,  were  quite  different  in  appearance  from  the  varieties 
that  occur  in   such   abundance  in   the   Bay  of   Fundy.     The   latter, 


[569]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        215 

although  quite  triable  in  form  and  sculpture,  are  generally  compressed ; 
those  from  this  region  are  mostly  rather  swollen,  and  often  decidedly 
obese.  These  correspond  with  the  type-specimen  of  A.  lutea  PERKINS, 
from  New  Haven,  (fig.  3,)  which  I  have  been  able,  through  the  kindness 
of  Dr.  Perkins,  to  compare  directly  with  our  specimens.  This  form  is, 
perhaps,  sufficiently  well  marked  to  be  designated  a  sa  variety,  (lutea,) 
but  many  specimens  intermediate  between  this  and  the  ordinary  forms 
occurred.  This  variety  resembles  the  European  A.  sulcata  more  closely 
than  do  any  of  the  other  varieties  of  our  species,  but  in  the  character 
of  the  hinge,  lunule,  beaks,  and  sculpture,  it  differs  decidedly  from  any 
European  specimens  that  I  have  seen.  The  Astarte  quadrans  (Plate 
XXIX,  fig.  205)  was  rarely  met  with.  Good-sized  specimens  of  the 
large  scollop,  Pecten  tenuico  status,  were  dredged  oft'  Gay  Head  on  hard 
bottoms,  and  also  on  the  muddy  bottom,  in  29  fathoms,  and  in  several 
other  localities.  The  northern  Anomia  aculeata  (Plate  XXXII,  figs. 
239, 240)  occurred  adhering  to  dead  shells.  The  Modiolaria  corrugata 
(Plate  XXXI,  fig.  235)  was  dredged  several  times  in  the  deepest  local 
ities,  but  M.  Iccvigata,  recorded  by  Mr.  Sanderson  Smith,  was  not  met 
with  by  us ;  nor  Leda  tenuisulcata,  which  has  been  found  off  Newport, 
Rhode  Island.  The  Nucula  delphinodonta  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  229)  was 
common  on  soft  muddy  bottoms.  The  Lucina  filosa  (Plate  XXIX,  fig. 
212)  appeared  to  be  not  uncommon  on  similar  bottoms,  but  most  of  the 
specimens  obtained  were  less  than  an  inch  in  diameter.  Small  speci 
mens  of  Periploma  papymcea  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  197)  were  frequently 
dredged.  The  specimens  of  Thracia  truncata  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  195) 
were  few  and  small.  The  Cryptodon  obesus  V.,  (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  214,) 
was  first  discovered  in  this  region,  but  all  the  specimens  were  of  large 
size  and  dead,  though  mostly  quite  fresh.  I  have  since  seen  smaller 
specimens  from  Labrador,  &c.  C.  Gouldii  (Plate  xxix,  fig.  213,)  is  more 
common.  Yoldia  sapotilla  (Plate  XXX,  fig.  231)  was  generally  abundant, 
especially  in  the  soft  mud,  but  Y.  obesa  was  only  met  with  once,  and 
in  small  numbers,  in  29  fathoms  ;  Y.  thraci-formis  we  did  not  meet  with, 
but  Dr.  Simpson  records  it  from  off  Long  Island. 

Of  Ascidians  very  few  species  occur.  The  most  abundant  is  Eugyra 
pilulariSj  (Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  249,)  which,  in  contraction,  looks  like  a 
round  ball  of  mud,  for  it  completely  covers  itself  with  a  thick  coating 
of  fine  sand  or  mud,  which  is  held  in  place  partly  by  delicate  fibrous 
processes  from  the  integument,  those  from  the  base  being  longer,  and 
serving  to  anchor  the  little  creature  in  the  sand  by  attaching  a  con 
siderable  quantity  of  sand  to  themselves.  When  the  sand  is  removed, 
the  integument  is  found  to  be  thin  and  quite  translucent,  the  tubes, 
when  extended,  are  long  and  transparent,  close  together,  and  inclosed 
by  a  naked  band  which  surrounds  the  base  of  both.  It  is  also  very 

Figure  3.  Original  figure  of  Astarte  lutea,  natural  size.  From  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 


216       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [510] 

common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  £c.  The  Molgula  prodjtcta  (p.  502)  also 
occurred  on  the  sandy  mud  at  the  29-fathom  locality. 

The  Echinoderms  appear  to  be  very  scarce  on  these  bottoms.  The 
only  one  of  special  interest  was  the  Molpadia  ooliti-ca,  a  small,  round, 
rather  slender  species,  about  au  inch  and  a  half  long,  of  a  uniform  flesh- 
color.  Of  this  only  one  specimen  was  dredged,  at  the  29-fa thorn  locality, 
fifteen  miles  east  of  No  Man's  Land,  by  Dr.  Packard.  It  had  not  been 
observed  alive  before,  the  only  specimens  previously  known  having 
been  taken  from  the  stomachs  of  fishes. 

The  most  interesting  Hydroid  that  lives  on  the  muddy  bottoms  is 
Corymorplia  pendula,  (Plate  XXXYI,  fig.  273.)  This  is  a  very  beautiful 
species,  which  grows  singly,  with  the  bulb-like  base  of  the  stem  inserted 
into  the  mud. 

Two  interesting  species  of  Polyps  were  found  on  the  muddy  bottoms. 
One  of  these,  the  Edwardsia  farinacea,  occurred  only  on  the  soft  muddy 
bottom  off  Gay  Head,  in  19  fathoms.  It  is  a  cylindrical  species,  about 
an  inch  long,  and  .10  or  .12  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  remarkable  for  having 
only  12  tentacles,  which  are  equal,  unusually  short,  thick,  and  blunt. 
The  coating  of  mud  in  the  middle  region  is  thin  and  easily  removed. 

The  single  specimen  obtained  here  had  only  10  tentacles,  but  in  other 
respects  it  agrees  essentially  with  those  found  on  similar  bottoms  at 
several  localities  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  all  of  which  had  12  tentacles. 
The  body  is  whitish  or  flesh-color,  the  naked  portion  below  the  tentacles ; 
in  the  specimen  from  off  Gay  Head,  was  striped  with  10  longitudinal 
lines  or  bands  of  brown,  corresponding  with  the  tentacles ;  these 
bands  were  varied  with  flake-white  specks  and  mottlings,  the  spots  of 
white  becoming  more  distinct  near  the  tentacles;  these  bands  were 
alternately  lighter  and  darker.  Tentacles  translucent  at  tip,  tranversely 
barred  on  the  inside,  with  about  five  brown  bands  and  spots,  the  lower 
ones  often  Y-shaped  or  W-shaped,  and  some  of  them  extend  around 
to  the  outside  of  the  tentacles ;  alternating  with  these  brown  bands  were 
bars  and  spots  of  yellow  and  of  white.  The  disk  was  pale  yellow,  varied 
with  small  brown  spots,  mostly  forming  radiating  rows  from  the  mouth 
to  the  bases  of  the  tentacles,  and  there  were  two  spots  of  brown  between 
the  bases  of  adjacent  tentacles  ;  mouth  with  ten  lobes,  which  were  also 
brown,  with  a  fine  light  line  extending  from  between  them  to  the  in 
tervals  between  the  tentacles.  The  specimens  from  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
vary  considerably  in  color,  but  the  above  is  one  of  the  more  frequent 
styles  of  coloration. 

The  Epizoantlms  Americanus  (Plate  XXXVIII,  figs.  286,  287)  is  a  very 
singular  species,  which  either  lives  attached  to  stones,  as  in  the  deeper 
parts  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  off  Saint  George's  Bank,  in  430  fathoms, 
or  else  it  attaches  itself  to  univalve  shells,  inhabited  by  hermit-crabs. 
All  those  obtained  in  this  region  had  the  latter  habit,  and  were  from  the 
29-fathom  place,  fifteen  miles  east  of  Block  Island,  on  sandy  mud. 
After  one  original  young  polyp  has  found  lodgment  and  attached  itself  to 
the  shell,  its  base  begins  to  expand  over  the  surface  of  the  shell,  and  from 


[511]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        217 


this  basal  membrane  buds  arise,  which  soon  grow  larger  and  become 
like  the  parent  polyp,  while  the  basal  membrane  continues  to  extend 
itself  and  new  buds  to  develop,  until  the  whole  shell  becomes  incrusted 
by  the  membrane,  inside  and  out,  while  a  number  of  beautiful  polyps 
arise  from  the  upper  side  of  the  shell,  and  turn  their  mouths  in  different 
directions.  The  number  of  the  polyps  in  these  colonies  varies,  accord 
ing  to  the  size  of  the  shell,  from  three  to  ten  or  more.  Finally,  by  some 
chemical  process,  the  polyps,  or  rather  their  basal  membranes,  dissolve 
the  shell  entirely,  and  apparently  absorb  it  into  themselves.  And  yet 
the  membranes  retain  the  spiral  form  of  the  shell  very  perfectly,  and  the 
hermit  crab  eventually  actually  lives  inside  the  membranes  of  the  polyps, 
which  continue  to  grow  and  even  to  enlarge  the  chamber  for  the  use  of 
the  crab,  so  that  it  need  not  change  its  habitation  for  a  larger  one  as  it 
grows  older.  When  fully  expanded  these  polyps  are  about  an  inch  high, 
and  are  capable  of  changing  their  form  considerably,  but  they  are  gen 
erally  more  or  less  cylindrical,  or  else  hour-glass  shaped.  There  are  38 
or  more  tentacles,  in  full  grown  ones,  and  they  are  subequal,  long, 
slender,  acute,  arranged  in  two  close  circles,  and  usually  held  in  a 
recurved  position,  (as  in  fig.  287,)  with  those  of  the  outer  circle  more 
recurved  than  those  of  the  inner  ones  ;  corresponding  with  the  bases  of 
the  alternate  tentacles  there  is  an  outer  circle  of  triangular  points  or 
lobes,  covered  externally,  like  the  rest  of  the  exterior  of  the  body,  with 
adherent  and  imbedded  grains  of  fine  sand.  The  mouth  is  bilabiate, 
often  somewhat  raised  on  a  conical  protrusion  of  the  disk,  the  lips  many- 
lobed,  or  plicate.  The  integument  of  the  body  when  fully  expanded  is 
translucent,  pale  flesh-color,  or  salmon  color  $  disk  and  tentacles  salmon- 
color,  or  pale  orange,  sometimes  white,  the  lips  and  inside  of  the  mouth 
brighter  orange. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  bottoms  composed  of  soft  mud  and  sandy  mud  off 

the  outer  coast. 

In  the  following  list  those  species  t'hat  were  found  on  the  soft,  sticky 
mud,  in  11  to  19  fathoms,  off  Gay  Head,  are  designated  by  the  sign  J,  pre 
fixed  to  their  names.  Those  that  occurred  at  87,  a,  Z>,  in  29  fathoms, 
fine  sandy  mud,  fifteen  miles  east  of  Block  Island,  are  designated  by  an 
asterisk  prefixed. 

AllTICULATA. 

Crustacea. 


Page. 

|  Libinia  canaliculata 339 

Eupagurus  longicarpus 313 

*  Pandalus  annulicornis 493 

Hippolyte  pusiola , 395 

Crangon  vulgaris 339 

*  ! Diastylis  quadrispinosa. .  507 
Phoxus  Kroyeri 501 

*  Moera  levis . .  315 


Page. 

*  J  Ampelisca,  sp 507 

*  Byblis  serrata 501 

*  J  Ptilocheirus  pinguis 507 

*  |  Unciola  irrorata 507 

*  Siphoucecetes  cuspidatus.  501 

|  Epelys  montosus 370 

E.  ^rilobus 370 

Anthura  brachiata 573 


218        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [512] 


Annelids. 


Page. 

*  £  Aphrodita  aculeata 507 

*  Harmothoe  imbricata 321 

Lepidonotus  squamatus 320 

*  |  ISTephthys  ingens 507 

!N.  bucera 416 

\  Eumidia,  sp 397 

Phyllodoce,  sp 397 

*  Nereis  pelagica 397 

J  Lycidice  Americana 508 

*  J  Lumbriconereis  fragilis —  507 

*  Nematouereis,  sp 508 

*  Ninoe  nigripes 508 

|  Eone  gracilis 508 

J  Anthostoma  acutum 508 

Anthostoma,  sp 508 

*  Scolecolepis  cirrata 507 

{ Arnmotrypane  fimbriata...  508 


Page. 

J  Travisia  carnea 508 

Brad  a  setosa 508 

*  |  Trophonia  affinis 507 

t  Sternaspis  fossor 507 

*  Cirrhinereis  fragilis 397 

*  J  Clymenella  torquata 343 

*  Ammochares,  sp . . . 508 

*  Nicornache  dispar 508 

Khodine  attenuata 508 

Cistenides  Gouldii 323 

*  Ampharete  gracilis 508 

Melinna  cristata 507 

*  Terebellides  Stroemi 507 

|  Poly  cirrus  eximius 320 

Potamilla  oculifera 322 

*  J  Euchone  elegans „  508 

*  Spirorbis,  sp 397 


Nemerteans  and  Planarians. 

Page.  Page. 

*  |  Meckelia  lurida 508     *  Polinia  glutinosa 324 

Cerebratulns,  (?)  green  sp . .     508     *  Leptoplana  folium 487 

Sipunculoids. 

Page. 

*  |  Phascolosoroa  caementarium 416 

MOLLUSC  A. 
Gastropods. 

Page.  Page. 

Bela  harpalaria 508      Crepidula  unguiformis . .  355 

|  Buccinum  undatum 508      c-  foruicata 355 

*  |  Neptunea  pygmsea 508     *  Lunatia   heros,  var.  trise- 

*  Tritia  trivittata 354             riata  -  •  -  354 

Astyris  lunata 306     *  L-  immaculata 508 

*  Astyris  rosacea 508      *  Margarita  obscnra , 508 

*  Crucibulum  striatum 399      *  Cylichna  alba 508 

Lamell'tbranclis. 

Page.  Page. 

Ensatella  Americana 356    *  |  Olidiopliora  trilineata 432 

*  Siliqua  costata 358    '*  t  Lyonsia  hyalina 358 

|  Corbula  contracta 418    *  |  Periploma  papyracea 509 


[5131        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       219 


Page. 

*  Thracia  truncata 509 

Angalus  tener , .  358 

*  Macoma  proxima 508 

Cuiningia  tellinoides 418 

*  £  Callista  couvexa 432 

*  t  Cy priii a  Islandica ......  508 

*  I  Cardinal  pinnulatum 423 

*  { Lucina  filosa. 509 

*  Cryptodon  Gouldii 509 

*{0.  obesus 509 

*  |  Astarte  castauea 432 

|  A.  quadrans .  509 

*  {  A.  undata 508 

*  Oyclocardia  borealis 508 

*C.  Novanglije 508 

*  J  ]S"ucula  proxima 432 


Page. 

*  J  N.  delpliinodonta 509 

£  Yoldia  limatula ,  432 

*  |  Y.  sapotilla 509 

Y.  tliraciformis 509 

*  Y.  obesa 509 

Leda  tenuisulcata 509 

Argina  pexata 309 

Scapharca  transversa 309 

Mytilus  edulis .  307 

*  |  Modiolaria  nigra 433 

M.  corrugata . .    509 

M.  laevigata 509 

*  J  Creuella  glandula 418 

*  J  Pecten  tenuicostatus . . , .  509 

*  Anomia  aculeata  . .  509 


Ascidians. 


*  |  Eugyra  pilularis. 

*  Molgula  producta. 


*  Caberea  Ellisii 


Cynthia  partita 


Page. 
509 
510 

Bryozoa. 
Page.  I 

420|  *  Bugula  Murrayana 

T^ADIATA. 

Ecliinoderms. 


Page. 
311 


Page. 
496 


*  Molpadia  oolitica 

Stroiigylocentrotus     Droba- 
chiensis  , 


510 


Asterias  vulgaris 

Cribrella    sanguinolenta . . 


406 
Acaleplis. 


*  Clytia  Jolinstoni 

*  Eudendriuin  ramosum 


t  Ed wardsia  farinacea . 
16  v 


Page. 
408 
408 

Polyps. 


*  Coryroorpha  pendula 


Page. 
510 


*Epizoantlms  Americanus. 


Page. 
496 
407 


Page. 
510 


Page. 
510 


220        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [514] 

B.— LISTS    OF    SPECIES    FOUND    IN    THE     STOMACHS     OF 
FISHES— FOOD  OF  FISHES. 

Iii  the  following  lists  I  have  brought  together  the  principal  results  of 
the  various  recorded  examinations  of  stomachs  of  fishes  in  this  region, 
up  to  the  present  time,  whether  done  in  connection  with  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission  or  independently.  The  special  dates  and  local 
ities  are  given  in  each  case. 

The  observations  from  June  to  September,  1871,  were  made  in  con 
nection  with  the  work  of  the  commission.  Those  from  May  to  July, 
1872,  are  based  on  collections  made  at  Wood's  Hole  by  Mr.  Vinal  N. 
Edwards,  for  Professor  Baird.  Those  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jer 
sey,  April,  1871,  were  made  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  and  the  writer  while  on 
an  independent  visit  to  that  place.*  The  observations  made  at  East- 
port,  Maine,  in  1872,  are  not  included  in  this  report. 

The  names  of  the  fishes  used  in  this  list  are  those  adopted  by  Profes 
sor  Baird,  and  agree,  for  the  most  part,  with  those  used  by  Professor 
Theodore  Gill  in  his  Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Eastern  Coast  of 
North  America. 

STRIPED  BASS;  KOCK-FISH,  OR  "KocK;"  (Boccus  lineatus.) 

At  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  April,  1871,  several  specimens, 
freshly  caught  in  seines,  with  menhaden,  &c.,  contained  Crangon  vid- 
garis  (shrimp)  in  large  quantities. 

A  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  July  22,  1872,  contained  a  large 
mass  of  "  sea-cabbage,"  Ulva  latissima,  and  the  remains  of  a  small 
fish. 

Specimens  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  August,  1871,  contained  crabs,  Can 
cer  irroratus ;  and  lobsters,  Homarus  Americanus. 

WHITE  PERCH  j  (Nor one  Americana.) 

Numerous  specimens  caught  with  the  preceding  at  Great  Egg  Har 
bor,  New  Jersey,  contained  Crangon  vulgar  is. 

BLACK  BASS  ;  SEA-BASS  ;  ( Centropristis  fuscus.) 

Specimens  caught  in  Vineyard  Sound,  June  10,  contained  the  common 
crab,  Cancer  irroratus  ;  the  mud-crab,  Panopeus  Sayi ;  three  species  of 
fishes. 

Another  caught  May  25  contained  a  squid,  Loligo  pallida. 

SCUP  ;   PORGEE  ;  (Stenotomus  argyrops.) 

Forty  young  specimens,  one  year  old,  taken  at  Wood's  Hole  in  August, 
contained  large  numbers  of  Amphipod  Crustacea,  among  which  were 
Unciolairrorata,  Ampelisca,  sp.,  &c. ;  several  small  mud-crabs,  Panopeus 
depressus;  Idotea  irrorata;  Nereis  virens,  and  numerous  other  Annelids  of 
several  species,  too  much  digested  for  identification. 

*  The  results  of  the  observations  made  at  Great  Egg  Harbor  were  published  by  the 
writer  in  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  vr  p.  397,  1871. 


[515]       ITSTVERTEBKATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         221 

Other  specimens,  opened  at  various  times,  show  that  this  fish  is  very 
general  feeder,  eating  all  kinds  of  small  Crustacea,  Annelids,  bivalve 
and  univalve  mollusks,  &c. 

TAUTOG;  BLACK  FISH;  (Tautoga  onitis.}  • 

Specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  May  23,  contained  the  common 
rock-crab,  Cancer  irroratus;  hermit-crabs,  Eupagurus  longicarpus  ;  shells, 
Tritia  trivittata,  all  crushed. 

Others  caught  May  26  contained  Eupagurus  pollicaris  ;  E.  longicar- 
pus  ;  the  barnacle,  Balanus  crenatus  ;  the  squid,  Loligo  Pealii  ;  Tritia 
trivittata.  Others  taken  May  29  had  Cancer  irroratus  ;  mud-crabs, 
Panopeus  depresses  ;  lady-crabs,  Platyoniclms  ocellatus  ;  shells,  Tritia 
trivittata,  Crepidula  fornicata,  Argina  pexata,  and  the  scollop,  Pecten 
ir  radians  ;  barnacles,  Balanus  crenatus,  all  well  broken  up. 

Another  taken  May  31  contained  Platyoniclms  ocellatus  ;  Tritia  trivit 
tata. 

Others  taken  June  3  contained  the  mud-crab,  Panopeus  depressus  ;  tri 
angular  crab,  Pelia  mutica;  Crepidula  unguiformis  ;  Tr  if  or  is  nigrocinctus  ; 
the  common  muscle,  Mytilus  edulis  ;  and  the  u  horse-muscle,"  Modiola 
modiolus. 

Another,  on  June  10,  contained  the  common  rock-crab,  Cancer  irrora 
tus  ;  mud-crab,  Panopeus  Sayi  ;  Nuculaproxima  ;  several  ascidians,  Cyn 
thia  partita  and  Leptoclinum  albidum. 

Two  caught  July  8  and  15  contained  small  lobsters,  Homarus  Ameri- 
canus;  Crepidula  fornicata  ;  Bittium  nigrum  ;  abryozoan,  Crisia  eburnea  ; 
sand-dollars,  Echinaraclmius  parma. 

A  specimen  caught  in  August  contained  long-clams,  Hya  arenaria  ; 
muscles,  Mytilus  edulis  ;  Petricola  plioladiformis. 

WEAK-FISH  ;  SQUETEAGUE  ;  (Cynoscion  regalis.) 

Several  caught  in  seines  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  April,  1871, 
with  menhaden,  &c.,  contained  large  quantities  of  shrimp,  Crangon  vul- 
garis,  unmixed  with  other  food. 

Specimens  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  July,  often  contained  sand-crabs, 
Platyoniclius  ocellatus  ;  and  very  frequently  squids,  Loligo  Pealii. 


;  (Menticirrus  nebulosus.) 

Four  specimens  taken  in  seines  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  April,  1871,  con 
tained  only  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris. 

Others  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  May  29,  were  filled  with  Crangon  vul 
garis. 

Specimens  taken  in  July  contained  rock-crabs,  Cancer  irroratus  ; 
squids,  Loligo  Pealii. 

EuDDER-FiSH  ;  (PalinurichtJiys  perciformis.) 

A  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  a  small 
Squilla  empusa;  and  young  squids,  Loligo  Pealii. 


222        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [516] 

MACKEREL  $  (Scomber  vernalis.) 

Specimens  taken  July  18,  twenty  miles  south  of  No  Mans  Land,  con 
tained  shrimps,  Thysanopoda,  sp.  $  larval  crabs  in  the  zoe'a  and  megalops 
stages  of  development ;  young  of  hermit-crabs ;  young  of  lady-crabs, 
Platyoniclms  ocellatus ;  young  of  two  undetermined  Macroura  j  numer 
ous  small  Copepod  Crustacea  $  numerous  shells  of  a  Pteropod,  Spirialis 
Gouldii. 

SMALL  TUNNY;  (Orcynus  tJnmnina.) 

One  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  eleven 
squids,  Loligo  Pealii. 

BONITO  ;  (Sarda  pelamys.) 

Specimens  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  an  abundance 
of  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris.. 

BLUE-FISH  ;  HORSE-MACKEREL  ;  (Pomatomus  saltatrix.) 

Specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  frequently  contained 
squids,  Loligo  Pealii  ;  also  various  fishes. 

Off  Fire  Island,  Long  Island,  August,  1870,  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  saw  blue- 
fishes  feeding  eagerly  on  the  free-swimming  males  (heteronereis)  of  Nereis 
limlata,  (p.  318,)  which  was  then  very  abundant. 

SEA-EOBIN  $  (Prionotus  Carolinus.) 

A  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  May  27,  contained  shrimp,  Cran 
gon  vulgaris  ;  and  a  small  flounder. 

Another  caught  May  29  contained  Amphipod  Crustacea,  Anonyx  (?), 
sp. ;  and  Crangon  vulgaris. 

Specimens  dredged  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  August,  contained  mud- 
crabs,  Panopeus  Sayi ;  rock-crabs,  Cancer  irroratus  ;  and  several  small 
fishes. 

ToAD-Fisii;  (Batraclius  tau.) 

Several  specimens  examined  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  April, 
1871,  contained  young  edible  crabs,  Callinectes  liastatus  of  various  sizes 
up  to  those  with  the  carapax  two  inches  broad  5  shrimp,  Crangon  vul. 
garis  ;  prawn,  Palccmonetes  vulgaris  ;  llyanassa  obsoleta  ;  various  fishes, 
especially  the  pipe-fish,  Syngnathus  Pecldanus  ;  and  the  anchovy,  Engrau- 
lis  vittatus. 

A  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  July,  contained  the  common 
rock-crab,  Cancer  irroratus. 

GoosE-Fisti ;  ANGLER  ;  (Lopliius  Americanus.) 

A  specimen  caught  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  June,  contained  crabs, 
Cancer  irroratus  ;  and  squids,  Loligo  Pealii. 

COD;  (Gadus morrhua,  var.) 

The  cod-fishes  devour  a  great  variety  of  Crustacea,  Annelids,  Mol- 
lusks,  star-fishes,  &c.  They  swallow  large  bivalve  shells,  and  after 
digesting  the  contents  spit  out  the  shells,  which  are  often  almost  unin- 


[517]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       223 

jured.  They  are  also  very  fond  of  shrimps,  and  of  crabs,  which  they 
frequently  swallow  whole,  even  when  of  lafge  size.  The  brittle  star 
fishes  (Oplilurans)  are  also  much  relished  by  them.  I  have  taken  large 
masses  of  the  Opliiopliolis  aculeata  from  their  stomachs  on  the  coasts  of 
Maine  and  Labrador ;  and  in  some  cases  the  stomach  would  be  distended 
with  this  one  kind,  unmixed  with  any  other  food. 

In  this  region  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  any  new  observations  on 
the  food  of  the  cod.  This  deficiency  is  partially  supplied,  however,  by 
the  observations  made  by  me  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  &c.,  coupled  with 
the  very  numerous  observations  made  at  Stouington,  Connecticut, 
many  years  ago,  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Trumbull,  who  examined  large  numbers  of 
the  stomachs  of  cod  and  haddock,  caught  within  a  few  miles  of  that 
place,  for  the  sake  of  the  rare  shells  that  they  contained.  This  collec 
tion  of  shells,  thus  made,  was  put  into  the  hands  of  the  Kev.  J.  H.  Lins- 
ley,  who  incorporated  the  results  into  his  "  Catalogue  of  the  Shells  of 
Connecticut,"  which  was  published  after  his  death,  and  in  a  somewhat 
unfinished  state,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  Series  I,  vol. 
xlviii,  p.  271, 1845.  In  that  list  a  large  number  of  species  are  particularly 
mentioned  as  from  the  stomachs  of  cod  and  haddock,  at  Stonington,  all 
of  which  were  collected  by  Mr.  Trumbull,  as  he  has  informed  me,  from 
fishes  caught  on  the  fishing-grounds  near  by,  on  the  reefs  off  Watch 
Hill,  &c.  Many  other  northern  shells,  recorded  by  Mr.  Liusley  as  from 
Stoningtou,  but  without  particulars,  were  doubtless  also  taken  from 
the  fish-stomachs  by  Mr.  Trumbull.  There  was  no  record  made  of  the 
Crustacea,  &c.,  found  by  him  at  the  same  time. 

The  following  list  includes  the  species  mentioned  by  Mr.  Linsley  as 
from  the  cod.  For  greater  convenience  the  original  names  given  by  him 
are  added  in  parentheses,  when  differing  from  those  used  in  this  report: 

List  of  molluskSj&c.)  obtained  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Trumbull)  from  cod-fish  caught 
near  Stonington,  Connecticut. 

GASTROPODS. 

Sipho  Islandicus  (?),  £>oung,  (Fusus  corneus.) 
Ptychatractus  ligatus,  (Fasciolaria  ligata.) 
Turbouilla  interrupta,  (Turritella  interrupta.) 
Turritella  erosa. 

Eissoa  exarata,  (?),  (Cingula  arenaria.) 
Lunatia  immaculata,  (Natica  iinmaculata.) 
Amphisphyra  pellucida,  (Bulla  debilis.) 
Chiton  marmoreus,  (?),  (Chiton  fulrninatus.) 

LAMELLIBRANCHS. 

Martesia  cuneiformis,  (Pholas  cuneiformis.) 
Periploma  papyracea,  (Anatina  papyracea.) 
Thracia  truncata. 


224        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AKD    FISHERIES.      [518] 

Tagelus  divisus,  (Solecurtus  fragilis.) 

Seinele  equalis,  (?),  (Ampliidesma  sequalis.) 

Ceronia  arctata,  (Mesodesma  arctata.) 

Montacuta  elevata,  (Montacuta  bidentata.) 

Callista  convexa,  young,  (Cytherea  morrliuana.) 

Cardium  pinnulatum. 

Cyprina  Islandica. 

Gouldia  inactracea,  (Astarte  mactracea.) 

Yoldia  sapotilla,  (Nucula  sapotilla.) 

Y.  limatula,  (N.  limatula.) 

iNucula  proxima. 

K.  tenuis. 

Modiolaria  nigra,  (Modiola  nexa.) 

Crenella  glandula,  (M.  glandula.) 

Pecten  tenuicostatus,  young,  (Pecien  fuscus.) 

ECHINODERMS. 

Echinaraclmius  parraa. 
HADDOCK  5  (Melanogrammus  ceglifinus.} 

The  haddock  is  not  much  unlike  the  cod  in  the  character  of  its  food. 
It  is,  perhaps,  still  more  omnivorous,  or,  at  least,  it  generally  contains  a 
greater  variety  of  species  of  shells.  &c. ;  many  of  the  shells  that  it 
habitually  feeds  upon  are  burrowing  species,  and  it  probably  roots 
them  out  of  the  mud  and  sand. 

A  complete  list  of  the  animals  devoured  by  the  haddock  would 
doubtless  include  nearly  all  the  species  belonging  to  this  fauna.  We  have 
had  few  opportunities  for  making  observations  on  the  food  of  the  haddock 
south  of  Cape  Cod,  but  have  examined  many  from  farther  north. 

A  specimen  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  November  6,  1872,  contained  a 
large  quantity  of  Gammarus  natator,  and  a  few  specimens  of  Crangon 
vulgaris.  Another  from  Nantucket  contained  the  same  species. 

The  following  species  of  shells  were  mentioned  by  Mr.  Linsley,  in 
his  catalogue,  as  from  the  haddock  :  .«  c 

ton.  Con- 


List  of  mollusks  obtained  from  stomachs  of  haddock,  at  Stoningt 
necticutj  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Trumbull. 

Neptunea  pygmaea,  (Fusus  Trumbulli.) 

Astyris  zonalis,  (Buccinum  zonale.) 

Bulbus  flavus,  (?),  (Natica  flava.) 

Margarita  obscura, 

Action  puncto-striata,  (Tornatella  puucto-striata.) 

Cylichna  alba,  (Bulla  triticea.) 

Serripes  Groenlandicus,  (?),  (Cardium  Grcenlandicuin.) 

The  above  list  doubtless  contains  only  a  small  portion  of  the  species 
collected  by  Mr.  Trumbull,  but  they  are  all  that  are  specially  recorded. 


[519]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        225 

As  an  illustration  of  tbe  character  and  diversity  of  the  haddock's  food, 
I  add  a  list  of  the  species  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  single  specimen, 
from  the  Boston  market,  and  doubtless  caught  in  Massachusetts  Bay, 
September,  1871. 


Natica  clausa. 
Margarita  Groenlaudica. 


GASTROPODS. 


LAMELLIBRANCHS. 


Leda  tenuisulcata. 
Nucula  proxima. 
N.  tenuis. 
Crenella  glandula. 

ECHINODERMS. 

Psolus  phantapus. 
Lophothuria  Fabricii. 

In  addition  to  these  there  were  fragments  of  shrimp,  probably  Panda- 
lus  annulicornis,  and  numerous  Annelids,  too  much  digested  for  identi 
fication. 

TOM-COD  ;  FROST-FISH  ;  (Microgadus  tom-codus.) 

Several  specimens  from  New  Haven  Harbor,  January  30,  contained 
numerous  Amphipods,  among  which  were  Moera  levis  ;  Gammarus,  sp.  ; 
Ampelisca,  sp.  ;  an  undetermined  Macrouran;  numerous  Entomostraca; 
the  larva  of  Chironomus  oceanicus. 

A  lot  taken  in  a  small  pond  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  March,  by  Mr.  Vinal 
N.  Edwards,  contained  the  common  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris  ;  large 
numbers  of  the  green  shrimp,  Virlius  zoster  icola  ;  the  prawn,  Palcemo- 
netes  vulgaris  ;  large  quantities  of  Amphipods,  especially  of  Gammarus 
annulatus,  G.  natator,  CalUop'ms  Iceviuscula,  and  Microdeutopus  minax  ; 
and  smaller  numbers  of  Gammarus  ornatus  and  G.  mucronatus. 

Another  lot  of  twelve,  taken  in  April  at  the  same  place,  contained 
most  of  the  above,  and  in  addition  several  other  Amphipods,  viz  :  Mcera 
levis,  Pontogeneia  inermisj  PtilocJieirus  pinguis,  and  Caprella  ;  also  Nereis 
and  various  small  fishes. 


OCELLATED  FLOUNDER;  SUMMER  FLOUNDER;  (Chwnopsetta  ocellaris.) 
Several  specimens  taken  in  the  seines,  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey,  in  April,  contained  large  quantities  of  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris 
and  Mysis  Americana  ;  one  contained  a  full-grown  Gebia  affinis. 

One  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  June  6,  contained  twenty-six  specimens 
of  Yoldia  limatula;  arid  numerous  shells  of  Nucula  proxima,  Angulus 
tener,  and  Tritia  trivittata;  and  Amphipod  Crustacea  belonging  to  the 
genus  Ampelisca. 


226        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [520] 

Specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  July,  contained  rock-crabs, 
Cancer  irroratus ;  Pinnixa  cylindrica  ;  Crangon  vulgaris  ;  squids,  Loligo 
Pealii;  Angulustener  ;  Nucula  proxima  ;  and  many  "  sand-dollars/'  EcU- 
naracJinius  parma. 

WINTER  FLOUNDER;  (Pseudopleuronectes  Americanus.) 

A  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  large  num 
bers  of  Bulla  solitaria. 

SPOTTED  FLOUNDER  ;  (Lophopsetta  maculata.} 

Numerous  specimens  caught  in  seines  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  April, 
1871,  contained  large  quantities  of  shrimp,  especially  Mysis  Americana 
and  Crangon  vulgaris;  the  prawn,  Palcemonetes  vulgaris  ;  numerous  Am- 
phipods,  Gammarm  mucronatm ;  one  contained  a  QeUa  affinis. 

MINNOAV  ;  (Fundulus  pisculentus.) 

Specimens  caught  in  July,  at  Wood's  Hole,  contained  large  numbers 
of  Melampus  Mdentatus, -unmixed  with  other  food. 

SEA-HERRING;  (Clupea  elongata.) 

Specimens  taken  in  Vineyard  Sound,  May  20,  contained  several 
shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris,  about  1.5  inches  long;  Mysis  Americana,  and 
large  numbers  of  an  Amphipod,  Gammarus  natator  ;  also  small  fishes, 

SHAD  ;  (Alosa  tyrannus.) 

Several  specimens  taken  in  the  seines,  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  April, 

1871,  contained  finely-divided  fragments  of  numerous  Crustacea,  among 
which  were  shrimp,  Mysis  Americana. 

Several  from  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River,  May,  1872,  contained 
fragments  of  small  Crustacea,  (Mysis,  &c.) 

HICKORY  SHAD  ;  (Pomolol)us  mediocris.) 
Several  specimens  taken  in  the  seines  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  April, 

1872,  contained  large  quantities  of  fragmentary  Crustacea ;  one  con 
tained  recognizable  fragments  of  shrimp,  Crangon  vulgaris. 

MENHADEN  ;  (Erevoortia  menhaden.) 

A  large  number  of  specimens  freshly  caught  in  seines  at  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  April,  1871,  were  examined,  and  all  were  found  to  have  their 
stomachs  filled  with  large  quantities  of  darls  mud.  They  undoubtedly 
swallow  this  mud  for  the  sake  of  the  microscopic  animal  and  vegetable 
organisms  that  it  contains.  Their  complicated  and  capacious  digestive 
apparatus  seems  well  adapted  for  this  crude  and  bulky  food. 

FiLE-Fisii;  (Ceratacantlius  aurantiacus.) 

A  specimen  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  a  quantity  of 
the  finely-divided  sterns  and  branches  of  a  Hydroid,  Pennaria  tiarella. 

DUSKY  SHARK  ;  (Eulamia  obscura.) 

Several  specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  July  and  August,  con 
tained  lobsters,  Homarus  Americanus  ;  rock-crabs,  Cancer  irroratus. 


[521]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         227 

BLUE  SHARK  ;  (Eulamia  Milbcrti.) 

A  large  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  a 
quantity  of  small  bivalve-shells,  Yoldia  sapotilla. 

TiGER-SiiARK;  (Galerocerdo  tigrina.) 

Specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  large  univalve 
shells,  Buccinum  undatum  and  Lunatia  lieros. 

Doa-Fisii  ;  (Mustelus  can-is.) 

Several  specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  August,  contained  lob 
sters,  Homarus  Americanus;  spider-crabs,  Libinia  canaliculata  ;  rock- 
crabs,  Cancer  irroratus. 

SAND-SiiARK;  (Eugomplwdus  littoralis.) 

Many  specimens  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  July  and  August,  contained 
lobsters,  Homarus  Americanus^  in  abundance;  Cancer  irroratus;  and 
squids,  Loligo  Pealii. 

COMMON  SKATE;  " SUMMER  SKATE;"  (Eaia  diaphana.) 

A  specimen  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  May  14,  contained  rock-crabs, 
Cancer  irroratus;  a  young  skate;  a  long  slender  fish,  (Ammodytes  ? .) 
Another,  caught  in  July,  contained  Cancer  irroratus. 

PEAKED-NOSE  SKATE;  (Eaia  lewis  f.) 

Specimens  caught  in  Vineyard  Sound,  May  14,  contained  numerous 
shrimps,  Crangon  vulgaris  ;  several  Conileraconcharum;  several  Annelids, 
among  them  Nephthys  ingens  j  Meckelia  ingens;  two  specimens  of  Phasco- 
losoma  Gouldii ;  razor-shells,  Ensatella  Americana,  (the  "foot"  only,  of 
many  specimens ;)  a  small  fish,  Ctenolabrus  burgall.  Specimens  taken  at 
Menemsha,  in  July,  contained  large  numbers  of  crabs,  Cancer  irroratus  ; 
and  of  lobsters,  Homarus  Americanus. 

STING-BAY;  (Tnjgon  centroura.) 

Specimens  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  July  and  August,  contained 
large  numbers  of  crabs,  Cancer  irroratus  ;  squids,  Loligo  Pealii ;  clams, 
Mya  arenaria  ;  Lunatia  heros. 

LONG-TAILED  STING-KAY;  (Myliobaiis  Freminvillei.) 

Specimens  taken  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  July,  contained  an  abundance 
of  lobsters,  Homarus  Americanus;  crabs,  Cancer  irroratus;  also  clams, 
Mya  arenaria;  and  Lunatia  heros. 

"  RABBIT-FISH." 

A  specimen  taken  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  Juty,  contained  a  lobster,  Homa 
rus  Americanus. 

"  FOG-FISH." 

A  specimen  caught  at  Wood's  Hole,  July  1,  contained  hermit-crabs, 
Eupagurus  polUcaris. 


228       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [522] 

C.— THE  METAMORPHOSES  OF  THE  LOBSTER,  AND  OTHER 
CRUSTACEA.— BY  S.  I.  SMITH. 

Most  of  the  larger  crustaceans  of  our  coast,  whatever  may  be  their 
habits  when  adult,  are,  in  the  early  stages  of  their  existence  after  hatch 
ing  from  the  eggs,  essentially  free-swimming  animals,  living  a  large  part 
of  the  time  near  the  surface  of  the  water.  In  this  stage  they  are  con 
stantly  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  other  predaceous  animals,  and,  as  they 
occur  in  vast  numbers,  afford  food  for  many  valuable  fishes.  They  are 
most  abundant  at  the  surface  in  calm,  clear  weather,  and  they  especially 
resort,  like  the  young  of  many  other  marine  animals,  to  spots  and  streaks 
of  smooth  water  where  the  tidal  currents  meet. 

Very  little  has  yet  been  written  upon  the  forms  or  habits  of  the  young 
crustaceans  of  our  own  coast ;  but,  in  connection  with  the  investigations 
carried  on  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  a  great  amount  of 
material  for  such  work  was  collected.  This  material  has  not  yet 
been  fully  studied,  and  only  a  sketch  of  some  of  the  more  important  re 
sults  is  presented  in  this  report.  During  the  few  weeks  in  June  and 
July,  in  which  I  was  myself  at  Wood's  Hole,  the  time  was  so  fully  occu 
pied  in  collecting,  that  very  little  time  was  left  for  studying  the  animals 
while  alive;  hence  most  of  the  observations  which  follow,  except  occa 
sionally  those  on  color,  have  been  subsequently  made  from  specimens 
preserved  in  alcohol.  While  at  Wood's  Hole,  I  was  much  assisted  in 
obtaining  these  young  animals  by  every  one  then  associated  there  in  the 
work  of  the  commission;  and  I  would  especially  acknowledge  such 
assistance  from  Dr.  W.  Gr.  Farlow,  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards,  and  Capt.  John 
B.  Smith.  After  I  left,  the  collecting  was  kept  up  as  before,  and  many 
valuable  notes  were  made  by  Professors  Verrill  and  J.  E.  Todd. 

Special  attention  was  given  to  the  early  stages  of  the  lobster,  as  per 
haps  the  most  important  crustacean  found  on  our  coast,  and  I  have  gone 
more  fully  into  the  account  of  its  early  history  than  that  of  any  other 
species.  As  this  will  serve  as  an  example  to  illustrate  the  development 
of  most  of  the  other  Macrourans,  it  is  presented  first. 

Numerous  specimens  of  the  free-swimming  young  of  the  lobster,  in 
different  stages  of  growth,  were  obtained  in  Vineyard  Sound  during 
July,  but  it  was  too  late  for  any  observations  upon  the  young  within  the 
egg.  This  deficiency  was  partially  supplied  by  a  few  observations  at 
New  Haven  in  1872.  Eggs  taken  May  2,  from  lobsters  captured  at  New 
London,  Connecticut,  had  embryos  well  advanced,  as  represented  in  fig. 
4.  In  this  stage  the  eggs  are  slightly  elongated  spheroids,  about  2.1mm 
in  the  longer  diameter,  and  1.9mm  in  the  shorter.  One  side  is  rendered 
very  opaque  dark  green  by  the  unabsorbed  yolk  mass,  while  the  other 
shows  the  eyes  as  two  large  black  spots,  and  the  red  pigment  spots  on 
the  edge  of  the  carapax,  bases  of  the  legs,  &c.,  as  irregular  lines  of 
pink  markings. 

In  a  side  view  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  edge  of  the  carapax  (Z>,  figure) 


[523]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        229 

is  clearly  defined  and  extends  in  a  gentle  curve  from  the  middle  of  the 
eye  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  embryo.  This  margin  of  the  cara- 
pax  is  marked  with  dendritic  spots  Fig.  4.* 

of  red  pigment.  The  whole  dorsal 
portion,  fully  one-half  the  embryo, 
is  still  occupied  by  the  unabsorbed 
portion  of  the  yolk,  (a,  a,)  of  which 
the  lower  margin,  represented  in  the 
figure  by  a  dotted  line,  extends  from 
close  above  the  eye  in  a  curve  near 
ly  parallel  with  the  lower  margin 
of  thecarapax,  but  with  a  sharp  in-  ' 
dentation  a  little  way  behind  the 
eye.  The  eyes  (c)  are  large,  nearly 
round,  not  entirely  separated  from 
the  surrounding  tissues,  and  with  a 
central  portion  of  black  pigment. 
The  antennulse  (d)  are  simple,  sack- 
like  appendages,  arising  from  just  beneath  the  eyes,  with  the  terminal 
portion  turned  backward  and  marked  with  several  large  dendritic  spots 
of  red  pigment.  The  antennae  (e)  are  but  little  larger  than  the  anten- 
nula3  and  are  sack-like  and  without  articulations,  but  the  scale  and 
flagellum  are  separated  and  bent  backward,  the  scale  being  represented 
by  the  large  and  somewhat  expanded  lobe,  and  the  flagellum  by  a 
shorter  and  slender  lobe  which  arises  from  near  the  base  of  the  scale. 
The  mandibles,  both  pairs  of  maxillre,  and  the  first  and  second  pairs  of 
maxillipeds  are  not  sufficiently  developed  to  be  seen  without  removing  the 
antennas  and  the  edge  of  the  carapax,  and  are  only  represented  by  several 
small  lobes,  of  which  the  anterior,  apparently  representing  the  mandi 
bles,  are  distinctly  defined,  while  those  that  follow  are  much  smaller, 
indistinct,  and  confused.  The  first  and  second  maxillipeds  are  each  re 
presented  by  a  small  lobe  divided  at  the  extremity.  The  external  max 
illipeds  (/)  are  well  developed  and  almost  exactly  like  the  posterior 
cephalothoracic  legs.  Both  the  branches  are  simple  and  sack-like,  the 
main  branch,  or  endoguathus,t  much  larger  and  slightly  longer  than  the 
outer  branch,  or  exognathus,  which  is  quite  slender.  The  five  pairs  of 


*  Embryo,  some  time  before  hatching,  removed  from  the  external  envelope  and 
shown  in  a  side  view  enlarged  twenty  diameters;  a,  a,  dark-green  yolk  mass  still 
uuabsorbed;  b,  lateral  margin  of  the  carapax  marked  with  many  dendritic  spots  of  red 
pigment ;  c,  eye ;  d,  anteunula ;  c,  antenna  ;  /,  external  maxilliped ;  g,  great  cheliped 
which  forms  the  big  claw  of  the  adult ;  h,  outer  swimming  branch  or  exopodus  of  the 
same  :  t,  the  four  ambulatory  legs  with  their  exopodal  branches  ;  Jc,  intestine ;  /,  heart ; 
m,  bilobed  tail  seen  edgewise.  [Drawn  by  S.  I.  Smith.] 

t  To  prevent  confusion,  the  terms  here  used  are  those  proposed  by  Milne  Edwards  to 
designate  the  different  branches  of  the  cephalothoracic  appendages:  endopodus,  for  the 
main  branch  of  a  leg  ;  exopodus,  for  the  accessory  branch,  (a  in  iig.  D,  Plate  IX;)  epipo- 
dus,  for  the  rlabelliform  appendage,  (&/)  and  endognathus,  exognatlms,  and  epignathua,  for 
the  corresponding  branches  of  the  mouth  organs. 


230        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [524] 

cephalothoracic  legs  (</,  /*,  i)  are  all  similar  and  of  about  the  same  size, 
except  the  main  branch  of  the  first  pair,  (</,)  which  is  much  larger  than 
that  of  the  others,  but  is  still  sack  like  and  entirely  without  articula 
tions.  The  outer  or  exopodal  branches  of  all  the  legs  are  slender,  wholly 
imarticulated,  sack-like  processes,  while  the  inner  or  main  (endopodal) 
branches  of  the  four  posterior  pairs  are  similar,  but  much  stouter  and 
slightly  longer  processes  arising  from  the  same  bases.  The  bases  of  all 
the  legs  are  marked  with  dendritic  spots  of  red  pigment  like  those  upon 
the  lower  margin  of  the  carapax. 

The  abdomen  (m)  is  curved  round  beneath  the  cephalothorax,  the 
extremity  extending  between  and  considerably  in  front  of  the  eyes. 
The  segments  are  scarcely  distinguishable.  The  extremity,  as  seen  from 
beneath  the  embryo,  is  slightly  expanded  into  a  somewhat  oval  form, 
and  very  deeply  divided  by  a  narrow  sinus,  rounded  at  the  extremity. 
The  lobes  into  which  the  tail  is  thus  divided  are  narrow,  and  somewhat 
approach  each  other  toward  the  extremities,  where  they  are  each  armed 
along  the  inner  edge  with  six  small  obtuse  teeth. 

The  heart  (?)  is  readily  seen,  while  the  embryo  is  alive,  by  its  regular 
pulsations.  It  appears  as  a  slight  enlargement  in  the  dorsal  vessel, 
just  under  the  posterior  portion  of  the  carapax.  The  intestine  (k)  is 
distinctly  visible  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the  abdomen  as  a  well  defined, 
transparent  tube,  in  which  float  little  granular  masses.  This  material 
within  the  intestine  is  constantly  oscillating  back  and  forth  as  long  as  the 
embryo  is  alive. 

The  subsequent  development  of  the  embryo  within  the  egg  was  not 
observed.  The  following  observations  on  the  young  larvae,  after  they 
have  left  the  eggs,  have  all  been  made  upon  specimens  obtained  in  Vine 
yard  Sound,  or  the  adjacent  waters,  during  July.  These  specimens  were 
mostly  taken  at  the  surface  in  the  day-time,  either  with  the  towing  or 
hand  net.  They  represent  three  quite  different  stages  in  the  true  larval 
condition,  besides  a  later  stage  approaching  closely  the  adult.  The 
exact  age  of  the  larvae  of  the  first  stage  was  not  ascertained,  but  was 
probably  only  a  few  days,  and  they  had,  most  likely,  molted  not  more 
than  once.  Between  the  third  stage,  here  described,  and  the  last,  there 
is  probably  an  intermediate  form  wanting. 

First  stage. — In  this  stage,  (Plate  IX,  Figs.  A,  B,  C,  D,)  the  young  are 
free-swimming  Schizopods  about  a  third  of  an  inch  (7.8  to  S.0lmu)  in 
length,  without  abdominal  appendages,  and  with  six  pairs  of  pediform 
cephalothoracic  appendages,  each  with  the  exopodus  developed  into 
a  powerful  swimming  organ.  The  general  appearance  is  represented 
in  the  figures.  The  eyes  are  bright  blue  ;  the  anterior  portion  and  the 
lower  margin  of  the  carapax  and  the  bases  of  the  legs  are  speckled  with 
orange;  the  lower  margin,  the  whole  of  the  penultimate,  and  the  basal 
portion  of  the  ultimate  segment  of  the  abdomen,  are  brilliant  reddish 
orange. 

The  antennula3  (Fig.  C.)  are  short  and  sack-like,  with  a  single  articu- 


[525]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       231 

lation  at  the  base,  and  three  setre  at  the  tip.  The  antennae  have  large 
well  developed  scales,  furnished  along  the  inner  margin  with  long 
plumose  hairs,  but  the  flagellum  is  shorter  than  the  scale,  not  divided 
into  segments,  and  has  three  plumose  setse  at  tip.  The  mandibles  are 
unlike  on  the  two  sides  5  the  inferior  edges  are  armed  with  acute  teeth, 
except  at  the  posterior  angle,  where  there  is  a  small  molar  area ;  the  palpi 
are  very  small,  with  the  three  segments  just  indicated.  The  exognathus 
in  both  pairs  of  maxillae  is  composed  of  only  one  article,  and  is  furnished 
with  several  setae  at  tip.  In  the  first  maxillipeds  the  exognathus  is  an 
unarticulated  process,  furnished  with  short  plumose  hairs  on  the  outer 
side.  The  second  maxillipeds  have  the  principal  branch  cylindrical, 
not  flattened  and  appressed  to  the  inner  mouth  organs  as  in  the  adult ; 
the  exognathus  is  short,  and  as  yet  scarcely  flabelliform ;  and  the  epig- 
nathus  is  a  simple  process,  with  not  even  the  rudiment  of  a  brauchia. 
The  external  maxillipeds  are  pediform,  the  endognathus  as  long  as  and 
much  resembling  the  endopodi  of  the  posterior  legs,  while  the  exog 
nathus  is  like  the  exopodi  of  all  the  legs,  being  half  as  long  as  the  en 
dognathus,  and  the  terminal  portion  furnished  along  the  edges  with  long 
plumose  hairs.  The  epignathus  and  the  branchiae  are  very  rudimentary, 
represented  by  minute  sack-like  processes.  The  anterior  cephalothoracic 
legs,  (Fig.  D,)  which  in  the  adult  develop  into  the  big  claws,  are  exactly 
alike,  and  no  longer  than  the  external  maxillipeds.  The  pediform  branch 
is,  however,  somewhat  stouter  than  in  the  other  legs,  and  subcheliform. 
The  legs  of  the  second  and  third  pairs  are  similar  to  the  first,  but  not 
as  stout.  The  legs  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  are  still  more  slender, 
and  styliform  at  the  extremity,  as  in  the  adult. 

The  exopodal  branches  of  all  the  legs  and  of  the  external  maxillipeds 
are  quite  similar,  and  differ  very  little  in  size.  In  life,  while  the  animal  is 
poised  at  rest  in  the  water,  they  are  carried  horizontally,  as  represented  in 
Figure  J?,  or  are  curved  up  over  the  carapax,  sometimes  so  as  almost  to 
cover  it.  The  blood  circulates  rapidly  in  these  appendages,  and  they 
undoubtedly  serve,  to  a  certain  extent,  as  respiratory  organs,  as  well  as 
for  locomotion.  By  careful  examination,  small  processes  were  found 
representing  the  normal  number  of  branchiae  to  each  leg.*  These  rudi 
mentary  branchia3,  however,  differ  somewhat  in  different  specimens, 
being  very  small,  and  scarcely  distinguishable,  in  what  appear  to  be 
younger  individuals,  from  the  rudimentary  epipodi,  while  in  others,  ap 
parently  older,  they  are  further  developed,  being  larger,  more  cellular  in 
structure  than  the  epipodi,  and  even  showing  an  approach  to  crenulation 
in  the  margins,  as  shown  in  Figure  D. 

The  abdomen  is  slender,  the  second  to  the  fifth  segments  each  armed 
with  a  large  dorsal  spine,  curved  backward,  and  with  the  lateral  angles 

*  The  number  of  branchiae,  or  branchial  pyramids,  in  the  American  lobster  is  twenty 
on  each  side  ;  a  single  small  one  upon  the  second  maxilliped,  three  well  developed  ones 
upon  the  external  maxilliped,  three  upon  the  first  cephalothoracic  leg,  four  each  upon 
the  second,  third,  and  fourth,  and  one  upon  the  fifth. 


232         REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [526] 

produced  into  long  spines,  and  the  sixth  segment  with  two  dorsal  spines. 
The  proportional  size  and  the  outline  of  the  last  segment  are  shown  in 
Figure  B  ;  its  posterior  margin  is  armed  with  a  long  and  stout  central 
spine,  and  each  side  with  fourteen  or  fifteen  plumose  spines  or  setae,  which 
are  articulated  to  the  margin. 

In  this  stage  the  young  were  first  taken  July  1,  when  they  were  seen 
swimming  rapidly  about  at  the  surface  of  the  water  among  great  num 
bers  of  zoeae,  inegalops,  and  copeopods.  Their  motions  and  habits  re 
call  at  once  the  species  of  Mysis  and  Thysanopoda,  but  their  motions 
are  not  quite  as  rapid  and  are  more  irregular.  Their  bright  colors  ren 
der  them  conspicuous  objects,  and  they  must  be  readily  seen  and  cap 
tured  by  fishes.  They  were  frequently  taken  at  the  surface  in  different 
parts  of  Vineyard  Sound  from  July  1  to  7,  and  several  were  taken  off 
Newport,  Ehode  Island,  as  late  as  July  15,  and  they  would  very  likely 
be  found  also  in  June,  judging  from  the  stage  of  development  to  which 
the  embryos  had  advanced  early  in  May  in  Long  Island  Sound.  Besides 
the  specimens  taken  in  the  open  water  of  the  Sound,  a  great  number 
were  obtained  July  6,  from  the  well  of  a  lobster-smack,  where  they  were 
swimming  in  great  abundance  near  the  surface  of  the  water,  having  un 
doubtedly  been  recently  hatched  from  the  eggs  carried  by  the  female 
lobsters  confined  in  the  well.  Some  of  these  specimens  lived  in.  vessels 
of  fresh  sea-water  for  two  days,  but  all  efforts  to  keep  them  alive  long 
enough  to  observe  their  molting  failed.  They  appeared,  while  thus  in 
confinement,  to  feed  principally  upon  very  minute  animals  of  different 
kinds,  but  were  several  times  seen  to  devour  small  zoeae,  and  occasionally 
when  much  crowded,  so  that  some  of  them  became  exhausted,  they  fed 
upon  each  other,  the  stronger  ones  eating  the  weaker. 

Second  stage. — In  the  next  stage  the  young  lobsters  have '  increased 
somewhat  in  size,  and  the  abdominal  legs  of  the  second  to  the  fifth  seg 
ments  have  appeared.  The  rostrum  is  much  broader,  and  there  are 
several  teeth  along  the  edges.  The  basal  segments  of  the  antennula? 
have  become  defined,  and  the  secondary  flagellum  has  appeared,  but  is 
not  subdivided  into  segments.  The  antennae  and  mouth  organs  have 
undergone  but  slight  changes.  The  first  cephalothoracic  legs  are  propor 
tionally  larger  and  stouter  than  in  the  first  stage,  and  have  become  truly 
cheliform.  The  succeeding  legs  have  changed  little.  The  epidodi  of  all 
the  legs  and  of  the  external  maxillipeds  have  increased  in  size,  and  the 
branchial  processes  are  distinctly  lobed  along  the  edges,  and  have  be 
gun  to  assume  the  form  of  true  branchiae  The  segments  of  the  abdomen 
have  the  same  number  of  spines,  but  they  are  relatively  somewhat 
smaller,  and  the  last  segment  is  relatively  smaller  and  broader  at  base. 
The  appendages  of  the  second  to  the  fifth  segments  differ  considerably 
in  size  in  different  specimens,  but  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  segments 
themselves  ;  their  terminal  lamellae,  however,  are  represented  only  by 
simple  sack-like  appendages,  without  sign  of  segmentation,  or  clothing 
of  hairs  or  setae.  The  penultimate  segment  is  still  without  appendages. 


[527]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         233> 

Specimens  in  this  stage  were  taken  only  twice,  July  1  and  15.  They 
have  the  same  habits  and  general  appearance  as  in  the  first  stage,  but 
are  readily  distinguished  by  the  possession  of  rudimentary  abdominal 
legs.  In  color  they  are  almost  exactly  the  same,  only  the  orange-colored 
markings  are  perhaps  a  little  less  intense. 

Tliird  stage. — In  the  third  stage  (Plate  IX,  figs.  U,  F,  (r,)  the  larvae 
are  about  half  an  inch  (12  to  13mm)  in  length,  and  the  integument  is  of  a 
much  firmer  consistency  than  in  the  earlier  stages.  The  antennula3  are 
still  rudimentary,  and  considerably  shorter  than  the  rostrum,  although 
the  secondary  flagellum  has  increased  in  length,  and  begins  to  show 
division  into  numerous  segments.  The  antenna  retain  the  most  marked 
feature  of  the  early  stages — the  large  size  of  the  scale — but  the  flagellum 
is  much  longer  than  the  scale,  and  begins  to  show  division  into  segments. 
The  mandibles,  maxillae,  and  first  and  second  maxillipeds  have  changed 
very  little,  although  in  the  second  maxillipeds  the  extremity  of  the  ex- 
ognathus  begins  to  assume  a  flagelliform  character,  and  the  branchiais 
represented  by  a  small  process  upon  the  side  of  the  epignathus.  The 
external  maxillipeds  have  begun  to  lose  their  pediform  character.  The 
anterior  legs  have  increased  enormously  in  size,  and  those  of  the  second 
and  third  pairs  have  become  truly  chelate,  while  the  swimming  exopo- 
dal  branches  of  all  the  legs,  as  well  as  of  the  external  maxillipeds,  are 
relatively  much  smaller  and  more  unimportant.  The  epipodi  (fig.  G) 
are  furnished  with  hairs  along  the  edges,  and  begin  to  assume  the  char 
acters  of  these  appendages  in  the  adult.  The  branchiae  (fig.  G)  have 
developed  rapidly,  and  have  a  single  series  of  well-marked  lobes  along 
each  side.  The  abdomen  still  has  the  spines  characteristic  of  the  ear 
lier  stages,  though  all  of  them  are  much  reduced  in  size.  The  appen 
dages  of  the  second  to  the  fifth  segments  have  become  conspicuous,  their 
lamellae  have  more  than  doubled  in  length,  and  the  margins  of  the  ter 
minal  half  are  furnished  with  very  short  ciliated  setae.  The  appendages 
of  the  penultimate  segment  (fig.  F)  are  well  developed,  although  quite 
different  from  those  in  the  adult.  The  outer  lamella  wants  wholly  the 
transverse  articulation  near  its  extremity,  and  both  are  margined,  ex 
cept  the  outer  edge  of  the  outer  lamella,  with  long  plumose  hairs.  The 
last  segment  is  relatively  smaller  and  more  quadrangular  in  outline, 
and  the  spines  of  the  posterior  margin  are  much  smaller. 

The  only  specimens  procured  in  this  stage  were  taken  July  8  and  15. 
In  color  they  were  less  brilliant  than  in  the  earlier  stages,  the  orange 
markings  being  duller  and  whole  animal  slightly  tinged  with  greenish 
brown. 

In  the  next  stage  observed,  the  animal,  about  three-fifths  of  an  inch 
(14  to  17nnn)  long,  has  lost  all  its  schizopodal  characters,  and  has  assumed 
the  more  important  features  of  the  adult  lobster.  It  still  retains,  how 
ever,  the  free-swimming  habit  of  the  true  larval  forms,  and  was  fre 
quently  taken  at  the  surface,  both  in  the  towing  and  hand  net.  Although 
resembling  the  adult  in  many  features,  it  differs  so  much  that,  were  it 


234       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [528] 

an  adult  form,  it  would  undoubtedly  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus. 
The  rostrum  is  bifid  at  tip,  and  armed  with  three  or  four  teeth  on  each  side 
toward  the  base,  and  in  some  specimens  with  a  minute  additional  spine, 
on  one  or  both  sides,  close  to  the  tip.  The  flagella  of  the  antennulre  ex 
tend  scarcely  beyond  the  tip  of  the  rostrum.  The  antennal  scale  is  very 
much  reduced  in  size,  but  is  still  conspicuous  and  furnished  with  long- 
plumose  hairs  along  the  inner  margin,  while  the  flagellum  is  as  long  as 
the  carapax.  The  palpi  of  the  mandibles  have  assumed  the  adult 
character,  but  the  mandibles  themselves  have  not  acquired  the  massive 
molar  character  which  they  have  in  the  older  animal.  The  other  mouth- 
organs  have  nearly  the  adult  form.  The  anterior  legs,  although  quite 
large,  are  still  slender  and  just  alike  on  the  two  sides,  while  all  the 
cephalothoracic  legs  retain  a  distinct  process  in  place  of  the  swimming 
exopodi  of  the  larva.  The  lateral  angles  of  the  second  to  the  fifth  abdomi 
nal  segments  are  prolonged  downward  into  long  spiniform  teeth,  the  ap 
pendages  of  these  segments  are  proportionately  much  longer  than  in  the 
adult,  and  the  margins  of  their  terminal  lamelhB  are  furnished  with  very 
long  plumose  hairs.  The  lamellae  of  the  appendages  of  the  penultimate 
segment  are  oval,  and  margined  with  long  plumose  hairs.  The  terminal 
segment  is  nearly  quadrangular,  as  wide  at  the  extremity  as  at  the 
base,  the  posterior  margin  arcuate,  but  not  extending  beyond  the  promi 
nent  lateral  angles,  and  furnished  with  hairs  like  those  on  the  margins 
of  the  lamellae  of  the  appendages  of  the  penultimate  segment. 

In  color  they  resemble  closely  the  adult,  but  the  green  color  of  the 
back  is  lighter,  and  the  yellowish  markings  upon  the  claws  and  body 
are  proportionately  larger. 

In  this  stage,  the  young  lobsters  swim  very  rapidly  by  means  of  the 
abdominal  legs,  and  dart  backward,  when  disturbed,  with  the  caudal 
appendages,  frequently  jumping  out  of  the  water  in  this  way  like  shrimp, 
which  their  movements  in  the  water  much  resemble.  They  appear 
to  be  truly  surface  animals,  as  in  the  earlier  stages,  and  were  often  seen 
swimming  about  among  other  surface  animals.  They  were  frequently 
taken  from  the  8th  to  the  28th  of  July,  and  very  likely  occur  much 
later. 

JFrorn  the  dates  at  which  the  different  forms  were  taken,  it  is  probable 
that  they  pass  through  all  the  stages  here  described  in  the  course  of  a 
single  season.  How  late  the  young,  after  reaching  the  lobster -like 
form,  retain  their  free-swimming  habit  was  not  ascertained. 

The  young  of  the  different  kinds  of  shrimp,  Cranyon  vulgar  is  ^  Palcemo- 
netes  vulgaris,  and  Virbius  zostericola,  when  hatched  from  the  egg,  are  free- 
swimming  animals,  similar  in  their  habits  to  the  young  of  the  lobster. 
In  structure,  however,  they  are  quite  unlike  the  larvae  of  the  lobster,  and 
approach  more  the  zoea  stages  of  the  crabs,  which  are  described  farther 
on.  When  they  first  leave  the  egg,  they  are  without  the  five  pairs  of 
cephalothoracic  legs,  the  abdomen  is  without  appendages,  and  much  as 
it  is  in  the  first  stage  of  the  young  lobster,  while  the  maxillipeds  are 


[529]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        235 

developed  into  long  locomotive  appendages,  somewhat  like  the  external 
maxillipeds  of  the  first  stage  of  the  young  lobster.  While  yet  in  the  free- 
swimming  condition  the  cephalothoracic  legs  are  developed,  the  maxilli 
peds  assume  the  adult  form,  and  the  abdominal  limbs  appear.  The 
young  of  these  shrimp  are  very  much  smaller  than  the  young  of  the 
lobster,  but  they  remain  for  a  considerable  time  in  this  immature  state, 
and  were  very  frequently  taken  at  the  surface  in  the  towiug-net. 

The  young  of  Crangon  vulgaris  are  hatched  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Vineyard  Sound,  in  May  and  June,  and  arrive  at  the  adult  form  before 
they  are  more  than  4  or  5mm  long.  Specimens  of  this  size  were  taken  at 
Wood's  Hole,  at  the  surface,  on  the  evening  of  July  3.  Later  in  the 
season  much  larger  specimens  were  frequently  taken  at  the  surface 
both  in  the  evening  and  day-time. 

The  young  of  Palcemonetes  vulgaris  did  not  appear  till  near  the  middle 
of  July.  Soon  after  hatching,  the  young  are  3mm  long.  The  cephalo- 
thorax  is  short  and  broad  with  a  slender  spiniform  rostrum  in  front,  an 
enormous  compound  eye  eack  side  at  the  anterior  margin,  and  a  small 
simple  eye  in  the  middle  of  the  carapax.  The  antennulae  are  quite  rudi 
mentary,  being  short  and  thick  appendages  projecting  a  little  way  in 
front  of  the  head  ;  the  peduncle  bears  at  its  extremity  a  very  short  ob 
tuse  segment  representing  the  prim ary  flagellurn,  and  inside,  at  the  base  of 
this,  a  much  longer  plumose  seta.  The  antenna?  are  slightly  longer, 
than  the  antennulae ;  the  short  peduncle  bears  a  stout  appendage,  corre 
sponding  to  the  antenna!  scale,  the  terminal  portion  of  which  is  articu 
lated  and  furnished  with  long  plumose  setae,  and  on  the  inside  at  the  base 
of  the  scale,  a  slender  process  corresponding  to  the  flagelluin,  and  ter 
minated  by  a  long  plumose  seta.  The  first  and  second  pairs  of  maxillae 
are  well  formed  and  approach  those  of  the  adult.  The  three  pairs  of 
maxillipeds  are  all  developed  into  powerful  locomotive  appendages ;  the 
inner  branches,  or  endognathi,  being  slender  pecliform  appendages  ter 
minated  by  long  spines,  while  the  outer  branches,  or  epignathi,  are  long 
swimming  appendages  like  the  swimming  branches  of  the  legs  of  the 
young  lobsters  in  the  first  stage.  Both  branches  of  the  first  maxillipeds 
are  considerably  shorter  than  those  of  the  following  pairs,  but  otherwise 
like  them,  and  the  inner  branch  of  the  second  pair  is  somewhat  shorter 
than  that  of  the  third,  but  its  outer  branch  is  about  as  long  as  that 
of  the  third  pair.  The  five  pairs  of  cephalothoracic  legs  are  wanting 
or  only  represented  by  a  cluster  of  minute  sack-like  processes  just  behind 
the  outer  maxillipeds.  The  abdomen  is  long  and  slender,  wholly  with 
out  appendages  beneath,  and  the  last  segment  is  expanded  into  a  short 
and  very  broad  caudal  lamina,  the  posterior  margin  of  which  is  truncate 
with  the  lateral  angles  rounded ;  these  angles  each  bear  three,  and  the 
posterior  margin  itself  eight  more  stout  plumose  setae,  the  setae  of  the 
posterior  margin  being  longer  than  those  upon  the  angles,  and  separated 
by  broader  spaces  in  which  the  margin  is  armed  with  numerous  very 
small  setae.  They  arrive  at  the  adult  form  before  they  are  more  than  5mm 
17  v 


236        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [530] 


1,  and  they  were  often  taken  at  the  surface  until  8  to  12mm  in  length, 
the  larger  ones  being  taken  in  the  first  part  of  September. 

The  young  of  VirMus  zostericola  appear  at  about  the  same  time  as 
those  of  Palamonetes,  or  a  very  little  later,  and  pass  through  quite  simi 
lar  changes.  The  young  attain  the  adult  form  when  not  more  than  3mm 
in  length,  and  were  frequently  taken  at  the  surface,  both  in  the  day 
time  and  the  evening,  until  they  were  10mm  long,  those  8  to  10U!m  long 
being  common  in  late  August  and  early  September. 

The  larval  forms  of  several  other  Macrourans  were  taken  at  different 
times,  but  none  of  these  were  abundant,  and  I  have  not  been  able  to 
connect  them  with  the  adult  forms  of  any  of  the  common  species  of  the 
New  England  coast. 

The  young  of  Gebia  affinis,  only  4mm  long,  but  with  nearly  the  form  of 
the  adult,  was  taken  at  the  surface  on  the  evening  of  September  3. 
The  young  of  Callianassa  Stimpsoni,  about  4inm  long  and  with  nearly,  all 
the  adult  characters,  was  also  taken  at  the  surface  early  in  September. 

The  hermit-crabs  (species  of  Eupagurus)  when  first  hatched  have  much 
resemblance  to  the  young  of  shrimp  at  the  same  period,  and  have  simi 
lar  habits.  The  young  of  one  of  the  species,  after  it  has  passed  through 
the  earlier  stages,  and  when  it  is  about  3™m  long,  and  has  all  the 
cephalothoracic  appendages  similar  to  those  of  the  adult,  has  still  a 
symmetrical  abdomen,  like  that  of  a  shrimp,  with  long  swimming-legs 
upon  the  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  segments,  and  broad  laminated 
appendages  upon  the  penultimate  segment,  Young,  in  this  and  the 
earlier  stages,  were  common  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound  during 
the  last  of  August  and  the  first  of  September. 

Hippa  talpoida  probably  passes  through  a  metamorphosis  similar  to 
that  of  the  hermit-crabs.  The  young  attain  nearly  the  adult  form  before 
they  are  more  than  5  or  6mm  long,  and  specimens  of  this  size  were 
taken  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound  on  the  evening  of  September  3. 
I  have  also  found,  early  in  September,  the  young  a  little  larger 
upon  the  outer  shores  of  Fire  Island  Beach,  where  they  were  left 
in  large  numbers  by  a  high  tide,  and  soon  buried  themselves  in  the 
sand. 

All,  or  at  least  nearly  all,  the  species  of  Brachyura  living  on  the  coast 
of  New  England  pass  through  very  complete  and  remarkable  meta 
morphoses.  The  most  distinct  stages  through  which  they  pass  were 
long  ago  described  as  two  groups  of  crustaceans,  far  removed  from  the 
adult  forms  of  which  they  were  the  young.  The  names  zoea  and  meg. 
alops,  originally  applied  to  these  groups,  are  conveniently  retained  for 
the  two  best  marked  stages  in  the  development  of  the  crabs. 

The  young  of  the  common  crab,  (Cancer  irroratus,}  in  the  earlier  or 
zoea  stage,  when  first  hatched  from  the  egg,  are  somewhat  like  the  form 
figured  on  Plate  VIII,  (fig.  37,  the  latest  stage  of  the  zoea  of  Cancer 
irroratus,  just  before  it  changes  to  the  rnegalops,)  but  the  spines  upon 
the  carap'ax  are  all  much  longer  in  proportion,  and  there  are  no  signs  of 


[531]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       237 

the  abdominal  legs  or  of  any  of  the  future  legs  of  the  megalops  and 
crab.  In  this  stage  they  are  very  small,  much  smaller  than  in  the  stage 
figured.  After  they  have  increased  very  much  in  size,  and  have  molted 
probably  several  times,  they  appear  as  in  the  figure  just  referred  to. 
The  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen,  seen  only  in  a  side-view  in  the 
figure,  is  very  broad  and  divided  nearly  to  the  base  by  a  broad  sinus, 
each  side  the  margins  project  in  long,  spiniform,  diverging  processes,  at 
the  base  of  which  the  margin  of  the  sinus  is  armed  with  six  to  eight 
spines  on  each  side.  When  alive  they  are  translucent,  with  deposits 
of  dark  pigment  forming  spots  at  the  articulations  of  the  abdomen  and 
a  few  upon  the  cephalothorax  and  its  appendages.  In  this  stage  they 
were  taken  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  immense  numbers,  from 
June  23  to  late  in  August.  They  were  most  abundant  in  the  early  part 
of  July,  and  appeared  in  the  greatest  numbers  on  calm,  sunny  days. 

Several  zoe<e  of  this  stage  were  observed  to  change  directly  to  the 
megalops  form,  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  38.)  Shortly  before  the  change  took 
place  they  were  not  quite  as  active  as  previously,  but  still  continued  to 
swim  about  until  they  appeared  to  be  seized  by  violent  convulsions,  and 
after  a  moment  began  to  wriggle  rapidly  out  of  the  old  zoea  skin,  and 
at  once  appeared  in  the  full  megalops  form.  The  new  integument  seems 
to  stiffen  at  once,  for  in  a  very  few  moments  after  freeing  itself  from  the 
old  skin  the  new  megalops  was  swimming  about  as  actively  as  the  oldest 
individuals. 

In  this  megalops  stage  the  animal  begins  to  resemble  the  adult. 
The  five  pairs  of  cephalothoracic  legs  are  much  like  those  of  the  adult, 
and  the  mouth-organs  have  assumed  nearly  their  final  form.  The  eyes, 
however,  are  still  enormous  in  size,  the  carapax  is  elongated  and  has  a 
slender  rostrum  and  a  long  spine  projecting  from  the  cardiac  region  far 
over  the  posterior  border,  and  the  abdomen  is  carried  extended,  and  is 
furnished  with  powerful  swimming-legs  as  in  the  Macroura.  In  color 
and  habits  they  are  quite  similar  to  the  later  stage  of  the  zoeas  from 
which  they  came  5  their  motions  appear,  however,  to  be  more  regular 
and  not  so  rapid,  although  they  swim  with  great  facility.  In  this  meg 
alops  the  dactyli  of  the  posterior  cephalothoracic  legs  are  styliform,  and 
are  each  furnished  at  the  tip  with  three  peculiar  setre  of  different  lengths 
and  with  strongly  curved  extremities,  the  longest  one  simple  and  about  as 
long  as  the  dactylus  itself,  while  the  one  next  in  length  is  armed  along 
the  inner  side  of  the  curved  extremity  with  what  appear  to  be  minute 
teeth,  a*id  the  shortest  one  is  again  simple. 

According  to  the  observations  made  at  Wood's  Hole,  the  young  of 
Cancer  irroratus  remain  in  the  megalops  stage  only  a  very  short  time, 
and  at  the  first  molt  change  to  a  form  very  near  that  of  the  adult. 
Notwithstanding  this,  they  occurred  in  vast  numbers,  and  were  taken  in. 
the  towing-nets  in  greater  quantities  even  than  in  the  zoea  stage.  Their 
time  of  occurrence  seemed  nearly  simultaneous  with  that  of  the  zoe'ge, 
and  the  two  forms  were  almost  always  associated.  The  exact  time  any 


238        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [532] 


particular  individual  remained  in  this  stage  was  observed  only  a  few 
times.  One  full-grown  zoea  (like  the  specimen  figured)  obtained  June 
23,  and  placed  in  a  vessel  by  itself,  changed  to  a  megalops  between  9 
and  11J  a.  m.  of  June  24,  and  did  not  molt  again  till  the  forenoon  of 
June  27,  when  it  became  a  young  crab  of  the  form  described  farther  on. 
Of  two  other  zoese  obtained  at  the  same  time,  and  placed  together  in  a 
dish,  one  changed  to  a  megalops  between  9  and  11J  a.  m.  of  June  24, 
the  other  during  the  following  night;  these  both  changed  to  crabs  dur 
ing  the  night  of  June  26  and  27. 

The  following  memorandum  on  a  large  number  of  the  same  lot  of  both 
stages  of  the  young,  kept  together  in  a  vessel  of  fresh  sea-water,  also 
indicates  the  rapidity  of  these  changes.  In  the  columns  "zoea"  and 
u  megalops"  the  total  number  of  individuals  in  each  of  these  stages  is 
given ;  under  u  crabs"  the  number  which  had  appeared  since  the  last 
observation,  and  under  u  dead  "  the  number  which  had  died  since  the 
last  observation: 


Time  of  observation. 

Zoea.    !  Megalops. 

Crabs. 

Dead. 

June  23,  7  p.  m.  .  

15                22 

0 

0 

June  24  5am 

5                23 

2 

7 

June  24  9  a  in 

4     i            22 

2 

0 

June  24  114-  a  m.                                 .           .... 

2     !            22 

1 

1 

June  24,  7  p  ni.                      

1     ;            22 

1 

0 

June  25,  6  a.  m.          

0     i            20 

0 

3 

June  25,  2  p.  m  

!            19 

1 

0 

June  26  6  a  m 

16 

1 

2 

June  27  6  a  in 



.....             14 

2 

0 

June  27  2-ir  p  in 

12 

0 

2 

June  27,  7  p.  m.                  .       .     .  .....   ...   .... 

!            11 

0 

1 

June  28  7am 

1              9 

2 

0 

June  28,  4  p.  m  

4 

3 

2 

June  29  7  a.  m 

.     .1              2 

2 

In  the  two  or  three  instances  in  which  the  change  from  the  megalops 
to  the  young  crab  was  actually  observed,  the  megalops  sank  to  the  bot 
tom  of  the  dish  and  remained  quiet  for  some  time  before  the  molting 
took  place.  The  muscular  movements  seemed  to  be  much  less  violent 
than  in  the  molting  at  the  close  of  the  zoea  stage,  and  the  little  crab 
worked  himself  out  of  the  megalops  skin  quite  slowly.  For  a  short  time 
after  their  appearance  the  young  crabs  were  soft  and  inactive,  but  the 
integument  very  soon  stiifened,  and  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  hours 
they  acquired  all  the  pugnacity  of  the  adult.  They  swam  about  with 
ease  and  were  constantly  attacking  each  other  and  their  companions  in 
the  earlier  stages.  Many  of  the  deaths  recorded  in  the  above  memo 
randum  were  due  to  them,  and  on  this  account  they  were  removed  from 
the  vessel  at  each  observation.  In  this  early  stage  the  young  crabs  are 


[533]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        239 

quite  different  from  the  adult.  The  carapax  is  about  3mm  long  and 
slightly  less  in  breadth.  The  front  is  much  more  prominent  than  in 
the  adult,  but  still  has  the  same  number  of  lobes  and  the  same  general 
form.  The  antero-lateral  margin  is  much  more  longitudinal  than  in  the 
adult,  and  is  armed  with  the  five  normal  teeth,  which  are  long  and 
acute,  and  four  very  much  smaller  secondary  teeth  alternating  with 
the  normal  ones.  The  antenna  and  ambulatory  legs  are  proportionally 
longer  than  in  the  adult.  The  young  crabs  in  this  stage  were  once  or 
twice  taken  in  the  towing-net,  but  they  were  not  common  at  the  surface, 
although  a  large  number  were  found,  with  a  few  in  the  megalops  stage, 
among  hydroids  upon  a  floating  barrel  in  Vineyard  Sound,  July  7. 

The  young  of  Platyoniclim  ocellatus  in  the  zoea  and  megalops  stages 
were  frequently  taken  in  the  towing-net  from  the  last  of  June  till  August, 
but  they  were  much  less  abundant  than  the  young  of  Cancer  irroratus. 
On  June  29,  however,  they  occurred  in  great  numbers.  Twenty-two 
out  of  forty  of  those  in  the  zoea  state  changed  to  the  megalops  during 
the  first  twenty- four  hours,  and  in  the  same  time  ten  out  of  fifty  in  the 
megalops  stage  changed  to  the  adult  form,  so  that  they  probably  do  not 
remain  in  the  megalops  state  longer  than  the  young  of  Cancer  irroratus. 
They  apparently  do  not  molt  during  the  megalops  stage. 

The  megalops  of  the  PlatyonicJius  is  about  the  size  of  that  of  Cancer 
irroratus,  and  resembles  it  much  in  general  appearance,  but  the  carapax 
is  much  broader  in  proportion,  the  rostrum  is  a  little  longer,  and  there 
is  a  marked  prominence  at  the  anterior  margin  of  the  orbit,  representing 
the  lateral  tooth  of  the  front  of  the  adult,  and  a  similar  prominence,  rep 
resenting  the  stout  postorbital  tooth,  at  the  posterior  angle  of  the  orbit. 
The  spine  upon  the  cardiac  region  is  rather  more  slender  than  in  the 
megalops  of  the  Cancer.  The  chelipeds  are  more  elongated,  and  much 
like  those  of  the  adult  Plati/onicJms,  except  that  they  want  the  stout 
spines  of  the  latter.  The  dactyli  of  the  posterior  legs  already  approach 
in  form  those  of  the  adult,  being  expanded  into  narrow  oval  plates  a 
fourth  as  broad  as  long.  The  tips  of  each  of  these  dactyli  are  furnished 
with  four  peculiar  seta?  of  diiferent  lengths  and  with  strongly  curved  ex 
tremities,  the  longest  and  two  shortest  of  which  are  simple,  while  next 
to  the  longest  one  is  furnished  along  the  inner  side  of  the  curved  extrem 
ity  with  little,  closely  set,  sack-like  appendages. 

Another  megalops,  belonging  apparently  to  some  swimming-crab,  was 
several  times  taken  in  the  towing-net,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  from  August 
11  to  September  3,  and  was  also  taken  by  Mr.  Harger  and  myself,  east 
of  George's  Bank,  latitude  41°  25'  north,  longitude  63°  55'  east,  Septem 
ber  14.  It  would  fall  in  the  genus  Cyllene  of  Dana,  and  is  closely  allied 
to  his  Cyllene  furciger  (Crust.  U.  S.  Expl.  Expd.,  p.  494,  Plate  XXXI, 
fig.  8)  from  the  Sooloo  Sea.  In  one  specimen  the  carapax,  including 
the  rostrum,  is  2.0mm  long,  excluding  rostrum,  1.6mm,  breadth,  l.lmm.  The 
front  is  quite  narrow  between  the  bases  of  the  ocular  peduncles,  and 
has  a  long  and  slender  rostrum.  There  are  no  prominences  either  side 


240        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [534] 

of  tbe  orbit,  and  no  dorsal  spine  upon  the  carapax.  The  fourth  segment 
of  the  sternum  is  armed  each  side,  just  within  the  bases  of  the  legs,  with 
a  long  and  broad  spine  projecting  backward  and  slightly  (Alt-ward,  as  in 
Cyllene  fur  tiger.  Tbe  chelipeds  and  ambulatory  legs  are  long  and  slender, 
and  the  dactyli  of  the  posterior  pair  of  legs  are  expanded  and  lamellar, 
as  in  the  megalops  of  Platyonichus.  The  abdomen  is  about  as  long  as 
the  carapax  excluding  the  rostrum,  and  the  fifth  segment  is  armed  with 
a  stout  spine  each  side  of  the  postero-lateral  angles. 

A  very  large  megalops,  quite  different  in  structure  from  those  already 
mentioned,  is  occasionally  found  thrown  upon  outer  beaches  on  the 
southern  coast  of  ISTew  England  and  Long  Island,  but  is  apparently  much 
more  common  upon  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States.  This  is  undoubt 
edly  the  young  of  Ocypoda  arenaria,  and  was  long  ago  described  by  Say 
(Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  157,  1817)  as  Monolepis 
inermis,  and  it  is  partially  figured  by  Dana,  (Crust.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exp., 
Plate  XXXI,  fig.  6.)  The  carapax  is  very  convex  above,  broader  behind, 
and  has  no  dorsal  spine.  The  front  is  deflexed  sharply  downward  and 
.  a  little  backward,  and  the  extremity  is  tricuspidate,  the  median  tooth 
being  long  and  narrowly  triangular,  while  the  lateral  teeth  are  small 
and  obtuse.  The  sides  are  high  and  impressed  so  as  to  receive  the  three 
anterior  pairs  of  ambulatory  legs.  The  third  pair  of  ambulatory  legs 
are  closely  appressed  along  the  upper  edge  of  the  carapax  and  extend 
forward  over  the  eyes,  their  dactyli  being  curved  down  over  the  eyes 
and  along  each  side  of  the  front.  The  posterior  legs  are  small  and 
weak,  and  each  is  folded  up  and  lies  in  a  groove  on  the  latero-posterior 
surface  of  the  carapax.  The  external  inaxillipeds  have  almost  exactly 
the  same  structure  as  in  the  adult  Ocypoda,  and,  as  in  the  adult  Ocypoda, 
there  is  a  tuft  of  peculiar  hairs  between  the  bases  of  the  second  and 
third  ambulatory  legs.  I  have  specimens  of  this  megalops  from  Block 
Island,  and  have  myself  collected  it,  late  in  August,  at  Fire  Island 
Beach,  Long  Island.  In  the  largest  specimen  from  the  last  locality  the 
carapax  is  6.4mm  long  and  5.6mm  broad. 

A  large  number  of  young  specimens  of  the  Ocypoda,  collected  at  Fire 
Island  Beach,  indicate  plainly  that  they  had  only  recently  changed  from 
this  megalops.  The  smallest  of  these  specimens,  in  which  the  carapax 
is  5.6  to  6.0mm  long  and  G.I  to  6.5mm  broad,  differ  from  the  adult  so 
much  that  they  might  very  easily  be  mistaken  for  a  different  species. 
The  carapax  is  very  slightly  broader  than  long,  and  very  convex  above. 
The  front  is  broad,  not  narrowed  between  the  bases  of  the  ocular 
peduncles,  and  triangular  at  the  extremity.  The  margin  of  the  orbit  is 
not  transverse  but  inclines  obliquely  backward.  The  ambulatory  legs 
are  nearly  naked,  and  those  of  the  posterior  pair  are  proportionately 
much  smaller  than  in  the  adult. 

The  adult  Ocypoda  is  terrestrial  in  its  habits,  living  in  deep  holes 
above  high- water  mark  on  sandy  beaches,  but  the  young  in  the  zoea 
state  are  undoubtedly  deposited  in  the  water,  where  they  lead  a  free- 


[535]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        241 

swimming  existence  like  true  pelagic  animals,  until  they  become  full- 
grown  in  the  megalops  state.  Say  mentions  that  his  specimens  were 
found  cast  upon  the  beach  by  the  refluent  tide  and  "  appeared  desirous 
to  protect  themselves  by  burrowing  in  the  sand,  in  order  to  wait  the 
return  of  the  tide,77  but  they  were  more  likely  awaiting  the  final  change 
to  the  terrestrial  state.  The  tufts  of  peculiar  hairs  between  the  bases 
of  the  second  and  third  ambulatory  legs,  and,  in  the  adult,  connected 
with  the  respiration,  are  present  in  the  full-grown  megalops.  and  are 
undoubtedly  provided  to  fit  the  animal  for  its  terrestrial  existence  as 
soon  as  it  is  thrown  upon  the  shore.  The  young  in  the  magalops  stage 
occur  on  the  shore  of  Long  Island,  in  August,  and  perhaps  earlier.  At 
Fire  Island  Beach  in  1870  no  specimens  of  Ocypoda  were  discovered  till 
the  last  of  August,  and  those  first  found  were  the  smallest  ones  obtained ; 
by  the  middle  of  September,  however,  they  were  common  on  the  outer 
beach,  and  many  of  them  were  twice  as  large  as  those  first  obtained. 
Although  careful  search  was  made  along  the  beach  for  several  miles, 
not  &  specimen  of  the  adult  or  half-grown  crab  could  be  found ;  every 
individual  there  had  evidently  landed  and  developed  during  the  season. 
Probably  all  those  living  the  year  before  had  perished  during  the  win 
ter,  and  it  is  possible  that  this  species  never  survives  long  enough  to 
attain  its  full  growth,  so  far  north. 

A  small  megalops,  taken  in  the  towing-nets  in  considerable  numbers 
at  Wood's  Hole  on  the  evening  of  September  3,  resembles  in  several 
characters  the  megalops  of  Ocypoda,  and  is  probably  the  young  of  one 
of  the  species  of  Gelasimus.  The  carapax  is  1.0mm  long  and  0.7 
broad.  The  front  is  narrowly  triangular,  deflexed  perpendicularly, 
somewhat  excavated  between  the  eyes,  and  terminates  in  a  long,  slen 
der,  and  acute  tip.  The  sides  are  high  and  impressed  for  the  reception 
of  the  three  anterior  ambulatory  legs  as  in  the  megalops  of  Ocypoda, 
although  in  the  alcoholic  specimens  examined  the  legs  are  not  closed 
against  the  sides.  The  posterior  ambulatory  legs  are  small,  and  lodged 
in  grooves  on  the  surface  of  the  carapax,  much  as  in  the  megalops  of 
Ocypoda.  The  external  maxillipeds  are  very  much  like  those  of  the 
megalops  of  Ocypoda. 

A  peculiar  megalops,  belonging  apparently  to  some  Grapsoid  group 
of  crabs,  was  several  times  taken  in  the  towiug-net  in  Vineyard  Sound 
from  August  5  to  September  3,  on  the  latter  date  in  the  evening.  In 
these  the  carapax  is  1.2  to  1.3mm  in  length  and  0.9  to  1.0mm  in 
breadth.  The  front  is  broad,  concave  above  between  the  eyes  ;  the 
middle  portion  projects  obliquely  downward  and  terminates  in  a  short, 
obtuse  rostrum ;  Avhile  the  lateral  angles  project  forward  into  a  promi 
nent  tooth  above  each  eye,  so  that,  when  seen  from  above,  the  frontal 
margin  appears  transverse  and  tridentate,  the  teeth  being  separated  by 
considerable  spaces.  There  are  no  dorsal  spines  or  tubercles  upon  the 
carapax.  The  sides  are  high,  and  are  apparently  impressed  for  the 
reception  of  the  anterior  ambulatory  legs.  The  posterior  ambulatory 


242       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [536] 

legs  are  subequal  with  the  others  and  have  stylifonn  dactyli.  The 
ischial  and  meral  segments  of  the  external  inaxillipeds  are  short  and 
broad. 

Another  megalops,  of  which  several  specimens  were  taken  in  the 
towing-net,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  August  5,  has  a  remarkable,  elongated 
and  tuberculated  carapax.  The  carapax,  including  the  rostrum,  is 
1.3mm  long  and  O.S4mm  broad,  is  armed  above  with  several  large 
tubercles,  and  the  posterior  margin  is  arcuate  and  armed  with  a  median 
tubercular  prominence.  The  front  is  somewhat  excavated  above  and 
expanded  each  side  in  front  of  the  eyes,  the  anterior  margin  being  trans- 
verse3  as  seen  from  above,  with  a  short  and  spiniforrn  rostrum  curved 
obliquely  downward.  The  chelipeds  have  slender  hands  and  the  am 
bulatory  legs  are  long  and  slender,  the  posterior  pair  being  subequal 
with  the  others,  and  all  having  the  dactyli  stylifonn.  The  abdominal 
legs  are  very  long. 

Several  other  forms  of  zoea  and  megalops  were  taken  in  Vineyard 
Sound  and  vicinity,  but,  as  they  were  not  traced  to  the  adult  forms  and 
were  none  of  them  very  abundant,  they  are  not  here  described. 

Squilla  empusa  passes  through  a  remarkable  metamorphosis,  but  none 
of  the  earliest  stages  were  observed.  Specimens  in  one  of  the  later 
larval  stages  (Plate  VIII,  tig.  36)  were  taken  at  the  surface  in  Vine 
yard  Sound,  August  11.  These  are  nearly  6mm  long.  The  carapax  is 
proportionally  much  larger  than  in  the  adult,  covering  completely  the 
whole  cephalothorax,  has  a  long  slender  rostrum  projecting  far  in  front 
of  the  eyes,  and  the  lateral  angles  projecting  backward  in  two  slender 
processes  as  long  as  the  rostrum.  There  is  also  on  each  side,  just  behind 
the  eye.  a  small  tooth  on  the  margin  of  the  carapax,  and  another  similar 
one  on  the  posterior  margin  just  beneath  each  of  the  posterior  processes. 
The  eyes  are  very  large  and  almost  spherical.  The  antennulre  are  short, 
projecting  scarcely  beyond  the  eyes,  and  biramous,  one  of  the  flagella 
being  short  and  uu segmented,  the  other  longer  and  composed  of  three 
segments.  The  antennas  are  still  without  flagella,  and  the  scale  is 
quite  small.  The  first  pair  of  legs  (the  appendages  corresponding  to 
the  first  pair  of  maxillipeds  in  the  Macroura,  &c.)  are  well  developed, 
long,  and  slender,  like  those  of  the  adult.  The  great  claws  are  propor 
tionally  larger  than  in  the  adult,  and  have  very  much  the  same  structure. 
Of  the  six  succeeding  pairs  of  cephaloth oracle  legs,  only  the  three  ante 
rior,  subcheliform  ones  are  as  yet  developed,  and  these  are  quite  small, 
those  of  the  third  pair  being  smaller  thairtUe  others,  and  projecting  but 
slightly  beyond  the  carapax ;  the  three  posterior,  stylifonn  legs  are  en 
tirely  wanting,  or  represented  only  by  slight  sack-like  protuberances. 
The  abdomen  is  not  quite  as  long  as  the  cephalothorax,  including  the  ros 
trum  and  posterior  processes,  and  the  five  anterior  segments  are  subequal 
in  length,  smoothly  rounded  above,  and  furnished  with  well  developed 
swimming-legs,  much  like  those  of  many  macro uraii as.  The  sixth  seg 
ment  is  much  shorter  than  the  others,  and  has  rudimentary  appendages 


[537]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        243 

scarcely  longer  than  the  segment  itself.  In  these  appendages  the  spini- 
form  process  from  the  base  is  long  and  simple,  not  biramous,  as  in.  the 
adult,  and  the  lamellae  are  small,  much  shorter  than  this  process,  and 
the  outer  one  has  no  articulated  terminal  portion.  The  terminal  seg 
ment  is  as  long  as  the  four  preceding  segments,  about  as  broad  as  long, 
the  lateral  margins  slightly  convex  in  outline,  and  each  armed  with  two 
sharp  teeth,  while  the  posterior  margin  is  concave  in  outline,  with  the 
lateral  angles  projecting  into  sharp  teeth,  between  which  the  edge  is 
armed  with  about  twenty  small  and  equal  slender  spines. 


D.— CATALOGUE  OF  THE  MARINE  INYETEBRATE  ANIMALS 
OF  THE  SOUTHERN  COAST  OF  NEW  ENGLAND,  AND  AD 
JACENT  WATERS.— BY  A.  E.  YERRILL,  S.  I.  SMITH,  AND 
OSCAR  HARGER. 

In  the  following  catalogue  nearly  all  the  marine  invertebrates  which 
are  known  to  inhabit  the  coast  between  Cape  Cod  and  New  York  are  in 
cluded,  except  those  belonging  to  certain  groups  which  have  not  yet 
been  studied  by  any  one,  sufficiently  for  their  identification.  Such  are 
chiefly  minute  or  microscopic  species,  belonging  to  the  Entomostraca, 
Foraminifera,  Ciliated  Infusoria,  &c.,  together  with  the  intestinal  worms 
of  fishes  and  other  animals.  Our  sponges,  also,  have  hitherto  received 
very  little  attention,  and  it  has  not  yet  been  possible  to  identify  but  a 
small  number  of  the  species.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  however,  that 
the  list  is  complete  in  any  group,  for  every  season  in  the  past  has  served 
to  greatly  increase  the 'number  of  species  in  almost  every  class  and 
order,  and  this  will  doubtless  be  the  case  for  many  years  to  come.  But 
as  no  attempt  has  hitherto  been  made  to  enumerate  the  marine  ani 
mals  of  this  region,  excepting  the  shells  and  radiates,  it  is  hoped  that 
this  catalogue  will  prove  useful,  both  to  show  what  is  already  known 
concerning  this  fauna,  and  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  future  work  in  the 
same  direction. 

In  some  instances  species  that  have  not  actually  been  found  on  the 
part  of  the  coast  mentioned,  but  which  occur  on  the  shores  of  Long 
Island  and  New  Jersey,  under  such  circumstances  as  to  render  it  pretty 
certain  that  they  will  also  be  found  farther  north,  have  been  included  in 
the  catalogue,  but  the  special  localities  have  always  been  given  in  such 
cases. 

In  order  not  to  make  the  list'too  long,  only  those  synonyms  are  given 
which  are  really  necessary  to  make  apparent  the  origin  of  the  names, 
and  to  refer  the  student  to  some  of  the  best  descriptions  and  figures  in 
the  works  that  are  generally  most  accessible,  and  in  which  more  com 
plete  synonymy  may  be  found. 

For  the  same  reason,  in  describing  the  new  species,  the  descriptions 
have  been  made  as  brief  as  seemed  consistent  with  the  purpose  in  view, 
viz :  to  enable  students  and  others  wTho  may  not  be  experienced  natu- 


244        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [538] 

ralists  to  identify  the  species  that  they  may  meet  with.  To  this  end, 
the  portions  of  the  descriptions  relating  to  strictly  microscopic  parts 
have  frequently  been  omitted,  when  more  obvious  characters,  sufficient 
to  distinguish  the  species,  could  be  found. 

References  to  the  plates  at  the  end  of  this  volume  have  been  inserted, 
and  also  to  the  pages  in  the  first  part  of  the  report  where  brief  descrip 
tions,  remarks  on  the  habits,  or  other  information  may  be  found. 

The  catalogue  of  the  Crustacea  was  prepared  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  and 
Mr.  Oscar  Harger.  The  rest  of  the  catalogue  is  by  Professor  A.  E.  Ver- 
rill,  with  the  exception  of  the  descriptions  of  the  insects,  wrhich  have 
been  furnished  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  and  Dr.  G.  H.  Horn;  the  Pycno- 
gonids,  which  have  been  determined  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith;  and  a  few 
of  the  Bryozoa,  which  were  identified  by  Professor  A.  Hyatt,  who  also 
furnished  most  of  the  figures  of  the  species  belonging  to  that  class. 

Hitherto  there  has  been  no  attempt  to  enumerate  the  marine  inverte 
brates  of  the  entire  southern  coast  of  New  England.  Several  partial 
lists  have  been  published,  however,  and  these  have  been  of  considera 
ble  use  in  the  preparation  of  the  following  catalogue. 

In  the  Report  on  the  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  by  Dr.  A.  A. 
Gould,  1841,  numerous  localities  for  shells  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Massachusetts  are  mentioned. 

A  catalogue  of  the  shells  of  Connecticut,  by  James  H.  Liusley,  was 
published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  48, 1845.  In  "  Shells 
of  New  England,77 1851,  Dr.  William  Stimpson  gave  much  accurate  in 
formation  concerning  the  distribution  of  our  Mollusca.  In  1809  Dr. 
G.  H.  Perkins  published  a  very  useful  catalogue,  in  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  xiii,  p.  109,  entitled  "  Mol- 
luscau  Fauna  of  New  Haven." 

The  "  Report  on  the  Mollusca  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  of  its 
Dependencies/'  by  Sanderson  Smith  and  Temple  Prime,  in  the  Annals 
of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  vol.  ix,  p.  377,  1870,  also  contains 
much  useful  information. 

A  paper  by  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy,  entitled  "  Contributions  toward  a 
Knowledge  ef  the  Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Coasts  of  Rhode 
Island  and  New  Jersey,77  in  the  Journal  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy, 
vol.  iii,  1855,  although  very  incomplete,  contains  the  only  published 
lists  of  the  Annelids  and  Crustacea  of  this  region.  In  his  "Catalogue 
of  North  American  Acaleph«3,77 18G5,  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  has  enumerated 
all  the  species  discovered  on  this  coast  up  to  that  time.  Other  papers 
will  also  be  referred  to  in  the  synonymy. 


[539 1        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        245 


ARTICITLATA. 


INSEOTA. 

The  insects  included  in  tlie  following  catalogue  have  mostly  been  de 
termined  by  A.  S.  Packard,  jr.,  M.  D.,  and  by  George  H.  Horn,  M.  D., 
who  have  also  kindly  furnished  descriptions  of  the  ne\v  species.  Our 
thanks  are  also  due  to  Dr.  II.  A.  Hagen,  who  has  identified  some  of  the 
species.  The  Pycuogonids  have  been  determined  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith. 

DIPTERA. 

CHIRONOMUS  HALOPHILTJS  Packard,  sp.  nov.     (p  415.) 

Full-grown  larvae  were  dredged  in  10  fathoms  in  Vineyard  Sound, 
several  miles  from  land,  among  compound  Ascidiaus,  (A.  E.  Y.;)  and 
several  young  larvae  were  dredged  in  8  to  10  fathoms  in  Wood's 
Hole  Passage,  September  10,  (A.  S.  P.) 

"This  is  a  true  Chironomns,  the  body  being  long  and  slender,  with 
the  usual  respiratory  filaments  at  the  end  of  the  body.  Head  red  as 
usual,  chitiuous;  au tenure  slender,  ending  in  two  unequal  spines;  eyes 
black,  forming  conspicuous  dots ;  mandibles  acute,  three-toothed. 

Froai  lower  side  of  antepenultimate  segment  arise  two  pairs  of  long 
fleshy  filaments,  twice  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  body,  not  containing 
trachere,  so  far  as  I  can  see;  and  from  the  end  of  penultimate  segment  a 
dorsal  minute  tubercle,  forming  a  cylindrical  papilla,  giving  rise  to  eight 
respiratory  hairs  about  as  long  as  the  segment  is  thick;  anal  legs  long 
and  slender,  with  a  crown  of  about  twelve  spines.  Two  prothoracic 
feet,  as  usual.  In  one  larva  the  semi-pupa  was  forming ;  length,  II111111, 
(.45  inch.) 

This  species  belongs  in  the  same  section  of  the  genus  with  Chirono- 
mm plumosus,  figured  by  Eeaumer,  (vol.  iv,  PI.  14,  figs.  11  and  12;  and 
vol.  v.)"— A.  S.  P. 

CIIIRONOMUS  OCEANICUS  Packard,    (p.  331.) 

Proceedings  of  the  Essex  Institute,  vol.  vi,  p.  42,  figs.  1-4,  1869. 

Specimens  apparently  belonging  to  this  sjjecies  have  been  obtained 
near  New  Haven,  at  low- water  mark,  among  confervre.  It  occurs  at  Sa 
lem.  Massachusetts;  Casco  Bay;  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  low-water 
mark  to  20  fathoms. 

CULEX,  species  undetermined,     (p.  466.) 

A  species  of  mosquito  is  excessively  abundant  on  the  salt-marshes  in 
autumn,  and  the  larvre  inhabit  the  brackish  waters  of  the  ditches  and 
pools. 


246        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [540] 

MUSCID.ZE. — Larva?  of  an  undetermined  fly.     (p.  415.) 

This  larva  was  found  living  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  at  low- 
water  mark,  on  the  shore  of  Great  Egg  Harbor,  at  Beesley's  Point,  Kew 
Jersey,  April  28,  1871.  (A.  E.  V.)  The  same  larva,  or  an  allied  spe 
cies,  was  found  May  5,  under  stones  below  high- water  mark.  "  Specimens 
were  brought  tome  from  New  Jersey,  and  kept  living  in  sea-water  for 
some  time.  The  following  description  is  from  the  living  specimens : 
Body  white,  long,  slender,  cylindrical,  tapering  gradually  from  the  penul- 
penultimate  segment  toward  the  head ;  thirteen  segments,  counting  the 
head  as  one.  Segments  smooth,  thickened  at  the  hinder  edge,  the  su 
tures  being  distinct;  tegument  very  thin  and  transparent,  allowing  the 
viscera  to  be  easily  distinguished.  The  terminal  segment  of  the  body  is 
conical;  seen  from  beneath  it  is  nearly  a  fourth  longer  than  broad,  the 
end  subacute  and  deeply  cleft  by  a  furrow  which  diminishes  in  size  and 
depth  to  beyond  the  middle  of  the  segment,  where  it  fades  out.  This 
conical  extension  is  flattened  vertically  above ;  from  the  middle  of  the 
same  ring  project  the  supra-anal,  conical,  fleshy  tubercles,  one-fourth  the 
length  of  the  entire  ring,  which  give  rise  to  two  main  tracheae  running 
to  the  head,  and  which  separate  and  close  together  at  the  will  of  the 
animal.  When  extended  the  prothoracic  ring  is  considerably  longer 
than  the  others.  Head  one-third  as  large  as  prothorax,  and  a  little 
more  than  half  as  wide.  Length,  9mm. 

I  cannot  detect  any  spiracles  on  either  of  the  thoracic  rings.  The 
trachea3  are  not  nearly  so  regular  as  in  the  larvre  of  the  Anthomyia  ce- 
parum,  with  living  specimens  of  which  I  placed  it  side  by  side ;  head 
much  the  same,  showing  it  may  be  of  this  family.  Minute  antennaB 
present ;  no  traces  of  them  in  Anthomyia,  and  their  presence  throws 
a  doubt  whether  it  be  a  muscid." — A.  S.  P. 

ERISTALIS,  species  undetermined. 

One  large-sized  larva  was  found  in  Vineyard  Sound  among  alg«3  in 
April,  by  Mr.  Yinal  N.  Edwards. 

EPHYDRA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  4GG.) 

Packard,  Proceedings  Essex  Institute,  vol.  vi,  p.  50. 

Shores  of  Narragansett  Bay,  puparium  found  under  sea-weeds  by 
Dr.  T.  d'Orexmieal.  According  to  Dr.  Packard,  "  scarcely  distinguish 
able  from  E.  halophila  Packard,  which  lives  in  salt  brine  at  the  salt 
works  in  Gallatin  County,  Illinois.7' 

COLEOPTERA.* 

A  number  of  species  of  tiger-beetles  (Clcindela)  are  common  on  the 
sandy  shores  and  beaches  just  above  high- water  mark,  and  some  of 
them  are  seldom  found  away  from  the  sea-shore,  while  others  are  also 
found  far  inland.  The  larvae  of  some  of  these,  and  perhaps  of  all,  live 
below  high  water,  but  this  has  not  yet  been  observed  in  the  case  of  several 

*  The  Coleoptera  were  mostly  determined  by  Dr.  George  H.  Horn. 


[541]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        247 

in  the  following  list,  which  includes  those  most  characteristic  of  the  sea 
shores. 

CICINDELA  GENEROSA  Dejeau.     (p.  336.) 

Sp6cies  Ge'ne'ral  des  Coleopteres,  vol.  v,  p.  231,  (teste  Lee.;)  Gould.    Boston 
Journal  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  42.    PI.  3,  fig.  2. 

Adult  common  on  sandy  beaches  at  high-water  mark ;  larvae  burrow 
ing  in  sand  below  high-water  mark,  in  company  with  the  species  of 
Talorchestia. 

CICINDELA  DORSALIS  Say.     (p.  364.) 

Journal  Academy  Nat.  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  20  ;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  47. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  on  the  sandy  beaches. 
CICINDELA  MARGINATA  Fabricius.    (p.  470.) 

Systema  Eleutheratorum,  vol.  i,  p.  241 ;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  48. 

Barren  spots  in  salt  marshes  that  are  occasionally  covered  by  the 
tides. 

CICINDELA  REPANDA  Dejean.    (p.  364.) 

Species  Gen.  des  Coleopteres,  vol.  i,  p.  74. 

With  the  last,  and  on  sandy  beaches  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  &c. 
CICINDELA  HIRTICOLLIS  Say.    (p.  364.) 

Trans.  Arner.  Phil.  Society,  new  series,  vol.  i,  p.  411,  PL  13,  fig.  2. 

With  last,  also  at  a  distance  from  the  coast. 

CiCINDELA  DUODECIMGUTTATA  Dejean. 

Spec.  Ge"n.  des  Col<5op.,  vol.  i,  p.  73 ;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  51. 

Sandy  beaches  near  the  salt  water;  appears  both  in  spring  and  au 
tumn. 

GEOPINUS  INCRASSATUS  (Dej.)    (p.  364.) 

Species  G6u.  des  Coleoperes,  vol.  iv,  p.  21. 

Several  specimens  were  found  on  the  outer  beach  of  Great  Egg  Har 
bor,  New  Jersey,  burrowing  in  sand  between  tides.  This  species  is  not 
confined  to  the  coast,  but  occurs  even  west  of  the  Mississippi  in  sandy 
places,  (Horn.) 

BEMBIDIUM  CONSTRICTUM  Lecoute.    (p.  464.) 

Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  vol.  iv,  p.  362. 

Between  tides  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 
B.  CONTRACTUM  Say.     (p.  464.) 

Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  ii.  p.  85. 

Between  tides  at  Great  Egg  Harbor.  <*  This  and  the  preceding  occur 
also  along  the  margins  of  streams  emptying  into  the  ocean.  (Horn.) 

HYDROPHILUS  (TROPISTERNUS)  QUADRISTRIATUS  Horn.    (p.  466.) 

Trans.  Auier.  Entomol.  Soc.,  1871,  p.  331. 

In  brackish  pools,  near  Beesley's  Point,  New  Jersey,  associated  with 
P&lccmonetes  vulgaris  and  other  brackish-water  species. 


248       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [542] 

"  Elongate  oval,  more  attenuate  in  front,  black,  with  slight  olivaceous 
tinge ;  surface  densely,  finely,  and  equally  punctured.  Head  with  a 
sigmoid  row  of  coarse  punctures  on  each  side,  meeting  at  the  vertex. 
Anteunne  and  palpi  testaceous.  Thorax  with  a  small  fovea  on  each  side, 
near  the  anterior  margin,  behind  and  within  the  eyes,  and  an  angulate 
row  of  punctures  on  each  side  near  the  middle,  and  a  few  coarse  punc 
tures  very  irregularly  disposed.  Elytra  with  four  strife  of  moderate 
punctures,  the  first  two  sutural  and  extending  nearly  from  base  to  apex, 
inclosing  at  base  a  short  scutellar  row  ;  the  outer  two  rows  subhumeral, 
obliterated  at  base,  extending  nearly  to  apex,  and  becoming  confused, 
extending  toward  the  inner  rows.  Body  beneath  black,  opaque,  and 
pubescent,  abdomen  with  a  row  of  brownish  patches  at  the  sides  of 
each  segment.  Legs  pale  testaceous,  femora  at  base  and  tarsi  black. 
Length,  .38  inch;  (9.5ram.) 

Eesembles  later  alls  in  form,  but  more  narrowed  in  front  than  behind. 
The  elytra  are  evenly  punctured,  and  the  body  along  the  median  line 
moderately  convex.  It  differs  from  all  our  species  by  the  four  distinct 
strite  of  punctures  on  each  elytron.  The  outer  two  correspond  in  posi 
tion  with  the  eighth  and  ninth,  and  traces  of  a  third,  fourth,  and  fifth 
are  visible  at  base.77 — Horn. 

PHILHYDRUS  REFLEXIPENNIS  Zimniermanu. 

Trans.  Amer.  Entomol.  Socv  1869,  p.  250. 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  between  tides. 
This  and  the  next  occur  also  inland.     (Horn.) 

P.  PERPLEXUS,  Leconte. 

Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1855,  p.  371. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  between  tides. 

PlIYTOSUS  L1TTORALIS    Horn.      (p.  4G4.) 
Trans.  Amer.  Entomol.  Soc.,  1871,  p.  331. 

"Head,  brownish  testaceous,  moderately  shining,  sparsely  clothed  with 
yellowish  hairs,  front  feebly  concave  ;  parts  of  mouth  and  an  tenure  tes 
taceous,  the  latter  darker  at  tip.  Thorax  paler  than  the  head,  as  broad 
as  long,  disk  depressed,  sides  strongly  rounded  in  front,  behind  the 
middle  sinuate;  base  truncate,  feebly  emarginate  at  middle,  and  but 
slightly  broader  than  half  the  width  of  thorax*  at  middle ;  surface 
sparsely  punctured  and  pubescent.  Elytra  pale  testaceous,  sparsely 
punctured  and  pubescent,  short,  sides  strongly  divergent  behind ;  body 
apterous.  Abdomen  elongate  oval,  broader  behind  the  middle,  piceous, 
shining,  and  very  sparsely  pubescent.  Legs  pale  testaceous.  Last 
segment  of  abdomen  $  slightly  prolonged  at  middle  and  sinuate  on  each 
side.  Length,  .08  inch,  (2mm.) 

The  male  resembles  in  its  several  characters  P.  Balticus  Kraatz,  of 
Europe,  but  the  median  prolongation  of  the  last  abdominal  segment  is 
broader.  The  penultimate  segment  is  subcarinate  along  the  median 
line  behind.  The  mandibles  in  the  present  species  are  much  more  exsert 
than  in  the  species  from  California. 


[543]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          249 

This  is  an  interesting  addition  to  our  insect  fauna.  Its  occurrence 
has  been  looked  for  on  the  ground  of  the  occurrence  of  a  species  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  for,  as  a  rule,  (rapidly  losing  its  exceptions,)  any  genus 
represented  in  Europe  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  will  have  a  representa 
tion  in  the  Atlantic  faunal  region." — Horn. 

This  species  was  found  burrowing  in  sand,  between  tides,  at  Becsley's 
Point,  New  Jersey. 

BLEDIUS  CORDATUS  (Say.)    (p.  4G2.) 

Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  iv,  p.  4C1. 

This  small  species  occurred  in  considerable  abundance  near  Beesley's 
Point.  It  forms  its  small  burrows  in  the  loose  sand  at  and  just  below 
high-water  mark,  in  company  with  Talorchestia  longicornis.  ScyphaceUa 
arenicola  SMITH,  &c.  It  throws  up  a  small  heap  of  sand  around  the 
opening  of  its  burrows,  wh'ch  are  much  smaller  than  those  of  the 
following  species. 

"  This  species  is  somewhat  variable  in  the  form  of  the  elytral  dark 
spot.  The  elytra  are  pale  testaceous  or  nearly  white  in  color,  and  nor 
mally  with  a  cordate  space  of  brownish  color,  and  with  the  apex  in  front. 
This  spot  may  become  a  narrow  median  fusiform  space,  or  be  divided 
so  that  the  suture  is  pale ;  the  spot  frequently  becomes  larger  by  the 
apex  of  the  cordate  spot,  extending  to  the  scutellum  and  along  the  basal 
margin." — Horn. 

BLEDIUS  PALLIPENNIS  (Say.)    (p.  462.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  iii,  p.  155. 

Shores  of  Great  Egg  Harbor,  near  Beesley's  Point,  common,  burrow 
ing  perpendicularly  in  moist  sand  considerably  below  high-water  mark. 
The  holes  are  round,  with  a  small  heap  of  sand  around  the  orifice.  This 
species  is  also  found  far  inland.  (Horn.) 

HETEROCERUS  UNDATUS  Melsheimer.    (p.  404.) 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  98. 

Beesley's  Point,  burrowing  in  sand,  between  tides.  This  species 
occurs  also  on  the  margins  of  inland  streams.  (Horn.) 

PHALERIA  TESTACEA  Say. 

Long's  Expedition,  vol.  ii,  p.  280. 

Somer's  Point,  on  the  shore  of  Great  Egg  Harbor,  between  tides. 

NEUROPTERA. 

MOLANNA,  species  undetermined,    (p.  379.) 

This  larva  was  found  in  a  firm,  straight,  flattened,  tapering  tube, 
made  of  grains  of  sand,  and  attached  to  the  piles  of  a  wharf,  below 
high-water  mark,  at  Meneinsha  Bight,  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  October, 
1871,  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer. 


250      EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [544] 

ANURIDA  MARITIMA  (Guerin.)    (p.  331.) 

This  Poclurid  is  very  abundant  on  the  under  surfaces  of  large  stones 
from  high-water  mark  to  about  half  tide,  New  Haven,  Wood's  Hole, 
Nantucket  ;  also  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Greenland.  (Fabricius.) 

ARACHNIDA. 
CHEENES  OBLONG-US  Say.    (p.  331.) 

Hagen,  Record  of  American  Entomology  for  1868,  p.  51. 

Under  stones  near  low-water  mark,  at  Wood's  Hole,  (S.  I.  S.,)  several 
specimens  were  found  together.  This  species  is  recorded  from  Florida 
and  Georgia.  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  observed  below  high- 
water  mark  before.  These  specimens  were  identified  by  Dr.  Hageu. 

TROMBIDIUM,  species,    (p.  331.) 

Several  species  of  mites  belonging  to  this  or  allied  genera  are  found 
beneath  stones  near  high-water  mark,  or  even  running  over  the/wci  and 
rocks  near  low-water  mark,  but  it  is  uncertain  whether  they  become 
submerged  by  the  rising  tide  or  rise  on  its  surface. 

BDELLA  MARINA  Packard,  sp.  nov.  (p.  331.) 
Savin  Bock,  near  New  Haven,  under  stones  between  tides. 
"  Elongated  pyriform,  of  the  usual  form  of  the  genus,  the  body  being 
thickest  at  the  insertion  of  the  third  pair  of  legs.  Body  with  a  few  scat 
tered  hairs,  especially  toward  the  end.  Palpi  twice  as  long  as  labium, 
hairy  toward  the  tip,  four-jointed,  basal  joint  not  so  long  as  second, 
third,  and  fourth  conjointly;  second  a  third  shorter  than  third.  Mandi 
bles  very  acutely  conical,  projecting  one-fourth  their  length  beyond  the 
beak,  with  about  four  hairs  on  the  outer  side  ;  tips  very  slender  acute, 
corneous.  Legs  rather  hairy  ;  fourth  pair  but  little  longer  than  the 
others.  Claws  consisting  of  two  portions,  the  basal  much  compressed, 
subovate,  with  about  six  hairs  on  the  under  edge,  and  carrying  a  stout 
curved  claw.  Beak  half  as  long  as  the  body  is  wide.  Length  2.5mm. 

"It  differs  from  Say's  Bdella  oblonga  ('from  Georgia,  under  bark  of 
trees,'  &c.)  in  its  pyriform  shape,  the  shorter  first  joint  of  the  palpi, 
and  much  shorter  beak."  —  A.  S.  P. 


.    PIIOXICHILIDIUM  MAXILLARE  Stimpson.    Plate  VII,  fig.  35.     (p.  415.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  37,  1853. 
Common  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

PALLENE,  species,    (p.  421.) 

A  small  species,  perhaps  young,  found  upon  piles  of  the  wharf  at 
Wood's  Hole,  and  dredged  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  14  fathoms,  off  Tar 
paulin  Cove  on  Ascidians,  and  off  Holmes's  Hole  on  Hydroids  ;  also  off 
Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island,  and  New  Haven. 


[545]         INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND     ETC.       251 

CRUSTACEA. 

The  following  catalogue  of  the  Crustacea  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  S. 
I.  Smith,  excepting  the  portion  relating  to  the  Isopoda,  which  has  been 
written  by  Mr.  O.  Harger.*  The  list  is  by  no  means  complete,  even  for 
the  higher  groups  which  are  treated,  and  no  attempt  has  been  made  to 
enumerate  the  Ostracoids  and  free-swimming  Copepods.  Among  the 
Amphipods,  the  difficult  group  of  Lysianassina3  has  not  been  studied, 
as  the  species  require  careful  comparison  with  those  of  our  northern 
coast  and  of  Europe.  The  same  is  true  of  the  species  of  Ampelisca,  and 
partially  of  some  other  geneva.  In  several  cases  species  are  omitted 
which  are  as  yet  only  represented  in  our  collections  by  imperfect,  young, 
or  too  few  specimens.  The  catalogue  is  intended,  however,  to  include 
every  species  which  has  been  mentioned,  on  good  authority,  in  any  pub 
lished  work  as  inhabiting  the  southern  coast  of  New  England. 

BRACHYURA. 
GELASIMUS  MINAX  Leconte.    (p.  467.) 

Proceedings  Acad.  Nat.  ScL,  Philadelphia,  vol.  vii,  1855,  p.  403;  Smith,  Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  128,  PI.  2,  fig.  4,  PI.  4,  fig.  1,  1870. 

Southern  coast  of  New  England  to  Florida.  This  species,  the  largest 
of  our  "fiddler-crabs,"  lives  upon  salt  marshes,  usually  farther  from  the 
sea  than  the  others,  and  frequently  where  the  water  is  most  of  the  time 
nearly  fresh. 

GELASIMUS  PUGNAX  Smith,    (p.  466.) 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  131,  PL  2,  fig.  1,  PL  4,  fig.  2.  G.  vocans,  var.  A, 
De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York,  p.  14,  PL  6,  fig.  10,  1844,  (not  Cancer  vocans 
Linne.)  G.  pugilator  Leconte,  loc.  cit.,  p.  403,  (not  of  Bosc.) 

From  Cape  Cod  to  Florida,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  West  Indies. 
It  makes  its  burrows  only  upon  salt  marshes,  but  is  often  seen  in  great 
companies  wandering  out  upon  muddy  or  sandy  flats,  or  even  upon  the 
beaches  of  the  bays  and  sounds. 

GELASIMUS  PUGTILATOR  Latreille.     (p.  336.) 

Nouvean  Dictionnaire  d'Hist.  nat.,  2e  edit.,  tome  xii,  p.  520,  1817;  Smith,  Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  136,  PL  4,  fig.  7,  1870.  Ocijpode  pugilator  Bosc,  Hist.  nat. 
des  Crust.,  tome  i,  p.  167,  1820.  Gelasimus  vocans  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  14,  PL  6r 
fig.  9. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida,  upon  muddy  and  sandy  flats  and  beaches. 
OOYPODA  AIIENARIA  Say.    (pp.  337,  534.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  ScL,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  69,  1817  ;  Edwards,  Hist.  nat. 
des  Crust.,  tome  ii,  p.  44,  PL  19,  figs.  13,  14. 

This  species,  which  is  common  upon  the  sandy  beaches  from  Xew  Jer 
sey  southward,  and  which  I  have  found  upon]Fire  Island  Beach,  Long 

*  The  description  of  Scyphacella  arenkola  and  the  reference  of  Idotea  trilola  to  Epelys 
are  taken  from  Mr.  Smith's  unpublished  manuscript,  and  his  name,  therefore,  appears 
as  authority  in  these  cases. 

18  v 


252        KEPOKT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [546] 

Island,  will  very  likely  be  found  rarely  upon  the  beaches  at  Kan  tucket, 
and  on  the  southern  part  of  Cape  Cod.  It  lives  in  deep  burrows,  above 
the  reach  of  tides,  upon  sandy  beaches.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from 
the  "fiddlers'7  by  the  nearly  equal  claws  or  hands,  which  are  alike  in 
both  sexes,  and  by  its  color,  which  is  almost  exactly  like  the  sand  upon 
which  it  lives.  It  is  carnivorous  and  very  active,  running  with  great 
rapidity  when  pursued.  9 

The  synonymy  of  this  species  is  in  much  confusion,  and  I  have  not 
attempted  to  rectify  it  here,  although  there  are  apparently  several 
names  which,  antedate  that  of  Say.  The  Brazilian  species,  usually 
called  rhombea  appears  to  be  identical  with  ours,  and  if  it  is  really  the 
rhomlea  of  Fabricius,  his  name  should  undoubtedly  be  retained. 

SESARMA  RETICULATA  Say.    (p.  467.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  pp.  73, 76,  PL  4,  tig.  6, 1817  ;  p.  442, 
1818  ;  Smith,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  156. 

From  Long  Island  Sound  to  Florida,  usually  upon  salt  marshes  and 
associated  with  Gelasimus  pugnax. 

PINNIXA  CYLINDRICA  Say.    Plate  I.  fig.  1.     (p.  3G7.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  452,  1818. 

Vineyard  Sound  and  Long  Island  Sound  to  South  Carolina. 
/  PINNOTHERES  OSTREUM  Say.    Plate  I,  fig.  2,  male.    (p.  367.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  67,  PL  4,  fig.  5,  1817 ;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  12,  PL  7,  fig.  16. 

Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina. 
/  PINNOTHERES  MACULATUS  Say.    (p.  434.) 

Loc.  cit.  p.  450,  1818. 

It  lives  in  Mytilus  edulis  on  the  New  England  coast,  and  is  found  from 
Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina. 

CANCER  IRRORATUS  Say.     (pp.  312,  530.) 

LOG.  cit.,  p.  59,  PL  4,  fig.  2, 1817 ;  Stimpson,  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York, 
vol.  vii,  p.  50, 1859.  Platijcarcinus  irroratus  EcUvards,  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  torne 
i,  p.  414,  1834 ;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  PL  2,  fig.  2.  Cancer  Sayi  Gould,  Report  on  the 
Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  1st  edit.,  p.  323, 1841.  Platycarcinus  Sayi  DeKay, 
op.  cit.,  p.  7.  Cancer  borealis  Packard,  Memoirs  Boston  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  vol.  i. 
p.  303,  1867. 

Labrador  to  South  Carolina. 
CANCER  BOREALIS  Stimpson.    (pp.  486,  493.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  50,  1859.     Cancer  irroratus  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  322. 

Xova  Scotia  to  Vineyard  Sound  and  No  Man's  Land.  It  very  likelj 
occurs  both  north  and  south  of  these  limits,  as  it  seems  to  be  rare  or 
local,  and  js  often,  perhaps,  confounded  with  the  far  more  common  (7. 
irroratus,  although  it  is  a  perfectly  distinct  species. 


[547]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         253 

PANOPEUS  HERBSTII  Edwards,    (p.  472.) 

Op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  403,  1834;  Smith,  Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  xii,  p. 
276,  1859. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Brazil/ but  not  common  north  of  Xew  Jersey. 
It  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  following  species,  by  the  tubercle  on 
the  subhepatic  region,  just  below  the  first  lobe  of  the  antero-lateral 
border  of  the  carapax ;  by  the  postorbital  tooth  being  separated  from  the 
second  tooth  of  the  antero-laterar margin  by  a  rounded  sinus;  and  by 
the  dactylus  of  the  larger  cheliped  having  a  stout  tooth  near  the  base 
within. 

f  PANOPEUS  DEPRESSUS  Smith.    Plate  I,  fig.  3.     (p.  312.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  283,  1859. 

From  Cape  Cod  to  Florida,  and  often  carried  with  oysters  much 
farther  north.  It  is,  perhaps,  native  in  Massachusetts  Bay. 

,  PANOPIUS  SAYI  Smith,     (p.  312.) 

Loc.  cit,,  p.  284,  1859. 

Associated  with  the  last,  and  having  the  same  range.  It  is  easily  dis 
tinguished  from  the  last  species  by  its  narrower,  more  convex,  and 
swollen  carapax,  and  by  the  more  projecting  and  arcuate  front.  The 
terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen  of  the  male  is  also  quite  different  in 
the  two  species;  in  P.  Sayi  it  is  broader  than  the  preceding  segment, 
about  two-thirds  as  long  as  broad,  the  edges  slightly  concave,  and  the 
tip  abruptly  triangular,  while  in  P.  depressus  it  is  narrower  than  the 
preceding  segment,  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  broad,  the  edges  con 
vex,  and  the  tip  broadly  rounded. 

PANOPEUS  HARRISII  Stimpson.    (p.  313.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  55,  1859.     Piltimnns  Harrisii  Gonld,  op.  cit.,  p.  326,  1841. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida. 
..  OARCINUS  GRANULATUS  (Say,  sp.)    (p.  312.) 

Cancer  yrannlatus  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p.  61,  1817.  Cardnus  ma'nas  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p. 
321 ;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  8,  PI.  5,  figs.  5,  6.  (?)  Cardnus  mccnas  Leach,  Edwards, 
&c. 

Cape  Cod  to  Xew  Jersey,  and  perhaps  much  farther  south.  Our 
species  may,  very  likely,  be  the  same  as  the  Cardnus  mcunas  of  Europe, 
but  its  not  extending  north  on  our  own  coast  throws  some  doubt  upon 
this  until  there  has  been  a  careful  comparison  of  specimens  from  the 
two  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 

.  PLATYONICHUS  OCELLATUS  Latreille.    Plate  I,  fig.  4.     (pp.  338,  533.) 

Encyclopedic  methodiqne,  tome  xvi,  p.  152  ;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  9,  PI.  1,  tig.  1,  PI. 
5,  fig.  7.  Cancer  ocellatus  Herbst,  Krai/ben  und  Krebse,  Band  iii,  erstes  Heft, 
p.  61,  PL  49,  fig.  4,  1799.  Portunus  plcins  Say,  loe.  cit,,  p.  62,  PI.  4,  fig.  4, 
1817. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 


254        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [548] 

.  CALLINECTES  HASTATUS  Ordway.    (pp.  367,  468.) 

Boston  Journal  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vii,  p.  568,  1863.     Lupa  hastata  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p 
65,  1817.     Lupa  diacantha  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  10,  PI.  3,  fig.  3. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida,  and  occasionally  in  Massachusetts  Bay. 

j      LIBINIA   CANALICULATA  Say.      (p.  368.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  77,  PI.  4,  fig.  1,  1817;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  2,  PI.  4,  fig.  4;  Streets, 
Proceedings  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  1870,  p.  105,  1871. 

Found  as  far  north  as  Casco  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  common 
from  Massachusetts  Bay  southward,  at  least  as  far  as  Florida. 

LIBINIA  DUBIA  Edwards,     (p.  368.) 

Op.  cit.,  tome  i,  p.  300,  PI.  14  bis,  fig.  2,  1834 ;  Streets,  loc.  cit.,  p.  104. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 
I  TELIA  MUTICA  fetimpsou.     (p.  415) 

Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  vii,  p.  177,  1860.  Pisa  mutica  Gibbes, 
Proceedings  Amer.  Association  Adv.  Sci.,  3d  meeting,  p.  171,  1850. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Florida. 
I    H-YAS  COARCTATUS  Leach,     (p.  504.) 

Trans.  Linn.  Soc..  London,  vol.  xi,  p.  329,  1815.  Regne  animal  de  Cuvier,  3me 
^dit.,  PI.  '32,  fig.  3.  Lism  fissirostra  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p.  79,  1817. 

Leidy  mentions  this  species  as  having  been  found  on  the  coast  of  New 
Jersey,  and  Say  mentions  it  from  the  coast  of  Long*  Island,  but  it  seems 
to  be  rare  south  of  Cape  Cod.  It  lives  in  deep  water  from  Cape  Cod 
northward,  and  on  the  European  coast,  and  is  frequently  found  in  the 
stomachs  of  the  cod-fish. 

HETEROCRYPTA  GRANULATA  Stirnpsou,    (p.  315.) 

Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  x,  p.  102,  1871.  Cryptopodia  granulafa 
Gibbes,  loc.  cit.,  p.  173;  and  Proceedings  Elliott  Soc.,  Charleston,  vol.  i,  p.  35, 
wood  cut. 

This  species,  dredged  several  times  in  Vineyard  Sound,  was  before 
known  only  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

ANOMOURA. 

I  HIPP  A  TALPOIDA  Say.     Plate  II,  fig.  5.     (pp.  338,  530.) 
Loc.  cit,,  p.  160,  1817. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

I     EUPAGURUS  POLLIOARS  StlmpSOU.      (p.  313.) 

Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  vii,  p.  92,  1859.  Pagtirus  pollicarix 
Say,  loc.  cit,,  p.  162,  1817;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  329:  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  19,  PI.  8, 
fig.  21. 

Massachusetts  to  Florida. 
I  EUPAGURUS  BERNHARDUS  Stimpson.    (p.  501.) 

Loc.  cit,,  p.  89, 1859.  Pagurus  BemhardiiN  (Limit'  sp.,)  Fabricius,  EntomolDgia 
systeinatica,  vol.  ii,  p.  469,  1793;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  329;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  20. 


[549]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         255 

Vineyard  Sound,  &c.,  in  deep  water,  more  abundant  north  of  Cape 
Cod,  and  extending  to  Northern  Europe  on  one  side,  and  to  Puget 
Sound  on  the  other. 

EUPAGURUS  PUBESCENS  Stimpson. 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  89,  1859  ;  and  Proceedings  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  1858,  p.  237, 
1859.  Pagurus  piibescens  Kroyer,  Naturh.  Tidsskrift,  Bind  ii,  p.  251,  1838. 

This  species  has  been  taken  in  deep  water  off  the  coast  of  New  Jer 
sey,  and  will,  doubtless,  be  found  off  Long  Island  and  Vineyard  Sounds. 
It  extends  northward  to  Greenland  and  Northern  Europe. 

EUPAGURUS  LONGICARPUS  Stimpson.     (p.  339.) 

Proceedings  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  1858,  p.  237,  1859.  Pagnrus  lonyicar- 
pus  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p.  163,  1817  ;  Gonld,  op.  cit.,  p.  330  ;  DeKay,  op.  cit.,  p.  20, 
PI.  8,  fig.  22.. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  South  Carolina. 

MACROURA. 

GEBIA  AFFINIS  Say.    Plate  II,  fig.  7.     (pp.  307,  530.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  195,  1817. 
Long  Island  Sound  to  South  Carolina. 

CALLIANASSA  STIMPSONI  Smith,  sp.  nov.   Plate  II,  fig.  8.    (p.  369.) 

Carapax  smooth  and  shining.  Greater  cheliped  (fig.  8)  about  three 
times  as  long  as  the  carapax ;  carpus  and  hand  convex  on  both  sides  ; 
carpus  sometimes  considerably  longer,  sometimes  not  at  all  longer  than 
broad ;  both  fingers  of  the  same  length,  and  about  as  long  as  the  basal 
portion  of  the  dactylus ;  the  prehensile  edge  of  the  dactylus  without 
a  strong  tooth  or  tubercle  at  base.  Smaller  cheliped  about  half  as  long 
as  the  greater  ;  carpus  and  hand  about  equal  in  length ;  fingers  equal, 
slender,  as  long  as  the  basal  portion  of  the  propodus.  Abdomen  smooth 
and  shining  above,  gradually  increasing  in  breadth  to  the  fifth  segment ; 
second  segment  longest,  much  longer  than  broad ;  third  and  fifth  equal 
in  length ;  fourth  shorter,  and  sixth  a  little  longer  than  third  or  fifth ; 
telson  much  broader  than  long,  shorter  than  the  fourth  segment. 

Length  of  a  large  specimen,  61Inm;  length  of  carapax,  15;  length  of 
larger  cheliped,  44. 

In  the  character  of  the  chelipeds  this  species  seems  to  be  closely  allied 
to  C.  longimana  Stimpson,  from  Puget  Sound. 

Our  species  ranges  from  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States  north  to 
Long  Island  Sound. 

HOMARUS  AMERICANUS  Edwards,    (pp.  395,  492,  522.) 

Hist.  nat.  des.  Crust.,  tome  ii,  p.  334,  1837.  Astacus  marinus  Say,  loc.  cit. ,  p.  165, 
1817,  (not  of  Falmcius.) 

New  Jersey  to  Labrador. 


256        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [550] 

.  CKANGON  VULGARIS  Fabricius.    Plate  III,  fig.  10.    (pp.  330,  529.) 

Supplemeutum  Entornologire  system.,  p.  410,  1798.     Crangon  septemspinosus  Say, 
loc.  cit.,  p.  246,  1818. 

North  Carolina  to  Labrador  and  Europe.  In  depth  it  extends  from 
low  water  to  60  or  70  fathoms,  and  probably  much  deeper. 

I  HIPPOLYTE  PUSIOLA  Kroyer.     (p.  395.) 

Mouogruttsk  Fremstlling  Hippol.,  p.  319,  PI.  3,  figs.  69-73,  184-2. 

Vineyard  Sound  and  northward  to  Greenland  and  Europe. 

VIRBIUS  ZOSTERICOLA  Smith,  sp.  nov.  Plate  III,  fig.  11.  (p.  369.) 
/  Female :  Short  and  stout.  Rostrum  about  as  long  as  the  carapax, 
and  reaching  nearly,  or  quite,  to  the  tip  of  the  antennal  scale ;  the  upper 
edge  nearly  straight  and  unarmed,  except  by  two,  or  rarely  three,  teeth 
at  the  base ;  under  edge  with  three  (sometimes  two  or  four)  teeth  on  the 
anterior  half.  Carapax  smooth  and  armed  with  a  stout  (supra-orbital) 
spine  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the  rostrum  and  above  and  a  little 
behind  the  base  of  the  ocular  peduncle,  a  small  (antennal)  spine  on  the 
anterior  margin  beneath  the  ocular  peduncle,  and  a  stout  (hepatic)  spine 
behind  the  base  of  the  antennae  Inner  flagellum  of  the  anteunula  ex 
tending  very  slightly  beyond  the  tip  of  the  antenual  scale  ;  outer  flagel 
lum  considerably  shorter.  Abdomen  geniculated  at  the  third  segment ; 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  third  segment  prominent  above,  but  not 
acute. 

The  males  differ  from  the  females  in  being  smaller,  much  more  slen 
der,  and  in  having  the  rostrum  narrower  vertically. 

The  color  in  life  is  very  variable.  Most  frequently  the  entire  animal 
is  bright  green,  sometimes  pale,  or  even  translucent,  tinged  with  green. 
Others  were  translucent,  specked  with  reddish  brown,  and  with  a  broad 
median  band  of  dark  brown  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 

Length  of  female,  20-26mm  ;  male  15-20. 

It  is  at  once  distinguished  from  V.  pleuracanthus  Stimpsou,  to  which, 
in  many  characters,  it  is  closely  allied,  by  its  very  much  longer  rostrum. 

Among  eel-grass  about  Vineyard  Sound,  and  probably  common  at 
other  points  on  the  coast. 

Virbius  pleuramnthm  Stimpsou,  (Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New 
York,  vol.  x,  p.  127, 1871,)  abundant  upon  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  will 
very  likely  be  found  farther  north.  In  habit  it  is  similar  to  the  spe 
cies  just  described. 

.  PANDALUS  ANNULICORNIS  Leach.    Plate  II,  fig.  6.     (p.  493.) 

Malacostraca  Podophthalmata  Britannia?,  PI.  40,  1815. 

Deep  water  in  Vineyard  Sound,  off  Newport,  &c. 
North  of  Cape  Cod  it  is  common,  and  extends  to  Greenland  and  Eu 
rope.     In  depth  it  extends  down  to  430  fathoms  at  least. 

PAL^EMONETES  VULGARIS  Stimpson.    Plate  II,  tig.  9.    (pp.  479,  529.) 

Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  x,  p.  129,  1871.     Pdlcemon  vulgaris  Say, 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  224,  1818. 
Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina. 


[551]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        257 

/PEN./EUS  BRASILIENSIS  Latreille. 

Edwards,  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  torue  ii,  p.  414  ;  Gibbes,  loc.  cit.,  p.  198  ;  Stiiup- 
son,  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  x,  p.  132. 

According  to  Stimpson,  this  species  has  been  found  in  the  Croton 
Eiver  at  Sing  Sing,  New  York,  by  Professor  Baird.  It  will  therefore  be 
very  likely  to  occur  in  the  rivers  of  Southern  New  England.  It  is  com 
mon  on  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States,  and  extends  to  Brazil. 

SQUILLOIDEA. 

.  SQUILL  A  EMPUSA  Say.     (pp.  369,  53G.) 

Loc.  cit..  p.  250,  1818 ;  Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  32,  PI.  13,  fig.  54  ;  Gibbes,  Proceedings 
Amer.  Assoc.,  3d  meeting,  p.  199. 

Florida  to  Cape  Cod. 

The  young  of  this  species  is  figured  on  Plate  VIII,  fig.  30. 

MYSID.EA. 

MYSIS  STENOLEPIS  Smith,  sp.  nov.    Plate  III,  fig.  12.    (p.  370.) 

Male :  Anterior  margin  of  the  carapax  produced  into  a  very  short, 
broad,  and  obtusely  rounded  rostrum,  and  each  side  at  the  inferior  angle 
into  a  prominent,  acutely  triangular  tooth,  between  which  and  the  base 
of  the  ocular  peduncle  there  is  a  broad  and  deeply  rounded  sinus.  Pe 
duncle  of  the  auteunula  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  carapax  along  the 
dorsal  line ;  the  sexual  appendage  slender,  tapering,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  peduncle  ;  inner  flagellum  half  as  long  as  the  outer.  Antenna!  scale 
rather  longer  than  the  carapax  along  the  dorsal  line,  narrow,  about  ten 
times  as  long  as  broad,  tapering  to  a  slender  and  acute  point,  both  edges 
ciliated  and  nearly  straight ;  flagellum  about  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 
animal.  Abdomen  somewhat  geniculated  between  the  first  and  second 
segments  ;  sixth  segment  about  twice  as  long  as  the  fifth.  Appendages 
of  the  fourth  segment  reaching  nearly  to  the  distal  extremity  of  the 
sixth  segment ;  inner  ramus  slender,  slightly  longer  than  the  base  ;  outer 
ramus  naked,  composed  of  six  segments ;  the  first,  third,  and  fourth  sub- 
equal  in  length,  and  together  equaling  about  three-fourths  of  the  entire 
length;  the  second, fifth,  and  sixth  subequal;  penultimate  segment  armed 
with  a  stout  spine  on  the  outside  at  the  distal  extremity,  and  the  last 
segment  terminated  by  a  similar  spine.  Inner  lamella  of  the  appen 
dages  of  the  sixth  segment  extending  slightly  beyond  the  telson,  narrow 
and  tapering  to  an  obtuse  tip ;  outer  lamella  narrow,  linear,  about  seven 
times  as  long  as  broad,  nearly  a  third  longer  than  the  inner,  both  edges 
ciliated  and  nearly  straight,  and  the  tip  narrow  and  somewhat  truncated. 
Telson  considerably  longer  than  the  sixth  segment,  tapering  slightly, 
the  sides  nearly  straight,  and  each  armed  with  about  twenty- four  spines ; 
the  extremity  cleft  by  a  deep  sinus  rounded  at  bottom,  and  its  margins 
convex  posteriorly  and  armed  with  very  numerous  slender  spines. 

Length  of  a  male  from  tip  of  rostrum  to  extremity  of  telsou,  23.2mm$ 
length  of  carapax  along  the  dorsal  line,  6.5;  length  of  antennal  scale, 
€.7  ;  length  of  telson,  3.8.  Length  of  female,  30mm. 


258        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [552] 

The  females  differ  but  little  from  the  males  except  in  the  usual  sexual 
characters.  The  figure,  (Plate  III,  fig.  12,)  made  from  a  small  female 
specimen,  does  not  properly  represent  the  anterior  margin  of  the  cara- 
pax. 

In  life  the  young  females  are  semi-translucent,  a  spot  on  each  ocular 
peduncle,  the  peduncles  and  inner  flagella  of  the  aiitennulie,  the 
antennal  scale,  the  telson  and  caudal  lain  elite  more  or  less  blackish 
from  deposits  of  black  pigment,  while  each  segment  of  the  abdomen  is 
marked  with  a  rudely  stellate  spot  of  black. 

Large  males  of  this  species  Avere  found  in  the  autumn  among  eel- 
grass,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  the  young  abundantly  in  the 
same  situation  in  May.  Young  females  were  collected  in  abundance 
during  June  and  July,  among  the  eel-grass  in  the  shallow  bays  and 
coves  about  Vineyard  Sound,  while  adult  females,  with  the  marsupial 
pouches  filled  with  young,  were  collected,  at  Wood's  Hole,  in  abun 
dance,  April  1,  by  Mr.  Y.  N.  Edwards. 

MYSIS  AMERICANA.    Smith,  sp.  nov.     (p.  396.) 

Anterior  margin  distinctly  rostrated,  but  only  slightly  projecting  5 
evenly  rounded,  the  inferior  angle  projecting  into  a  sharp  tooth.  An- 
tennul*,  in  the  male,  with  the  densely  ciliated  sexual  appendage  similar 
to  that  in  M.  vulgaris  of  Europe ;  the  outer  flagellurn  nearly  as  long  as 
the  body,  the  inner  slightly  shorter.  Antenna!  scale  about  three-fourths 
as  long  as  the  carapax,  about  nine  times  as  long  as  broad,  tapering 
regularly  from  the  base  to  a  very  long  and  acute  tip ;  both  margins 
ciliated.  Appendages  of  the  fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen  in  the 
male  similar  to  those  in  M.  vulgar-is.  The  outer  ramus  is  slender  and 
naked,  and  its  pair  of  terminal  stylets  are  equal  in  length,  slender,  curved 
toward  the  tip,  and  the  distal  half  armed  with  numerous  short  seta3  • 
the  ultimate  segment  of  the  ramus  itself  is  little  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  stylets,  the  penultimate  segment  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  the 
terminal.  Inner  lamella  of  the  appendages  of  the  sixth  segment  about 
as  long  as  the  telson,  narrow,  slightly  broadened  at  the  base,  and  taper 
ing  to  a  slender  but  obtuse  point;  outer  lamella  once  and  a  half  as  long 
as  the  inner,  and  eight  times  as  long  as  broad,  slightly  tapering,  the  ex 
tremity  subtruncate.  Telson  triangular,  broadened  at  base,  the  lateral 
margins  slightly  convex  posteriorly,  and  armed  with  stout  spines  alter 
nating  with  intervals  of  several  smaller  ones;  the  tip  very  narrow, 
truncate,  armed  with  a  stout  spine  each  side,  and  two  small  ones  filling 
the  space  between  their  bases.  Length  10  to  1211"". 

This  species  was  found,  in  April,  at  Beesley's  Point,  New  Jersey,  in 
pools,  upon  salt-marshes,  and  at  the  same  locality  the  stomachs  of  the 
spotted  flounder  were  found  filled  with  them.  Professor  D.  0.  Eaton 
found  it  in  great  abundance  among  sea-weeds,  &c.,just  below  low- water 
mark,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  May  5,  1873.  It  was  also  taken  in 
the  dredge,  in  4  to  G  fathoms,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  in  25 


[553]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       259 

fathoms  off  Vineyard  Sound,  and  has  been  found  in  the  stomachs  of  the 
shad,  mackerel,  &c. 

HETEROMYSIS  FORMOSA  Smith,  gen.  et  sp.  nov.    (p.  396.) 

Body  rather  short  and  stout.  Carapax  broad  behind  and  tapering 
anteriorly  ;  the  anterior  margin  produced  into  an  obtusely  triangular 
rostrum.  Ocular  peduncles  short  and  thickened  nearly  to  the  base. 
Peduncle  of  the  anteimula  stout,  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  antennal 
scale 5  the  terminal  segment  in  the  male  wanting  the  usual  elongated 
sexual  process,  but  having  in  its  place  a  very  dense  tuft  of  long  hairs ; 
inner  flagellum  nearly  as  long  as  the  carapax;  outer  flagelluin  stout  at 
base  and  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  inner.  Antennal  scale  about 
three  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  broad,  not  quite  reaching  to  the  ex 
tremity  of  the  peduncle  of  the  auteunula,  ovate,  obtuse  at  the  tip,  ex 
ternal  margin  without  a  spine  antl  ciliated  like  the  inner;  peduncle 
elongated,  penultimate  segment  considerably  longer  than  the  ultimate; 
flagellum  nearly  as  long  as  the  entire  body.  Mandibles,  maxilloe,  first 
and  second  niaxillipeds,  as  in  J\lysis.  The  first  pair  of  legs  (second  pair 
of  gnathopoda)  differ  remarkably  from  those  in  all  the  described  genera 
of  Mysida?.  The  whole  leg  is  stouter  than  in  the  succeeding  pairs,  and 
the  terminal  portion,  corresponding  to  the  rnultiarticulate  portion  of  the 
inner  branch  (endopodus)  in  Mysis,  &c.,  consists  of  only  three  segments. 
including  the  terminal  claw;  the  first  of  these  segments  is  stout,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  preceding  (meral)  segment,  and  armed  with  stout 
spines  along  the  distal  portion  of  the  inner  margin ;  the  second  seg 
ment  is  very  short,  not  longer  than  broad,  and  closely  articulated  to  the 
preceding  segment  so  as  to  admit  of  very  little  motion ;  the  ultimate 
article  is  a  long,  slightly  curved  claw,  freely  articulated  to  the  preceding 
segment.  In  the  five  posterior  pairs  of  legs  the  terminal  portion  of  the 
inner  branch  is  multiarticulate  as  in  Mysis,  in  the  first  composed  of  five 
segments,  besides  a  stout  terminal  claw  like  that  in  the  preceding  pair, 
and  in  the  four  remaining  pairs  of  six  segments  and  a  slender  terminal 
claw.  The  exopodal  branches  of  all  the  legs  are  well  developed. 

Abdomen  a  little  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  carapax,  the  sixth 
segment  a  little  longer  than  the  fifth.  The  appendages  of  the  first  five 
segments  alikein  both  sexes ;  short,  rudimentary,  and  like  the  same  appen 
dages  in  the  female  My  sis.  Inner  lamella  of  the  sixth  segment  projecting 
very  slightly  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  telsou,  broad,  ovate;  outer 
lamella  only  a  little  longer  than  the  inner,  about  two- sevenths  as  long 
as  broad,  inner  margin  quite  convex,  outer  very  slightly,  tip  rounded. 
Telson  short,  broad  at  base,  and  narrowed  rapidly  toward  the  extremity, 
the  width  at  base  .about  two-thirds  the  length,  at  the  extremity  only  a 
third  as  wide  as  at  base ;  the  lateral  margins  each  armed  with  twelve 
to  fourteen  spines,  which  increase  in  size  distally,  and  a  very  long  ter 
minal  spine;  the  posterior  margins  cleft  by  a  sinus  deeper  than  broad, 
and  armed  with  numerous  small  spines. 


r 


260        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND  FISHERIES.       [554] 

In  life  the  males  are  semitranslucent  and  nearly  colorless,  while  in  the 
females  the  antennulae,  the  flagella  of  the  antennae,  the  ocular  pedun 
cles,  the  thorax  with  the  marsupial  pouch,  and  the  articulations  of  the 
-caudal  appendages  are  beautiful  rose  color. 

Length  of  a  male,  6.0inm ;  carapax  along  the  dorsal  line,  1.8 ;  antenual 
scale.  0.70;  telson,  0.90.  Length  of  a  female,  8.5mm;  carapax,  2.5;  an- 
tennal  scale,  0.88  ;  telson,  1.16. 

The  absence  of  the  sexual  appendages  from  the  anteunulne  of  the  male, 
the  peculiar  structure  of  the  anterior  legs,  and  the  similarity  of  the 
abdominal  appendages  in  the  two  sexes,  at  once  separate  the  genus 
Heteromysis  from  all  known  allied  genera. 

TIIYSANOPODA,  species.     (452.) 

A  great  number  of  small  specimens  were  taken  from  the  stomach  of 
mackerel  caught  twenty  miles  off  Xo  Man's  Laud,  July  18,  1871. 

Several  were  also  caught  swimming  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound, 
April  30,  1873,  by  Y.  N.  Edwards. 

A  single  specimen  of  a  species  apparently  the  same  as  this  was  taken 
•at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  May  5,  1873,  by  Professor  D.  C.  Eaton. 

CUMACEA. 

DIASTYLIS  QUADRISPINOSA,  G.  O.  Sars.    Plate  III,  tig.  13.     (p.  507.) 

Ofversiglit  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  1871,  Stockholm,  p.  72. 

Dredged  in  23  fathoms  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and  in  29  fathoms  of 
Buzzard's  Bay.  It  is  also  found  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Sars's  specimens 
were  dredged  by  the  Josephine  expedition  in  18  fathoms  off  Skiunecock 
Bay,  Long  Island,  and  in  30  to  35  fathoms,  latitude  39°  54'  north,  lon 
gitude  73°  15'  west,  off  the  coast  of  Xew  Jersey. 

Our  specimens  agree  well  with  Sars's  description,  except  that  the  sec 
ond  segment  of  the  inner  ram  us  of  the  lateral  caudal  appendages  has 
but  three,  or  rarely  four,  spines  upon  the  inner  margin,  while  in  Sars's 
specimens  there  were  five. 

DIASTYLIS  SCULPTA  Sars. 

LOG.  cit.,  p.  71. 

With  the  last  species,  in  18  fathoms,  off  Skinnecock  Bay,  according  to 
Sars. 

DIASTYLIS  ABBREVIATA  Sars. 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  74. 

Rare  in  30  to  35  fathoms,  off  the  coast  of  ^ew  Jersey,  with  the 
first  species,  (Sars.) 

EUDORELLA  PUS1LLA   Sars. 
Loc.  cit.,  p.  79. 

iN"ot  infrequent  in  18  fathoms,  off  Skinnecock  Bay,  (Sars.) 


[555]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        261 

EUDORELLA  HISPIDA  SarS. 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  80. 

Bare  in  30  to  35  fathoms,  with  the  other  species  mentioned,  off  the 
coast  of  New  Jersey,  (Sars.) 

AMPHIPODA. 

ORCHESTIA  AGKLLIS  Smith,  sp.  nov.    Plate  IT,  fig.  14.    (p.  314.) 

Male  :  Autennula  not  quite  reaching  the  distal  extremity  of  the 
penultimate  segment  of  the  antenna;  second  and  third  segments  of 
the  peduncle  about  equal  in  length,  and  each  slightly  longer  than  the 
first  j  flagellum  about  as  long  as  the  two  last  segments  of  the  peduncle. 
Antenna  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  segments  of  the  peduncle 
stout  and  swollen,  the  ultimate  longer  than  the  penultimate  ;  flagellum 
stout,  compressed  vertically,  much  shorter  than  the  peduncle,  composed 
of  twelve  to  fifteen  segments.  Propodus  in  the  second  pair  of  legs 
short  and  thickened  laterally,  the  palmary  margin  with  a  small  promi 
nence  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  posterior  angle,  behind  which  the  tip  of 
the  dactylus  closes,  and  along  the  inner  edge,  inside  the  dactylus,  with 
a  thin  ridge,  which  is  broken  by  a  small  notch  near  the  posterior  angle, 
so  that  the  margin  when  viewed  laterally  shows  a  broad  lobe  next  the 
base  of  the  dactylus  and  two  small,  rounded  lobes  next  the  posterior 
angle,  the  tip  of  the  dactylus  resting  between  the  small  lobes ;  dactylus 
slender,  curved  so  as  to  fit  closely  the  palmary  margin,  and  furnished 
with  very  minute  setre  along  the  prehensile  margin.  Posterior  thoracic 
legs  slightly  longer  than  the  preceding;  carpus  in  full-grown  specimens 
short,  much  swollen,  and  thickened  so  as  to  be  nearly  cylindrical. 

Female :  Carpus  and  hand  in  the  second  pair  of  legs  unarmed  ;  pro- 
podus  short,  slightly  spatulate  in  outline,  with  a  pair  of  minute  seta3  at 
the  base  of  the  dactylus,  which  is  very  short,  not  reaching  the  extremity 
of  the  propodus. 

Length :  male,  10-15111111 ;  female,  10-14. 

Bay  of  Fundy  to  New  Jersey. 

ORCHESTIA  PALUSTRIS  Smith,  sp.  nov.    (p.  408.) 

Male :  Antennulre  reaching  slightly  beyond  the  distal  extremity  of 
the  penultimate  segment  of  the  peduncle  of  the  antennae.  Antennae 
less  than  half  as  long  as  the  body ;  peduncle  slender ;  flagellum  slen 
der,  longer  than  the  peduncle,  composed  of  eighteen  to  twenty-six  seg 
ments.  Propodus  in  the  second  pair  of  legs  nearly  oval  in  outline,  the 
palmary  margin  spiuous,  regularly  curved  to  the  posterior  angle,  which 
projects  on  the  outer  edge  in  a  slight,  rounded  prominence,  within  which 
the  tip  of  the  dactylus  closes  ;  dactylus  slender,  curved  so  as  to  nearly 
fit  the  palmary  margin,  and  furnished  with  minute  setue  along  the  pre 
hensile  margin.  Posterior  thoracic  legs  slightly  longer  than  the  pre 
ceding  ;  carpus  and  propodus  both  long  and  slender. 

The  female  differs  from  the  male  as  in  the  last  species. 

Length,  male,  15-22mm ;  female,  12-1S111111. 

Cape  Cod  to  Kew  Jersey,  and  verv  likelv  farther  north  and  south. 


262        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [556} 

TALORCHESTIA  LONGICORNIS  Smith,    (p.  336.) 

Talitrus  longicornis  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p,  384,  1818.  Orcliestia  Jongicornis  Edwards, 
His.  nat.  des.  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  18,  1840;  De  Kay,  op.  cit.,  p.  36,  PI.  7,  fig.  19. 

Cape  Cod  to  New  Jersey,  and  probably  farther  south. 
TALORCHESTIA  MEGALOPHTHALMA  Smith,    (p.  33C.) 

Orchestia  megalophtlialma  Bate,  Catalogue  Ampliip.  Crust.,  British  Museum,  p.  22, 
1862. 

Cape  Cod  to  New  Jersey,  and  probably  farther  south. 

Talitrus  quadrifidus,  De  Kay,  (op.  cit.,  p.  36,  PI.  14,  fig.  27,)  may  be 
based  on  the  female  of  one  of  the  preceding  species,  but  it  so  is  badly 
described  and  figured  as  to  be  indeterminable. 

HYALE  LITTORALIS  Smith,    (p.  315.) 

Allorchestes  littoralis  Stirnpson,  Marine  Invertebrata  of  Graud  Manan,  p.  49.,  PI.  3, 
fig.  36,  1853;  Bate,  Catalogue  Ampbip.  Crust.,  British  Museum,  p.  48,  PI.  8,  fig. 
2, 1862. 

This  species  was  found  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut.,  by  Professor 
Verrill,  May  5,  1873,  and  is  one  of  the  inhabitants  of  rocky  shores,  piles 
of  wharves,  &c.  I  have  found  it  at  Provincetown,  Massachusetts,  and 
it  is  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  It  is  undoubtedly  abundant  on  the 
whole  New  England  coast,  but  its  station  upon  the  shore  is  so  high  up 
on  the  beach  that  it  is  likely  to  be  overlooked. 

LYSIANASSA,  species,    (p.  431.) 

A  species  of  this  genus,  as  restricted  by  Boeck,  was  several  times 
dredged  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay. 

Several  other  species  of  Lysianassince  were  taken  in  Vineyard  Sound 
and  the  neighboring  region,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  sufficiently 
studied  to  be  enumerated.  The  species  of  this  group  are  much  less 
common  and  the  individuals  smaller  on  the  coast  of  Southern  New  Eng- 
and  than  they  are  upon  the  coast  of  Maine  and  farther  north. 

LEPIDACTYLIS  DYTISCUS  Say.    (p.  339.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  380,  1818. 

Georgia  to  Cape  Cod. 
PHOXUS  KROYERI  Stimpsou.    (p.  501.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  58,  1853. 

Kare  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  usually  in  deep  water.  Common  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy. 

UROTHOE,  species,    (p.  452.) 

A  species  with  long,  slender  antenme  and  very  large  black  eyes, 
and  apparently  belonging  to  this  genus,  was  taken  in  great  numbers  at 
the  surface  at  Wood's  Hole,  on  the  evening  of  July  3,  and  on  one  or 
two  other  occasions.  In  life  it  was  whitish,  slightly  tinged  with  orange- 
yellow. 

MONOCULODES,  species,    (p.  452.) 

A  single  specimen  taken  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound,  December 
21,  by  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards. 


[557]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC*         263 

LAPHYSTIUS  STURIONIS  Kroyer.    (p.  457.) 

Nat.  Tidsskrift,  vol.  iv,  p.  157, 1842.  Darwinia  compressa  Bate,  Report  Brit.  Assoc., 
1855,  p.  58 ;  Catalogue  Ampbip.  Crust.,  Brit.  Mus.,  p,  108,  PL  17,  fig.  7  ;  Bate 
and  Westwood,  Brit.  Sessile-eyed  Crust,  vol.  i,  p.  184,  wood  cut. 

A  parasitic  amphipod,  apparently  quite  identical  with  this  species  of 
Europe,  was  found  in  the  mouth  of  a  goose-fish  (Lophius  Americanus] 
taken  in  Vineyard  Sound.  A  species,  apparently  the  same,  was  also 
taken  from  the  back  of  a  skate  (Kaia  lewis)  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  the 
past  summer.  It  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  broad  depressed  form, 
and  by  having  the  third  to  fifth  pairs  of  legs  very  stout  and  their  distal 
segments  forming  powerful  talon-like  claws,  while  the  first  and  second 
pairs  are  small  and  slender. 

CALLIOPIUS  L^VIUSCULUS  Boeck.    (p.  315.) 

Crust.  Ampbipoda  borealia  et  arctica,  p.  117,  1870.  Amphithoe  Icvvinscula  Kroyer 
Gronlands  Amtipoder,  p.  53,  PI.  3.  fig.  13,  1838.  Calliope  Icevinsoula  Bate,  Cata 
logue  Ampbip.  Crust.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  148,  PI.  28,  fig.  2, 1862 ;  Bate  and  Westwood, 
op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  p.  156,  wood  cut. 

Vineyard  Sound  and  northward  to  Greenland,  Northern  Europe,  and 
Spitzbergen. 

PONTOGrENEIA  INERMIS  Boeck.     (p.  452.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  114,  1870.  Amphithoe  inermis  and  crenulata,  Kroyer,  Gronlaiids  Am- 
fipoder,  pp.  47,  50,  PI.  3,  figs.  11,  12,  1838.  Iphimeclia  vulgaris  Stimpsoii, 
Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Mauan,  p.  53,  1853.  Atylus  inermis,  crenulatus, 
and  t'M^am  Bate,  Catalogue  Ampbip.  Crust.  Brit.  Mus.,  pp.  138,  139,  142,  PI.  27, 
figs.  5,6, 1862.  Atylus  vulgaris  Packard,  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
i,  p.  298,  1867.  (Not  Atylus  (Paramphitoe)  inermis  Packard,  loc.  cit.,  p.  298,  PL 
8,  fig.  3.) 

Taken  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  March,  by  Mr.  V.  N.  Ed 
wards.  It  is  abundant,  in  company  with  Calllopius  Icuviusculus,  about 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  in  pools  left  by  the  tide,  and 'ranges  north  to  Labra 
dor  and  Greenland. 

GAMMARUS  ORNATUS  Edwards.    Plate  IV,  fig.  15.    (p.  314.) 

Ann  ales  des  Sci.  nat.,  tome  xx,  1830,  p.  367,  PL  10,  figs.  1-10 ;  Hist.  nat.  des 
Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  47;  Bate,  op.  cit.,  p.  212,  PL  37,  fig.  8.  Gammarus  locusta 
Gould,  op.  cit.,  p. 334.  Gammarmpu-lex  Stimpson,  Marine  Invert.  Grand  Mauau, 
p.  55. 

New  Jersey  to  Greenland. 

GAMMARUS  ANNULATUS  Smith,  sp.  uov.    (p.  o!4.) 

Anterior  margin  of  the  head  produced  each  side  beneath  the  an  ten - 
uulae  into  a  truncated  lobe,  which  extends  farther  forward  than  in  G. 
ornatus;  eyes  scarcely  reniform,  less  elongated  than  in  G.  ornatusyaiid 
their  lower  margins  not  reaching,  by  considerable,  the  anterior  border 
of  the  truncated  lobe.  Antennas  longer  than  the  antenuulas ;  the  ulti 
mate  segment  of  the  peduncle  longer  than  the  penultimate ;  the  flagel- 
lum  much  more  slender,  the  segments  more  elongated  and  with  fewer 
hairs,  than  in  G.  ornatus.  Hands  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  more  elongated 
than  in  G.  ornatus,  and  the  palmary  margins  very  oblique.  Propodus  in 


264       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [558} 

the  second  pair  very  narrow  and  elongated,  subcyliudrical,  slightly 
flattened  on  the  inner  side,  the  palmary  margin  longitudinal,  and  scarcely 
distinct  from  the  posterior  margin.  Fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen 
with  a  median  fascicle  of  two  large  and  two  small  spines,  but  no  lateral 
fascicles.  Fifth  and  sixth  segments  with  both  median  and  lateral 
fascicles  of  spines. 

Color  in  life  grayish  white,  the  posterior  margins  of  the  segments 
bordered  with  brown,  giving  the  body  an  annnlated  appearance. 

Length,  12-18mm. 

Xew  Haven.  Connecticut,  and  East-port,  Maine,  and  doubtless  abundant 
at  other  points  on  the  coast. 

This  species  closely  resembles  the  fresh- water  G.  fasciatus,  but  is 
distinguished  from  it  by  the  proportions  of  the  segments  of  the  pedun 
cles  of  the  antennae,  and  by  wanting  the  lateral  fascicles  of  spines  upon 
the  fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen. 

GAM3IARUS  NATATOR  Smith,  Sp.  UOV.     (p.  439.) 

Male :  Eyes  large,  enlongated,  but  only  slightly  reuiform.  Anten- 
uula  short  and  stout,  about  three-sevenths  as  long  as  thabody ;  flagellum 
but  little  longer  than  the  peduncle ;  secondar}7  flagellum  nearly  half  as 
long  as  the  primary.  Antenna  considerably  longer  than  the  antennula; 
penultimate  segment  of  the  peduncle  reaching  to  the  extremity  of  the 
peduncle  of  the  antennula ;  ultimate  segment  of  the  peduncle  longer 
than  the  penultimate;  flagellum  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  pedun 
cle.  Both  antennulie  and  antennae  are  furnished  with  very  long  hairs, 
of  which  many  on  the  antennulae  are  plumose.  First,  second,  and  third 
epimera  margined  on  the  inferior  edges  with  long  cilia.  First  pair  of 
legs  more  slender  than  the  second ;  propodus  oval,  twice  as  long  as- 
broad,  palmary  margin  continuous  with  the  inferior,  with  a  very  narrow 
lamellar  edge,  a  stout  obtuse  spine  in  the  middle,  and  two  smaller  ones 
at  the  inferior  angle ;  dactylus  strongly  curved.  In  the  second  pair  the 
propodus  is  more  than  half  as  broad  as  long,  and  somewhat  rectangular 
in  outline,  except  that  the  palmary  margin  is  slightly  oblique ;  the  pal 
mary  margin  has  a  narrow  lamellar  edge,  with  a  slight  emargination  in 
the  middle,  from  which  a  stout  obtuse  spine  arises,  and  at  the  inferior 
angle  there  are  two  or  three  smaller  spines,  as  in  the  first  pair.  The 
inferior  edges  of  the  carpi  and  propodi  of  both  pairs  of  legs  are  thickly 
clothed  with  long  hairs.  Xatatory  [legs  reaching  to  the  tips  of  the 
telson.  Second  and  third  segments  of  the  abdomen  with  the  sides 
produced  backward,  and  the  postero-inferior  angle  acute.  Fourth 
segment  with  only  a  median  fascicle  of  spines ;  fifth  and  sixth 
segments  with  median  and  lateral  fascicles.  Kami  of  the  posterior 
caudal  stylets  lanceolate,  five  or  six  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  outer 
extending  beyond  the  inner  by  the]length  of  its  terminal  article,  which 
is  very  slender,  almost  spiniform,  the  edges  of  both  rami  clothed  with 
long  plumose  hairs.  Each  division  of  the  telson  nearly  three  times  as. 
long  as  broad. 


[559]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        265 

In  the  female  the  hands  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  of  legs  are 
smaller  and  slenderer,  and  the  propodi  somewhat  oval  and  nearly  alike 
in  both  pairs ;  otherwise  the  females  do  not  differ  from  the  males,  except 
that  the  rami  of  the  posterior  caudal  stylets  are, 'perhaps,  a  very  little 
shorter  and  broader  in  proportion. 

Length,  10-12—. 

Vineyard  Sound,  in  vast  numbers  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  usually 
among  floating  sea- weeds  and  eel-grass.  Also  from  stomach  of  mackerel, 
May  20. 

GAMMAKUS  MARINUS  Leach,    (p.  486.) 

Trails.  Linuean  Soc.,  London,  vol.  xi,  p.  359,  1815;  Bate,  Catalogue  Amphip. 
Crust.,  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  '215,  PI.  38,  fig.  4  ;  Bate  and  Westwood,  Brit.  Sessile-eyed 
Crust.,  vol.  i,  p.  370,  wood-cut. 

A  species  which  I  cannot  distinguish,  by  the  published  figures  and 
descriptions,  from  this  common  species  of  Europe,  was  not  uncommon, 
associated  with  Amphithoe  maculata,  under  stones  at  the  Wepecket 
Islands,  Gull  Island,  Cuttyhunk  Island,  and  at  other  places  on  Vine 
yard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay.  It  has  also  been  found  at  Watch  Hill, 
Rhode  Island,  and  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  by  Professor  Verrill. 
It  is  at  once  distinguished  from  all  the  other  species  of  our  coast  by  its 
slender  form,  slender  antennae,  by  having  the  sides  of  the  second  and 
third  segments  of  the  abdomen  narrow  and  not  produced  or  acute  at  the 
postero-inferior  angle,  and  by  having  the  outer  rami  of  the  posterior 
caudal  stylets  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  the  inner. 

GAMMABUS  MUCKONATUS  Say.    (p.  479.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p,  376,  1818;  De  Kay,  op.  cit.,  p.  37.     Gammamcanthus  mucronatus  Bate,, 
op.  cit,,  p.  203. 

Readily  distinguished  from  the  other  species  of  the  coast  by  having 
the  posterior  margin  of  each  of  the  anterior  segments  of  the  abdomen 
produced  into  a  slender,  spiniform,  dorsal  tooth.  In  life,  it  is  translu 
cent,  tinged  with  green,  or  yellowish  green,  minutely  specked  with  brown 
or  black;  these  black  or  brown  markings  and  the  green  color  being  fre 
quently  so  arranged  as  to  give  the  antenna  and  legs  a  banded  appear 
ance.  Our  species  cannot  be  referred  to  Bate's  genus  Gammar  acanthus  r 
for  the  dorsal  margin  is  not  distinctly  cariuated,  and  the  third,  fourth,, 
and  fifth  segments  of  the  abdomen  are  furnished  with  fascicles  of  spines. 

Usually  iu  brackish  water,  North  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod,  and,  accord 
ing  to  Say,  from  Florida  also. 

MCERA  LEVIS  Smith,  sp.  uov.    (p.  315.) 

Eyes  nearly  round;  black  in  alcoholic  specimens.  Anteunula  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  body ;  first  and  second  segments  of  the  peduncle 
equal  in  length,  third  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  second ;  flagelluni 
about  as  long  as  the  peduncle.  Antenna  about  as  long  as  the  peduncle 
of  the  autenimla ;  ultimate  and  penultimate  segments  equal  in  length, 
antepenultimate  very  short ;  flagelluin  much  shorterthan  the  peduncle. 
Legs  of  the  first  pair  small ;  carpus  as  broad  as  the  propodus,  but  little 


266       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [560] 

longer  than  broad,  the  posterior  margin  straight  and  furnished  with  fas 
cicles  of  stout  hairs ;  palmary  margin  nearly  transverse,  slightly  arcuate, 
and  armed  with  short  setie ;  dactylus  slender  and  fitting  closely  the  pal 
mary  margin.  Legs  of  the  second  pair  larger;  carpus  short,  as  broad 
as  the  base  of  the  propodus,  the  posterior  angle  thickly  clothed  with 
stout  hairs  ;  propodus  in  the  male  stout,  broadest  distally,  the  palmary 
margin  expanded  toward  the  inferior  angle  and  excavated  on  the  inner 
side  to  receive  the  long  and  strongly  curved  dactylus  ;  in  the  female, 
elongated,  slightly  narrowed  distally,  the  posterior  margin  continuous 
and  nearly  parallel  with  the  palmary,  and  furnished  with  fascicles  of 
stout  hairs.  Fifth  pair  of  legs  but  little  longer  than  the  third  or  fourth : 
sixth  and  seventh  much  longer  than  the  fifth,  subequal,  stout,  their 
meral  and  carpal  segments  considerably  expanded,  especially  in  the  male. 
Ultimate  caudal  stylets  projecting  a  little  beyond  the  preceding  pairs  ; 
rami  short,  broad,  and  with  spiuous  tips ;  the  outer  ramus  slightly  longer 
and  broader  than  the  inner,  and  its  outer  margin  armed  with  a  very  few 
fascicles  of  spinules.  Telson  reaching  to  the  bases  of  the  rami  of  the 
posterior  caudal  stylets,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  and  cleft  two-thirds  of 
the  way  to  the  base. 

Length,  5-7lllm. 

New  Jersey,  Long  Island  Sound,  Vineyard  Sound. 

MELITA  NITIDA  Smith,  sp.  uov.    (p.  314.) 

Eyes  small,  round,  black.  Antennula  about  two- thirds  as  long  as 
the  body ;  first  segment  of  the  peduncle  slightly  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  last;  flagelluni  longer  than  the  pe 
duncle.  Antenna  shorter  than  the  antennula,  but  the  peduncle  consid 
erably  longer  than  the  peduncle  of  the  antennula,  the  penultimate  seg 
ment  being  scarcely  shorter  than  the  penultimate  segment  of  the  au- 
tennula,  while  the  ultimate  segment  is  subequal  with  it.  First  pair  of 
legs  with  the  carpus  longer  and  broader  than  the  propodus;  propodus 
oblong,  slightly  curved ;  dactylus  very  small  but  stout,  curved,  and  at 
tached  in  a  notch  in  the  middle  of  the  extremity  of  the  propodus,  not 
closing  upon  the  extremity  of  the  propodus  but  projecting  inward* 
Second  pair  of  legs  stout;  carpus  short,  triangular;  propodus  some, 
what  oval,  the  palmary  margin  oblique,  arcuate,  continuous  with  the 
posterior  margin,  and  armed  with  a  series  of  minute  spines  and  with 
numerous  stiff  hairs,  the  clothing  of  hairs  continuing  round  upon  the 
posterior  margin  to  the  carpus;  dactylus  curved,  tip  resting  within  the 
palmary  margin.  Third  pair  of  legs  slightly  longer  than  the  fourth. 
Three  posterior  pairs  slender,  the  fifth  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sixth 
and  seventh,  which  are  subequal,  and  have  the  anterior  margins  of  the 
bases  armed  with  small  spines  and  the  posterior  margins  minutely  ser 
rate.  None  of  the  dorsal  margins  of  the  segments  of  the  abdomen  ser 
rate  or  emarginate,  but  the  margin  of  the  fifth  segment  armed  with 
several  slender  spines  on  each  side  near  the  median  line  of  the  dorsum. 
Penultimate  caudal  stylets  not  quite  reaching  the  tip  of  the  preceding 


[561]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        267 

pair.    The  ultimate  pair  very  long  and  armed  with  fascicles  of  spines 
along  the  margins.     Divisions  of  the  telson  slender,  spinous  at  the  tips- 

In  life  dark  greenish  slate-color,  changing  in  alcohol  to  dark  slate. 

Length,  7-9mm. 

New  Jersey  to  Cape  Cod. 

AMPELISCA.    Plate  IV,  lig.  17.     (pp.  431,  507.) 

The  species  of  this  genns  found  upon  our  coast  have  not  yet  been 
carefully  studied.  At  least  two  species  were  taken  in  Vineyard  Sound 
and  Buzzard's  Bay.  The  genus  is  readily  recognized,  but  the  species 
are  difficult  to  distinguish. 

BYBLTS  SERRATA  Smith,  sp.  nov.    (p.  501.) 

Female :  Dorsum  rounded  above,  with  no  trace  of  a  longitudinal  carina 
upon  the  abdomen  5  third  segment  of  the  abdomen  broadly  rounded  at 
the  postero-lateral  angle.  Autennula  about  as  long  as  the  peduncle  of 
the  antenna ;  fourth  segment  of  the  peduncle  of  the  antenna  longer  than 
the  fifth.  Inferior  margins  of  the  epimera  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  of 
legs  serrate,  with  slender  and  acute  teeth  alternating  with  the  marginal 
cilia;  carpus  in  the  first  pair  scarcely  if  any  longer  than  the  propadus- 
carpus  in  the  second  pair  very  much  longer  than  the  propodus.  In  the 
third  and  fourth  pairs  of  legs  the  dactylus  as  longas  the  propodus.  Basal 
segment  in  the  seventh  pair  of  legs  expanding  distally,  the  posterior 
margin  nearly  straight,  the  anterior  and  inferior  margins  evenly  arcuated, 
and  reaching  as  far  as  the  distal  end  of  the  carpus;  carpus  about  as  long- 
as  the  ischitun  and  merus  together,  a  little  less  than  twice  as  long  as 
broad,  and  armed  with  long  spines  upon  the  anterior  and  distal  margins, 
but  the  posterior  margin  wholly  unarmed ;  propodus  almost  as  long  as 
the  carpus,  and  nearly  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  anterior  margin  un 
armed,  the  posterior  armed  upon  the  outside  with  two  transverse  rows 
of  three  or  four  spines,  decreasing  in  size  as  they  recede  from  the  mar 
gin,  the  distal  end  with  a  spine  each  side  the  slender  dactylus.  Kami 
of  the  first  pair  of  caudal  stylets  equal,  as  long  as  the  base;  outer  raini 
of  the  second  pair  shorter  than  the  inner;  rami  of  the  posterior  pair 
equal,  longer  than  the  bases,  reaching  to  the  tips  of  tke  rami  of  the  first 
pair,  Telson  as  long  as  the  breadth  at  base,  cleft  rather  more  than  half 
its  length,  the  lateral  margins  arcuate,  and  rapidly  converging  toward 
the  evenly  rounded  extremity. 

Alcoholic  specimens  are  pale  yellowish,  the  epimera,  bases  of  the  pos 
terior  legs,  and  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  specked  and  mottled  with 
numerous  points  of  dark  pigment  crowded  irregularly  together. 

Length,  10-12nmi. 

Deep  water  off  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay. 

PTILOCIIEIRUS  PINGUIS  Stimpson.    (p.  431.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  56,  1853.     Protomcdia   pingus  Bate, 
Catalogue  Amphip.  Crnst.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  170,  PI.  31,  fig.  2,  1862. 

Common  on  the  whole  coast  of  New  England  upon  muddy  bottoms 
19  v 


268      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [562] 

and  north  to  Labrador.     In  depth  it  extends  down   to  150  fathoms, 
and  probably  much  farther. 

MICRODETJTOPUS  MINAX  Smith,  sp.  nov.      (p.  470.) 

Antennula  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  body;  first  segment  of  the 
peduncle  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  head ;  second  segment  a  little 
longer  and  much  more  slender;  third  segment  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
first;  flagellum  slender,  about  a  third  longer  than  the  peduncle;  second 
ary  flagellum  very  small,  consisting  usually  of  but  one  segment.  An 
tenna  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  antennula;  ultimate  and  penul 
timate  segments  of  the  peduncle  equal  in  length,  and  each  fully  twice  as 
long  as  the  antepenultimate;  flagellum  scarcely  as  long  as  the  last  seg 
ment  of  the  peduncle.  Hands  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  in  the  male  greatly 
developed;  carpus  very  large,  scarcely  longer  than  the  breadth  in  the 
middle  ;  superior  margin  strongly  arcuate,  the  inferior  angle  produced 
into  a  stout  process  opposed  to  the  propodus,  and  the  inferior  margin 
arcuate  and  armed  distally  with  two  teeth,  a  large  and  prominent  one  at 
the  base  of  the  terminal  process,  the  other  small,  obtuse,  or  even  obso 
lete;  propodus  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  carpus,  much  longer 
than  broad,  the  inferior  margin  with  two  broad  obtuse  teeth ;  dactylus 
stout,  a  little  shorter  than  the  propodus.  Legs  of  the  second  pair  with 
the  basal  segment  broad  and  squamiform;  carpus  elongated;  propodus 
as  long  as  the  carpus  and  as  broad  as  its  distal  portion,  rectangular, 
about  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  broad;  dactylus  short  and  hooked 
at  the  tip.  In  the  female  the  hands  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  are  only 
moderately  developed ;  carpus  broad ;  propodus  scarcely  as  broad  as 
the  carpus,  rectangular,  the  palmary  margin  somewhat  oblique,  and  the 
inferior  margin  armed  with  a  spine  at  the  obtusely  rounded  inferior 
angle.  In  the  second  pair  the  basal  segment  is  not  expanded  but  narrow  j 
the  carpus  and  propodus  much  as  in  the  male,  except  that  they  are 
clothed  with  numerous  long,  plumose  hairs.  The  bases  of  the  first  and 
second  pairs  of  caudal  stylets  are  armed  with  a  long,  slender,  spiniform 
process,  arising  from  the  distal  end  just  below  the  bases  of  the  rami. 
The  outer  rami  of  the  posterior  stylets  are  a  little  longer  than  the  inner. 
All  the  stylets  extend  to  the  same  point. 

Length,  about  4mm. 

Long  Island  Sound  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

Another  species  of  Microdeutopus  was  collected  in  Vineyard  Sound, 
but  it  was  not  abundant. 

ATJTONOE,  species,    (p.  415.) 

A  species  belonging  apparently  in  this  genus,  as  defined  by  Boeck, 
was  common  in  Vineyard  Sound,  living  in  tubes  in  masses  of  a  compound 
Ascidian  (Amouroucium  pellucidum  Verrill)  in  3  to  8  fathoms.  It  is  6  or 
7mm  in  length,  and  in  life  the  antennuhe  and  antenna)  are  obscurely 
banded  and  specked  with  pink;  the  body  above,  except  upon  the  fifth 
segment  and  the  posterior  part  of  the  abdomen,  is  almost  black,  the 


[563]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        269 

color  extending  down  upon  the  epimera,  while  the  legs  and  caudal  ap 
pendages  are  semi- translucent.    The  eyes  are  large  and  black. 

AMPHITHOE  MACULATA  Stimpson.    Plate  IV,  fig.  16.    (p.  315.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  53,  1853. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Labrador. 

AMPHITHOE  VALID  A  Smith,  sp.  nov.     (p.  315.) 

Male :  Eyes  round,  black  in  alcoholic  specimens.  Antennuloe  and 
an  tenure  subequal  in  length.  Peduncle  of  the  anteunula  extending 
scarcely  beyond  the  distal  extremity  of  penultimate  segment  of  the 
peduncle  of  the  antenna;  the  second  segment  but  little  longer  than  the 
first;  ultimate  segment  short  and  slender.  Ultimate  and  penultimate 
segments  of  the  peduncle  of  the  antenna  subequal  in  length.  First 
pair  of  legs  short,  compressed  ;  carpus  as  broad  as  the  propodus  ;  pro- 
podus  broad,  oval  in  outline,  the  posterior  and  palmary  margins  forming 
a  continuous,  nearly  semicircular  curve;  dactylus  fitting  closely  the  pal 
mary  margin.  Second  pair  of  legs  very  large;  carpus  small;  propodus 
oblong,  broadest  at  the  distal  extremity,  very  large  and  thickened,  the 
outer  surface  convex,  the  inner  flattened,  palmary  margin  transverse, 
with  a  broad,  low,  median  tooth,  and  a  rounded  prominence  at  the  in 
ferior  angle,  within  which  the  tip  of  the  very  stout  and  strongly  curved 
dactylus  closes. 

The  female  differs  in  having  the  hands  of  the  first  pair  of  legs  slightly 
more  elongated,  and  those  of  the  second  pair  smaller  than  in  the  male, 
and  the  palmary  margin  slightly  oblique. 

Color  in  life,  bright  green. 

Length,  10-13mm. 

Xew  Jersey  and  Long  Island  Sound. 

AMPHITHOE  LONGTMANA  Smith,  sp.  nov.    (p.  370.) 

Male :  Eyes  round,  and,  in  specimens  preserved  in  alcohol,  black. 
Autennula  slender  and  as  long  as  the  body;  second  segment  of  the 
peduncle  a  little  longer  than  the  first;  third  segment  about  half  as 
long  as  the  second;  flagellum  about  twice  as  long  as  the  peduncle.  An 
tenna  considerably  stouter  and  slightly  shorter  than  the  antennula,  the 
peduncle  about  twice  as  long  as  the  flagellum;  third  segment  of  the 
peduncle  a  little  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  first  segment  of  the  pe 
duncle  of  the  antennula ;  fourth  segment  nearly  three  times  as  long  as 
the  third;  fifth  considerably  longer  than  the  fourth;  flagellum  a  little 
longer,  or  sometimes  only  as  long,  as  the  fifth  segment  of  the  peduncle. 
Hands  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  of  legs  stout  and  much  elongated. 
Carpus  in  the  first  pair  nearly  as  long  as  the  first  segment  of  the  pedun 
cle  of  the  antenuula,  narrow ;  propodus  much  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  broad,  as  wide  and  long  as  the  carpus,  of  the  same  width  throughout, 
slightly  curved,  and  the  very  short  palmary  margin  transverse;  dacty 
lus  stout,  very  little  curved,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  propodus, 
and  projecting  far  beyond  its  inferior  edge ;  the  posterior  margins  of 


270       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [564] 

both  propodus  and  carpus  densely  clothed  with  long,  stiff  hairs.  Carpus 
in  the  second  pair  of  legs  short,  with  an  angular  prominence  upon  the 
posterior  side ;  propodus  as  long  as  in  the  first  pair,  and  much  broader, 
the  palmary  margin  oblique,  projecting  at  the  inferior  angle,  just  inside 
of  which  there  is  a  .deep  sinus  in  the  margin.  Posterior  edges  of  the 
bases  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  pairs  of  legs  unarmed. 

In  the  female  the  antenna  are  shorter  and  not  quite  as  stout,  and  the 
hands  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  of  legs  are  very  much  shorter, 
smaller,  and  much  less  hairy ;  in  the  first  pair  the  carpus  and  propodus 
are  very  much  shorter  and  proportionally  broader,  and  the  palmary 
margin  of  the  propodus  more  oblique  5  in  the  second  pair  the  propodus 
is  short  and  somewhat  oval,  with  a  slight  prominence  at  the  inferior 
angle  of  the  palmary  margin. 

Length,  6-9mm. 

New  Jersey;  Great  South  Bay,  Long  Island  ;  Vineyard  Sound.  Com 
mon  among  eel-grass  in  sheltered  situations.  The  young,  even  5  or  Gmm 
long,  were  taken  at  the  surface  in  Vineyard  Sound  several  times. 

AMPHITHOE  COMPTA  Smith,  sp.  nov.     (p.  370.) 

Eyes  small,  round,  red  in  life,  but  fading  in  alcohol  to  whitish.  An 
tennula  slender,  as  long  as  the  body;  first  segment  of  the  peduncle  as 
long  as  the  head ;  second  slightly  longer  than  the  first;  last  a  third  as 
long  as  the  second ;  flagellum  very  slender,  nearly  three  times  as  long 
as  the  peduncle.  There  is  a  rudimentary  secondary  flagellum,  not 
longer  than  the  first  two  segments  of  the  primary  flagellum  and  very 
slender.  Antenna  a  little  shorter  than  the  antennula;  the  peduncle 
very  little  shorter  than  that  of  the  autennula;  last  two  segments  about 
equal  in  length,  the  penultimate  reaching  as  far  as  the  same  segments 
of  the  antennula;  flagellum  about  as  long  as  the  peduncle.  First  and 
second  pairs  of  legs,  in  the  male,  about  equal  in  size,  as  long  as  the  head 
and  thorax  together,  and  clothed  on  both  margins  with  long,  plumose 
hairs.  Carpus  in  the  first  pair  longer  than,  and  as  broad  as,  the  pro 
podus,  the  distal  extremity  truncate  and  right-angled  at  the  inferior  mar 
gin  ;  the  propodus  much  longer  than  broad,  the  palmary  margin  oblique, 
very  nearly  straight,  and  armed  at  the  inferior  angle  upon  the  inner  side 
with  a  stout  spine.  Carpus  in  the  second  paif  narrower  than  in  the  first, 
the  distal  extremity  obliquely  rounded  at  the  inferior  angle ;  propodus 
as  long  as  the  carpus  and  no  broader,  the  palmary  margin  less  oblique 
than  in  the  first  pair,  without  any  spine,  and  the  inferior  angle  slightly 
projecting  ;  dactylus,  strongly  curved  and  closing  by  the  margin  of  the 
propodus.  In  the  female  the  legs  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  are  nearly 
alike  in  form,  very  much  smaller  and  weaker  than  in  the  male,  and  only 
sparsely  clothed  with  mostly  simple  hairs,  except  upon  the  inferior  margin 
of  the  carpus  in  the  second  pair.  In  both  pairs  the  carpus  is  about  as  long 
and  broad  as  the  propodus  ;  the  propodus  is  short,  narrowed  toward  the 
carpus,  the  palmary  margin  oblique,  convex  in  outline,  with  the  infe 
rior  angle  rounded  and  armed  with  a  stout  spine  on  the  inside.  Second 


[5C5]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        271 

and  third  segments  of  the  abdomen  produced  into  a  slight  angular 
prominence  at  the  postero-inferior  angle.  The  posterior  edges  of  the 
bases  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  pairs  of  legs  not  serrated  but  armed  with 
two  to  four  small  spines.  First  and  second  pairs  of  caudal  stylets  ex 
tending  scarcely  beyond  the  posterior  pair.  In  the  first  pair  there  is  a 
long,  slender  spine  projecting  from  the  distal  extremity  of  the  base  be 
neath  the  rami. 

Length  of  largest  specimen  examined,  13mm. 

Xorth  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod.  Common  among  eel-grass.  Taken  at 
surface  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

PODOCERUS  FUCICOLA  Smith,     (p.  493.) 

Cerapus  fticicola  Stimpson,  Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  48,  PI.  3, 
fig.  34,  1853. 

This  species  was  dredged  by  Professor  Verrill,  in  4  to  5  fathoms,  off 
Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  in  April,  1873.  It  is  common  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

PODOCERUS,  species,     (p.  494.) 

Another  species  of  the  same  genus  was  taken  in  abundance  with  the 
last.  It  is  a  large  and  dark-colored  species. 

CERAPUS  RUBRICORNIS  Stimpson.    Plate  IV,  fig.  18. 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manaii,  p.  46,  PI.  3,  fig.  33,  1853;  Bate,  Catalogue 
Ampliip.  Crust.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  256,  PI.  45,  fig.  4. 

Not  common  south  of  Cape  Cod,  but  very  abundant  in  the  Bay  of 
Fuudy  and  north  to  the  coast  of  Labrador.  In  depth  it  extends  down 
to  100  fathoms  at  least. 

CERAPUS  MINAX  Smith,  sp.  nov. 

Autenuulre  and  antennae  about  equal  in  length,  rather  more  than  half 
as  long  as  the  body.  Second  pair  of  legs  greatly  developed  in  the  male, 
the  hand  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  body;  carpus  elongated,  narrow, 
nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  breadth  in  the  middle,  the  posterior 
angle  projecting  into  a  broad  process  about  as  long  as  the  dactylus,  and 
armed  on  the  inside  with  a  tooth  nearly  as  stout  as  the  distal  part  of 
the  process  itself,  but  projecting  only  about  half  as  far;  propodus  about 
half  as  long  as  the  carpus,  twice  as  long  as  broad;  dactylus  consider 
ably  shorter  than  the  propodus,  the  tip  in  most  of  the  larger  specimens 
furnished  with  a  pencil  of  long  hairs.  In  the  female  the  hand  in  the 
second  pair  of  legs  is  small ;  the  carpus  produced  into  a  long  process  on 
the  inferior  edge  of  the  propodus  to  the  palmary  margin  ;  propodus 
short,  broad,  somewhat  oval,  the  palmary  margin  arcuate  and  armed 
with  several  short  spines  on  the  portion  next  the  carpal  process. 

Length,  about  4mm. 

Long  Island  Sound,  Vineyard  Sound. 

?  CERAPUS  TUBULARIS  Say.    (p.  39G.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  49,  PL  4,  fig.  7-11,  1817. 

Several  specimens  of  a  small  amphipod,  dredged,  June  27,  in  Vine3rard 


272       KEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES       [566 J 

Sound,  among  masses  of  a  large  compound  Ascidiau,  (Amouroucium  pel- 
lucidum,)  in  eight  to  ten  fathoms,  off  Nobska  Point,  are  probably  this 
species,  but  unfortunately  females  only  were  obtained,  while  Say  de 
scribes  and  figures  the  male  alone.  In  our  specimens,  the  antennulre 
and  antennae  are  spotted  with  very  dark  purplish-brown,  the  anterior 
part  of  the  body  almost  black,  the  middle  and  posterior  portions  spotted 
with  black,  or  very  dark  purplish  brown.  They  are  between  4  and  51U1U 
long  and  inhabit  unattached  tubes  as  described  by  Say.  The  tubes  are 
regularly  cylindrical,  quite  thin  and  delicate,  black,  about  5mm  long,  and 
0.4mm  in  diameter,  and  are  carried  about  by  the  animal  very  much  as  the 
larva?  of  some  of  the  Pnryganeidse  carry  about  their  tubes  in  fresh  water. 
In  the  structure  of  the  caudal  appendages,  our  specimens  are  quite  differ 
ent  from  the  species  usually  referred  to  Cerapus,  but  I  have  not  thought 
best  to  make  any  changes  in  nomenclature  until  the  discovery  of  the 
male  shall  make  it  certain  whether  our  specimens  belong  to  the  species 
described  by  Say. 

COROPHIUM   CYLINDBICUM   Smith,      (p.  370.) 

Podocerns  cylindricus,  Say  loc.  cit.,  p.  387,  1818,  (not  of  Bate,  Catalogue  Amphip. 
Crust.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  256.) 

New  Jersey  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Very  abundant  among  weeds  and 
hydroids  about  piles  of  wharves,  and  almost  everywhere  in  shallow 
water. 

Length,  about  4mra. 

SlPHONCECETES  CUSPID ATUS  Smith,  Sp.  110V.       (p.  501.) 

Male:  Head  produced  into  a  long,  slender,  acute  rostrum,  and  each 
side  between  the  autennula  and  antenna  into  a  long  lobe  rounded  at 
the  end  where  the  eye  is  situated,  and  contracted  toward  the  base. 
Antennula  reaching  about  to  the  middle  of  the  fourth  segment  of  the 
peduncle  of  the  antenna;  segments  of  the  peduncle  equal  in  length; 
flagellum  scarcely  longer  than  a  segment  of  the  peduncle,  and  composed 
usually  of  five  segments.  Antenna  a  little  longer  than  the  body  ;  third 
segment  of  the  peduncle  a  little  longer  than  any  segment  of  the  peduncle 
of  the  attennula ;  fourth  segment  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  third  ;  last 
segment  nearly  one-half  longer  than  the  third;  flagellum  a  little  shorter 
than  the  last  segment  of  the  peduncle.  Legs  much  like  Kroyer's  fig 
ures  of  8.  typicus,  those  of  the  first  pair  with  the  carpus  twice  as  long 
as  broad  ;  propodus  slightly  narrower  and  a  little  longer  than  the  car 
pus,  the  posterior  edge  furnished  with  long  hairs  and  several  stout  spines. 
Legs  of  the  second  pair  much  stouter.  Posterior  caudal  stylets  with 
the  terminal  process  fully  as  long  as  the  rarnus  itself,  the  ramus  as  broad 
as  long,  the  extremity  obtusely  rounded  and  furnished  with  very  long 
hairs.  Telson  broader  than  long,  transversely  elliptical. 

In  the  female  the  antennae  and  second  pair  of  legs  are  more  slender 
than  in  the  male. 

In  alcoholic  specimens  the  antennulie  are  marked  with  narrow  bands 
of  black  or  dark  brown  upon  each  segment  of  the  flagellum  and  at 


£567]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,  ETC.        273 

both  ends  of  the  second  and  third  segments  of  the  peduncle,  and  the 
antenna)  are  obscurely  banded  and  tinged  with  a  lighter  color. 

Length,  about  6mm. 

It  inhabits  tubes  constructed  of  grains  of  sand. 

In  deep  water  off  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay. 

UNCIOLA  IRRORATA  Say.    Plate  IY,  fig.  10.     (p.  340.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  389,  1818  ;  Stimpson,  Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  45. 

This  species  grows  to  a  much  larger  size  than  described  by  Say,  being 
frequently  15mm  in  length. 

New  Jersey  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  probably  much  farther  north, 
and  from  low  water  to  more  than  400  fathoms  in  depth. 

HYPERIA,  species,     (p.  439.) 

A  large  species  of  Hyper ia  was  several  times  found  upon  the  large 
red  jelly-fish  (Cyanca)  in  Vineyard  Sound.  The  same  species  is  com 
mon  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  but  has  not  been  identified  with  certainty. 

Another  species  of  Hyperia  was  taken  at  the  surface,  in  company 
with  Salpa,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  early  in  September. 

PHRONIMA,  species,    (p.  439.) 

A  species  of  this  peculiar  genus  was  taken  at  the  surface,  in  company 
with  Salpa,  off  Gay  Head,  early  in  September.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
the  P.  Atlantica  of  Guerin.  According  to  Professor  Yen-ill's  notes  it 
is,  in  life,  translucent,  scarcely  tinged  with  yellowish  white,  and  nearly 
invisible  in  the  water  ;  the  eyes  red. 

Another  form  allied  to  the  last  was  taken  with  it,  and  is  possibly  the 
male  of  the  same  species,  but  differs  from  it,  and  from  the  characters 
usually  assigned  to  the  genus,  in  possessing  well-developed  antennulse. 
In  life,  according  to  Professor  Verrill,  it  was  translucent  whitish,  the 
body  spotted  with  dark  brown,  and  the  eyes  blackish. 

THYROPUS,  species. 

A  single  specimen  of  a  species  of  this  genus  was  taken  with  the  Phro- 
nima  and  Salpa,  off  Gay  Head,  early  in  September. 

.  CAPRELLA  GEOIMETRICA  Say.    Plate  V,  fig.  20.     (p.  480.) 

Loc.  cit.,  p.  390,  1818;  Bate,  Catajpgtte  Ampliip.  Crust.  British  Mas.,  p.  357,  PI. 
56,  fig.  8. 

North  Carolina  to  Vineyard  Sound,  especially  among  eel-grass ;  very 
abundant  in  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  April,  1871. 

CAPRELLA,  species,     (p.  31G.) 

A  larger  species  of  Caprella,  which  is  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
was  frequently  dredged  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

ISOPODA. 

SCYPHACELLA  Smith,  gen.  iiov. 
Near  Scyphax,  Dana.*     Antenna  composed  of  eight  distinct  segments, 

*  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition,  Crust.,  p.  734,  PL  48,  n».  5. 


274 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [568] 


with  a  geniculation  at  the  articulation  of  the  fourth  with  the  fifth  seg 
ment;  terminal  portion,  corresponding  to  the  flagellum,  composed  of 
three  closely  articulated  segments,  besides  a  minute  apical  one;  mandi 
bles  slender,  without  palpi;  exposed  portion  of  the  maxillipeds  formed 
of  only  two  segments;  the  basal  one  with  a  narrow,  elongated  portion, 
which  is  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  articulation  of  the  terminal  segment, 
and  sends  a  slender  process  beneath  it  to  the  middle  of  its  inner  margin  ; 
the  terminal  segment  much  narrower  than  the  basal,  and  tapering 
toward  the  extremity;  legs  subequal,  the  posterior  not  shorter  than 
the  others ;  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen  produced  between  the 
posterior  caudal  appendages,  which  are  short  and  essentially  as  in  the 
allied  genera. 

This  genus  differs  from  Seypliax  most  notably  in  the  form  of  the  max 
illipeds,  which  in  Scypliax  have  the  terminal  segment  broad  and  serrately 
lobed,  while  in  our  genus  it  is  elongated,  tapering,  and  has  entire  mar 
gins.  In  Seyphax,  also,  the  posterior  pair  of  thoracic  legs  are  much 
smaller  than  the  others,  and  weak  ;  the  last  segment  of  the  abdomen  is 
truncated  at  the  apex,  and  the  articulations  between  the  segments  of 
the  terminal  portion  of  the  antenna}  are  much  more  complete  than  in  our 
species.  The  general  form  and  appearance  of  the  genera  are  the  same, 
and  the  known  species  agree  remarkably  in  habits,  the  Scypliax,  accord 
ing  to  Dana,  occurring  on  the  beach  of  Parua  Harbor,  New  Zealand, 
and  found  in  the  sand  by  turning  it  over  for  the  depth  of  a  few  inches* 

SCYPHACELLA  ABENIGOLA  Smith,  sp.  I10V.     (p.  337.) 

Body  elliptical;  abdomen  not  abruptly  narrower  than  the  thorax;  the 
whole  dorsal  surface,  except  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen,  covered  with 
small,  depressed  tubercles,  which  give  rise  to  minute  spiuules ;  eyes 
prominent,  round ;  antenna  a  little  longer  thaii  the  breadth  of  the  body; 
first  and  second  segments  short,  equal ;  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  succes 
sively  longer,  the  fifth  being  rather  longer  than  the  terminal  portion, 
w^hich  is  more  slender  than  the  fifth  segment,  tapers  regularly  to  the 
tip,  and  is  composed  of  three  successively  much  shorter  segments,  and 
a  very  short,  somewhat  spiniform,  but  obtuse,  terminal  one;  all  the  seg 
ments,  except  the  minute  terminal  one,  scatteriugly  beset  with  spinules} 
legs  beset  with  small  spines ;  the  ischial,  uteral,  carpal,  and  propodal 
segments  subequal ;  terminal  x>rocess  of  the  last  segment  of  the  abdo 
men  narrow,  triangular,  with  the  apex  slightly  rounded,  and  the  dorsal 
surface  a  little  concave;  posterior  caudal  appendages  much  shorter  than 
the  abdomen;  rami  slightly  unequal,  the  outer  stout,  spinulose,  the  inner 
a  little  shorter  and  much  more  slender. 

Color,  in  life,  nearly  white,  with  chalky  white  spots  and  scattered, 
blackish  dots  arranged  irregularly.  Eyes  black. 

Length,  3-4mm.  v 

Found  at  Somers's  and^Beesley's  Points,  on  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey,  in  April,  1871,  burrowing  in  the  sand  of  the  beaches,  just  above 


[569]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        275 

ordinary  high- water  mark,  in  company  with  several  species  of  Staphyli- 
nidcej  and  will  very  likely  be  found  on  Long  Island  and  the  southern  coast 
of  New  England. 

PHILOSCIA  VITTATA  Say. 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  429,  1818. 

Under  rubbish  below  high-water  mark,  Connecticut  and  Xew  Jersey. 
SPHJEROMA  QUADRIDENTATA  Say.  Plate  Y,  fig.  21.  (p.  315.) 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  400,  1818. 

Massachusetts  to  Florida. 

IDOTEA  G^ECA  Say.    Plate  Y,  fig.  22.     (p.  340.) 

L^.  cit.,  p.  424, 1813.     Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  p.  337,  1841. 

Massachusetts  to  Florida. 
IDOTEA  TUFTSII  Stimpson.     (p.  340.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Mauan,  p.  39, 1853. 

Bay  of  Fundy  and  off  New  London,  Connecticut. 
-  IDOTEA  IRRORATA  Edwards.    Plate  Y,  fig.  23.    (p.  316.) 

Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  vol.  iii,  p.  132, 1840.    Stenosoma  irrorata  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p.  423, 
1818;  Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  p.  338,  1841. 

Bay  of  Fundy  to  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 
IDOTEA  ROBUST  A  Kroyer.    Plate  Y,  fig.  24.    (p.  439.) 

Naturhist.  Tidssk.,  2d  R.,  Bind  ii,  p.   108,  1846 ;  Stimpsoii,  Proceedings  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  1862,  p.  133. 

South  shore  of  Long  Island  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.     A  pelagic  species. 

IDOTEA  PHOSPHOREA  Harger,  sp.  nov.     (p.  316.) 

Resembling  I.  irrorata  in  size  and  shape,  but  easily  distinguished 
from  that  species  by  the  pointed  abdomen. 

Antennae  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  antennulse  attaining 
the  end  of  the  third  segment  of  the  antennae.  Front  slightly  excavated 
with  the  lateral  angles  salient.  Head  about  twice  as  broad  as  long, 
turgid,  and  usually  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  on  the  vertex.  Eyes  placed 
a  little  before  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin,  hemispherical,  black. 
First  segment  of  thorax  produced  laterally  around  the  back  part  of  the 
head  nearly  to  the  eyes,  showing  no  epirneral  sutures.  Second  segment 
much  longer  on  the  median  line,  but  shorter  at  the  sides  than,  the  first ; 
the  epimera  occupy  the  anterior  two-thirds  of  the  lateral  margin.  Third 
segment  slightly  longer  than  the  second ;  the  epirnera  occupying  still 
more  of  the  lateral  margin.  Fourth  segment  of  about  the  same  length 
as  third  ;  the  epimera  occupying  nearly  or  quite  all  the  lateral  margin. 
The  remaining  three  thoracic  segments  gradually  decrease  in  size;  the 
epimera  occupy  the  whole  lateral  margin  and  increase  in  size  poste 
riorly.  The  first  two  abdominal  segments  are  distinct  and  acute  at  the 
sides.  The  third  is  similar  to  these  at  the  sides,  but  is  only  separated 


276       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [570] 

from  the  last  by  an  incision  reaching  about  half  way  to  the  median  line, 
Last  segment  entire,  ovate  behind,  and  cuspidate.  The  style  on  the 
second  pair  of  branchial  plates  in  the  male  is  slender,  surpasses  the 
laminae,  and  reaches  the  middle  of  the  terminal  cilia;  it  is  obliquely 
truncated  at  the  end. 

Many  of  the  specimens,  especially  the  smaller  ones,  are  furnished 
with  a  row  of  prominent  tubercles  along  the  back,  and  sometimes  with 
lateral  rows. 

Length,  10-25  imn ;  breadth,  3-7.5mm. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Bay  of  Fundy. 

ERICIISONIA  FILIFOEMIS  Harger.    Plate  VI,  fig.  20.    (p.  316.) 

Stenosoma  filiformis  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p.  424, 1818. 

Small,  slender,  and  nearly  linear  in  outline.  Antennuloe  not  quite 
attaining  the  fourth  segment  of  the  antennae,  which  are  six-jointed,  and 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body,  with  the  first  segment  short,  second 
and  third  increasing  in  length,  last  three  segments  about  equal;  head 
elevated  between  the  eyes,  where  it  is  surmounted  by  a  bifid  tubercle  ; 
first  and  second  thoracic  segments  with  a  lateral  salient  angle  behind 
the  evident  an gulated  epimera;  third  and  fourth  segments  with  their 
lateral  borders  emarginate,  and  the  epimera  concealed  or  rarely  visible 
from  above  at  theemargination;  last  three  thoracic  segments  angulated 
in  front  of  the  epimera,  which  are  also  angular.  This  arrangement, 
especially  in  the  smaller  specimens,  gives  the  appearance  of  fourteen 
serrations  on  each  side  of  the  thorax.  There  is  a  row  of  tubercles 
along  the  median  line.  Abdominal  segments  consolidated  into  a 
single  piece,  which  is  furnished  with  a  divergent  tooth  on  each  side 
near  the  base,  and  is  expanded  and  obtusely  triangular  at  the  apex. 
The  style  on  the  second  pair  of  branchial  plates  in  the  male  is  strong 
and  curved,  surpasses  the  cilia,  and  is  acute  and  sharply  serrate  near 
the  end. 

Length,  o-9imu. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 

ERICIISONIA  ATTENUATA  Harger,  sp.  nov.    Plate  VI,  fig.  27.    (p.  370.) 

Body  smooth,  narrowly  linear  in  outline.  Antennula?  slightly  sur 
passing  the  second  segment  of  the  antennae,  which  are  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  body,  and  have  the  last  segment  longest.  Head  exca 
vated  in  front;  eyes  small,  black,  prominent;  first  thoracic  segment 
short;  second,  third,  and  fourth  segments  about  equal  in  length,  twice 
as  long  as  the  first;  third  segment  broadest,  last  three  segments  gradu 
ally  decreasing  in  length.  Epimera  visible  from  above  only  in  the  last 
two  or  three  segments,  but  the  sutures  are  evident,  except  in  the  first 
segment,  and  their  position  moves  gradually  from  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  segment  in  the  second  to  the  posterior  in  the  seventh  segment. 
Abdominal  segments  consolidated  into  a  single  piece,  which  is  slightly 
dilated  laterally  near  the  base,  and  obtusely  triangular  at  the  tip.  The 


[571]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        277 

style  ou  the  second  pair  of  branchial  plates  in  the  male  is  straight, 
slightl  3'  surpasses  the  cilia,  and  is  acute  at  the  end. 

The  color  in  life  is  usually  uniform  dark  green,  sometimes  with  an 
obscure  dorsal  stripe  of  a  lighter  color. 

Length,  15nim. 

Abundant  among  eel-grass  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  and 
also  found  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

EPELYS  TRILOBUS  Smith.    Plate  VI,  fig.  28.     (p.  370.) 

Idoica  triloba  Say,  loc.  cit.,  p.  425,  1818. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey  to  Vineyard  Sound. 
EPELYS  MONTOSUS  Harger.     (p.  370.) 

Idotea  montosa  Stiinpson,  Marine  Invert.,  Grand  Man  an,  p.  40,  1853. 

Bay  of  Fundy  to  Long  Island  Sound. 


COPIOSA  Stimpson.     (p.  315.) 
Loc.  cit.,  p.  40,  PI.  3,  fig.  29,  1853.     J.  nimlis  Packard,  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  i,  296,  (non  Kroyer.) 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Labrador. 
LIMNORIA  LIGNORUM  White.     Plate  VI,  fig.  25.    (p.  379.) 

Pop.  Hist.  Brit.  Crust.,  p.  227,  PI.  12,  fig.  5.  Cymotlwa  llgnorum  Rathke,  Skrivt. 
af  Naturh.  Selsk.,  vol.  101,  t.  3,  f.  14,  1799,  (teste  Bate  and  Westwood.)  Lim- 
noria  tcrebrans  Leach,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  London,  vol.  xi,  p.  371,  1815.  Gould, 
Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  p.  388,  1841. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  Xew  Jersey,  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Europe. 

KEROCILA  MUNDA  Harger,  sp.  nov.    (p.  459.) 

Elongated,  oval,  smooth,  and  polished.  Antenna}  and  antennulse  nearly 
equal  in  length,  about  as  long  as  the  head.  Head  flattened,  about  one- 
third  broader  than  long,  slightly  narrowing  anteriorly,  produced  and 
broadly  rounded  in  front,  subequally  trilobed  behind,  the  middle  lobe 
largest.  Eyes  black,  consisting  of  an  irregularly  rounded  patch  of 
rather  indistinct  ocelli  visible  both  above  and  below.  First  thoracic 
segment  longer  than  the  others,  excavated  in  front  for  the  three  lobes 
of  the  head  5  epimeral  sutures  of  this  segment  indistinct,  but  the 
posterior  lateral  angles  of  the  segment  are  somewhat  produced  and 
broadly  rounded.  The  next  three  segments  have  this  angle  produced 
so  as  to  become  a  small  tooth  in  the  fourth  thoracic  segment;  in  the  last 
three  segments  it  is  much  produced,  becoming  a  long  acute  tooth  in  the 
seventh.  The  epimera  of  the  second  segment  are  rounded  behind  ;  the 
remaining  epimera  are  slightly  angular  behind,  becoming  more  acute 
posteriorly  ;  those  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  segments  extend 
backward  about  as  far  as  the  segment  to  which  they  belong,  but  in  the 
last  three  segments  the  produced  angles  of  the  segments  surpass  the 
epimera,  so  that  the  angle  of  the  sixth  segment  nearly  attains  the  end 
of  the  seventh  epimeron. 


278       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [572] 

The  abdomen  is  composed  of  six  segments,  the  first  five  short  and 
about  equal  in  length ;  the  sixth  equal  in  length  to  the  other  five,  trun 
cate  in  front  and  rounded  behind.  The  spines  beneath  the  abdomen,  or 
"abdominal  epiinera,"  are  acute,  the  second  a  little  more  slender  than  the 
first,  and  extending  not  quite  to  the  posterior  angle  of  the  fourth  ab 
dominal  segment.  The  internal  plate  of  the  caudal  stylets  is  oval  and 
obliquely  truncate,  shorter  than  the  external,  which  is  narrow,  ovate, 
acute  behind,  extending  about  half  its  length  beyond  the  tip  of  the  ab 
domen  and  longer  than  the  preceding  segment  of  the  stylet.  Claws  of 
the  anterior  feet  strongly  hooked,  those  of  the  posterior  feet  feebly  so. 

Color,  in  alcohol,  brown,  with  two  narrow  dorsal  bands  of  lighter 
color. 

Length,  15lum  ;  breadth,  7mm. 

This  species  is  allied  to  N.  bivitlata,  but  differs  from  that  species  as 
figured  by  Milne  Edwards,  (Atlas  du  Begne  animal  de  Cuvier,  Crust., 
Plate  66,  fig.  5,)  in  the  shortness  of  three  posterior  epimera,  the 
regularly  rounded  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen,  and  the  shape  of 
the  caudal  stylets. 

A  single  specimen  was  obtained  on  the  dorsal  fin  of  Ceratacanthus  au- 
rantiacus. 

CONILERA  CONCIIARUM  Harger.    (p.  459.) 

jEga  concharum  Stimpson,  Marine  Invert.  Grand  Manan,  p.  42,  1853. 

Vineyard  Sound  ;  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
LIVONEOA  OVALIS  Harger.    Plate  VI,  fig.  29.     (p.  457.) 

Cymothoa  ovalis  Say  loc.  cit.,  p.  394,  1818. 

These  animals  are  usually  distorted,  and  not,  as  represented  in  the 
figure,  symmetrical  on  the  two  sides. 
The  specimen  figured  was  taken  from  a  blue-fish  near  the  gill. 

ANTHURA  BRUNNEA  Harger,  sp.  nov.    (p.  426.) 

Nearly  uniform  in  size  throughout,  but  slightly  narrower  anteriorly. 
Antennulae  and  antennae  nearly  equal  in  length,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
head.  Front  projecting  between  and  each  side  of  the  bases  of  the  anten- 
nula3  into  prominent  angles.  Eyes  small  and  situated  in  the  sides  of  the 
lateral  prominences.  Thoracic  segments  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  the 
third  with  a  slight  semicircular  depression  on  the  middle  of  the  anterior 
margin.  This  depression  is  still  more  strongly  marked  on  the  three  fol 
lowing  segments.  First  segment  slightly  longer  and  narrower  than  the 
others  ;  second  to  fifth  about  equal ;  sixth  and  seventh  considerably 
shorter ;  the  seventh  about  three-fourths  the  leugth  of  the  sixth;  all 
the  segments  carinated  below.  Dorsal  surface  of  the  basal  portion  of 
the  abdomen  similar  to  the  posterior  segment  of  the  thorax,  showing 
no  indication  of  segments.  Terminal  portion  flat,  smooth,  and  narrowly 
ovate  at  tip.  Appendages  of  the  penultimate  segment  lamelliform, 
similar  in  form  to  the  terminal  plate  but  not  quite  equaling  it.  First 
pair  of  feet  short  and  thickened.  All  the  feet  slightly  hairy. 


£573]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        279 

Iii  life  whitish  mottled  with  dull,  purplish  brown  above.  Eyes  black, 
retaining  their  color  in  alcohol.  Length,  14-15mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

ANTHURA  BRACHIATA  Stimpson.    (p.  511.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manau,  p.  43,  1853. 

This  species  is  greatly  constricted  at  the  articulations  of  the  second 
thoracic  segment,  and  by  that  character  is  easily  distinguished  from 
A.  brunnea. 

Bay  of  Fundy  to  Vineyard  Sound. 

TAN  ATS  FIL.UM  Stimpson.    (p.  381.) 

Marino  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  43,  1853. 
Bay  of  Fundy  to  Vineyard  Sound. 

OEPON  DiSTORTUS  Leidy.     (p.  557.) 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  p.  149,  PI.  11,  figs.  26-32,  1855. 

Branchial  cavity  of  Gelasimus  pugilator,  Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey. 
ENTOMOSTKACA. 

The  Ostracoda  and  the  minute  Copeopoda  of  our  coast  have  not  yet 
been  sufficiently  studied  by  any  one  for  us  to  attempt  to  enumerate  even 
the  more  common  species. 

COPEOPODA. 

SAPPHIRINA,  species.    Plate  VII,  fig.  33.     (p.  439.) 

A  beautiful  species  of  this  remarkable  genus  was  taken  off  Gay  Head, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  September  2  and  8. 

PHYLLOPODA. 

ARTEMIA  GRACILIS  Verrill. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  248, 1869 ;  Proceedings  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Sci.,  vol.  xviii,  p.  235,  tigs.  1  and  2,  1870. 

In  tubs  of  concentrated  sea-water  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut;  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts  ;  and  in  salt- vats  at  Falrnouth,  Massachusetts. 

SIPHONOSTOMA. 

ERGA.SILUS  LABRACES  Kroyer.    (p.  459.) 

Nat.    Tidsskrift,   1863-'64,  p.  303,  PI.  11,  fig.   2,    (teste  Zoological  Record    for 
1865.) 

According  to  Kroyer,  found  upon  the  striped  bass  (Roccus  lineatus) 
from  Baltimore,  and  liable,  therefore,  to  occur  on  the  coast  of  New 
England. 

ARGKULUS  CATOSTOMI  Dana  and  Herrick.    (p.  459.) 

Amer.   Jour.  Sci.,  1st  series,  vol.  xxx,  p.  383,  1836,  and  vol.  xxxi,  p.  297,  plate, 

-    1837. 

Parasitic  on  the  "sucker"  (Catostomus)  in  Mill  River,  near  New 
Haven,  Connecticut. 


280        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [574] 

ARGULUS  LATICAUDA  Smith,  sp.  nov.    (p.  452.) 

Carapax  orbicular,  longer  than  broad;  antero-lateral  margin  with  a 
deep  sinus  from  which  a  deep  sulcus  extends  to  the  center  of  the  cara 
pax;  sinus  of  the  posterior  margin  about  twice  as  deep  as  broad, 
extending  a  little  less  than  a  third  of  the  length  of  the  carapax.  Eyes 
large.  Body  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
carapax.  Tail  orbicular,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  its  posterior  sinus 
narrow,  extending  scarcely  a  fourth  the  length.  Antennulre  and  antennae 
much  as  in  A.  Catostomi,  to  which  the  species  bears  considerable  resem 
blance.  The  squaruiform  appendage  upon  the  base  of  the  prehensile 
legs  expands  into  a  broad  posterior  margin,  which  is  divided  into  three 
broad,  closely  approximated  lobes,  of  which  the  extremities  are  broad, 
truncated,  and  slightly  and  irregularly  excavated;  the  terminal  portion 
of  the  leg  is  much  as  in  A.  Gatostomi,  the  ultimate  segment  longer  than 
the  penultimate  and  armed  at  the  tip  with  two  claws.  Natatory  legs 
short,  the  anterior  ones  not  projecting  beyond  the  carapax. 

In  alcoholic  specimens  most  of  the  carapax  is  opaque  and  black  with 
a  thick  deposit  of  pigment. 

Length  of  entire  animal,  in  the  largest  specimen,  51U1" ;  length  of 
carapax,  3.7;  breadth  of  carapax,  3.2;  length  of  tail,  1.3;  breadth  of 
tail,  1.1. 

Found  among  algo3  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

A  small  specimen  taken  at  surface  early  in  September  had  the  opaque 
portions  of  the  carapax  dark  brown  in  life,  and  in  alcohol  it  retains 
about  the  same  color. 

ARGULUS  LATUS  Smith,  sp.  nov.     (p.  452.) 

Carapax  large,  orbicular,  broader  than  long;  the  antero-lateral  border 
with  a  broad  shallow  sinus;  the  sinus  of  the  posterior  margin  not- 
deeper  than  broad,  its  depth  scarcely  more  than  a  fifth  of  the  length  of 
the  carapax.  Body  projecting  considerably  beyond  the  posterior  margin 
of  the  carapax.  Tail  a  third  as  long  as  the  carapax,  about  two-thirds 
as  broad  as  long,  the  lateral  margins  slightly  curved  and  nearly  parallel, 
the  sinus  very  broad  and  extending  more  than  a  third  of  the  whole 
length.  Disks  of  the  sucking  legs  about  a  fourth  as  wide  as  the  carapax. 
Squamiform  appendage  upon  the  base  of  the  prehensile  legs  with  a  pap- 
pilose  area  upon  the  expanded  distal  portion,  the  posterior  margin 
without  teeth  or  lobes,  but  the  outer  margin  of  the  expanded  portion 
armed  with  numerous  very  small  teeth ;  ultimate  segment  longer  than  the 
penultimate,  and  apparently  without  any  hooks  at  the  tip.  Natatory 
legs  all  long,  even  the  anterior  projecting  beyond  the  sides  of  the 
carapax. 

Color  of  alcoholic  specimens  yellowish  white. 

Length,  3.0mm;  length  of  carapax,  2.2;  breadth  of  carapax,  2.5;  length 
of  tail,  0.7;  breadth  of  tail,  0.45. 

Taken  at  the  surface,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  July  1. 


[575]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        281 

ARGULUS  MEGALOPS  Smith,  sp.  nov.    (p.  452.) 

Carapax  subelliptical,  longer  than  broad ;  the  antero-lateral  margin 
with  a  deep  sinus;  the  posterior  lobes  of  the  carapax,  each  side  of  the 
shallow  and  narrow  sinus,  broady  rounded.  Eyes  very  large,  their 
diameter  a  tenth  as  great  as  the  breadth  of  the  carapax.  Body  pro 
jecting  much  beyond  the  posterior  margin  of  the  carapax.  Tail  some 
what  ovate,  about  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long,  the  sinus  only  a  small 
notch,  extending  not  more  than  a  tenth  of  the  length.  Natatory  legs  very 
long,  all  projecting  beyond  the  carapax.  Squamiform  appendages  upon 
the  bases  of  the  prehensile  legs,  with  a  pappilose  area  upon  the  expanded 
portion,  and  the  posterior  margin  armed  with  three  rather  slender 
teeth,  separated  by  broad  spaces;  the  terminal  segment  of  the  leg 
armed  with  two  small  hooks. 

Color  of  alcoholic  specimens,  yellowish  white. 

Length,  2.2mm ;  length  of  carapax,  1.3;  breadth  of  carapax,  1.0 ;  length 
of  tail,  0.7;  breadth  of  tail,  0.47. 

Vineyard  Sound,  taken  at  the  surface,  July  8. 

ARGULUS  ALOS^E  Gould,     (p.  459.) 

Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  p.  340,  1841. 

Parasitic  upon  the  alewife  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  according  to  Gould. 
OALIGUS  CURTUS  Miiller.  (p.  459.) 

Eutomostraca,p.  130,  PI.  21,  figs.  1,2, 1785  ;  Kroyer,  Nat.  Tidsskrift,  vol.  i,  p.  619, 
PI.  6,  fig.  2,  1837.     CaUym  M'dlleri  Leach,  Encycl.  Brit.,  Suppl.,  vol.  i,  p.  405, 
PL  20,  figs.  1-8,  1816,  (teste  Baird  et  al. ;)  Baird,  British  Entoniostraca,  p.  271, 
PI.  32,  tigs.  4,  5.     Caligits  Amerlcanus  Pickering  and  Dana,  Arner.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  xxxiv,  p.  '225,  PI.  3-5,  1838  ;  Dana,  U.  S.  Expl.  Expd.,  Crust.,  PL  93. 
Abundant  upon  tbe  cod-fish  of  our  coast  and  of  Europe.     It  is  prob 
ably  the  Caliym  pi  acinus  of  Gould  and  other  American  writers. 

CALIGUS  RAPAX  Edwards,    (p.  457.) 

Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  453,  PL  38,  fig.  9-12, 1840  ;  Baird,  op.  cit.,p.  270, 
pi.  32,  figs.  2,  3;  Steenstrup  and  Liitken,  Bidrag  til  Kundskab  om  det  aabue 
Havs  Snyltekrebse  og  Lermeer,  p.  359,  PL  2,  fig.  4,  1861. 

Vineyard  Sound,  on  the  stingray,  (Trygon  centroura,)  and  small  speci 
mens,  both  male  and  female,  taken  at  the  surface  at  Wood's  Hole,  Sep 
tember  3,  in  the  evening.  These  specimens  from  the  surface,  according 
to  Professor  Verrill's  notes,  were  light  flesh  color,  thickly  speckled  with 
minute  brown  spots,  the  eyes  bright  red. 

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS,  species,     (p.  459.) 

A  species  with  a  long  tail,  and  somewhat  like  the  L.  gracilis,  (Van 
Benaden  sp.,)  was  found  upon  the  stingray  (Trygon  centroura)  taken  in 
Vineyard  Sound. 

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS,  species,    (p.  459.) 

A  species  with  a  very  short  tail,  and  approaching  Heller's  genus  Anu- 
retes.  South  shore  of  Long  Island,  upon  a  flounder,  (Chcmopsetta  ocel- 
laris.) 


282       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.'      [576] 

The  Lepeophtlieirus  salmonis  Kroyer,  is  found  upon  the  salmon  of  the 
northern  coast  of  New  England. 

ECHTHROG-ALEUS  COLEOPTRATUS  Steeiistrup  and  Liitken.     (p.  459.) 

Op.  cit.,  380.  Dinematura  coleoptrata  Gue"rin,  Icnographie  du  Regne  animal,  Crnst. 
PI.  35,  fig.  6.  Dincmoura  alta  Baird,  British  Entomostraca,  p.  285,  PI.  33,  ligs. 
6,7. 

Vineyard  Sound,  September  19,  from  the  back  fin  of  the  mackerel- 
shark,  (Lamna  punctata.)  It  has  been  found  upon  the  English  coast  and 
oif  the  Azores. 

ECHTHROG-ALEUS  DENTICULATUS  Smith,  sp.  nov.    (p.  459.) 

Carapax  broader  than  long,  with  a  very  slight  median  emargi nation 
in  the  outline  of  the  front.  Posterior  portion  of  the  body  scarcely  longer 
and  not  quite  as  wide  as  the  carapax.  Dorsal  plates,  or  elytra,  covering 
much  more  than  half  the  genital  segment,  their  inner  and  posterior 
margins  armed  with  a  regular  series  of  small  teeth.  The  posterior  lobes  of 
the  genital  segment  somewhat  triangular  and  each  terminated  by  a  stout 
spine.  Dorsal  plate  of  the  tail  elongated,  obtusely  rounded  at  the  ex 
tremity,  and  exposed  from  above  by  the  very  broad  sinus  in  the  genital 
segment.  The  tail  itself  broad,  somewhat  rectangular,  but  narrowed  dis- 
tally  and  not  projecting  behind  the  dorsal  plate  ;  the  terminal  lamella} 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tail,  narrow,  linear,  nearly  three  times  as  long  as 
broad,  and  armed  at  the  tip  with  several  setae. 

Length,  9mm  ;  breadth  of  carapax,  5.1 ;  length  of  elytra  along  the  inner 
margin,  2.5. 
Vineyard  Sound,  on  Atwood's  shark,  (CarcJiarias  Atwoodi.} 

?PANDARUS  CRANCIIII  Leach,    (p.  459.) 

Diet,  des  Sci.  nat.,  tome  xiv,  p.  535,  1819,  (teste Edwards  et  al.;)  Edwards,  Rogue 
animal  do  Cuvier,  3me  cd..  Crust.,  PI.  73,  fig.  2 ;  Steeiistrup  and  Liitkeu,  op. 
cit.,  PL  11,  fig.  22. 

A  number  of  specimens  of  a  Pandarus,  taken  from  a  dusky  shark 
(Eulamia  obscura)  on  the  south  side  of  Long  Island  in  1870,  differ  only 
very  slightly  from  the  figures  and  descriptions  of  P.  Cranchii  quoted 
above. 
PANDARUS,  species.    Plate  VII,  fig.  31.    (p.  457.) 

Vineyard  Sound,  on  Atwood's  shark,  (CarcJiarias  Atwoodi.}  It  is,  per 
haps,  only  a  variety  of  the  last  species,  but  differs  considerably  from  it, 
wanting  almost  wholly  the  series  of  spines  upon  the  posterior  margin 
of  the  carapax,  having  the  caudal  appendages  shorter  and  obtuse,  besides 
some  slight  differences  in  the  natatory  legs. 

NOGAGUS  LATREILLII  Leach.    Plate  VII,  fig.  32.     (p.  457.) 

Diet.  des.  Sci.  nat.,  tome  xiv,  p.  536,  1819,  (teste  Edwards  et  al. ;)  Regne  animal 
cle  Cuvier,  Crust.,  PI.  79,  fig.  3  ;  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  459  ;  Steen- 
strup  and  Liitken,  op.  cit.,  p.  384,  PI.  9,  fig.  18. 

Vineyard  Sound,  in  company  with  the  last  species,  on  Atwood's  shark. 
All  the  species  of  Nogagus  are  males  of  the  allied  genera,  Pandarus, 


[577]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        283 

EchtlirogaleuSj  &c.,  and  are  only  provisionally  retained  in  a  separate 
group,  until  it  can  be  determined  to  wkicli  of  these  genera  the  different 
species  really  belong.  This  species  is  probably  a  Pandarus,  and  very 
likely  the  male  of  the  last  species. 

Our  specimens  differ  slightly  from  the  figures  given  by  Steenstrup  and 
LUtken,  the  dentiform  prominences  on  the  sides  of  the  genital  segment  in 
our  specimens  being  much  smaller  than  represented  in  their  figures,  the 
segments  of  the  tail  somewhat  shorter  and  broader,  and  the  terminal 
lamellae  also  shorter  and  broader,  while  in  other  respects  they  agree  well. 
Steenstrup  and  Liitken's  specimens  were  taken  from  sharks  caught  in 
latitude  31°  north,  longitude  76°  west,  (in  the  Gulf  Stream,  off  the  South 
Carolina  coast,)  and  in  latitude  40°  south,  longitude  31°  west,  while 

Leach's  came  from  latitude  1°  south,  longitude  4°  east. 

• 

NOGAGUS  TENAX  Steenstrup  and  LUtken.     (p.  457.) 

Op.  cit.,  pp.  384,  388,  PJ.  10,  fig.  20,  1861. 

Vineyard  Sound,  with  the  last  species,  upon  AtwootVs  shark.  It  has 
nearly  as  extended  a  range  as  the  last  species. 

It  is  very  different  from  the  last  species,  having  the  branches  of  the 
posterior  pair  of  natatory  legs  each  composed  of  a  single  segment,  and 
the  tail  also  composed  of  a  single  segment,  which  is  broader  than  long, 
and  has  the  short,  truncate  caudal  lamellre  attached  to  its  obliquely 
truncated  posterior  angles.  Length,  4.omm. 

This  species  probably  belongs  to  a  different  genus  from  the  last,  and 
is  perhaps  the  male  of  Eckthrogalens  denticulatus,  with  which  it  was  asso 
ciated.  Both  species  of  Nogagus,  the  Pandarns  and  Eohthrogaleus  denticu- 
latiiSj  were,  however,  all  found  on  the  same  specimen  of  the  shark,  so 
that  the  association  of  males  and  females  in  one  or  two  instances  is  not 
very  good  proof  of  their  identity. 


S   SINUATUS  Say.      (p.  459.) 
LOG.  cit.,  p.  436,  1818. 

This  species  is  apparently,  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  Say's  descrip 
tion,  allied  to  P.  licolor  Leach,  a  European  species,  which  is  probably 
not  congeneric  with  the  species  which  we  have  previously  mentioned. 

CEOROPS  LATREILLII  Leach,    (p.  459.) 

Encyl.  Brit.,  Suppl.,  vol.  i,  p.  405,  PL  20,  1816,  (teste  Edwards  et  al.  ;)  Edwards, 
Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  475;  Baird,  op.  cit.,  p.  293,  PI.  34,  figs.  1,  2. 

According  to  Gould,  (op.  cit.,  p.  341,)  this  species  has  been  found  upon 
the  sun-fish  (Orthagorlscus  mola)  taken  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts. 

ANTHOSOMA  CRASSUM  Steenstrup  and  LUtken.    (p.  4GO.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  367,  PI.  12,  fig.  24,  1861.     CaUgus  crassus  Abildgaard,  (teste    Steen 
strup  and  LUtken,)  Naturh.  Selsk.  Skr.,  Bind  iii,  p.  49,  pi.  5,  [1794  ?]  (teste 
Kroyer.)    Anthpsoma  Smithii  Leach,  Eucycl.  Brit.,  Snppl.,  vol.  i,  p.  406,  PI.  20, 
1816,  (teste  Edwards  et  al.  ;)  Kroyer,  Nat.  Tidsskrift,  vol.  i,  p.  295,  PI.  2,  fig. 
2,  1836  ;  Edwards,  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  493,  PI.  39,  fig.  5  ;  Regne  ani 
mal  de  Cuvier,  Crust.,  PI.  79,  fig.  3  ;  Baird,  op.  cit.,  p.  299,  PI.  33,  fig.  9. 
According  to  Gould,  (op.  cit.,  p.  341,)  Anthosoma  Smithii   has    been 
20  v 


284      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [578] 

found  upon  the  mackerel- shark  (Lamna  punctata)  taken  on  the  coast  of 
Massachuset  t  s. 

LERIOEA  BRANCHIALIS  Liniie.    (p.  460.) 

System  a  Naturae;  Edwards,  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  528;  Steenstrup 
and  Liitken,  op.  cit.,  p.  403,  PI.  13,  fig.  28. 

Found  attached  to  the  gills  of  the  cod  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and, 
undoubtedly,  extends  as  far  south  as  that  fish.  It  is  common  in  Xorth- 
ern  Europe. 

PENELLA  PLUMOSA  DeKay.    (p.  460.) 

Op.  cit.,. p.  60,  1844. 

Found,  according  to  ".DeKay,  upon  Diodon  pilosus,  and  a  species  of 
Rhombus. 

ANCHORELLA  UNCINATA  Nordmann.    (p.  460.)' 

Mikrographische  Beit-rage,  Heft  ii,  p.  102,  PL  8,  figs.  8-12,  PL  10,  figs.  1-5,  1832; 
Baird,  op.  cit.,  p.  337,  PL  35,  fig.  9.  Lerncea  untinala  Miiller,  Zoologia  Danica, 
vol.  i,  PL  33,  fig.  2,  1788,  (teste  Nordmarm  el  al. ;)  Van  Benaden,  Poissous  des 
cotes  de  Belgique,  Memoires  Acad.  Royale  Belgique,  tome  xxxiii,  PL  2,  fig.  7, 
1871. 

Found  upon  cod-fish  taken  at  Xew  London,  Connecticut.  It  is  a  com 
mon  European  species. 

LERNEONEMA  RADIATA  Stp.  and  Ltk.    Plate  VII,  fig.  30.  .  (p.  458.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  400,  1861.  Lerneoccra  radiata  Leseur,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila 
delphia,  vol.  iii,  p.  288,  PL  11,  fig.  1,  1824. 

At  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  and  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buz 
zard's  Bay,  very  common  upon  the  menhaden,  (Brevoortia  Menhaden.) 

LERNEONEMA  ?,  species,    (p.  460.) 

A  species  belonging  to  this,  or  a  closely-allied  genus,  was  found  upon 
a  species  of  Carangus  taken  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

According  to  Gould,  (op.  cit.,  p.  341,)  Penella  filosa  Cuvier,  (Guerin, 
op.  cit.,  Zoophytes,  PI.  9.  fig.  3 ;  Edwards,  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome 
iii,  p.  525,)  has  been  found  upon  Orthayoriscus  mola,  and  might,  there 
fore,  occasionally  occur  south  of  Cape  Cod.  The  same  author  also  men 
tions  (p.  341)  Chondr  acanthus  conuitus  Cuvier,  (Xordmann,  op.  cit.,  p. 
Ill,  PI.  9,  figs.  5-10;  Edwards,  Hist.  nat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  500,  PL 
40,  figs.  18-22,)  and  BranchieUa  Thynnl  Cuvier.  (Edwards,  op.  cit.,  tome 
iii,  p.  512 ;  Steenstrnp  and  Liitken,  op.  cit.,  p.  420,  PL  15,  fig.  36,)  as 
occurring  upon  the  coast  of  Massachusetts. 

CIRRIPEDIA. 
BALANUS  AMPIIITRITE  Darwin,    (p.  381.) 

Monograph  of  the  Cirripedia,  pp.  240,  614,  PL  5,  fig.  2,  1854. 

Found  upon  the  bottoms  of  ships,  but  probably  does  not  live  long 
after  arriving  upon  our  coast.  It  is  found  in  all  the  tropical  and  warmer 
temperate  seas. 

Balanus  tintimuibulum  Liune,  (Darwin,  op.  cit.,  pp.  194,  611,  PL  1,  2? 


[579]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        285 

fig.  1,)  occurs  with  the  last  species,  but  has  not  been  noticed  living.    It 
has  about  the  same  range  as  the  J5.  ampliltrite. 

BALANUS  EBURNETJS  Gould,     (p.  381.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  15,  PL  1,  fig.  6,  1841,  Darwin,  op.  cit.,  pp.  248,  614,  PI.  5,  fig.  4. 

From  Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  It  sometimes 
occurs  in  brackish  or  even  fresh  water.  Professor  J.  Wyman  found  it 
living  about  50  miles  up  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  where  the  water 
was  fresh  enough  to  drink,  and  the  specimens  lived  well  when  trans 
ferred  to  a  vessel  of  perfectly  fresh  water. 

BALANUS  IMPROVISUS  Darwin. 

Op.  cit.,  pp.  250,  G14,  PI.  6,  fig.  1. 

Darwin  gives  this  species  as  occurring  in  England,  Nova  Scotia,  United 
States.  West  Indies,  and  South  America,  so  that  it  undoubtedly  occurs 
upon  the  coast  of  New  England. 

BALANUS  CRENATUS  Bruguiere.    (p.  381.) 

Encyclop.  Method.,  1798,  (teste  Darwin;)  Darwin,  op.  cit., pp. 261, 615, PL 6, fig. 6. 
Balanas  rugosus  Gould,  op.  cit.,*p.  16,  PL  1,  fig.  10. 

Dredged  abundantly  in  Vineyard  Sound.  It  ranges  from  the  arctic 
regions  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  West  Indies. 

BALANUS  BALANOIDES  Stimpson.    (p.  305.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  39,  1853  ;  Darwin,  op.  cit.,  pp.  267,  615 
PL  7,  fig.  2.  Lepas  lalanoides  Linne,  Systema  Naturae,  1767,  (teste  Darwin.) 
Balanus  ovularis  and  elongatus  Gould,  op.  cit.,  pp.  17,  18,  PL  1,  figs.  7,  8. 

Extremely  abundant  between  tides.  It  inhabits  the  whole  North 
Atlantic. 

CORONULA  DIADEMA  De  Blainville.     (p.  460.) 

Diet,  des  Sci.  nat.,  1824,  (teste,  Darwin  ;)  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  12;  Darwin,  op.  cit., 
pp.  417,  623,  PL  15,  fig.  3,  PL  16,  figs.  1,  2,  7.  Lepas  diadema  Linne,  Systema 
Natime,  1767,  (teste  Darwin.) 

Attached  to  whales  taken  on  the  coast,  both  north  and  south  of  Cape 
Cod.  It  is  found  throughout  the  whole  North  Atlantic. 

LEPAS  FASCICULARIS  Ellis  and  Solander.    Plate  VII,  fig.  34.     (p.  382.) 

Zoophytes,  1786,  (teste  Darwin;)  Darwin,  op.  cit.,  p.  92,  PL  1,  fig.  6. 

Found  in  vast  numbers  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  June  and  July,  and 
frequently  taken  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  in  August. 

LEPAS  PECTINATA  Spengler.     (p.  382.) 

Darwin,  op.  cit.,  p.  85.  PL  1,  fig.  3.  Anatifa  dentata  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  21,  PL  1,  fig. 
11. 

Attached  to  ships'  bottoms,  but  probably  does  not  live  long  after 
arriving  on  our  coast.  It  lives  throughout  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
Atlantic. 


286        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [5SO] 

LEPAS  ANATIFERA  Linne.     (p.  382.) 

Systema  Naturae,  1767,  (teste  Darwin  ;)  Darwiii,  op.  cit.,  p.  73,  PL  1,  fig.  1. 

Occurs  in  the  same  way  as  the  last  species.    It  is  common  to  the 
Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Indian  Oceans,  and  the  Mediterranean. 

LEPAS  ANSERIFERA  Linne.     (p.  382.) 

Systema  Naturae,  1767,  (teste  Darwin  ;)  Darwin,  op.  cit.,  p.  81,  PL  1,  fig.  4.    Anatifa 
striata  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  20. 

This  species  probably  occurs  in  the  same  way  as  the  last.     It  has  the 


CONCHODERMA  AURITA  OlferS.       (p.  392.) 

Darwin,  op.  cit.,  p.  141,  PL  3,  fig.  4.     Lepas  aurita  Linue,  Systema  Natime,  1767, 
(teste  Darwin.)     Otion  Cuvieri  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  23. 

On  ships'  bottoms,  &c.    It  ranges  through  all  the  seas. 

CONCHODERMA  YIRGATA  Olfers.    (p.  392.) 

• 

Darwin,  op.  cit.,  p.  146,  PL  3,  fig.  2.  Lepas  virgata  Spengler,  1790,  (teste  Darwin. ) 
Cineras  vittala  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  22. 

Occurs  in  the  same  way,  and  has  the  same  range  as  the  last  species. 

XIPHOSURA. 

LIMTILUS  POLYPHEMUS  Latreille.    (p.  340.) 

Hist,  des  Crust.,  (teste  Edwrards,)  Hist.  uat.  des  Crust.,  tome  iii,  p.  549;  Say,  loc. 
cit.,  p.  433  ;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  p.  339  ;  Packard,  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  ii,  p.  155,  PL  3-5,  1872,  (on  the  development ;)  A.  Milne  Edwards,  Anuales 
des  Sci.  nat.,  5e  ser.,  tome  xvii,  nos.  1  et  2,  Dec.,  1872,  PL  5-16,  (on  the  anatomy.) 
Monoculus  Polyphemus  Linne",  Systema  Naturre  ;  Polyphemus  occidenialis  Lamark, 
Hist,  des  Anim.  sans  vert.;  De  Kay,  op.  cit.,  p.  55,  PL  11,  fig.  50.  Limuliis 
aiistrdlls  Say,  loc.  cit..  p.  436.  Xiphosura  Polyphemus  White,  List  of  Crust,  in 
British  Mus.,  p.  121,  1847. 

Casco  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  to  Florida. 

ANNELIDA. 

POLYCILETA. 

APIIRODITA  ACULEATA  Linn.    (p.  507.) 

Systema  Naturae,  ed.  xii,  vol.  i,  p.  1084,  1767;  Malmgren,  O'fvers.  af  Kong.  Yet.- 
Akad.  Forhandlingar,  1865,  p.  52;  Johnston,  Catalogue  of  British  Non-Par 
asitical  Worms,  p.  101,  PL  9,  1865 ;  Quatrefages,  Histoire  naturelle  des  Au- 
netes,  vol.  i,  p.  191,  1865. 

Off  Gay  Head  in  15  to  19  fathoms,  mud;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  106 
fathoms,  mud;  St.  George's  Bank,  50  fathoms;  northward  to  Labra 
dor.  Northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great  Britain  and  Mediterranean. 


[581]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       287 

*  LEPIDONOTUS  SQUAMATUS  Leach.    Plate  X,  figs.  40,  41.    (p.  320.) 

Aplirodita  squamata  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  p.  665 ;  ed.  xii,  p.  1084.  Polynoe 
squamata  Savigny,  Syst.  Annel.,  20  (t.  Quatr.) ;  Quatr.,  op.  cit.,  p.  218.  Aphro- 
dita  punctata  Mu'll.,  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  p.  218  (t.  Malnigren).  Lepidonotus 
squamatns  Malmgren,  op.  cit.,  p.  56;  Johnston,  op.  cit.,  p.  109,  PI.  7,  fig.  1. 
Lepidonote  armadillo  Leidy,  Marine  Invert,  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey, 
p.  16,  PI.  11,  fig.  54.  Polynoe  dasypus  Quatr.,  op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  p.  226. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey ;  New  Haven ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode 
Island  5  Vineyard  Sound,  &c.  Very  common  north  of  Cape  Cod  to 
Labrador  and  Iceland;  -northern  coasts  of  Europe;  Great  Britain; 
France. 

In  the  Bay  of  Fundy  it  occurs  abundantly  from  above  low-water 
mark  to  the  depth  of  80  fathoms. 

LEPIDONOTUS  SUBLEVIS  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  X,  tig.  42.     (p.  320.) 

Body  oblong,  somewhat  narrowed  toward  each  end,  entirely  covered 
by  twelve  pairs  of  large  scales,  or  "  elytra,'7  which,  with  the  exception 
of  the  first  and  last  pairs,  are  broad  oval,  evenly  rounded  posteriorly,  the 
outer  lateral  edge  with  a  fine  fringe ;  the  posterior  margin  smooth.  Their 
surface  is  iridescent  and  nearly  smooth  throughout,  and  destitute  of 
tubercles,  but  has  minute  rounded  granules,  and  appears  punctate 
under  a  lens.  The  scales  of  the  last  pair  are  elongated,  with  the  inner 
edge  curved  inward,  but  without  a  distinct  emargination,  such  as  is 
seen  in  the  preceding  species.  Setae  numerous,  slender  but  stiff, 
amber-yellow.  Scales  usually  reddish  or  greenish  brown,  finely  specked 
with  dark  brown.  Length  up  to  30mm ;  breadth,  8mm. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  nearly  smooth 
scales,  the  form  of  the  last  pair,  and  the  lighter- colored  and   more 
slender  seta3. 
Savin  Eock,  near  New  Haven  ;  Vineyard  Sound. 

LEPIDONOTUS  ANGKJSTUS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  494.) 

Body  elongated,  narrow,  of  nearly  uniform  width  throughout,  convex 
above.  Twelve  pairs  of  elytra,  which  are  only  slightly  imbricated  and 
hardly*  cover  the  back  completely,  there  being  often  a  narrow  naked 
dorsal  space,  but  when  the  elytra  are  closely  appressed  the  back  is 
nearly  covered.  The  elytra  are  rather  small,  regularly  oval,  except  those 
of  the  terminal  pairs ;  outer  edge  irregularly  fringed  ;  surface  covered 
with  small,  slightly  prominent,  roundish  granules.  Posterior  elytra 
with  a  deep  emargination  on  the  inner  margin.  Head  larger  and  rela 
tively  broader  than  in  L.  squamatus,  convex,  with  well-rounded  sides, 
'eyes  larger  and  farther  apart.  Antennae  rather  short.  Setae  shorter 
than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species,  of  nearly  uniform  length,  rather 
rigid,  light  amber-colored,  forming  short  dense  fascicles.  Color  varia 
ble;  in  one  specimen  the  scales  were  yellowish  gray  and  brownish, 
varied  with  dark  specks,  and  with  a  central  subcircular  or  somewhat 
crescent-shaped  white  spot,  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  dark  brown  specks. 


288       REPOET    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [582] 

which  form  an  irregular  dark  spot  on  the  inner  border  of  the  pale  central 
spot. 

Eeefs  off  Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island,  in  4  or  5  fathoms,  among  rocks 
and  algae. 

HARMOTHOE  IMBRICATA  Malmgren.    (p.  321.) 

Nordiska  Hafs-Annulater,  op.  cit.,  p.  67,  1865,  PI.  9,  fig.  8.  A-E.  Aplirodtta  inibri- 
cata  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1084,  1767.  Aphrodita  cirrata  Miiller,  Prodr- 
Zool.  Dan.,  No.  2644  (t.  Malmgren);  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grcenlaudica,  p.  308,  PI. 
1,  fig.  70.  Lepidonote  cirrata  CErsted,  Gron.  Ann.  Dorsib.,  1843,  p.  14,  PL  l,figs. 
1,  5,  6, 11, 14, 15;  Stimpson,  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Man  an,  p.  36,  1853.  Folynoe 
cirrata  Sars,  Arcb.  fiir.  Naturg.,  vol.  xi,  1845,  p.  11,  PI.  1,  figs.  12-21  (embry 
ology). 

New  Haven ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island ;  Vineyard  Sound  ;  Massa 
chusetts  Bay  ;  Bay  of  Fundy  and  northward  to  Greenland ;  Iceland ; 
and  Spitsbergen.  Northern  coasts  of  Europe ;  Scotland.  In  the  Bay 
of  Fundy  it  is  common  from  above  low-water  mark  to  60  fathoms ;  in 
Vineyard  Sound,  from  low-water  mark  to  15  fathoms;  25  fathoms  off 
Buzzard's  Bay. 

STHENELAIS  PICTA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  348.) 

(?)  Sigalion  Mathilda'  Leidy,  Marine  Invert.  Fauna  of  tbe  Coasts  of  Rhode  Island 
and  New  Jersey,  p.  16,  PL  11,  f.  53,  from  Journal  Philadelphia  Acad.,  series  ii, 
vol.  iii,  1855  (non  And.  and  Edw.)  (?)  Stlienelais  Leidyi  Quatr.,  op.  cit.,  vol.  i, 
p.  278  (no  description). 

Body  depressed,  much  elongated,  nearly  uniform  in  breadth  through 
out;  back  convex;  ventral  surface  flat.  The  whole  dorsal  surface  is 
closely  covered  by  the  imbricated  scales,  of  which  there  are  more  than 
150  pairs.  These,  with  the  exception  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  pairs, 
are  broadly  lunate,  with  a  deep  emargination  in  the  center  of  the  ante 
rior  edge;  the  posterior  and  lateral  margins  are  broadly  rounded ;  the 
outer  lateral  edge  is  laciuiately  fringed;  the  posterior  edge  is  smooth; 
the  whole  surface  of  the  anterior  scales  is  covered  with  minute,  slightly 
elevated  granules  ;  farther  back,  the  exposed  portion  of  the  surface  of 
the  scales  is  smooth,  and  the  microscopic  granules  are  restricted  to  the 
anterior  and  inner  portions.  The  scales  of  the  anterior  pair  are  oval,  and 
have  their  entire  outer  and  anterior  margins  minutely  but  irregularly 
denticulate. 

The  head  is  small,  rounded,  contracted  behind  the  posterior  eyes  and 
in  front  of  the  anterior  ones ;  the  eyes  are  near  together,  in  a  quadran 
gle  ;  those  in  the  anterior  pair  are  a  little  farther  apart,  and  lateral. 
The  head  is  prolonged  anteriorly  into  a  narrow  elliptical  or  oval  portion, 
which  forms  the  base  of  the  median  antenna ;  close  to  and  below  each 
of  the  anterior  eyes  a  prominent,  membranous,  ciliated  process  arises. 
The  feet  of  the  first  pair,  which  are  directed  forward,  are  elongated,  and 
bear  a  pair  of  slender,  elongated,  dorsal  cirri,  which  are  nearly  as  long- 
as  the  antennoe;  a  much  shorter,  slender  cirrus  from  the  lower  lobe,  with 
a  small,  thin,  membraneous  process  below ;  and  a  large  fascicle  of  long, 


[583]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        289 

slender  setse,  as  long  as  the  median  antennae.  The  palpi  are  slender, 
longer  than  the  antenna? ;  lateral  feet  prominent,  projecting  beyond  the 
scales  ;  setse  light  yellow. 

Color  variable,  generally  light  gray,  with  a  dark  brown  median  dorsal 
band,  each  scale  often  bordered  on  the  posterior  and  inner  edges  with 
brown,  which  is  connected  with  a  blackish  angular  spot  near  the  ante 
rior  margin,  the  rest  of  the  scale  being  transparent  and  whitish ;  head 
dark  brown,  with  a  red  central  spot  and  a  round  whitish  spot  on  each 
side.  Length  up  to  150mm ;  breadth  usually  about  4mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  low-water  mark  to  14  fathoms ;  off  Martha's  Vine 
yard,  21  fathoms,  sand;  off  New  Haven,  4  to  5  fathoms,  shelly.  Great 
Egg  Harbor  (Leidy). 

This  species  differs  considerably  in  the  form  of  the  head,  antennae, 
&c.,  from  the  figure  given  by  Leidy.  His  description  is  insufficient  to 
determine  whether  he  observed  the  same  species. 

NEPHTHYS  INGENS  Stimpson.    Plate  XII,  figs.  59,  GO.     (p.  431.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  33,  in  Smithsonian  Contributions,  1853. 

Long  Island  Sound,  off  New  Haven,  3  to  8  fathoms,  mud,  common ; 
off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  GO  fathoms. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  form  of  the  head  and 
position  of  the  small  antennae;  by  the  large  median  dorsal  papilla  on  the 
proboscis,  and  the  smaller  ventral  one;  by  the  very  prominent  and  widely 
separated  rami  of  the  posterior  feet;  and  the  dark  color  of  the  setaB. 
It  grows  to  the  length  of  130mm  or  more. 

NEPHTHYS  PICTA  Ehlers.    Plate  XII,  fig.  57.     (p.  348.) 

Die  Borstenwiirmer,  vol.  i,  p.  632,  PI.  23,  figs.  9,  35,  1868. 

Vineyard  Sound,  low- water  mark  to  8  fathoms,  muddy  and  shelly. 
JSTahant;  Charleston  (Ehlers). 

NEPHTHYS  BUCERA  Ehlers.    Plate  XII,  fig.  58.     (p.  41G.) 

Die  Borstenwiirmer,  vol.  i,  p.  617,  PI.  23,  fig.  8. 

Vineyard  Sound,  8  to  10  fathoms,  shelly ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island, 
4  to  5  fathoms,  among  rocks  and  sand.  Massachusetts  Bay  (Ehlers). 

This  species  is  remarkable  both  for  the  form  of  the  head  and  the 
length  of  the  setre,  which  often  exceed  the  diameter  of  the  body. 

NEPHTHYS  CILIATA  Kathke. 

Beitriige  zur  Fauna  Norwegens,  p.  170,1843;  Malmgren,  op.  cit.,  p.  104,  PL 
12,  figs.  17,  A-C,  1865;  Quatrefages,  op.  cit.,  p.  429  (Nephtys);  Ehlers, 
Borsteuwiirmer,  vol.  i,  p.  629,  PI.  23,  fig.  38,  1868.  Nereis  ciliata  Muller,  Zoolog. 
Danica,  vol.  iii,  p.  17,  PI.  89,  figs.  1-4  (t.  Ehlers).  Neplithys  borealis  CErsted, 
Annnlat.  Danicor.  cousp.,  p.  32,  1843  (t.  Malnigren). 

Ehlers  gives  Edgartown  as  a  locality  for  this  species.  It  is  a  northern 
form,  found  at  Iceland,  Greenland,  Spitzbergen,  and  along  the  northern 
coasts  of  Europe  and  Great  Britain.  Stimpson  records  it  from  the 


290      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [584 J 

Bay  of  Fundy,  in  40  fathoms,  inud.  It  was  dredged  near  St.  George's 
Bank  in  85,  110,  and  150  fathoms,  mud,  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  on  the 
"Bache,"  1872. 

EUMIDIA  AMERICANA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  494.) 

Body  long  and  slender.  Head  triangular,  subcordate,  broad  and 
slightly  eniargmate  posteriorly,  the  sides  rapidly  converging,  the  front 
end  narrow  and  rounded,  with  four  slender  antennae,  which  are  as  long 
as  the  head  ;  odd  median  antenna  long  and  slender,  tapering,  as  long  as 
or  longer  than  the  head.  Eyes  moderately  large,  round,  convex,  near 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  head.  Tentacular  cirri  long  and  slender  ; 
crowded.  Proboscis  elongated,  subclavate,  enlarging  to  the  end,  which 
is  surrounded  by  about  fourteen  triangular  papillae  ;  the  basal  two-thirds 
covered  with  small,  slender,  prominent  papillae,  which  are  not  crowded, 
but  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows;  this  part  of  the  proboscis  is,  in  the 
preserved  specimens,  longitudinally  ridged  and  transversely  wrinkled  5 
the  terminal  third  is  nearly  smooth,  but  usually  minutely  granulous. 
The  lateral  lamellae,  or  branchiae,  are  ovate-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  with 
curved  tips ;  posteriorly  they  are  larger  and  more  acute.  Length  up  to 
50mm  ;  breadth,  1.5mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  8  to  12  fathoms,  among  compound  ascidians. 

EUMIDIA  VIYIDA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov. 

Head  relatively  a  little  longer  than  in  the  preceding  species,  with  the 
sides  more  convex,  and  the  front  rounded ;  antennae  long  and  slender. 
Eyes  brownish,  very  large,  about  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding 
species.  Proboscis  long,  slender,  clavate,  nearly  smooth,  but  with  a 
few  minute,  distant  papillae  5  the  terminal  orifice  surrounded  by  about 
eighteen  very  small  papilliforni  deuticulations.  Branchiae  of  the  ante 
rior  segments  long  and  narrow  lanceolate ;  of  the  middle  segments 
ovate.  Length  up  to  45mm ;  breadth,  1.5mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  8  to  12  fathoms,  among  ascidians. 

EUMIDIA  TAPILLOSA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Head  short,  rounded,  convex,  emarginate  posteriorly,  the  sides 
convex ;  antennae  not  very  slender ;  median  odd  one  stout,  tapering, 
acute,  as  long  as  the  head.  Eyes  large ;  brown.  Tentacular  cirri 
rather  stout,  those  of  the  two  posterior  pairs  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
the  others.  Proboscis  long,  clavate,  densely  covered  with  short, 
rounded  papillae,  and  with  a  circle  of  minute  papillae  at  the  orifice. 

Length  up  to  40mm ;  breadth,  2mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  G  to  10  fathoms,  among  compound  ascidians. 

EULALIA  PISTACIA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Body  moderately  slender,  depressed.  Head  convex,  shorter  than 
broad  5  in  preserved  specimens,  sides  wTell  rounded,  posterior  margin 
slightly  emarginate ;  median  odd  antenna  small,  slender,  considerably 


[585]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.      '291 

shorter  than  the  head.  Eyes  large,  brown.  Tentacular  cirri  moder 
ately  long 5  the  four  posterior  ones  considerably  longer  than  the  others. 
Branchiae  narrow  lanceolate  anteriorly;  ovate  and  leaf-like  on  the  middle 
segments ;  longer  and  lanceolate  posteriorly.  Proboscis  long,  more  or 
less  clavate,  smooth,  but  often  showing  longitudinal  striations,  and 
sometimes  with  a  few  very  minute  scattered  papilla  toward  the  end  ; 
the  orifice  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  numerous  minute  papillae.  Color 
bright  yellowish  green  (epidote-green  or  pistachio-green),  often  with 
obscure  darker  markings  posteriorly,  and  at  the  base  of  the  append 
ages.  Length  up  to  40mnj ;  breadth,  1.5mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  G  to  12  fathoms,  among  compound  ascidiaus ;  off  Xew 
Haven,  4  to  5  fathoms,  among  hydroids. 

EULALIA  GRANULOSA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov. 

Body  not  very  slender,  considerably  stouter  than  in  the  preceding 
species,  and  less  tapering  anteriorly.  Head  short  cordate,  decidedly 
eniarginate  behind,  broader  than  long;  sides  prominently  rounded; 
front  small,  rounded.  Antenae  short;  odd  one  slender,  originating 
between  the  eyes,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head.  Eyes  large, 
round,  convex,  dark  brown.  Proboscis  long,  clavate,  thickly  covered 
throughout  with  round,  scarcely  prominent,  crowded,  rather  large 
granules,  each  of  which  has  a  dark  central  spot ;  orifice  surrounded  by 
a  circle  of  small  papillae.  Tentacular  cirri  slender,  acute,  the  two  poste 
rior  pairs  long,  reaching  the  eighth  segment.  Lateral  appendages 
large  and  prominent  for  the  genus.  Branchiae  of  upper  ramus  rather 
large,  ovate,  leaf-like  anteriorly;  larger  and  obliquely  ovate,  with 
acuminate  tips,  farther  back ;  branchiae  of  lower  ramus  similar  in  form 
and  nearly  as  large.  Color  bright  grass-green.  Length  55mm,  or  more ; 
breadtb,  2mm;  length  of  proboscis,  6imn. 

Off  New  Haven,  4  to  5  fathoms,  among  hydroids. 

EULALIA  ANNULATA  Yerrill,  sp.  iiov. 

Body  moderately  slender,  convex,  tapering  to  both  ends.  Head 
longer  than  broad,  somewhat  oblong,  truncate  behind,  the  sides  but 
little  convex,  narrowing  but  little  to  the  obtusely  rounded  front.  Pro 
boscis  covered  with  small  prominent  papillae.  Eyes  two,  large,  dark 
brown  or  blackish,  rather  near  together.  Odd  median  antenna  slender, 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  head,  placed  far  in  advance  of  the  eyes; 
frontal  antennae  rather  large,  about  the  same  in  length,  but  much 
stouter  than  the  median  one,  with  slender  tips.  Tentacular  cirri  very 
unequal,  the  two  upper  pairs  much  longer  than  the  others,  not  very 
slender,  reaching  to  the  seventh  or  eighth  segment  in  preserved  speci 
mens;  the  two  lower  pairs  not  more  than  one-third  as  long.  Dorsal 
branchiae  narrow  and  acute  throughout ;  the  anterior  ones  are  narrow 
lanceolate,  with  subacute  tips;  those  farther  back  become  still  more 
elongated,  narrow  lanceolate,  or  almost  linear  lanceolate,  with  acuminate 


292f      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [5361 

tips,  and  in  length  equal  to  half  the  diameter  of  the  body  ;  posteriorly 
they  become  somewhat  wider,  with  acute,  curved  tips.  Caudal  cirri 
small,  narrow  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  posterior  lateral  lamellae, 
or  branchiae  Color  of  preserved  specimens  pale  greenish  or  bluish 
gray,  with  narrow  aunulations  of  golden  brown,  and  iridescent.  Length 
50mm,  or  more  ;  breadth  about  1.25mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  4  to  12  fathoms,  among  ascidians. 

EULALIA  GrRACiLis  Verrill,  'sp.  nov. 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  with  the  segments  deeply  incised  ;  pos 
terior  segments  elongated.  Head  small,  elongated,  truncate  behind ; 
posterior  angles  not  prominent,  oblong,  tapering  but  little  toward  the 
front,  which  is  obtusely  rounded ;  sides  not  swollen.  Eyes  of  moderate 
size,  brown,  situated  close  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  head.  The 
four  frontal  antennas  are  more  than  half  as  large  as  the  head,  rather 
stout,  tapering,  and  the  head  is  slightly  constricted  behind  them  ;  odd 
median  one,  small,  slender,  inconspicuous,  about  one-third  the  length  of 
the  head,  placed  considerably  in  advance  of  the  eyes.  Tentacular  cirri 
rather  stout,  the  two  upper  ones  longest,  rather  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  the  head  ;  the  posterior  pair,  when  extended  backward,  reaches  the 
fifth  setigerous  segment  in  preserved,  specimens ;  the  two  lower  ones 
are  considerably  stouter  and  smaller,  nearly  equal,  and  are  somewhat 
longer  than  the  head  in  alcoholic  specimens.  BranchiaB  of  the  anterior 
segments  short,  oval,  obtuse  at  the  tip  ;  posteriorly  larger,  elongated 
oval,  leaf-like.  Color  light  greenish  brown  or  olive,  with  a  row  of  dark 
brown  spots  along  each  side  of  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body. 

Length  up  to  65mm;  breadth  about  lmm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  G  to  14  fathoms,  among  ascidiaus  and  hydroids. 

This  species  is  very  active  in  its  motions.  In  general  appearance  it 
resembles  certain  species  of  Phyllodoce,  for  which  it  might  easily  be 
mistaken,  owing  to  the  small  size  and  translucency  of  the  odd  median 
antenna,  which  is  not  easily  observed,  especially  with  living  specimens. 
The  position  of  the  tentacular  cirri  is,  however,  sufficient  to  distinguish 
the  genus  from  Phyllodoce  and  Eumidia.  The  form  of  the  head  is  quite 
peculiar,  but  somewhat  resembles  that  of  Phyllodoce  gracilis,  and  also 
the  preceding  species. 

One  specimen  of  the  Eiilalla  gracilis  was  found  in  which  fissiparity 
was  apparently  about  to  take  place.  In  this,  one  of  the  segments  was 
larger  than  the  rest,  and  had  developed  a  distinct  pair  of  eyes.  The 
specimen  unfortunately  died  before  the  separation  took  place. 

PHYLLODOCE  GRACILIS  Verrill,  sp.  uov.    PL  XI,  fig.  56.     (p.  494.) 

(?)  Phyllodoce  maculata  A.  Agassiz,  Annals  Lyceum  New  York,  vol.  viii,  p.  333, 
fig.  53,  1866  (non  Miiller,  nee  CErsted). 

Body  very  long  and  slender.  Head  longer  than  broad,  decidedly 
cordate  behind,  with  the  posterior  angles  well  rounded;  the  sides  swell- 


[587]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       '293 

ing  out  opposite  the  eyes,  then  narrowing  to  near  the  antenna;,  where 
there  is  a  slight  constriction,  and  expanding  slightly  at  the  end,  which 
is  obtusely  rounded.  Eyes  very  large,  brown,  wide  apart,  and  sub-lateral, 
connected  by  a  curved  band  of  brown  specks;  antenna)  rather  large  and 
long,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  head.  Tentacular  cirri  large,  the  two 
posterior  much  the  longest,  reaching  to  about  the  eighth  setigerous  seg 
ment.  Branchke  of  anterior  segments  broad  oval  or  sub-circular,  rounded 
at  the  end ;  posterior  ones  larger,  broad  oval,  narrowed  to  the  end.  Pro 
boscis  with  a  large,  swollen,  basal  portion,  on  which  are  twelve  longi 
tudinal  rows  of  large,  prominent,  obtuse  papilla?,  about  seven  in  each 
row ;  and  a  terminal  smooth  portion,  which  is  somewhat  longer,  and 
about  as  broad  at  the  end  as  the  basal  portion,  but  considerably  narrower 
at  its  commencement;  the  orifice  is  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  large, 
rounded  papilla?.  Color  greenish,  with  a  median  dorsal  row  of  dark 
brown  spots,  and  another  less  conspicuous  row  along  each  side  of  the 
back,  at  the  base  of  the  lateral  appendages. 

Length  up  to  75mm;  breadth,  1  to  1.25mm. 

Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  in  4  or  5  fathoms,  rocky  bottom. 

The  figure  (56)  copied  from  one  of  those  given  by  Mr.  Agassiz  does 
not  agree  perfectly  with  the  specimens  described,  but  probably  represents 
the  same  species.  The  head,  as  figured,  is  more  oblong  and  the  eyes 
nearer  together  than  in  niy  specimens ;  the  tentacular  cirri  are  less 
crowded.  The  anterior  ones,  in  the  preserved  specimens  at  least,  appear 
to  arise  from  beneath  the  base  of  the  head.  Some  of  these  differences 
may  be  due  to  the  different  states  of  extension  and  contraction  ;  for  the 
species  in  this  family  are  all  quite  changeable  in  form  during  life,  and 
usually  contract  very  much  in  alcohol. 

PHYLLODOCE  OATENULA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  404.) 

Head  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  slightly  cordate  posteriorly,  with 
the  posterior  angles  well  rounded,  and  the  sides  full  and  convex ;  front 
broadly  rounded,  a.ud  with  a  slight  emargination  in  the  middle.  Eyes 
large,  dark  brown,  placed  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  head;  antennoe 
rather  long,  slender.  Tentacular  cirri  long  and  slender,  the  two  posterior 
much  longer  than  the  others.  Branchiae  of  anterior  segments  broad 
ovate,  with  rounded  tips ;  farther  back  larger  and  longer,  ovate,  leaf-like, 
with  acuminate  tips.  Proboscis  with  twelve  rows  of  papillae  on  the 
basal  portion,  which  are  prominent,  somewhat  elongated,  obtuse,  seven 
or  eight  in  the  lateral  rows,  those  in  each  row  close  together.  Color  of 
body  and  branchia3  pale  green,  with  a  median  dorsal  row  of  dark  brown 
spots,  one  to  each  segment;  and  two  lateral  rows,  in  which  there  is  a 
spot  at  the  base  of  each  "  foot  f  head  pale,  or  greenish  white. 

Length  up  to  75mm;  breadth  about  1.5mi". 

Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  in  4  to  0  fathoms,  among  rocks  and  alga?-, 
and  in  tide-pools;  Wood's  Hole,  at  surface,  evening,  July  3.  Very 
common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  low-water  to  50  fathoms. 


294        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [588] 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  P.  pulchella  Malmgren,  from  Northern. 
Europe,  but  differs  somewhat  iii  the  form  of  the  head,  which  is  shorter 
and  rounder  in  the  latter ;  the  branchiae  also  differ  in  form.  It  is  a  very 
active  species,  and  secretes  a  large  quantity  of  mucus. 

ETEONE  ROBUST  A  Yerrill,  sp.  noy.     (p.  488.) 

Body  large,  stout,  depressed,  broadest  in  the  middle,  tapering  gradu 
ally  to  each  end.  Head  small,  about  as  long  as  wide,  convex,  with  a  me 
dian  depression 5  the  sides  rounded;  front  obtusely  rounded.  The  four 
frontal  antennae  are  very  small,  short,  obtuse,  less  than  half  the  diameter 
of  the  head.  Eyes  very  small,  black.  Tentacles  very  small  and  short? 
tapering,  their  length  about  one-half  the  diameter  of  the  head,  the  two 
pairs  about  equal.  BranehiaB  small,  sessile,  anteriorly  very  small,  oval, 
obtuse;  in  the  middle  region  rounded,  sub-oval.  Color  dark  green,  with 
the  anterior  portion  somewhat  paler,  and  with  light  green  transverse 
bands  between  the  segments;  lateral  appendages  pale  green. 

Length,  125mm;  breadth  in  middle,  5mm;  length  of  head,  0.6mm. 

Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  under  stones,  between  tides,  April  12, 1873. 

ETEONE  LIMICOLA  Yen-ill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  349.) 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  tapering  gradually  to  both  ends;  depressed, 
and  with  deeply  incised,  elongated  segments  posteriorly;  less  depressed 
and  with  shorter  and  less  distinct  segments  anteriorly.  Head  small, 
about  as  broad  as  long,  the  posterior  angles  well  rounded,  the  sides  with 
a  slight  constriction  in  advance  of  the  eyes,  narrowing  rapidly;  front 
narrow,  convex ;  antennae  slender,  about  half  the  length  of  the  head. 
Eyes  minute,  inconspicuous.  Tentacular  cirri  about  equal  to  the  length 
of  the  head.  Lateral  appendages  small  on  the  anterior  segments,  becom 
ing  much  more  prominent  farther  back;  anterior  branchiae  very  small, 
ovate,  sessile;  those  farther  back  much  larger,  and  narrow  ovate. 
Color,  when  living,  light  green  throughout. 

Length  about  S0mm ;  breadth,  including  appendages,  1.5mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  Xew  Jersey,  in  mud  at  low- water. 

ETEONE  SETOSA  Yen-ill,  sp.  nov. 

Body  long  and  slender,  resembling  the  preceding  in  form,  but  some 
what  less  slender.  Head  shorter  and  broader,  the  posterior  angles 
prominently  rounded ;  two  slight  notches  or  emarginations  on  the 
posterior  margin,  the  middle  portion  extending  farther  back  than  the 
lateral;  sides  rapidly  tapering;  front  narrow.  Antennae  less  than  half 
the  length  of  the  head.  Eyes  small,  but  quite  distinct.  Tentacular 
cirri  scarcely  as  long  as  the  head.  Lateral  appendages  a  little  promi 
nent  on  the  anterior  segments,  but  much  less  so  than  farther  back;  setae 
numerous.  The  branchiae  are  small,  sessile,  and  inconspicuous  anteriorly ; 
larger  and  ovate  farther  back. 

Length  up  to  75mm ;  breadth  about  2mm. 

Yineyard  Sound,  6  to  12  fathoms,  among  ascidians. 


[589]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        295 

ETEONE,  species  undetermined. 

A  small  and  slender  species  was  dredged  off  Gay  Head,  in  19  fathoms, 
soft  mud. 

Another  very  peculiar  species  of  Eteone  was  obtained  at  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  New  Jersey.  In  this  the  head  is  depressed  and  elongated, 
tapering,  with  short  antennae.  The  anterior  part  of  the  body  is  round 
and  with  the  lateral  appendages  very  small,  closely  appressed,  and  not 
at  all  prominent,  giving  to  this  part  of  the  body  a  smooth  appearance 5 
on  this  part  of  the  body  the  branchia3  are  very  small,  lunate,  sessile, 
closely  appressed;  farther  back  they  become  much  larger,  and  rounded 
or  ovate,  while  the  setigerous  lobe  becomes  prominent,  and  the  setae 
much  longer  and  more  numerous. 

PODARKE  OBSCURA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.     PI.  XII,  fig.  61.     (p.  319.) 

Body  convex  above,  flat  below,  with  the  segments  deeply  incised  at 
the  sides,  moderately  slender  in  fall  extension,  but  capable  of  great  con 
traction,  tapering  gradually  to  the  caudal  extremity,  and  less  toward  the 
head.  Head  small,  broader  than  long, emarginate  in  front,  sides  forming 
rounded  angles;  posterior  margin  nearly  straight.  Antennae  five,  sub- 
equal,  the  outer  pair  articulated  upon  a  short,  thick  basal  segment;  the 
odd  median  one  is  somewhat  shorter,  articulated  upon  a  small  basal 
segment,  which  arises  in  front  of  the  anterior  pair  of  eyes.  Tentacular 
cirri  long,  slender,  six  on  each  side,  two  arising  from  each  of  the  first 
three  annulations,  on  each  side;  those  on  the  middle  are  longest,  those 
on  the  first  shortest.  Eyes  four,  small,  red;  those  on  each  side  close 
together,  but  those  of  the  anterior  pair  are  farthest  apart.  Proboscis 
with  a  large,  swollen  basal  portion,  and  a  smaller  cylindrical  terminal 
portion,  the  surface  nearly  smooth.  Lateral  appendages,  or  "feet," 
elongated,  biramous.  The  upper  branch  is  short,  conical,  bearing 
at  its  extremity  a  long,  slender  dorsal  cirrus,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
breadth  of  the  body,  or  even  exceeding  it,  and  having  a  short  basal 
joint;  the  setae  of  the  upper  ramus  are  very  few  and  small.  The  lower 
branch  is  much  larger  and  longer,  thick  at  base,  tapering  somewhat  to 
the  obtuse  end,  from  which  a  small,  terminal,  obtuse,  papillilbrm  process 
arises;  the  short,  acute,  ventral  cirrus  arises  from  about  the  terminal 
third,  and  is  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  dorsal  cirrus;  the  setae  are 
numerous  and  long,  forming  a  broad,  fan-shaped  fascicle,  in  which  the 
middle  setae  are' 'considerably  longer  than  the  upper  and  lower  ones,  and 
in  length  about  equal  to  the  setigerous  lobe ;  these  setae  are  all  compound, 
the  middle  ones  having  a  very  long,  slender,  acute  terminal  joint,  and 
the  shorter  ones  beneath  having  a  much  shorter  terminal  joint.  Last 
segment  small,  rounded,  bearing  two  long,  slender  anal  cirri,  much  longer 
than  the  dorsal  cirri.  Color  variable,  most  commonly  very  dark  brown 
or  blackish ;  sometimes  dark  brown  with  transverse  bauds  of  light  flesh- 
color  between  the  segments,  and  two  intermediate  transverse  whitish 
lines  on  each  segment. 


296       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [590] 

Length  up  to  40mm  when  extended ;  breadth,  including  setae,  3mm. 

Wood's  Hole,  among  eel-grass  and  at  the  surface,  very  abundant, 
especially  at  night,  in  July  and  August ;  also  under  stones,  between 
tides. 

AUTOLYTUS  CORNUTUS  A.  Agassiz.     PL  XIII,  figs.  65,  66.     (p.  397.) 

Journal  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  vii,  p.  392,  Plates  9-11,  1863. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  New  Haven;  Watch  Hill;  Vineyard 
Sound;  Massachusetts  Bay ;  Eastport,  Maine.  Low-water  mark  to  15 
fathoms. 

AUTOLYTUS,  species  undetermined,     (p.  398.) 
Off  New  Haven,  4  to  6  fathoms,  shelly,  among  hydroids. 

AUTOLYTUS,  species  undetermined. 

Females,  filled  with  eggs,  of  a  large  species  of  this  genus  were  taken 
at  the  surface  of  Vineyard  Sound,  April  30,  by  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards. 
These  were  about  40111111  in  length,  as  preserved  in  alcohol,  and  rather 
stout,  tapering  to  each  end.  The  head  is  small,  short,  rounded  in  front. 
The  eyes  are  small,  and  the  two  pairs  are  near  together.  The  odd 
median  antenna  is  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  head; 
the  lateral  ones  are  about  half  as  long ;  the  first  six  setigerous  segments 
have  short  seta?;  the  following  ones  have  a  fascicle  of  long,  slender  ones, 
equal  to  the  breadth  of  the  body. 

SYLLIS,  species  undetermined,     (p.  453.) 

A  single  specimen  from  Vineyard  Sound.  The  body  is  about  12mm 
long;  the  antenna?  are  not  very  long;  the  palpi  short;  the  dorsal  cirri 
are  rather  long,  and,  like  the  antenna^,  regularly  beaded ;  the  ventral 
cirri  are  small,  tapering;  the  seta?  are  numerous,  rather  short. 

GATTIOLA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  453.) 

Young  specimens  were  taken  several  times  in  Vineyard  Sound,  at  the 
surface.  Adult  specimens  of  a  fine  species  of  this  genus  were  dredged 
in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  in  1872,  in  80  fathoms. 

NEREIS  VIRENS  Sars.    PL  XI,  figs.  47-50.     (p.  317.) 

Beskrivelser  og  lakttagelser,  etc.,  p.  58,  PL  10,  fig.  27,  a,  b,  c,  1835  (t,  Malmgren). 
Nereis  grandis  Stimpson,  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  34,  fjg.  24,  1853. 
Nereis  TanUana  Quatrefages,  Hist,  des  Anuelds,  i,  p.  553,  PL  17,  figs.  7,  8 
1865;  Alittavirens  Malmgren,  op.  cit.,  p.  183;  Anuulata  polychreta,  p.  56,  PL 
3,  figs.  19,  A-E,  1867. 

New  Haven,  at  low  water ;  Watch  Hill ;  Vineyard  Sound ;  Massachu 
setts  Bay;  Eastport,  Maine;  northward  to  Labrador.    Northern  coasts 
of  Europe  to  Great  Britain. 
NEREIS  LIMBATA  Ehlers.    PL  XI,  fig.  51.     (p.  318.) 

Die  Borsten warmer,  vol.  i.  p.  567,  1868. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Massachusetts  Bay ;  half-tide  mark  to 
4  to  G  fathoms  in  Long  Island  Sound. 


[591]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          297 

KEREIS  PELAGIOA  Linn.    PI.  XI,  figs.  52-55.     (p.  310.) 

Systema  naturae,  ed.  x,  p.  654  ;  ed.  xii,  p.  1086;  Malragren,  Annulata  polychaeta 
p.  47,  PL  5,  figs.  35,  A-D,  1867 ;  Ehlers,  op.  cit.,  p.  511,  PI.  20,  figs.  11-20,  1868. 
Heteronerds  grandifolia  Malmgren,  Nordiska  Hafs-Aniiulater,  p.  108,  PI.  11,  figs. 
15,  16,  B,  Bl,  C ;  Ann.  polychoeta,  p.  60,  PI.  5,  figs.  31,  A-D;  Heteronereis  arctica 
CErsted,  Greenland's  Annul,  dorsibr.,  p.  27,  PL  4,  figs.  50*,  51, 60,  PL  5,  figs.  65,  68 
70*,  male  (t.  Ehlers);  Heteronereis  assimilis  CErsted,  op.  cit.,  p.  28,  PL  4,  figs. 
54,  61,  PL  5,  fig.  72,  female  (t.  Ehlers). 

Off  New  Haven  ;•  Watch  Hill;  Vineyard  Sound ;  northward  to  Labra 
dor.  Greenland;  Iceland;  Spitsbergen ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to 
Great  Britain.  In  the  Bay  of  Fundy  from  low-water  mark  to  106 
fathoms,  common. 

NEREIS-  FUCATA  And.  and  Edwards,     (p.  494.) 

Histoire  nat.  litt.  de  la  France,  vol.  ii,  p.  188  (teste  Malmgreu) ;  Lycoris  fucaia 
Savigny,  Syst.  des  Annelides,  p.  31,  1820  (t.  Ehlers) ;  Descr.  de  1'Egypte,  ed. 
2,  xxi,  p.  357  (t.  Malmgren);  Nereilepas  fucata  Malmgren,  Aunulata  polychaeta, 
p.  53,  PL  3,  figs.  18-18  E ;  Johnston,  Catalogue,  p.  158,  fig.  30,  1865.  Hetero 
nereis  ylaucopis  Malmgren,  Nordiska  Hafs-Aimulater,  Ofvers.  af  Kongl.  Vet. 
Akad.  Forb.,  1865,  p.  181,  PL  11,  figs.  16,  16  A;  Annulata  polychseta,  p.  60,  PL 
4,  figs.  26,  27,  1867.  Nereis  fucata  Ehlers,  Borstenwiirmer,  vol.  i,  p.  546,  PL  21, 
figs.  41-44. 

A  specimen  was  dredged  at  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  in  4  to  G  fath 
oms,  among  rocks  and  algae,  which  agrees  well  with  Malmgreu's  descrip 
tion  and  figure  of  Heteronereis  glaucopis.  Ehlers  regards  the  latter  as 
the  heteronereis-form  of  N.  fucata. 

NEREIS,  species  undetermined. 

Head  sub-conical;  antenna?  small,  slender;  palpi  small,  shorter,  and 
thicker;  two  upper  pairs  of  tentacular  cirri  moderately  elongated,  sub- 
equal,  lower  ones  very  small.  Posterior  eyes  elongated  and  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  head;  anterior  pair  small,  lateral.  Feet  terminated  by  four 
small  papillae;  dorsal  and  ventral  cirri  small,  slender. 

The  only  specimen  observed  is  preserved  in  alcohol ;  it  is  a  female 
filled  with  eggs.  Vineyard  Sound,  0  to  8  fathoms. 

NECTONEREIS  Verrill,  genus  nov. 

Head  prominent,  depressed,  oval,  rounded  in  front,  bearing  two  pairs 
of  large  eyes  on  the  upper  and  lateral  surfaces,  and  a  pair  of  small 
antenna  beneath;  palpi  small  or  rudimentary.  Tentacular  cirri  four  on 
each  side,  as  in  Nereis.  Proboscis  small,  similar  to  that  of  Nereis,  but 
more  simple;  furnished  with  a  pair  of  terminal  hooks ;  with  two  anterior 
clusters  of  denticles  on  the  upper  side,  and  with  five  small  clusters  be 
low,  in  a  ring  extending  nearly  half-way  around  it.  Anterior  part  of 
body  fusiform,  consisting  of  about  fourteen  segments,  on  which  the  feet 
are  divided  into  small,  rounded  lobes,  with  small  ventral  cirri;  and  with 
long  dorsal  cirri,  those  on  the  first  seven  segments  swollen  and  gibbous 
toward  the  end,  with  a  small  acute  terminal  portion.  Posterior  part  of 


298       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [592] 

the  body  composed  of  numerous  short  segments,  on  which  the  feet  are 
furnished  with  lamelliform  appendages. 

This  remarkable  annelid  bears  some  resemblance,  in  the  structure  of 
the  body  and  "  feet,"  to  Heteronereis,  and  there  is  probably  another  form 
to  which  it  bears  the  same  relation  that  Reteronereis  bears  to  Nereis ;  but 
the  structure  of  the  head  is  very  unlike  that  of  any  known  genus,  and, 
indeed,  would  not  allow  it  to  be  placed  in  the  family  of  Nereides  without 
modifying  the  family-characters.  There  are  are  no  large  palpi,  corre 
sponding  to  those  of  Nereis,  and  nothing  to  represent  them,  unless  two 
small  lobes  close  to  the  mouth  be  considered  rudimentary  palpi. 

NEOTONEREIS  MEGALOPS  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XII,  figs.  G2,  G3.    (p. 

440.) 

Body  slender,  consisting  of  two  parts;  the  anterior  portion,  contain 
ing  fourteen  setigerous  segments,  is  broadest  in  the  middle,  tapering 
both  ways,  and  separated  from  the  posterior  portion  by  a  distinct  con 
striction  ;  the  posterior  portion  is  much  longer  and  more  slender,  taper 
ing  gradually  to  the  end,  and  consists  of  very  numerous  short  segments, 
which  are  furnished  with  complex  lateral  appendages,  with  thin  lamellae 
and  compound  bladed  setre.  Head  broad  oval,  somewhat  convex,  and 
very  smooth  above ;  the  lateral  margins  a  little  convex ;  the  front 
obtusely  rounded.  Eyes  very  large,  convex ;  the  anterior  ones  largest, 
lateral  and  partially  dorsal,  oval ;  in  contact  with  the  posterior  ones, 
which  are  somewhat  smaller  and  more  dorsal.  T\vo  small  decurved 
antennae,  with  swollen  bases,  are  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  head  ;  two 
small,  rounded  processes  in  front  of  the  mouth.  Tentacular  cirri 
slender,  the  upper  pair  much  the  longest ;  the  rather  short  lower  pair 
arising  near  the  mouth;  the  two  intermediate  pairs  arise  behind  and 
close  to  the  anterior  eyes ;  all  are  slightly  annulated.  The  "  feet"  on  the 
first  seven  segments  have  a  large  dorsal  cirrus,  increasing  in  length 
from  the  first  to  the  seventh,  narrow  at  base,  swollen  and  gibbous 
toward  the  end,  with  a  slender,  oblique,  terminal  portion ;  on  the  seven 
following  segments  the  dorsal  cirri  are  smaller,  , slender,  tapering; 
the  ventral  cirri  are  small,  with  swollen  bases  on  the  first  five  seg 
ments,  slender  and  tapering  on  the  rest ;  the  intermediate  lobes  of  the 
feet  are  small  and  rounded,  but  more  elongated  on  the  first  five  seg 
ments.  Seta?  of  different  forms,  many  of  them  with  a  slender,  often 
curved,  acute  terminal  piece. 

The  lateral  appendages  of  the  posterior  region  have,  on  the  upper 
ramus,  a  long,  slender  dorsal  cirrus,  strongly  creuulate-lobed  on  the 
lower  side;  a  small,  rounded  lamelliform  process  above  its  base;  and  a 
long,  lanceolate  process  arising  just  below  it,  and  in  length  equaling 
the  cirrus  ;  an  ovate  setigerous  lobe,  bearing  a  broad  fan-shaped  fascicle 
of  compound  seta3,  extending  about  to  the  end  of  the  dorsal  cirrus ; 
and  a  lower  ovate-lanceolate  lamelliform  process,  with  the  base  expanded 
and  extending  backward,  the  tip  reaching  to  about  the  outer  third  of 


299 

the  cirrus ;  a  single  strong  black  spine  supports  the  setigerous  lobe. 
The  lower  ramus  has  a  rounded  setigerous  lobe,  and  a  large  broadly- 
rounded  lamelliform  process,  nearly  as  long  as  the  longest  one  of  the 
upper  ramus  and  much  broader ;  the  setigerous  lobe  bears  a  broad  fan- 
shaped  fascicle  of  compound  setae,  similar  to  those  of  the  upper  ramus, 
but  a  little  shorter,  and  a  single  black  basal  spine;  the  ventral  cirrus 
is  slender,  and  there  is  a  broad,  rounded  ventral  lamella  at  its  base. 
The  setae  are  rather  stout,  with  a  broad,  thin,  blade-like,  terminal  piece, 
which  is  generally  lanceolate,  with  a  rounded  point,  and  often  some 
what  curved,  but  more  commonly  straight.  A  few  setc'e  have  a  slender 
acute  terminal  piece.  Anal  segment  with  numerous  small  slender  papil- 
liform  processes  on  each  side,  forming  a  circle. 

Length  up  to  35mm ;  breadth  about  2.5mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  swimming  actively  at  the  surface,  both  in  the  even 
ing  and  in  the  brightest  sunshine,  in  the  middle  of  the  day  ;  July  3  to 
August  11. 

r  DIOPATRA  CUPREA  Claparede.     Plate  XIII,  figs.  67,  68.     (p.  346.) 

Aunelides  ch6topodes  du  golfe  de  Naples,  in  Memoires  de  la  Societe'  de  Physiques 
et  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Geneve,  vol.  xix,  p.  432,  1863.  Nereis  ouprea  Bosc,  Hist.  nat. 
des  Vers,  vol.  i,  p.  143  (t.  Claparede). 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Long  Island  Sound  and  Vineyard 
Sound. 

MARPHYSA  LEIDYI  Quatrefages.    Plate  XII,  fig.  64.     (p.  319.) 

Histoire  nat.  des  Anneles,  vol.  i,  p.  337,  1865  (M.  Leidii}.  Eunice  saiigninea 
Leidy,  Mar.  Inv.  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  15,  1855  (non 
Montagu). 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  Long  Island  Sound  and  Vineyard 
Sound.  Low-water  mark  to  10  fathoms. 

LYCIDICE  AMERICANA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  508.) 

Body  depressed,  slender,  narrowed  toward  each  end;  segments  well- 
marked.  Head  much  depressed,  oblong,  narrowed  somewhat  toward 
the  front,  which  is  truncate  and  somewhat  emarginate  in  the  middle ; 
lower  side  bilobed,  the  lobes  well  rounded.  The  two  eyes  are  lateral, 
just  outside  the  bases  of  the  lateral  antennae.  The  three  antenna  are 
subequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  head;  the  odd  median 
one  is  apparently  a  little  longer  than  the  lateral,  and  placed  slightly 
farther  back.  The  dorsal  cirri  are  long  and  slender,  exceeding  the 
diameter  of  the  body  in  living  specimens;  they  have  a  small  lobe  near 
the  base.  Anal  cirri  four  ;  the  two  lower  exceeding  the  diameter  of  the 
body ;  the  two  upper  ones  less  than  half  as  long.  Color  light  red,  with 
a  bright  red  dorsal  vessel  and  dark  brown  intestines,  showing  through  in 
the  middle ;  eyes  dark  red. 

Length,  while  living,  about  40mra ;  greatest  diameter,  1.5mm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  in  19  fathoms,  soft  mud. 
21  v 


300        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [594] 

NEMATONEREIS,  species  undetermined,     (p.  508.) 

A  species,  apparently  belonging  to  this  genus,  was  dredged  in  29 
fathoms,  east  of  Block  Island.  The  specimens  have  been  lost  or  mis 
laid.  In  life  the  head  was  small,  rounded,  with  one  median  dorsal 
antenna,  about  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  head.  Eyes  two,  small 
but  conspicuous,  dark  brown.  Dorsal  cirri  slender. 

LlTMBRICONEREIS  FRAGILTS  (Ersted.       (p.  507.) 

Conspec.  Ann.  Dan.,  p.  15,  figs.  1,  2,  1843  (t.  Malmgren).  Luminous  fragilis 
Miiller,  Prod.  Zool.  Dan.,  p.  216;  Zool.  Dan.,  vol.  i,  p.  22,  PL  22,  figs.  1-3, 1788, 
(t.  Malmgren).  Lumlrinereis  fragilis  Malmgren,  Annulata  polychaita,  p.  633 
PI.  14,  figs.  83-83,  D. 

Mouth  of  Vineyard  Sound  and  deeper  waters  outside;  northward  to 
Nova  Scotia  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Northern  coasts  of  Europe. 
From  low-water  mark,  in  the  Bay  of  Ftindy,  to  430  fathoms,  off  Saint 
George's  Bank. 

LUMBRICONEREIS  OPALINA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XIII,  figs.  69,  70.   (p. 

342.) 

Lumlriconereis  splcndida  Leidy.,  op.  cit.,  p.  15  (non  Blainville). 

Body  cylindrical,  much  elongated,  largest  in  the  middle,  tapering 
gradually  toward  the  head,  which  is  comparatively  small;  segments 
well,  marked.  Head  conoidal,  obtuse,  changing  much  in  form  during 
life;  in  extension  considerably  longer  than  broad,  and  more  acute  than 
in  the  figure.  Eyes  four,  in  a  transverse  row,  the  two  middle  ones 
larger  and  a  little  in  advance  of  the  others.  The  lateral  appendages,  or 
"feet,"  consist  of  a  short,  obtusely-rounded  basal  papilla,  which  bears 
the  setas ;  from  the  posterior  and  ventral  end  of  this  a  prominent  elon 
gated  lobe  arises,  which  is  some  whot  curved  and  obtuse.  These  appen 
dages  are  longer  in  the  middle  of  the  body  than  anteriorly.  Seta3  five  to 
nine  in  each  fascicle,  and  of  several  forms ;  one  or  two  in  each  fascicle 
usually  have  a  long,  slender,  flexible  capillar}T  point,  Color  reddish  or 
brownish,  with  brilliant  iridescence. 

Length  up  to  400mm;  diameter  in  middle,  3mm. 

New  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound;  low- water  mark  to  14  fathoms. 

LUMBRICONEREIS  TENTHS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  342.) 

Body  very  long,  slender,  filiform,  of  nearly  uniform  diameter  through 
out,  capable  of  great  extension  ;  segments  very  numerous,  well  marked. 
Head  a  little  narrower  than  buccal  segment,  depressed,  obtusely  pointed 
or  rounded  in  front,  without  eyes.  In  the  first  to  ninth  pairs  the  late 
ral  appendages  have  about  six  slender  lanceolate  seta?;  those  of  the  ninth 
pair  have  two  slender  spatulate  setae,  with  about  six  or  seven  lanceolate 
ones ;  at  the  sixteenth  pair  they  begin  to  have  recurved  spatulate  setae, 
with  two  or  three  hook-like  denticles  at  the  end,  while  two  or  three 
lanceolate  ones  remain;  posterior  to  the  twenty-third  or  twenty-fourth 
pair  only  one  of  the  long,  slender,  acute  setre  remains,  accompanied  by 


[595]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        301 

two  or  three  of  the  spatulate  hooks;  the  latter  are  about  half  as  long  as 
the  former,  slender  toward  the  base,  but  gradually  becoming  broader 
toward  the  end,  which  is  twice  as  broad,  obtusely  rounded,  and 
curved  back  from  about  the  middle ;  the  hooks  are  nearly  terminal  on 
one  side,  the  thin  margin  projecting  beyond  them.  The  basal  lobe  of 
the  "feet"  is  very  small;  the  posterior  lobe  is  small  but  prominent. 
Color  light  red  to  dark  red,  somewhat  iridescent. 

Length  up  to  350mm ;  diameter,  0.05mm  to  lmm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

NINOE  NIGKRIPES  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  508.) 

Body  elongated,  slender,  broadest  a  short  distance  behind  the  head, 
at  the  middle  of  the  branchiferous  segments.  Head  depressed,  elongated, 
conical,  blunt  at  end,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad.  The  branchiae  are 
represented  on  the  first  two  setigerous  segments  by  a  short,  flattened 
lobe,  arising  from  the  outer  and  posterior  face  of  the  setigerous  lobe. 
On  the  two  following  segments  the  lobe  is  divided  into  two  or  three 
parts;  on  the  fifth  there  are  usually  three,  more  elongated,  round,  and 
more  slender  branchiae,  which  increase  in  number  and  length  on  the  suc 
ceeding  segments  until  there  are  five,  six,  or  more  long,  slender  branchial 
filaments,  which  arise  from  the  posterior  face  of  the  setigerous  lobe,  and 
diverge,  forming  a  somewhat  fan-shaped  or  digitate  group ;  about  the 
twenty-fourth  segment  the  number  rapidly  diminishes,  and  after  the 
twenty-seventh  or  twenty-eighth  there  remains  but  one  small  branchial 
process.  The  setigerous  lobe  is  prominent,  obtuse,  turned  forward.  The 
seta3  are  numerous  on  the  branchial  segments,  and  rather  long,  of  various 
shapes,  but  mostly  bent,  with  an  acute  lanceolate  point;  posteriorly  they 
are  shorter  and  fewer,  and  mostly  slender,  margined  setae,  with  hooks  at 
the  spatulate  end.  Body  flesh-color ;  the  setae  dark,  often  blackish ; 
branchiae  bright  red. 

Length  of  broken  specimens,  20mm  ;  breadth  anteriorly,  2mm. 

Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  waters  outside ;  in  8  to  29 
fathoms,  mud. 

STAUROCEPHALUS  PALLIDUS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  348.) 

Body  rather  slender,  convex  above,  flattened  below,  largest  in  the 
middle,  tapering  slightly  toward  each  end,  composed  of  about  seventy  seg 
ments.  Head  small,  depressed,  rounded  in  front;  antennae  four,  slen 
der,  longer  than  the  breadth  of  body,  the  two  upper  ones  longer  and  more 
slender  than  the  lower  ones,  strongly  annulated  or  beaded ;  lower  ones 
stouter,  smooth,  tapering.  Eyes  four,  dark  red;  the  posterior  pair  very 
small,  placed  between  the  bases  of  the  upper  antennae;  the  anterior  pair 
farther  apart,  placed  between  the  bases  of  the  upper  and  lower  antennae. 
Anal  cirri  four,  the  upper  pair  slender  and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lower 
ones.  Dorsal  cirri  elongated,  slender,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
setigerous  lobe,  absent  on  the  first  setigerous  segment,  very  small  on  the 


302       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [596 J 

second,  but  well  developed  on  the  third.     Setae  rather  long  and  slender. 
Color  pale  yellow,  with  red  blood-vessels  showing  through  anteriorly. 

Length,  50mm  ;  breadth,  2mm.     This  species  moves  like  a  Nereis. 

Near  New  Haven  light-house,  in  sand,  at  low-water  mark. 

,    •  EHYNCHOBOLUS  AMERICANUS  Yen-ill.    Plate  X,  figs.  45,  46.    (p.  342.) 

Glycera  Americana  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  15,  PL  11,  figs.  49,50,  1855;  Ehlers,  Borsten- 
wiirrner,  vol.  i-,  p.  668,  PL  23,  figs.  43-46,  1868. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Long  Island  Sound  and  Yiueyard 
Sound.  Low-water  mark  to  10  fathoms. 

I  follow  Claparede  in  adopting  Rhynchobolus  for  those  species  of  the 
old  genus  Glycera  which  have  the  proboscis  armed  at  the  end  with  four 
hooks  or  faugs. 

*  KHYNCHOBOLUS  DIBRANCHIATUS  Yerrill.    Plate  X,  figs.  43,  44.    (p. 
341.) 

Glycera  dilrancldata  Ehlers,  op.  cit.,  pp.  670-702,  PL  24,  figs.  10-28,  1868. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  Long  Island  Sound ;  Yiueyard 
Sound  ;   and  Massachusetts  Bay.     Low- water  mark  to  8  fathoms. 
Ehlers  has  given  a  very  full  anatomical  description  of  this  species. 

EONE  GRACILIS  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  508.) 

Body  very  slender,  terete ;  surface  iridescent.  Head  elon gated,  acutely 
conical,  composed  of  eight  distinct,  rounded  annulations,  the  basal  one 
with  a  pair  of  minute  reddish  eyes ;  antennae  four,  slender.  Feet  prom 
inent,  elongated,  more  than  equal  to  half  the  diameter  of  the  body ;  they 
are  uniramous  on  about  thirty-two  segments  of  the  anterior  part  of  the 
body,  and  bilobed,  with  a  small  obtuse  dorsal  cirrus ;  the  upper  lobe 
is  prominent,  more  elongated  than  the  lower  one,  both  cylindrical,obtusely 
pointed;  seta3  compound,  in  two  small  fascicles^  long,  the  free  part  ex 
ceeding  the  entire  length  of  the  foot.  On  the  posterior  half  of  the  body 
there  is  a  small,  slightly  elevated,  mammilliform  upper  rainus,  above 
the  base  of  the  lower  ramus,  and  entirely  separate  from  it,  containing 
two  or  more  small,  acute,  dark  setae,  which  project  but  slightly ;  the 
lower  ramus  is  deeply  bilobed,  the  lobes  elongated,  round,  the  upper 
one  longest,  the  lower  one  acute;  on  the  posterior  side  of  the  base  of  the 
upper  lobe  there  is  a  minute,  rounded  setigerous  lobe,  and  at  the  junc 
tion  of  the  two  lobes,  on  the  posterior  face,  there  is  another  small  setig 
erous  lobe  ;  the  setse  are  long  and  slender,  acute,  many  of  them  curved, 
arranged  in  small  fascicles. 

Length,  20mm  ;  diameter  less  than  lmm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  in  soft  mud. 

ARICIA  ORNATA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  344.) 

Body  rather  stout,  composed  of  numerous  very  short  segments,  much 
depressed  and  flattened  anteriorly,  strongly  convex  beneath  in  the  .mid 
dle  region,  flattened  above  throughout;  breadth  nearly  the  same 


[597]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        303 

through  a  large  part  of  the  length,  narrowed  slightly  and  gradually 
toward  the  posterior  end,  and  abruptly  narrowed  anteriorly  close  to  the 
head,  which  is  very  small,  short,  conical,  and  acute  at  the  tip.  On  the 
anterior  thirty-two  setigerous  segments  the  feet  consist  of  a  small  upper 
ramus,  having  a  small,  tapering  dorsal  cirrus  and  a  minute  setigerous 
lobe,  bearing  a  small  fascicle  of  slender  and  short  set»3,  and  a  lower  ra 
mus,  separated  by  a  narrow  space,  and  consisting  of  a  small  upper 
papilla,  and  a  long  transverse  row  of  minute,  rounded  papilla,  which 
surmount  a  narrow,  somewhat  elevated,  crest-like  ridge;  the  first  twelve 
or  thirteen  segments  having  shorter  rows,  so  as  to  leave  a  broad,  naked 
ventral  space,  but  those  farther  back  having  rows  of  papillae  that  nearly 
meet  beneath,  and  thus  entirely  covering  the  sides  and  ventral  surface 
for  a  short  distance;  these  crest-like  ridges  bear  close  rows  of  minute, 
hooked  setae.  The  branchioe  commence  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fifth 
setigerous  segment,  in  the  form  of  elongated  papillae,  which  become 
more  elongated  and  narrow  ligulate  farther  back.  Posterior  to  the 
thirty-second  segment  the  papilliform  crests  of  the  lower  ramus  disap 
pear,  and  the  lower  ramus  consists  of  an  elongated  papilliform,  and  finally 
cirriform,  upper  process,  with  a  minute  setigerous  lobe  at  its  base, 
bearing  fine  inconspicuous  setae  ;  and  an  elongated  membranous  basal 
portion,  decurrent  down  on  the  lateral  surface  of  the  segment;  the  up 
per  ramus  is  connected  at  the  base  by  a  membranous  web  with  the  lower 
one,  and  consists  of  an  elongated  dorsal  cirrus,  similar  in  size  and  shape 
to  the  branchia,  and  a  very  small  setigerous  lobe,  bearing  a  small  fas 
cicle  of  fine  setae.  The  branchia3  are  connected  by  a  slight  web-like 
basal  ridge  with  the  dorsal  cirri.  Thus  there  are  three  parallel  rows  of 
cirriform  or  slender  ligulate  processes  along  each  side  of  the  back,  leav 
ing  a  broad,  central,  naked  space  all  along  the  back. 

Length  up  to  60mm  or  more;  breadth,  4llim. 

Savin  Rock,  burrowing  in  sand  at  low-water  mark,  May,  1872. 

ANTHOSTOMA  ROBUSTUM  Verrill,  sp.  nov.  Plate  XIV,  fig.  76.  (p.  343.) 
Body  large,  long,  stout,  thickest  and  rounded,  or  but  slightly  depressed, 
anteriorly;  tapering  rapidly  to  the  head;  posterior  portion  very  long, 
narrowing  gradually  to  the  posterior  end,  flatter  or  concave  above,  well 
rounded  below,  higher  than  wide,  with  three  rows  of  long,  erect,  ligu 
late,  or  narrow  lanceolate  processes  along  each  side  of  the  back,  the  four 
inner  rows  largest;  and  a  pair  of  foliaceous  processes  on  the  sides  of 
each  segment.  Head  short,  conical,  acute.  Proboscis  large,  broad,  di 
vided  into  about  eighteen  long,  narrow,  digitate,  and  sulcated  lobes,  with 
convoluted  margins,  broadest  at  the  end,  and  free  for  a  large  part  of 
their  length,  but  united  at  the  base  by  a  membranous  web;  or  it  might  be 
described  as  divided  into  a  lower,  two  lateral,  and  two  upper  main  lobes, 
each  of  which  is  again  divided  into  three  or  four  digitations.  During 
life  these  are  all  continually  changing  in  form  and  length,  and  generally 
only  a  few  of  the  processes  are  protruded  at  one  time.  Branchiae  com- 


304        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [598] 

meuce  on  the  twenty-sixth  setigerous  segment  as  minute  papillae;  on 
the  twenty-eighth  they  become  prominent  and  acute-conical ;  farther 
back  they  become  long,  lanceolate,  thin,  foliaceous,  as  long  as  the  diame 
ter  of  the  body. 

On  the  twenty-three  anterior  setigerous  segments  the  "  feet"  are  rep 
resented  by  two  short,  dense,  fan-sbaped  fascicles  of  seta?  on  each  side- 
On  the  twenty-fourth  segment  a  small  papilliform  lobe,  or  ventral  cirrus, 
appears  below  the  lower  ramus,  which  rapidly  becomes  larger  on  the 
succeeding  segments,  becoming  quite  conspicuous  on  the  twenty-ninth 
segment;  at  about  the  twenty-eighth  it  becomes  broader,  and  divided 
into  three  small  lobes,  the  lowest  broadest  and  thinnest,  and  a  bilobed 
setigerous  lobe  is  developed.  At  the  thirtieth  the  ventral  lobe  becomes 
broader,  somewhat  foliaceous,  with  a  rounded  outline;  farther  back 
this  becomes  still  larger  and  more  foliaceous,  with  a  broadly-rounded 
fiexuous  outer  border,  and  the  upper  branch  of  the  setigerous  lobe  be 
comes  an  elongated  ligulate  process,  directed  upward,  and  similar  in 
form  to  the  branchia3,  though  smaller  and  more  slender,  but  the  lower 
branch  remains  small  and  rounded ;  a  small  fascicle  of  long,  slender 
setse  arises  from  between  them.  On  the  twenty-seventh  segment  an 
upper  cirrus  appears  on  both  the  upper  and  lower  rami,  in  the  form  of 
a  small  papilla,  which  becomes  somewhat  elongated  and  tapering  at  the 
twenty-ninth  ;  that  of  the  lower  ramus  continues  small  throughout,  and 
much  shorter  than  the  setigerous  or  ventral  lobes,  but  that  of  the  upper 
ramus  becomes  rapidly  larger,  longer,  and  more  ligulate,  corresponding 
nearly  with  the  branchia3  in  size,  form,  and  rate  of  increase.  On  the 
middle  and  posterior  regions  the  upper  ramus  consists  of  this  long, 
thin,  lanceolate  cirrus  and  a  fascicle  of  long,  slender  setae,  arising  from 
the  anterior  face  of  its  base,  and  in  length  considerably  exceeding  the 
cirrus;  the  setas  are  pale  yellow.  Those  of  the  upper  ramus  are  short 
anteriorly,  and  become  decidedly  longer  at  the  twenty -eighth  segment, 
and  on  the  thirty-second  and  subsequent  segments  they  form  a  long, 
divergent,  fan-shaped  fascicle;  color,  when  living,  ocher-yellow,  orange- 
yellow,  to  3Tellowish  brown,  generally  brighter  yellow  posteriorly.  Usu 
ally  there  are  two  rows  of  brown  spots  along  the  back,  and  posteriorly 
there  is  a  dorsal  red  or  reddish  brown  line ;  branchia3  blood-red. 

Length  of  large  specimens  up  to  375mm  or  more;  breadth,  10mm;  ordi 
nary  specimens  are  about  300mm  long  and  7mm  broad.  Owing  to  the 
facility  with  which  it  breaks  up  when  disturbed,  it  is  difficult  to  obtain 
entire  specimens  of  large  size. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  Xew  Haven;  Wood's  Hole;  in  sand, 
at  low-water. 

ANTHOSTOMA  FRAGILE  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  344.) 

Body  long  and  slender,  composed  of  very  numerous  segments,  very 
fragile,  and  prone  to  divide  spontaneously  when  disturbed;  thickest 
and  sub-cylindrical  anteriorly,  tapering  rapidly  to  the  head;  posterior  part 


[599]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        305 

very  long  and  slender,  tapering  gradually,  flattened  dorsally.  Head 
distinctly  annulated,  elongated  conical,  very  acute,  with  the  tip  slender 
and  translucent ;  proboscis  short  and  broad,  not  extending  far  beyond 
the  tip  of  the  head,  with  six  or  more  broad,  convoluted,  changeable 
lobes,  which  are  united  at  the  base  by  a  broad  membranous  expansion. 
The  dorsal  branchiae  first  appear  on  the  sixteenth  setigerous  segment 
as  small  papillae ;  they  become  well  developed  and  long  ligulate  at  about 
the  twentieth,  increasing  somewhat  in  length  on  the  segments  farther 
back.  On  the  first  thirteen  segments  behind  the  buccal  the  "feet"  are 
represented  by  a  very  small,  slightly-elevated  lobe,  above  and  below, 
each  bearing  a  dense  fascicle,  that  of  the  lower  ram  us  widest,  but  the 
length  of  the  setae  about  equal  in  both.  On  the  fourteenth  segment  a 
small  tubercle  appears  on  both  rami ;  on  the  sixteenth  these  become 
elongated  and  somewhat  cirriform,  and  the  setae  become  considerably 
longer  on  the  fifteenth  segment.  At  about  the  seventeenth  segment  the 
lower  ramus  becomes  distinctly  tri-lobed,  and  at  the  twentieth  four- 
lobed,  with  the  setigerous  lobe  bifid,  and  the  two  lower  lateral  lobes 
conical,  acute,  and  swollen  at  the  base ;  while  the  upper  ramus  is  long 
and  ligulate,  like  the  branchiae,  and  the  setae  are  long  and  slender,  the 
lower  fascicle  smallest.  Farther  back  the  lobes  of  the  lower  ramus  be 
come  still  more  developed,  but  keep  their  acute  conical  form,  and  the 
upper  ramus  and  setae  continue  to  elongate  until,  on  the  posterior  part 
of  the  body,  they  exceed  in  length  the  diameter  of  the  body.  Anal  seg 
ment  oblong,  sub-cylindrical,  smooth,  with  two  long  filiform,  cirri  on  the 
upper  side;  color,  when  living,  brownish  orange,  dull  yellow,  ocher, 
light  reddish,  or  flesh-color,  with  a  red  median  dorsal  line,  and  some 
times  with  the  dorsal  surface  tinged  with  red  posteriorly :  a  narrow, 
light  ventral  line,  bordered  with  reddish.  Sometimes  the  upper  surface 
is  maculate  with  fine  polygonal,  whitish  spots,  due,  perhaps,  to  ova 
contained  within  the  body;  there  are  sometimes  two  obscure  brownish 
spots  on  the  upper  side  of  the  head. 

Length  up  to  125mm;  diameter,  3mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey ;  New  Haven;  Watch  Hill;  Wood's 
Hole ;  in  sand,  between  tides,  and  gregarious. 

ANTIIOSTOMA  ACUTUM  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  501.) 

Body  long  and  quite  slender,  tapering  most  toward  the  head,  and 
very  gradually  posteriorly.  Head  very  acutely  pointed,  with  two 
rather  indistinct  reddish  spots  above,  resembling  imperfect  ocelli.  The 
branchiae  commence  at  the  eleventh  setigerous  segment  as  small  dorsal 
papillae,  and  become  prominent  on  the  thirteenth ;  on  the  succeeding 
segments  they  become  long  and  ligulate.  Anteriorly  the  feet  are  rep 
resented  by  an  upper  ramus,  consisting  of  a  very  small  tuft  of  setae, 
with  a  very  small  papilliform  lobe  above  it,  and  a  lower  ramus,  consist 
ing  of  a  small  prominent  papilla,  with  a  fascicle  of  slender  setae,  much 
larger  than  the  upper  one.  On  the  fourteenth  and  succeeding  segments 


306       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [600] 

the  dorsal  cirrus  of  the  upper  ramus  becomes  longer,  more  slender,  and 
ligulate.  On  the  fifteenth  segment  a  small,  short,  rounded  ventral  cirrus 
appears  on  the  lower  ramus,  and  farther  back  it  becomes  larger  and  more 
prominent,  and  the  setigerous  lobe  becomes  bilobed.  Anal  segment 
rounded,  obtuse  ;  cirri  long  and  slender.  Color  light  red. 

Length  up  to  40mm;  diameter,  2.5mm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud;  also  from  the  deeper  parts  of 
Vineyard  Sound. 

ANTHOSTOMA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  508.) 

Another  species,  not  well  studied,  was  dredged  in  the  deeper  waters 
off  Gay  Head  and  Buzzard's  Bay.  It  differs  from  all  the  preceding  in 
having  eighteen  anterior  segments  without  branchiae. 

NERINE  AGILIS  Yei'iill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  346.) 

Body  long  and  rather  slender,  anteriorly  flattened,  posteriorly  more 
rounded.  Head  long  conical,  with  a  slender  acute  tip;  mouth  a  trans 
verse  fissure  beneath;  eyes  four,  placed  in  frout  of  the  bases  of  the 
two  large  antennae,  small,  black,  the  anterior  ones  a  little  farther  apart ; 
anteuua3  long,  slender,  with  thickened  bases,  placed  on  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  head,  with  their  bases  contiguous. 

The  branchiae  are  slender,  ligulate,  and  exist  on  all  the  segments 
except  the  first.  On  the  first  segment  the  "feet"  are  represented  on 
each  side  by  two  small  rounded  lobes,  bearing  very  small  setae,  and 
placed  just  below  the  bases  of  the  antennae;  on  the  succeeding  twenty 
segments  the  lower  ramus  consists  of  a  larger,  somewhat  semicircular 
lobe,  bearing  a  broad  cluster  of  slender,  acute  seta3,  and  separate  from 
the  upper  ramus,  which  consists  of  a  thin  foliaceous  process  joined  to 
the  branchial  cirrus,  but  with  a  free  terminal  portion,  and  bearing  a 
broad,  comb-like  cluster  of  long  acute  set*,  nearly  as  long  as  the  bran 
chiae,  and  much  longer  than  those  of  the  ventral  ramus.  On  the 
twenty-first  setigerous  segment  a  small  papilliform  ventral  cirrus  ap 
pears  on  the  lower  ramus,  and  farther  back  it  becomes  more  prominent 
and  separate  from  the  setigerous  lobe.  In  the  middle  and  posterior 
region  the  free  portion  of  the  cirriform  lobe  of  the  upper  ramus  is  longer. 

Color  reddish  or  brownish  green  anteriorly,  light  green  on  the  sides; 
branchia3  bright  red.  Length  up  to  60mm ;  breadth,  2mm;  length  of 
antennae,  12mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  ^ew  Jersej-,  on  the  outer  beach,  burrowing  in 
sand,  at  low-water  mark. 

SCOLECOLEPIS  VIRIDIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  345.) 

Body  long,  slender,  depressed;  both  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces 
flattened,  of  nearly  uniform  breadth  throughout  most  of  the  length, 
abruptly  narrowed  at  each  end,  and  somewhat  tapering  and  more 
rounded  posteriorly.  Head  with  the  central  plate  longer  than  broad, 


i.601]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        307 

forming  an  acute  angle  behind,  anteriorly  suddenly  expanding  into  a 
wide  transverse  frontal  lobe,  broadly  rounded  in  front,  with  a  slight 
emargination  in  the  middle,  the  lateral  angles  prominent  and  slightly 
aurieulate  or  recurved.  Eyes  four,  distant,  the  two  pairs  nearly  parallel. 
Proboscis  small,  smooth,  rounded.  Antennae  slender,  twice  as  long  as 
the  breadth  of  the  body.  The  branchiae  are  slender  and  ligulate  an 
teriorly,  and  meet  over  the  middle  of  the  back;  but  farther  back  they 
gradually  decrease  in  length,  and  disappear  at  about  the  anterior  third. 
The  upper  rainus  of  the  feet  consists  of  a  broad,  thin,  foliaceous  upper 
ramus,  rounded  outwardly,  connected,  for  most  of  its  length,  with  the 
branchia,  the  upper  end  a  little  prominent ;  and  a  broad  cluster  of  setae, 
consisting  of  a  small  upper  fascicle  of  slender  aciculae,  scarcely  as  long 
as  the  branchia,  and  a  comb-like  group  of  shorter  and  somewhat  stouter 
bent  and  acute  setaa.  The  lower  ramus  consists  of  a  small,  thin,  rounded 
process,  bearing  a  transverse  row  of  acute  bent  seta3,  and  a  ventral  tuft 
of  longer  and  more  slender  ones.  Posteriorly  the  slender  setae  in  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  tufts  are  considerably  longer  ;  and  several  stouter, 
recurved,  two-hooked,  uncinate  setae  appear  in  the  transverse  rows  of 
acute  setae,  both  in  the  upper  and  lower  rami.  Anal  segment  short, 
truncate  or  suburceolate,  somewhat  bilobed ;  the  margin  of  the  orifice 
crenulated  with  small  rounded  lobes,  and  with  four  small  conical  papillae 
on  the  upper  side.  Color  olive-green  or  bright  green,  darker  posteriorly ; 
branchiae  bright  red;  antennae  light  green,  with  a  row  of  black  specks, 

Length  up  to  100mm ;  breadth,  3mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor;  New  Haven;  Watch  Hill;  Wood's  Hole;  burrow 
ing  in  sand,  at  low- water. 

SCOLECOLEPIS  TENUIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  345.) 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  depressed,  especially  anteriorly,  gradually 
tapering  posteriorly.  Head  short  and  broad,  slightly  three-lobed  in 
front,  the  central  lobe  broadly  rounded,  the  lateral  ones  also  rounded, 
somewhat  smaller.  Antennae  long  and  slender.  The  branchiae  are  small, 
ligulate,  and  exist  only  on  the  anterior  segments.  The  setae  of  the  dor 
sal  fascicle  are  long  and  slender  ;  but  those  of  the  first  three  segments 
are  longer  than  the  others,  forming  large  fan-shaped  fascicles  directed 
upward  and  forward;  those  of  the  first  segment  longest,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  breadth  of  the  head.  Farther  back  the  setae  of  the  upper 
ramus  become  shorter,  the  upper  ones  slender,  capillary,  the  lower  ones 
stouter,  somewhat  bent,  mostly  acute,  some  uncinate.  Those  of  the 
lower  ramus  are  shorter,  setiforrn,  forming  large  fascicles  anteriorly. 
Farther  back  the  upper  ones  are  partly  stouter,  somewhat  bent,  and 
acute,  and  partly  uncinate,  while  a  small  ventral  fascicle  of  slender  ones 
still  remains.  Posteriorly  the  setigerous  lobes  of  the  feet  become  very 
small.  Color  light  green ;  branchiae  red,  tinged  with  green  ;  antennae 
whitish,  with  a  red  central  line. 

Length,  80mm  ;  breadth,  1.25inm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  burrowing  in  sand,  at  low- water. 


308       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [602] 
SCOLECOLEPIS  CIKRATA  Malmgren.     (p.  501.) 

Annnlata  polychaeta,  p.  91,  PI.  9,  figs.  54  A-54  D.    Nerine  cirrata  Sars,  Nyt.  Mag., 
vol.  vi,  p.  207  (teste  Malmgren). 

This  is  a  larger  and  stouter  species  than  either  of  the  preceding. 
The  front  of  the  head  is  broadly  rounded,  with  prominent,  rounded, 
lateral  angles ;  the  foliaceous  lateral  appendages  are  larger  and  much 
wider. 

Off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms,  and  in  the  deepest  parts  of  Vine 
yard  Sound,  near  the  mouth;  off  Saint  George's  Bank,  in  110  and  150 
fathoms.  Northern  coasts  of  Europe;  Spitzbergen;  Greenland.  In  20- 
250  fathoms.  (Malmgren). 

SPIO  SETOSA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XIV,  fig.  77.     (p.  344.) 

Nerine  coniocephala  ?  A.  Agassiz,  Annals  Lyceum  of  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York,  vol.' 
viii,  p.  333,  PL  x,  figs.  39-45,  1866,  (now  Johnston.) 

Body  long,  moderately  slender,  flattened  dorsally,  convex  below, 
obtuse  anteriorly,  slightly  tapered  toward  the  posterior  end.  Head  with 
a  prominent  median  lobe,  which  is  sub-truncate  and  a  little  turned  up 
at  the  front  end,  with  the  corners  a  little  prominent  and  rounded ;  lateral 
lobes  shorter  than  the  median;  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  vertex 
there  is  a  small  median,  conical  prominence.  Eyes  four,  on  the  vertex, 
the  posterior  pair  nearest  together;  antennae  long.  Branchiae  moder 
ately  long,  slender,  ligulate,  largest  on  the  anterior  segments.  On  the 
first  three  or  four  segments  the  upper  ram  us  ot  the  feet  has  a  slender 
dorsal  cirrus,  which  disappears  farther  back.  The  setae  of  the  upper 
ram  us  are  long,  acute,  and  form  a  broad  fascicle,  in  which  the  upper 
ones  are  much  longer  and  more  slender,  divergent;  the  lower  stouter 
and  more  or  less  bent;  they  are  longest  on  the  first  four  or  five 
segments,  the  upper  ones  considerably  exceeding  the  branchiae.  The 
lower  ramus  is  small  and  but  slightly  elevated;  on  the  anterior 
segments  it  bears  a  small  fascicle  of  short,  acute,  bent  setae,  much 
shorter  than  those  of  the  upper  ramus,  and  closely  crowded  together 
in  two  or  more  rows,  with  a  small  ventral  tuft  of  longer  and  more 
slender  setae;  farther  back  the  acute  bent  setae  begin  to  be  replaced 
by  uncinate  setae,  which,  at  about  the  tenth  segment,  form  a  complete 
transverse  row,  parallel  with  a  row  of  slightly  longer,  pointed  setae, 
wrhile  the  small  ventral  tuft  of  longer  acute  setae  still  remains,  and  all 
the  setae  in  the  broad  fascicle  of  the  upper  ramus  are  acute  and  much 
longer.  In  the  middle  region  of  the  body,  the  uncini  of  the  lower 
ramus  form  a  close  row,  containing  fifteen  to  twenty;  they  are  strongly 
recurved  near  the  end  and  margined. 

Length  up  to  80mm;  diameter  about  2.5mm. 

New  Haven :  Wood's  Hole ;  and  Naushou  Island ;  in  sand,  at  low- 
water. 

This  species  appears  to  be  the  same  as  the  one  studied  by  Mr.  Agassiz, 
though  it  differs  slightly  from  his  figures,  one  of  which  1  have  copied. 


[603]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        309 

SPIO  ROBTJSTA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  345.) 

Body  stout,  broadest  anteriorly,  tapering  posteriorly,  but  little  de 
pressed  except  anteriorly,  very  convex  beneath,  flattened  above.  Head 
broad.,  somewbat  angular  5  the  median  lobe  truncated  and  slightty  emar- 
ginate  in  front ;  lateral  lobes  a  little  shorter,  wide,  obtuse  in  front, 
slightly  augulated  laterally ;  a  small  median,  conical  elevation  on  the 
posterior  part  of  the  head.  Antennae  long,  rather  stout.  Branchiae 
long,  narrow,  tapering.  Upper  rani  us  of  the  feet  with  a  small,  obtuse 
setigerous  lobe,  bearing  a  small  fascicle  of  short  setae,  considerably 
shorter  than  the  branchiae,  even  on  the  anterior  segments,  and  a  foli 
aceous  process  arising  behind  the  setrgerous  lobe,  broadly  rounded  on 
its  thin  outer  edge  ;  the  upper  end  free  and  obtusely  pointed ;  farther 
back  the  setae  are  shorter  and  the  foliaceous  process  smaller  and  less 
prominent.  The  lower  ram  us  on  the  anterior  segments  has  a  small, 
prominent,  semicircular  foliaceous  process  and  a  small,  dense  fascicle  of 
short  seta3,  crowded  in  several  transverse  rows ;  on  the  eighth  and  sub 
sequent  segments  the  foliaceous  processes  become  larger  and  wider,  and 
the  setae  more  numerous,  crowded,  and  partly  unemate ;  still  farther 
back  the  setae  are  nearly  all  uncinate,  except  a  very  small  ventral  tuft 
of  slender  ones,  and  form  long,  double,  transverse  rows,  projecting  but 
little  beyond  the  surface.  Color  greenish. 

Length,  50mm,  or  more ;  breadth,  3mm  to  3.5mm. 

Wood's  Hole  and  Naushon  Island  5  in  sand,  at  low-water  mark. 

POLYDORA  CILIATUM  Claparede(?).    Plate  XIY,  fig.  78.     (p.  345.) 

A.  Agassiz,  On  the  Young  Stages  of  a  Few  Annelids,  in  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist, 
of  New  York,  vol.  viii,  pp.  323-330,  figs.  26-38,  1866  (embryology). 

Naushon  Island  and  Massachusetts  Bay;  in  muddy  sand,  at  about  half- 
tide  (A.  Agassiz). 

The  adults  of  this  species  were  not  found  by  us.  The  young  were 
frequently  taken  in  the  towing-uets. 

A  young  Polydora,  belonging  perhaps  to  a  different  species,  was 
dredged  off  New  Haven,  in  4  to  6  fathoms,  shelly  bottom.  It  was  about 
12mm  long.  The  color  was  pale  yellow,  with  small  black  spots  along 
the  sides  between  the  fascicles  of  setae ;  a  red  dorsal  vessel ;  antennae 
white. 

OPHELIA  SIMPLEX  Leidy.    (p.  319.) 

Marine  Invert.  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  16,  1855. 
Body  short,  smooth,  iridescent,  well  rounded  above,  flat  below ; 
usually  found  coiled  up,  so  that  the  extremities  meet,  or  nearly  so,  and 
resembling  in  "general  form  the  larvae  of  certain  beetles  and  flies.  Head 
very  acute  conical  5  the  buccal  segment  suddenly  enlarges  ;  mouth  be 
neath,  with  thick  evertile  lips,  the  lower  one  generally  protruded  as  a 
large  rounded  lobe.  Posterior  end  terminated  by  about  ten  unequal, 
round,  blunt,  fleshy,  simple  papillae,  of  which  the  two  ventral  ones 


310      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES        [604] 

are  considerably  longest.  The  setae  commence  opposite  the  mouth  and 
extend  to  the  posterior  end ;  they  form  two  fan-shaped  fascicles  on  each 
side  of  each  segment,  closely  approximate  at  their  origin,  bat  strongly 
divergent,  the  upper  ones  directed  upward,  the  lower  ones  downward  ; 
the  setae  are  very  long  aud  slender  on  the  middle  segments,  those  of  the 
upper  fascicles  longest,  and  exceeding  half  the  diameter  of  the  body ; 
anteriorly  they  are  considerably  shorter ;  they  are  somewhat  expanded 
toward  the  base,  but  have  long  and  very  slender  tips.  Dorsal  cirri 
rather  long  and  stout,  transparent  and  wrinkled,  blunt  at  tip,  thickened 
at  base;  in  length  nearly  equaling  a  third  of  the  diameter  of  the  body. 
Color  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  brownish  on  the  sides. 

Length,  8mm  to  10mm;  diameter,  1.5mm. 

Savin  Rock,  at  half-tide.  Point  Judith,  Khode  Island,  below  low- 
water  mark  (Leidy). 

The  specimen  above  described  was  found  under  stones  at  Savin 
Eock,  near  New  Haven,  May  5.  Its  body  was  completely  filled,  from 
one  end  to  the  other,  with  comparatively  large  yellowish  white  eggs, 
which  show  through  the  transparent  integument  of  the  dorsal  side  very 
distinctly. 

TRAVISIA  CARNEA  Yerill,  sp.  nov.   (p.  508.) 

Body  with  twenty-four  setigerous  segments,  oblong  or  fusiform,  very 
changeable,  round,  usually  tapering  abruptly  to  each  end.  Head  small, 
conical,  acute;  posterior  end  terminated  by  a  small,  bluntly  rounded, 
or  slightly  clavate  papilla;  setae  small  and  slender.  Branchiae  short, 
slender,  commencing  on  the  third  setigerous  segment  and  ceasing  at 
the  twentieth  ;  longest  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 
body.  Segments  of  middle  region  tri-annulated.  Color  light  red  or 
deep  flesh-color ;  branchiae  bright  red. 

Length,  in  extension,  about  25mm;  3inm  to  4mm  in  diameter.  It  can 
contract  to  12mm  or  less  in  length. 

Off  Gay  Head,  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  19  fathoms,  soft  mud. 

AMMOTRYPANE    FIMBRIATA    Verrill,    sp.    nov.     Plate  XV,  fig.    79. 

(p.  508.) 

Body  elongated,  slender,  smooth,  thickest  in  advance  of  the  middle, 
tapering  gradually  to  both  ends,  convex,  and  well  rounded  above  ; 
lower  surface  with  a  median  sulcus  and  rounded  margins,  separated 
from  the  upper  surface  by  a  deep  groove.  Head  very  acute.  Eyes 
two,  small,  black.  Proboscis  small,  sub-globular,  smooth.  Branchiae 
long  aud  slender.  Caudal  appendage  spoon-shaped,  deeply  concave, 
transversely  striated ;  the  outer  margin  fringed  with  a  row  of  small, 
slender  papillae;  a  pair  of  slender  cirriform  processes,  about  half  its 
length,  arises  at  its  ventral  base,  and  a  longer  single  median  one  is 
generally  concealed  in  its  cavity.  Setae  of  the  anterior  segments  long 
and  slender,  more  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  body,  shorter  farther 
back.  Color,  when  living,  purplish  flesh-color,  shining  and  iridescent 


[605]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        311 

on  the  dorsal  surface;  a  row  of  elongated  .dark  spots  on  each  side  be 
tween  the  fascicles  of  set«3 ;  the  seta?  dark  gray. 

Length,  75mm  ;  diameter,  3mm. 

Off  Buzzard's  Bay,  in  25  fathoms,  mud;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  90 
fathoms,  mud;  near  Saint  George's  Bank,  110  and  150  fathoms,  mud. 

SCALIBREGrMA  BREVICAUDA   Verrill,  Sp.  I10V.      (p.  410.) 

Body  rather  short,  with  a  narrow,  tapering  anterior  portion  ;  a  swollen 
middle  region ;  and  a  narrow,  tapering  caudal  portion ;  lower  surface 
with  a  very  narrow,  smooth  median  area,  divided  transversely  into  a 
series  of  small  rounded  prominences  by  slight  depressions.  Head  small, 
transverse,  truncate  or  slightly  concave  in  front,  the  angles  produced 
and  prominent.  On  the  anterior  region  four  segments  bear  short,  tufted 
branchiae,  close  to  the  base  of  the  upper  fascicles  of  setae,  which  are 
rather  long  and  slender;  each  of  these  segments  also  has  a  dorsal 
transverse  row  of  rather  large  and  conspicuous  blackish  granules  on  its 
posterior  margin,  and  also  a  black  spot  on  the  sides  below  the  branchiae. 
The  surface  of  all  the  anterior  segments  is  regularly  and  rather  finely 
granulous,  the  granules  in  transverse  rows.  The  middle  region,  com 
posed  of  about  ten  segments,  is  thicker,  and  sometimes  much  swollen, 
and  the  feet  are  represented  only  by  small  fascicles  of  slender  seta3. 
The  caudal  region  is  less  than  one-half  the  entire  length  in  preserved 
specimens,  and  is  rather  slender  and  tapering,  composed  of  about  sixteen 
segments;  the  rarai  of  the  feet  consist  .of  a  prominent,  obtuse  papilla, 
both  above  and  below,  with  a  blackish  spot  at  the  end,  and  bearing  a 
fascicle  of  slender  setae,  in  length  rather  exceeding  half  the  diameter  of 
this  part  of  the  body.  Color,  when  living,  dark  brownish  red,  tinged 
with  yellow  at  both  ends. 

Length,  32mm;  diameter,  2.5mm. 

Off  New  Haven,  4  to  0  fathoms,  shelly  bottom. 

TROPHONIA  AFFINIS  Verrill.    PL  XIV,  fig.  75.     (p.  507.) 

Siphonostomum  affine  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  16  (148),  1855. 

Body  rather  slender  and  elongated  for  the  genus ;  skin  irregularly 
rugose,  granulous,  anteriorly  covered  with  small  papillae.  The  eight 
branchia3  are  cylindrical,  thick,  blunt,  unequal;  two  tentacles  stouter 
than  the  branchiae,  sulcate  beneath.  On  the  four  anterior  segments  the 
upper  and  lower  fascicles  of  seta3  are  much  elongated  and  directed  for 
ward.  On  the  fifth  and  following  segments  those  in  the  upper  fascicles 
are  capillary,  divergent,  six  to  ten  in  each  fascicle  ;  in  the  lower  fascicles 
there  are  about  three  stout,  slightly  curved,  acute,  deep  yellow  setaB. 
On  the  third  and  fourth  segments  the  seta3  of  the  upper  fascicles  are 
longer  and  larger  than  those  in  the  lower  ones  ;  posteriorly  the  lower 
seta3  become  longer,  stouter,  and  more  curved  at  the  tip,  the  lowest  one 
becoming  hook-like. 

Length,  60mm  ;  diameter.  3.5mm. 


312      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [606] 

Off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms;  off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms,  mud. 
Great  Egg  Harbor  (Leidy). 

BRADA  SETOSA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  508.) 

Body  short,  oblong,  sub-cylindrical,  flattened  below,  tapering  a  little 
toward  both  ends,  which  are  obtuse;  composed  of  seventeen  setigerous 
segments.  Skin  covered  with  small,  prominent,  acute  papillae.  Upper 
fascicles  of  seta3  long,  slender,  light  colored;  lower  fascicles  larger,  com 
posed  of  stouter,  long,  dark  colored  setae,  surrounded  at  base  by  small 
cirriforrn  appendages.  Ventral  cirrus  small. 

Length  of  preserved  specimen,  10mm;  diameter,  2.5mm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  8  to  10  fathoms,  among  muscles,  &c. 

STERNASPIS  FOSSOR  Stimpson,  Plate  XIV,  fig.  74.     (p.  507.) 

Marine  Invertebrata  of  Graud  Manan,  p.  29,  fig.  19,  1853. 

Off'  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud;  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
in  10  to  90  fathoms,  mud;  near  Saint  George's  Bank,  110  fathoms, 
sandy  mud ;  Casco  Bay,  20  fathoms. 

CIRRATULUS  GRANDIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.  Plate  XV,  figs.  80,  81.  (p.  319). 
Body  large  and  stout,  anteriorly  subcylindrical,  somewhat  flattened 
and  tapering  slightly  posteriorly,  and  rather  abruptly  tapered  anteriorly. 
Head  small,  acute,  with  obscure  brownish  spots  above,  but  apparently 
without  distinct  ocelli.  Posterior  end  obtuse,  the  orifice  surrounded  by 
a  thickened,  slightly  crenulated  border.  Posterior  to  the  mouth  there 
are  about  seven  rather  indistinct  annuli  (perhaps  four  biannulated 
segments)  destitute  of  appendages;  the  two  next  segments  bear  two 
fascicles  of  small  seta3  on  each  side,  and  two  crowded  dorsal  clusters  of 
long  slender  branchial  cirri ;  these  clusters  nearly  meet  on  the  dorsal 
line,  leaving  only  a  narrow  naked,  space,  and  contain  a  large  number  of 
cirri,  usually  of  various  lengths,  closely  crowded  together.  Farther 
back  the  "  feet77  consist  of  small  and  slightly  prominent  upper  and  lower 
rami,  connected  by  a  slightly  raised,  transverse  ridge  ;  each  ram  us  bears 
a  small  fascicle  of  short,  slender,  acute  setae,  in  a  transverse  row  ;  and 
a  few  stouter  curved  spinule>,  which  project  but  little  from  the  surface ; 
posteriorly  the  spinules  are  more  numerous  and  the  slender  setae  fewer 
and  a  little  longer,  but  they  are  scarcely  equal  to  one-tenth  of  the  diam 
eter  of  the  body.  Along  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  body  long- 
slender  branchial  cirri  arise  from  above  most  of  the  upper  rami,  but 
many  of  these  are  generally  broken  off  in  preserved  specimens.  In 
alcohol  the  lower  surface  of  the  body  is  generally  flat  or  concave ;  the 
"feet77  occupy  an  elevated  lateral  ridge,  often  separated  from  both  the 
ventral  and  dorsal  surface  by  a  deep  groove ;  and  the  dorsal  surface  is 
moderately  convex.  The  annotations  are  short,  very  numerous,  and 
distinct.  Color,  when  living,  dull  yellow,  yellowish  green,  yellowish 
orange,  greenish  orange  to  orange-brown,  darkest  anteriorly,  and  often 


[607]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.  313 

iridescent  beneath  5  sides  often  with  dark  brown  specks ;  anterior 
branchial  cirri  usually  bright  orange,  with  a  red  central  line ;  lateral  ones 
darker  yellow  or  orange,  generally  with  a  central  line  of  bright  red,  due 
to  the  blood-vessels  showing  through. 

Length  up  to  150mm;  diameter,  5mm  to  7mm;  length  of  branchial  cirri, 
60mm  to  100mm. 

New  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound;  low- water  to  6  fathoms,  in  sand  and 
gravel;  common. 

CIRRATULUS  TENTHS  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  41G.) 

Body  slender,  elongated,  strongly  ammlated.  Head  conical,  de 
pressed,  acute.  The  first  four  rings  behind  the  mouth  are  longer  than 
the  rest,  and  destitute  of  appendages.  The  branchiaB  and  seta3  com 
mence  at  the  fifth  segment ;  the  branchia3  form  a  cluster  on  each  side, 
and  are  long  and  filiform  ;  farther  back  and  on  the  middle  region  there 
is  usually  a  pair  of  branchial  cirri  on  each  segment,  but  posteriorly  they 
become  distant  and  irregular.  Setse  long  and  slender  in  each  ramus,  the 
upper  ones  exceeding  in  length  the  diameter  of  the  body  on  the  anterior 
and  middle  regions,  but  becoming  much  shorter  posteriorly.  In  alcohol 
the  integument  is  iridescent.  No  eyes  were  detected. 

Length,  40mm;  diameter,  1.25mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  12  fathoms,  among  compound  ascidians ;  23 
fathoms  off  Martha's  Vineyard. 

CIRRHINEREIS  FRAGiLis  Quatrefages.     (p.  397.) 

Histoire  naturelle  des  Auricles,  vol.  i,  p.  464.     Cirrhatulus  fragilis  Leidy,  op.  cit., 
p.  147  (15),  Plate  11,  figs.  39-43,  1855. 

Point  Judith,  Rhode  Island,  under  stones  at  low  water  (Leidy). 
Specimens,  apparently  of  this  species,  were  dredged  in  Vineyard  Sound. 

NARAOANSETA  CORALII  Leidy.    (p.  494.) 

Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  12  (144),  PI. 
11,  figs.  46-48,  1855;  Quatrefages,  op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  p.  468. 

New  Haven  ;  Watch  Hill ;  Point  Judith ;  in  Astrangia  Dance. 

Our  largest  specimen  had  ten  pairs  of  cirri ;  the  first  three  pairs  orig 
inate  from  one  segment,  the  lowest  being  stouter  and  lighter  colored 
than  the  rest. 

DODECACEREA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  422.) 

A  species,  belonging  apparently  to  this  genus,  was  dredged  off  Xew 
Haven  Harbor,  in  shallow  water,  but  the  specimens  are  too  young  for 
accurate  determination. 

CLYMENELLA  Verrill,  gen.  nov. 

Body  elongated,  composed  of  about  twenty-two  segments  exclusive  of 
the  cephalic  and  anal  segments.  All  the  segments,  except  the  buccal 
and  three  anteanal,  setigerous ;  they  bear  fascicles  of  slender  setaB  above 


314      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       ]608] 

and  series  of  hooks  below.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  fourth  setiger- 
ous  segment  is  prolonged  into  a  thin  membranous  collar.  Proboscis 
swollen,  longitudinally  ribbed.  Head  with  a  prominent  convex  median 
plate,  and  with  a  raised  border  on  each  side  and  behind,  the  lateral  and 
posterior  lobes  separated  by  notches.  Anal  segment  funnel-shaped,  the 
edge  surrounded  by  papillae. 

/  CLYMENELLA  TORQUATA  Verrill.    Plate  XIV,  figs.  71-73.     (p.  343). 

Clymene  torqnatus  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  14  (146),  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  New  Haven;  Vineyard  Sound;  Bay 
of  Fundy ;  Saint  George's  Bank,  &c.  Low- water  to  GO  fathoms. 

NICOMACHE  DISPAR  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  512.) 

Body  elongated,  with  eighteen  setigerous  segments.  Head  elongated, 
sub-conical,  with  a  small  central  plate,  and  a  depressed  point  in  front, 
and  with  low,  narrow,  lateral  and  posterior  marginal  lobes,  separated  by 
slight  notches ;  on  the  anterior  part  of  each  lateral  border  there  is  a 
cluster  of  small,  reddish  brown,  ocelli-like  specks.  Buecal  lobe  coal- 
escent  with  the  cephalic  above.  Proboscis  swollen  and  plicate.  The  lirst 
two  setigerous  segments  have  small  fascicles  of  slender,  short  setae  above, 
and  a  single  nucinate  seta  or  hook  below  on  each  side.  The  third  seg 
ment  has  much  longer  seta3  in  the  upper  fascicles  and  two  hooks  in  the 
lower  ones.  The  fourth  has  still  longer,  slender  setae  in  the  upper  fasci 
cles,  and  about  eight  hooks  in  each  of  the  lower  ones.  In  the  following 
segments  the  hooks  become  much  more  numerous.  There  is  one  short, 
biannulated,  anteanal  segment,  destitute  of  seta3.  Anal  segment  subur- 
ceolate,  as  long  as  broad,  cylindrical  toward  its  border,  which  is  fur 
nished  on  the  ventral  side  with  one  long,  slender  cirrus,  often  as  long 
as  the  diameter  of  the  anal  segment,  and  two  short  lateral  ones ;  the 
rest  of  the  border  has  a  few,  mostly  very  small,  distant,  unequal,  obtuse 
papillae  or  den  tic  illations.  The  anal  orifice  is  situated  at  the  summit  of 
a  small  cone,  which  rises  from  the  bottom  of  the  funnel.  The  last  setig 
erous  segment  is  longer  than  the  anteanal,  and  a  little  longer  than  any 
of  the  ten  that  precede  it,  which  are  all  short  and  subequal,  broader  than 
long,  those  toward  the  posterior  end  deeply  incised  at  the  intervals  be 
tween  them.  The  three  anterior  setigerous  segments  are  shorter  than 
broad  ;  the  fourth  is  twice  as  long  ;  the  fifth  is  three  times  as  long ;  the 
sixth  is  five  times  as  long.  The  color,  when  living,  was  light  red,  trans 
lucent,  with  conspicuous  bright  red  blood-  vessels,  and  with  a  bright  red 
band  at  about  the  anterior  third.  The  largest  specimen  obtained  was 
5()mm  jong  amj  2.5mm  in  diameter  after  preservation  in  alcohol.  In  this 
specimen  the  anal  segment  is  long,  funnel-shaped,  flaring  but  little  toward 
the  margin,  and  with  four  or  five  slight  transverse  annulations.  The 
buccal  segment  has  two  transverse  reddish  lines  on  each  side. 

Oft'  Buzzard's  Bay  in  25  fathoms ;  fifteen  miles  east  of  Block  Island 
in  29  fathoms,  sandy  mud.  It  forms  rough  tubes  of  sand,  which  are  not 
very  firm. 


[609] 


INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF  VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.          315 


MALDANE  ELONOATA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  343.) 

Body  large  and  mucli  elongated,  cylindrical,  obliquely  truncated  at 
both  ends ;  with  nineteen  setigerous  segments,  those  of  the  middle  region 
elongated ;  head  depressed,  with  its  dorsal  surface  very  oblique ;  median 
lobe  low,  convex,  obtusely  rounded  in  front ;  lateral  marginal  lobes,  or 
folds,  low,  rounded,  thickened,  separated  by  a  shallow  emargination 
from  the  posterior  transverse  fold,  which  is  also  thickened,  little  elevated, 
and  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  slight  sulcus ;  from  the  notch  between 
the  lateral  and  posterior  lobes  of  the  head,  a  lateral  oblique  sulcus 
curves  downward  and  backward,  and  joins  the  first  of  the  two  trans 
verse  sulci,  which  are  strongly  marked  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  buccal 
segment.  Anterior  setigerous  segments  strongly  biannulated ;  the  first 
two  are  short,  the  length  about  equal  to  the  diameter;  the  next  two 
are  considerably  longer ;  and  those  farther  back  become  very  much 
elongated ;  the  last  setigerous  segment  is  short.  The  segments  are 
considerably  swollen  where  the  setse  arise,  especially  in  the  middle 
region.  The  upper  setae  are  long  and  slender,  mostly  about  half  the 
diameter  of  the  body,  and  form  rather  large  fascicles  on  most  of  the 
segments.  The  last  segment  is  obliquely  truncated,  its  posterior  border 
surrounding  the  base  of  the  large  anal  process,  which  is  obliquely  placed, 
foliaceous,  obovate,  with  the  posterior  edge  broadly  rounded,  the  upper 
surface  concave,  and  the  margin  entire.  Color  dark  umber-brown,  or 
reddish  brown,  iridescent ;  the  swollen  parts  of  the  rings  are  lighter 
yellowish  brown,  or  grayish  brown,  the  dark  red  blood-vessels  often 
showing  through ;  near  the  bases  of  the  setse  there  are  usually  small 
dark  colored  specks ;  head  and  buccal  lobe  thickly  specked  with  dark 
brown  or  blackish. 

Length  of  largest  specimens,  300mm;  diameter,  4mm  to  5mm;  more  fre 
quently  about  half  this  size. 

Savin  Rock,  near  New  Haven ;  in  sandy  mud  at  low- water  mark,  form 
ing  thick  tubes  composed  of  fine  mud. 

EHODINE  ATTENUATA  Yen-ill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  508.) 

Body  slender,  elongated,  with  the  segments  strongly  marked,  and  the 
first  setigerous  segment  very  long.  Head  elongated,  depressed,  ob 
tusely  rounded  in  front;  median  lobe,  or  ridge,  broad  and  but  little 
elevated,  except  near  the  front  of  the  head,  where  it  becomes  suddenly 
narrowed,  more  convex,  with  well  marked  foveae  on  each  side ;  lateral 
lobes  rudimentary,  scarcely  apparent ;  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  head 
there  is  a  prominent  transverse  elevation.  Buccal  lobe  confluent  with 
the  cephalic.  First  setigerous  segment  swollen  anteriorly  and  about 
as  broad  as  the  head  at  its  anterior  end  where  the  setae  arise,  but  nar 
rowed  and  gradually  attenuated  backward,  its  total  length  being  about 
eight  times  its  diameter ;  second  and  third  setigerous  segments  about 
equal,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  swollen  in  the  middle,  the  front 
margin  of  each  prolonged  into  a  sheath-like  collar;  the  three  next 
22  v 


316       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES. 

segments  are  short  and  rounded,  about  as  long  as  broad,  much  narrowed  ^ 
at  each  end,  and  swollen  in  the  middle ;  next  two  about  twice  as  long  as 
broad;  succeeding  segments  more  elongated.    Anal  segment  wanting 
in  the  specimens  examined. 

Length  about  50mm ;  diameter  about  lmm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  6  to  8  fathoms;  fifteen  miles  east  of  Block  Island,  in 
29  fathoms,  sandy  mud. 

The  Clymene  urceolata  Leidy,  from  Great  Egg  Harbor,  will  probably 
be  found  on  the  Xew  England  coast,  but  we  have  not  met  with  it.  It 
is  peculiar  in  having  an  urceolate  anal  segment,  with  a  smooth  margin. 

AMMOCHARES,  species  undetermined,     (p.  508.) 

A  species  which  constructs  slender,  flexible  tubes,  covered  with  grains 
of  sand,  regularly  and  curiously  attached  by  one  end  in  an  imbricated 
manner,  was  dredged  fifteen  miles  east  of  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms 
sandy  niud,  and  in  23  fathoms  off  Martha's  Vineyard.  The  worm  is 
very  slender,  flesh-color,  with  a  red  dorsal  vessel,  and  two  small,  redr 
ocelli-like  spots. 

,    KOTOMASTUS  LURIDUS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  342.) 

Body  long  and  rather  large,  composed  of  numerous  segments,  nearly 
cylindrical  when  living,  and  tapering  but  little,  except  close  to  the 
ends.  In  preserved  specimens  the  anterior  region,  including  about  ten 
segments,  is  often  a  little  swollen  and  slightly  larger  than  the  rest  of 
the  body;  at  other  times  it  is  even  more  slender  than  the  posterior 
region.  Head  small,  acute.  Proboscis  short  and  broad,  swollen;  in 
full  expansion  nearly  twice  the  diameter  of  the  body,  nearly  smooth, 
dark  blood-red.  The  segments  of  the  anterior  region  are  longer  than 
broad,  in  extension  nearly  twice  as  long,  biannulated,  and  each  of  the 
annuli  is  again  annulated  with  several  transverse,  more  or  less  irregu 
lar  sulci  or  furrows ;  ten  of  these  segments  bear  fascicles  of  slender 
seta3  both  above  and  below,  the  fascicles  on  the  first  two  setigerous 
segments  being  very  small,  and  containing  few  setre.  The  segments 
following  the  tenth  setigerous  one  have  a  small  transverse  row  of 
slender  uncinate  seta3  above,  and  a  longer  lateral  transverse  row  of 
the  same  kind  of  setae  on  each  side;  the  "feet,"  or  setigerous  lobes, 
are  but  little  prominent,  the  upper  ones  being  dorsal  and  much  smaller 
than  the  lateral  ones.  The  surface  of  the  body  is  transversely  wrinkled, 
and  covered  with  minute,  irregular  reticulations,  giving  it  a  slightly 
granulous  appearance.  Color,  when  living,  dark  purplish  brown,  with 
a  bluish  iridescence  anteriorly,  and  a  darker  median  dorsal  line  pos 
teriorly  ;  minute,  white,  raised  spots,  or  slight  papillae,  are  scattered 
over  the  surface. 

Length,  150mm  or  more;  diameter,  2ram. 

Savin  Bock,  near  New  Haven;  in  muddy  sand,  at  low- water  mark. 


[611]       INVERTEBRATE   ANIMALS    OF   VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       317 

NOTOMASTUS  FILIFORMIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  342.) 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  filiform,  composed  of  very  numerous 
short  segments.  Head  very  changeable  in  form,  usually  long,  conical, 
and  very  acutely  pointed.  Proboscis  smooth,  obovate,  or  trumpet- 
shaped,  when  extended,  and  bright  red.  In  the  anterior  region  there 
are  eleven  setigerous  segments,  which  bear  small  fascicles  of  slender 
seta3  in  both  rami,  those  in  the  first  five  longer  and  acutely  pointed ; 
these  segments  are  short,  biannulate;  the  lower  fascicles  of  seta3  are 
largest  and  fan-shaped.  In  the  middle  region  the  segments  are  about 
as  long  as  broad.  Color,  pale  red  to  bright  red,  often  mottled  with 
whitish,  and  more  or  less  yellowish  posteriorly. 

Length,  100mm;  diameter,  lmm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  low-water  to  one  fathom,  in  sandy  mud;  New 
Haven;  Watch  Hill;  Vineyard  Sound. 

SABELLARIA  VULGARIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XVII,  figs.  88,  SSa. 
(p.  321.) 

Body  rather  stout,  thickest  anteriorly,  tapering  backward  to  the  base 
of  the  long,  slender  caudal  appendage.  Two  slender,  red,  oral  tentacles 
arise  near  the  mouth,  between  the  bases  of  the  operculigerous  lobes, 
and,  when  extended,  reach  beyond  the  bases  of  the  opercula.  A  single 
median  lanceolate  process  also  arises  between  the  operculigerous  lobes. 
A  deep  emargination  exists  on  the  ventral  side,  back  of  the  mouth;  on 
each  side  of  this  the  front  margin  of  the  segment  is  prolonged  into  a 
trideutate  lobe,  the  teeth  or  lobes  being  unequal,  the  inner  ones  largest, 
the  middle  ones  more  slender  and  acute,  the  outer  one  smallest  and 
shortest;  beyond  these,  toward  the  sides,  there  is  another  small  acute 
process;  two  conical  processes  also  project  forward  from  the  lateral 
margins,  and  also  a  fascicle  of  setae.  The  ciliated  prehensile  cirri,  or 
tentacles,  are  long  and  slender  when  extended,  and  reach  considerably 
beyond  the  opercula.  The  setae  composing  the  opercula  are  golden  yel 
low;  the  outer  circle  white  at  base.  A  row  of  small  conical  papillae 
surrounds  the  bases  of  the  opercula.  Branchiae  long,  lanceolate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  body.  Color  of  body  yellowish  flesh- 
color,  or  pale  reddish,  often  with  two  rows  of  brown  spots  along  the 
ventral  surface;  operculigerous  lobes  whitish  or  grayish,  specked  with 
blackish;  branchiae  reddish  or  yellowish,  with  a  red  central  line,  often 
with  a  greenish  tinge,  or  red  centered  with  green ;  tentacles  pale  flesh- 
color,  sometimes  purplish;  opercula  blackish  or  grayish  on  the  anterior 
surface,  golden  yellow  on  the  sides,  white  at  base ;  caudal  process  pale 
red  or  flesh-color. 

Length  about  25mm,  exclusive  of  caudal  process:  2mm  to  2.5mm  in  diam 
eter. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound ; 
low-water  to  ten  fathoms ;  very  common.  Eggs  are  laid  in  May  and 
June. 


318        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [612] 

CISTENIDES  GOULDII  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XVII,  figs.  87,  S7a.    (p. 
/       323). 

Pectinaria  Belgica  Gould,  Invertebrata of  Massachusetts,  Isted.,  p.  7,  Plate  1,  fig. 
1  (tube),  1841  (not  of  European  writers).  Pectinaria  auricoma  Leicly,  op.  cit.? 
p.  14  (146),  1855  (not  of  European  writers). 

Body  rather  stout,  little  curved.  Head  with  the  dorsal  surface 
obliquely  truncated,  its  posterior  marginal  fold  with  a  smooth  border. 
Antennae  long,  tapering,  acute;  frontal  membrane  or  veil  semicircular, 
its  edge  divided  into  rather  long,  slender,  acute  papillae,  about  twenty- 
eight  in  number.  Cephalic  setae  in  two  broad  groups,  each  containing 
about  fifteen  light  golden  setae,  which  are  somewhat  curved  upward, 
with  long,  slender,  very  acute  tips,  those  in  the  middle  of  each  group  much 
the  longest.  Tentacles  stout,  obtuse,  flattened,  and  folded  up  so  as  to 
form  a  groove  beneath.  Color  light  red  or  flesh-color,  handsomely  mot 
tled  with  dark  red  and  blue. 

Length  up  to  40mm;  diameter,  7mui. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Havea  and  Cape  Cod ;  low-water  to  10 
fathoms. 

This  species  can  easily  be  distinguished  from  C.  granulatus,  which  is 
common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  by  the  cephalic  setae  or  spines,  which  are 
fewer,  much  stouter,  obtuse,  and  darker  colored  in  the  latter. 

AMPH ARETE  GKRACILIS  Malmgren.    Plate  XVI,  fig.  83.     (p.  508). 

Nordiska  Hafs-Anuulater,  Ofvers.  af  kongl.  vet.  Akad.  Fork.,  1865,  p.  365,  Plate 
26,  figs.  75-75D. 

Body  flesh-colored,  greenish  posteriorly,  with  a  conspicuous  red  median 
vessel ;  branchiae  light  sea-green. 

Length,  25mm  to35mm;  diameter,  2.5mu)  to  3mm;  length  of  branchiae, 
6mm  to  9mm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  10  fathoms ;  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  23  fathoms;  east 
of  Block  Island  in  29  fathoms ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  90  fathoms  ;  north, 
ern  coasts  of  Europe,  Bahusia,  at  Koster  Island,  in  130  fathoms.  Our 
specimens  differ  slightly  from  the  description  and  figures  of  Dr.  Malm 
gren,  especially  in  usually  having  but  twelve  uncigerous  segments  in 
the  posterior  region,  instead  of  thirteen,  found  by  him  in  the  European 
specimens.  This  may  be  due  to  difference  of  age  or  sex.  There  are, 
however,  thirteen  in  one  of  our  specimens. 

AMPHARETE  SETOSA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  416.) 

Body  rather  thick  anteriorly,  tapering  rapidly  backward.  Cephalic 
lobe  acute,  with  a  much  shorter,  small,  lateral  lobe  on  each  side.  Bran 
chiae  eight,  transversely  wrinkled,  rather  short ;  in  preserved  specimens 
about  equal  to  the  breadth  of  the  body.  Palmulae,  or  cephalic  fascicles 
of  setae,  short  and  broad,  rounded,  fan-shaped,  the  setae  being  nearly 
equals  the  ventral  ones  a  little  longer  than  the  lateral.  Fourteen  seg 
ments  bear  small  fascicles  of  long  setae,  supported  by  prominent  lobes 
at  the  base.  The  posterior  region  consists  of  about  ten  uncigerous  seg- 


[613]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        319 

rnents.  Anal  segments  sin  all,  with  two  long  slender  cirri.  Color  of 
body  translucent,  light  yellowish  green ;  the  anterior  part  of  the  body 
tinged  with  bright  blood-red,  due  to  the  circulating  fluid,  showing 
through  the  integument ;  branchiae  greenish,  with  a  central  series  of 
white  spots ;  setae  of  the  palinulse,  deep  yellow. 

Length  about  20mm;  diameter,  2.5mm  to  3mm. 

Off  New  Haven,  low-water  mark  to  6  fathoms,  shelly.  It  makes  rough 
tubes  about  an  inch  long,  covered  with  coarse  sand  and  mud. 

AMAOE  PUSILLA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Body  rather  slender.  Head  obtusely  rounded  in  front ;  the  middle 
lobe  small,  and  but  little  larger  than  the  lateral.  Eight  slender 
branchiae,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body,  arranged  in 
a  crowded  group ;  two  farther  back  than  the  rest  ;  and  with  no  apparent 
naked  median  space.  Twelve  of  the  setigerous  segments  bear  long 
fascicles  of  slender  setae.  No  "  palmulae,"  or  cephalic  setae.  Tentacles 
numerous  and  slender.  Two  small,  slender  anal  cirri. 

Length,  12mm ;  diameter,  1.5mm. 

Off  New  Haven,  5  to  6  fathoms;  shelly  bottom. 

MELINNA  CRISTATA  Malmgren.    (p.  432.) 

Nordiska  Hafs-Annulater,  loc.   cit.,  p.   371,  Plate  5iO,   figs.  50-50D.     Sdbellldes 
cristata  Sars,  Fauna  littoralis  Norvegise,  vol.  ii,  pp.  19, 24,  PL  2,  figs.  1-7, 1856. 

Mouth  of  Vineyard  Sound,  on  muddy  bottoms,  in  the  deepest  water; 
Bay  of  Fundy,  on  muddy  bottoms,  in  10  to  90  fathoms ;  near  Saint 
George's  Bank,  in  110  and  150  fathoms,  mud.  Off  the  Scandinavian 
coast  in  40  to  200  fathoms ;  Greenland  ;  Spitzbergen. 

The  tube  is  soft,  flexible,  slender,  and  covered  with  fine  mud. 

TEREBELLIDES  STROEMI  Sars.  (p.  507.) 

Beskriv.  og  lakttag.,  p.  43,  Plate  13,  figs.  31,  a-d  (teste  Malragren)  ;  Malmgren, 
Nordiska  Hafs-Annulater,  loc.  cit.,  p.  396,  Plate  43-43D,  1865. 

East  of  Block  Island,  in  29  fathtfms,  sandy  mud ;  Bay  of  Fundy, 
10  to  90  fathoms,  muddy  ;  near  Saint  George's  Bank,  85  to  150  fathoms. 
Greenland,  10  to  250  fathoms ;  Iceland  ;  Spitzbergen ;  northern  coasts 
of  Europe ;  Adriatic  Sea. 

AMPHITRITE  ORNATA  Verrill.    PI.  XVI,  fig.  82.     (p.  320). 

Terebella  ornata  Leidy,  Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New 
Jersey,  loc.  cit.,  p.  14  (146),  Plate  11,  figs.  44,  45  (setae),  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound  5 
common  in  sand  and  gravel  at  low- water  mark. 

NICOLEA  SIMPLEX  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  321.) 

Body  elongated,  swollen  anteriorly,  especially  above,  attenuated 
posteriorly.  Head  with  a  rather  large,  well  rounded,  or  nearly  circu 
lar  frontal  membrane,  which  has  a  smooth  margin  ;  mouth  with  a  small 


320       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [614] 

posterior  fold.  Tentacles  very  numerous,  crowded,  long,  and  slender. 
Branchiae  four,  rather  small ;  those  of  the  anterior  pair  somewhat  the 
larger ;  those  of  both  pairs  are  repeatedly  dichotomously  divided  from 
close  to  the  base.  The  divisions  are  short  and  not  very  numerous,  and 
diverge  at  a  wide  angle.  Fifteen  segments  bear  small  fascicles  of  slender 
setae,  commencing  at  the  next  behind  the  last  brauchiferous  segment. 
The  third  and  fourth  setigerous  segments  of  the  male  bear  small,  slender 
lateral  cirri.  Ventral  shields  about  thirteen  ;  the  first  six  transversely 
oblong,  and  nearly  equal  in  width ;  the  last  seven  narrowing  rapidly 
to  the  last,  which  is  acutely  triangular.  Color,  when  living,  light  red, 
or  flesh-color. 

Length,  35mm ;  diameter,  3mm  to  4mm. 

New  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound,  from  low- water  to  6  fathoms;  off 
Watch  Hill,  4  to  6  fathoms,  in  tubes  composed  of  bits  of  shells  and  grains 
of  sand,  attached  to  Laminaricv. 

SCIONOPSIS  Verrill,  gen.  uov. 

Body  composed  of  numerous  segments,  of  which  17,  following  the 
third,  bear  fascicles  of  slender  setas,  and  the  following  ones  have  only 
small  uncigerous  lobes  ;  second  and  third  segments  bear  branchiae, 
and  have  their  anterior  margins  prolonged  into  membranous,  collar-like 
expansions;  that  of  the  second  forming  broad,  lateral  lobes  behind  the 
tentacles ;  that  of  the  third  forming  behind  the  branchiae  a  dorsal  col 
lar  or  sheath,  beneath  which  they  can  be  retracted.  Branchiae  typically 
four.  Those  of  the  first  pair  usually  larger,  but  generally  one  or  more 
are  absent,  and  frequently  the  anterior  ones  are  smallest,  or  those  of  the 
same  pair  may  be  unequal,  owing  probably  to  the  facility  with  which 
they  may  break  off  and  be  reproduced ;  they  are  palmately  branched 
and  supported  on  elongated  pedicels.  Tentacles  numerous  and  crowded. 

This  genus  is  allied  more  closely  to  Pista  than  to  any  other  yet  de 
scribed,  but  differs  in  the  structure  of  the  branchiae  and  character  of 
the  collar  formed  by  the  third  segment. 

SCIONOPSIS  PALMATA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  321.) 

Body  elongated  ;  rather  slender ;  thickened  but  not  distinctly  swollen 
anteriorly,  tapering  gradually  to  the  posterior  end.  The  setigerous  feet 
commence  at  the  fourth  segment,  or  next  behind  the  branchial  collar, 
and  are  all  quite  prominent,  the  first  three  or  four  being  a  little  smaller' 
than  the  rest ;  the  setae  are  rather  long.  The  uncigerous  feet  commence 
on  the  second  setigerous  segment.  Behind  the  last  setigerous  segment 
the  uncigerous  feet  are  smaller,  somewhat  prominent,  and  extend  to  the 
anal  segment.  Ventral  shields  about  20 ;  the  most  anterior  ones  are  trans 
versely  oblong ;  the  succeeding  ones  squarish,  gradually  tapering  to  the 
last,  which  are  very  narrow.  Anal  segment  tapering ;  its  orifice  with 
a  crenulated  margin.  Branchias  large,  with  numerous  palmate  divisions 


;[615]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        32 1 

arising  from  the  summit  of  the  stout  and  rather  long  pedicels.*  There 
are  usually  five  or  more  main  divisions  in  good-sized  specimens,  these 
spread  outward  from  one  point,  are  recurved  at  the  ends,  and  flexuous 
and  bipinnately  branched,  the  lower  pinnae  being  longest  each  time, 
and  the  ultimate  divisions  very  numerous,  fine,  slender,  and  acute. 
The  branchiae  of  the  posterior  pair,  in  normal  specimens,  are  consider 
ably  smaller,  with  the  divisions  less  numerous,  and  the  ramuli  longer 
and  more  delicate.  The  pedicels  of  the  anterior  branchia3  are  about  as 
long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body,  and  are  very  contractile,  as  well  as  the 
branches,  so  that  the  gills  can  be  contracted  into  a  small  compass  and 
withdrawn  under  the  dorsal  collar,  beneath  which  the  pedicels  arise. 
This  branchial  collar  is  formed  by  the  prolongation  of  the  margin  of  the 
third  segment ;  on  each  side  "of  the  median  line  above,  it  is  divided  into 
two  narrow,  lanceolate  processes  directed  forward ;  exterior  to  these  there 
are  two  other  wider  and  usually  less  prominent  angles  or  lobes ;  laterally, 
the  collar  is  prominent,  with  a  broadly  rounded,  thin  margin,  which 
forms  another  angle  on.  each  side  beneath ;  on  the  ventral  side  its  edge 
recedes  and  is  but  little  raised.  The  tentacular  collar,  formed  by  the 
second 'segment,  expands  into  a  broad,  rounded,  prominent  lobe  on  each 
side  5  and  on  the  ventral  surface  becomes  narrower,  though  still  promi 
nent,  and  recedes  in  a  broad,  rounded  sinus  behind  the  posterior  lobe 
of  the  mouth.  The  cephalic  segment  is  bordered  by  a  rather  broad 
frontal  membrane,  emarginate  above,  and  broadly  rounded  laterally. 
Tentacles  very  numerous,  long,  and  slender.  Color,  light  red,  brownish 
red  to  dark  reddish  brown ;  the  annulations  often  darker ;  the  upper 
surface  is  usually  more  or  less  specked  with  flake- white ;  along  each 
side,  below,  there  is  usually  a  row  of  squarish  spots,  brighter  red  than 
the  rest  of  the  body,  each  pair  connected  by  a  narrow,  transverse  line 
of  red  between  the  ventral  shields,  which  are  dull  yellowish  red  5  the 
segments  along  the  sides  are  often  bordered  with  red ;  branchiae  usually 
green,  specked  on  the  outer  sides  of  the  branches  with  flake- white,  and 
with  internal  blood-red  vessels,  showing  distinctly  in  all  the  divisions  ; 
the  pedicel  is  usually  bright  red ;  tentacles,  flesh  -color. 
Length  up  to  70mm ;  diameter,  3mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound ;  low-water 
mark  to  one  fathom. 

LEPR.EA  RUBRA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  382.) 

Body  elongated,  somewhat  swollen  anteriorly,  rapidly  tapering  to  the 
very  long,  slender,  posterior  portion.  All  the  segments  posterior  to  the 
branchiae  bear  small  fascicles  of  slender  setae,  as  well  as  uncini ;  pos 
terior  to  the  twenty-fifth  setigerous  segment  the  uncigerous  feet  become 

*In  mentioning  this  species,  on  page  321,  it  was  stated  that  it  has  but  three  gills, 
-and,  in  fact,  this  is  the  most  frequent  number.  Among  the  numerous  examples  exam 
ined,  I  have  only  recently  found  a  specimen  with  both  pairs  of  gills  in  their  normal 
•  condition. 


322       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [616] 

much  narrower  and  more  prominent ;  anteriorly  they  are  very  broad. 
Ventral  plates  rather  broad  anteriorly,  those  posterior  to  the  seventh 
or  eighth  suddenly  narrowed.  Branchiae  in  three  pairs,  small,  finely 
arborescently  divided,  the  divisions  numerous  ;  posterior  pair  consider 
ably  smaller  than  the  others.  Cephalic  lobe  with  a  somewhat  prolonged 
frontal  border,  broadly  rounded  in  front,  with  an  entire  margin.  Color 
bright  red ;  tentacles  flesh-color. 

Length,  50mm  or  more ;  diameter,  2.5mm  to  3mm. 

Vineyard  Sound;  Wood's  Hole  on  piles  of  wharves  just  below  low- 
water  mark. 

POLYCIRRUS  EXIMITJS  Verrill.    Plate  XVI,  fig.  85.     (p.  320). 

Torquea  eximia  Leiily,  op.  cit,  p.  14  (146),  Plate  11,  figs.  51,  52  (setae),  1855. 

In  this  species  there  are  twenty-five  setigerous  segments,  bearing 
small  fascicles  of  long,  slender  setre ;  about  seventy  posterior  segments 
bear  uncini  only  ;  anteriorly  the  uncini  commence  on  the  eighth  setig 
erous  segment.  There  are  nine  ventral  shields,  divided  by  a  median 
ventral  sulcus.  The  frontal  lobe  of  the  head  is  large,  elongated  oval 
or  elliptical.  The  posterior  lobe  of  the  mouth  is  large,  rounded.  Body 
and  tentacles  bright  blood-red  ;  the  body  is  often  more  or  less  yellowish 
posteriorly. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound ;  low-water 
to  10  fathoms. 

A  species  of  this  genus  was  also  dredged  in  19  fathoms  off  Gay 
Head,  but  its  identity  with  the  above  is  uncertain.  Another  species, 
remarkable  for  its  brilliant  blue  phosphorescence,  is  common  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy.  The  P.  eximius  does  not  appear  to  be  phosphorescent. 

CH^TOBRANCHUS  Verrill,  genus  nov. 

Allied  to  Polyclrrus  and,  like  the  latter,  destitute  of  blood-vessels. 
Body  much  elongated,  composed  of  very  numerous  segments,  nearly 
all  of  which  bear  fascicles  of  setse.  Segments  of  the  middle  region  bear 
simple,  or  more  or  less  branched,  branchial  cirri,  each  of  their  divisions 
tipped  with  slender  seta3;  these  cirri  are  wanting  on  the  anterior  and 
posterior  segments,  the  first  and  last  ones  being  smaller  and  more  simple 
than  the  rest.  The  cephalic  segment  expands  into  a  broad,  tentacular 
or  frontal  lobe,  which  is  rounded  or  emarginate  anteriorly,  and  often 
more  or  less  scolloped  laterally.  Tentacles  crowded,  very  numerous, 
long  and  slender  in  extension,  capable  of  being  distended  by  the  blood, 
as  in  Polycirrus,  &c. 

CH^ETOBRANCHUS  SANGUINEUS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  320.) 

Body  greatly  elongated,  much  attenuated  posteriorly,  more  or  less- 
swollen  anteriorly,  but  narrowed  toward  the  head,  the  thickest  portion 
being  usually  between  the  tenth  and  fifteenth  segments.  The  branchial 
cirri  commence  at  about  the  ninth  segment,  those  of  the  first  pair  being 
short,  simple  cirri;  those  on  the  next  segment  are  once  forked  ;  those  on 


[617 J        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.       323 

the  next  have  three  or  four  branches ;  farther  back  they  divide  dichotom- 
ously  above  the  base  into  numerous  branches,  all  of  which  are  supported 
upon  a  short  basal  pedicel,  which  may  be  a  little  elongated  in  expansion, 
the  total  length  of  the  branchiae  being  then  greater  than  the  diameter  of 
the  body ;  the  branches  are  clustered,  slender,  delicate,  and  elongated, 
and  each  one  is  terminated  by  a  small  fascicle  of  slender,  sharp,  serrate 
setae  two  to  four  or  more  in  a  group,  so  that  the  entire  appendage  may 
be  regarded  as  a  very  remarkable  enlargement  and  modification  of  the 
setigerous  lobes  of  the  "feet." 

On  the  segments  anterior  to  the  ninth  the  setigerous  lobes  of  the  feet 
are  short,  conical,  swollen  at  base,  and  bear  a  small  fascicle  of  setse ;  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  anterior  segment  is  somewhat  raised,  and  divided  by 
a  series  of  sulci  or  wrinkles  into  several  lobes  or  crenulations,  which  are 
somewhat  prominent  and  papilliforrn  at  the  posterior  margin  of  each 
segment,  and  have  a  granulous  surface.  There  is  a  distinct  median  ven 
tral  sulcus.  Between  the  adjacent  branchial  cirri  anteriorly  there  are, 
on  each  side,  four  or  more  thickened,  somewhat  raised,  squarish  organs, 
with  a  granulous  and  apparently  glandular  structure ;  farther  back  these 
are  reduced  to  two,  then  to  one,  and  finally  disappear  on  the  segments 
of  the  posterior  region,  which  is  very  long,  slender,  attenuated,  composed 
of  very  numerous  short  segments,  with  only  rudimentary  appendages  $ 
after  the  branchial  cirri  become  reduced  to  simple  processes  they  still  con 
tinue,  on  about  forty  segments,  gradually  decreasing  in  length  and  size :, 
beyond  this  small  setre  still  exist  on  the  segments,  till  near  the  end  of  the 
body.  Anal  segment  small  and  simple,  the  orifice  with  slightly  crenu- 
lated  margins.  Frontal  membrane  large  and  broad,  versatile  in  formr 
often  with  a  deep  emargination  in  front,  each  lateral  lobe  divided  into 
two  or  three  subordinate  lobes,  or  unequal  scollops,  the  edges  undulated ; 
at  other  times  the  front  edge  and  sides  are  broadly  rounded  and  entire. 
The  mouth  is  furnished  with  a  large  elongated  ovate  lobe,  which  is 
rounded,  free,  and  prominent  posteriorly.  Tentacles  very  long,  much 
crowded,  and  very  numerous ;  in  extension  usually  as  long  as  the  body. 
Color  of  body,  anteriorly,  deep  blood-red ;  posteriorly,  more  or  less  mot 
tled  or  centered  with  yellow,  owing  to  the  internal  organs  showing 
through  the  integument ;  tentacles  and  branchial  cirri  bright  blood-red. 

Length  up  to  350mm  ;  diameter  5mm  to  7mm  or  more  anteriorly ;  length 
of  tentacles,  in  extension,  400mm  or  more. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound ;  common  at 
low-water  mark,  in  mud. 

POTAMILLA  OCULIFEBA  Verrill.    Plate  XVII,  fig.  86.     (p.  322). 
Sdbella  oculifera  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  13  (145),  Plate  11,  figs.  55-61,  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven ;  Vineyard  Sound,  low-water  mark 
to  25  fathoms,  off  Buzzard's  Bay.  In  the  Bay  of  Fundy  from  low-water 
mark  to  60  fathoms. 

Closely  related  to  P.  reniformis  of  Northern  Europe,  and  possibly  iden 
tical  with  it. 


324       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [618] 

SABELLA  MIOROPHTHALMA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  323.) 

Body  rather  short  arid  stout,  narrowed  slightly  anteriorly,  tapering  rap 
idly  close  to  the  posterior  end,  composed  of  about  sixty  segment,  de 
pressed,  moderately  con  vex  above,  flat  below,  especially  when  preserved 
in  alcohol ;  anterior  region  composed  of  eight  setigerous  segments,  hav 
ing  moderately  long  fascicles  of  setae ;  posterior  region  composed  of  about 
fifty  short  segments,  bearing  very  small  fascicles  of  setae ;  anal  segment 
small,  simple,  with  two  very  small  ocelli-like  spots ;  ventral  shields  of 
the  anterior  segments  short,  transversely  narrow,  oblong ;  median  sulcus 
very  distinct  in  the  posterior  region,  dividing  the  ventral  shields  into 
two  nearly  rectangular  parts,  which  are  broader  than  long.  Branchiae 
numerous  and  long,  often  half  as  long  as  the  body,  connected  by  a 
slight  web  close  to  the  base;  the  stalks  smooth,  with  numerous  minute 
ocelli,  in  two  irregular  rows;  pinnae  numerous,  long  and  slender;  tips 
of  the  branchiae  without  pinnae.  Collar  broadly  interrupted  above,  flar 
ing  and  reflexed  at  the  sides,  with  rounded  upper  angles,  erect  and  sin 
uous  at  the  latero- ventral  margins,  reflexed  below,  forming  two  short, 
rounded  lobes,  separated  by  a  narrow  but  deep  central  sinus,  within 
which  there  is  a  short  bilobed  organ.  Tentacles  thin,  lanceolate,  acute, 
in  preserved  specimens  not  so  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body.  The 
anterior  segment  is  divided  by  a  deep  dorsal  sulcus,  which  is  not  con 
spicuous  on  the  succeeding  segments.  Color  of  body  greenish  yellow, 
dull  olive-green,  or  greenish  brown ;  branchiae  pale  yellowish,  greenish, 
or  flesh-color,  often  with  numerous  transverse  bauds  of  lighter  and 
darker  green,  which  extend  to  the  pinnae,  and  sometimes  blotched  with 
brown;  collar  translucent,  specked  with  flake- white;  ocelli  dark  red 
dish  brown.  Specimens,  apparently  belonging  to  this  species,  were  taken 
from  wood  bored  by  Teredo,  near  New  Haven.  These  had  the  body 
olive-green,  specked  with  flake-white  anteriorly,  on  the  ventral  side, 
especially  on  the  first  two  segments ;  branchiae  mottled  with  greenish 
brown  and  white  and  specked  with  flake-white  ;  ocelli  brown,  numerous. 

Length,  30mm;  diameter,  2.5mm  to  3mm.  Preserved  specimens  are 
about  20mm  long,  2.5mm  broad. 

New  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound  ;  low- water  mark  to  5  fathoms. 

EUCHONE  ELEGANS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XVI,  fig.  84.     (p.  432). 

Body  rounded,  slender,  gradually  tapered  backward;  the  anterior 
region,  which  forms  about  one-half  of  the  entire  length,  consists 
of  eight  setigerous  segments;  these  are  biannulated  and  divided  by 
a  dorsal,  longitudinal  sulcus,  and  by  a  lateral  sulcus  on  each  side  be 
low  the  uncigerous  lobes.  The  middle  region  consists  of  thirteen 
shorter  biannulated  segments,  which  bear  small  fascicles  of  setae  on  the 
lower  rarni ;  these  are  divided  by  a  ventral  sulcus,  and  also  by  the 
lateral  ones.  The  caudal  region  consists  of  about  ten  very  short  seg 
ments  ;  all  of  which,  except  the  last,  bear  small  fascicles  of  setae.  These 
:segments  are  margined  by  a  rather  broad  membrane,  wider  and  rounded 


£619]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        325 

anteriorly,  narrowing  to  the  end.  Collar  broad,  with,  a  nearly  even 
margin,  often  somewhat  sinuous  at  the  sides,  divided  above  and  below, 
the  lobes  rounded  at  the  angles.  The  collar  is  a  little  broader  below 
than  above.  Branchiae  long,  slender,  recurved  in  expansion,  connected 
by  a  broad  and  very  thin  membrane,  continued  as  thin  borders  of  the 
branchiae  to  their  tips,  which  are  destitute  of  pinnae  for  some  distance. 
Body  pale  flesh-color,  with  a  darker  median  line,  reddish  anteriorly, 
darker  greenish  or  brownish,  posteriorly  ;  branchiae  pale  yellowish  or 
greenish,  each  with  a  flake-white  spot  near  the  base  outside.  Other 
specimens  were  greenish  gray,  with  green  branchiae.  Some  were  flesh, 
color,  with  a  bright-red  dorsal  vessel;  the  branchiae  flesh-color,  without 
the  white  spots  at  the  base.  • 

Length,  in  extension,  about  20mm ;  diameter  of  body,  1.5mm. 

Deep  water  off  the  mouth  of  Vineyard  Sound;  off  Martha's  Vineyard, 
in  21  and  23  fathoms ;  off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms,  sandy  mud, 
abundant.  Cosco  Bay,  7  to  20  fathoms. 

This  species  makes  slender  tubes,  covered  with  flue  sand. 

FABRICIA  LEIDYI  Verrill,  sp.  nov/    (p.  323.) 

Body  very  small  and  slender,  tapering  a  little  to  both  ends,  in  exten 
sion  considerably  exsert  from  the  slender  tube ;  eleven  segments  bear 
fascicles  of  setae;  the  segments  are  about  as  long  as  broad,  slightly  con 
stricted  at  the  articulations,  with  the  anterior  margin  a  little  promi 
nent;  anal  segment  small,  tapered  to  a  blunt  point,  bearing  two  small, 
dark  ocelli.  Branchiae  six,  subequal,  forming  three  symmetrical  pairs,  each 
one  with  five  to  seven  slender  pinnae  on  each  side ;  the  basal  pinnae  are 
about  as  long  as  the  main  stem,  the  others  successively  shorter,  so  that 
all  reach  to  about  the  same  level.  Tentacles  short,  thick,  bluntly  rounded 
at  the  end,  strongly  ciliated.  At  the  base  of  the  branchiae,  on  each  side, 
is  a  red,  pulsating  vesicle,  the  pulsations  alternating  in  the  two;  just 
back  of  these,  on  the  first  segment,  are  two  brown  ocelli;  a  little  farther 
back,  and  near  together,  on  the  dorsal  side,  are  two  auditory  vesicles, 
each  with  a  round  central  corpuscle.  The  fourth  and  eleven  succeeding 
segments  bear  small  fascicles  of  acute,  bent  setae,  about  as  long  as  half 
the  diameter  of  the  body ;  on  the  middle  segment  there  are  about  four 
or  five  setae  in  a  fascicle ;  on  the  ninth,  three ;  on  the  tenth,  two ;  on  the 
eleventh,  one  or  two,  in  the  specimens  examined.  Intestine  rather 
wide,  but  narrowed  at  the  eighth  setigerous  segment,  and  after  that 
slender,  bordered  by  a  red  blood-vessel  on  each  side.  In  the  fourth 
setigerous  segment  there  are  three  globular  granulated  organs,  color, 
yellowish  white,  tinged  with  red  by  the  circulating  fluid. 

Length  about  3mm;  diameter  about  0.25mm;  expanse  of  branchiae, 
0.8mm.  The  specimens  measured  may  be  immature. 

New  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound,  common  at  and  below  low- water 
mark ;  Cisco  Bay. 


326       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [620 J 

SERPULA  DIANTHUS  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  322.) 

Body  elongated,  gradually  attenuated  to  the  posterior  end  ;  the  pos 
terior  region  considerably  flattened;  dorsal  surface  covered  with 
minute  papillae  and  having  a  finely  pubescent  appearance  under  a  lens. 
Collar  broad  and  long,  in  living  specimens  sometimes  one-third  as  long 
as  the  body;  the  posterior  portion  free  dorsally,  and  in  expansion  about  as 
long  as  the  attached  portion,  extending  backward  and  gradually  narrow, 
ing  to  the  end;  the  margins  thin  and  undulated ;  the  anterior  border  is  di 
vided  into  a  broad  revolute  dorsal  lobe,  with  an  undulated  margin,  and 
tvro  narrower  lateral  lobes,  which  are  broadly  revolute  laterally,  with  the 
margin  rounded  and  nearly  even.  Seven  segments  bear  rather  large 
fascicles  of  long,  acute  setae.  The  first  fascicle  is  remote  from  the  next, 
and  directed  downward  and  forward,  with  the  setae  longer  than  in  the 
others ;  the  six  folio  wing  fascicles  are  broad,  and  are  directed  downward 
and  backward.  The  uncinate  setae  form  long  transverse  rows  anteriorly, 
but  toward  the  posterior  end  they  form  short  rows.  Operculuin  funnel- 
shaped,  longitudinally  striated  externally,  with  a  long,  slender  pedicel ; 
the  upper  surface  is  concave,  with  abput  thirty  small,  acute  denticles 
around  the  margin;  an  inner  circle  of  about  twelve  long,  slender 
papillae,  incurved  at  tips  and  united  at  base,  arises  from  the  upper 
surface  of  the  operculum.  On  the  left  side  is  a  small  rudimentary  oper- 
culum,  club-shaped  at  the  end,  with  a  short  pedicel.  Branchiae  are  long 
rather  slender,  united  close  to  the  base,  about  eighteen  on  each  side,  in 
mature  specimens,  those  toward  the  ventral  border  considerably  longer, 
than  the  upper  ones ;  tips  naked  for  a  short  distance,  slender,  and  acute ; 
pinnae  very  numerous,  slender.  Colors  quite  variable,  especially  those 
of  the  branchiae;  the  branchiae  are  frequently  purplish  brown,  trans 
versely  banded  with  flake-white,  alternating  with  yellowish  green,  the 
pinnae  usually  having  the  same  color  as  the  portion  from  which  they 
arise ;  on  the  exterior  of  the  branchiae  the  purple  bands  are  often  divided 
by  a  narrow  longitudinal  line  of  whitish ;  operculum  brownish  green 
on  the  outer  surface,  purplish  on  the  sides,  with  white  longitudinal  lines 
toward  the  margin,  greenish  white  at  base ;  pedicel  purplish,  banded 
with  white ;  collar  pale  translucent  greenish,  veined  with  darker  green ; 
body  deep  greenish  yellow,  the  dorsal  surface  light  yellow.  Many  other 
styles  of  coloration  occur,  some  of  which  are  described  on  page  322. 

Length  up  to  75mra  ;  diameter  about  3mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Cape  Cod  ;  low-water  mark  to 
8  fathoms. 

The  tubes  are  long,  variously  crooked,  and  often  contorted,  sometimes 
solitary,  frequently  aggregated  into  masses  four  or  five  inches  in  diame 
ter.  They  are  nearly  cylindrical,  with  irregular  lines  of  growth,  and 
sometimes  with  faint  carinations. 

SERPULA  DIANTHUS,  var.  CITRINA  Yerrill.    (p.  322.) 
I  have  applied  this 'name  to  a  very  marked  color- variety,  in  which  the 


[621]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        327 

branchiae  are  lemon-yellow  or  orange-yellow,  without  bands,  but  usually 
with  a  reddish  central  line;  the  operculum  is  usually  yellow ;  collar  and 
base  of  branchia3  bright  yellow ;  body  light  yellow. 
Found  with  the  preceding,  and  often  in  the  same  cluster  of  tubes. 

YERMILIA  (?),  species  undetermined,    (p.  416.) 

The  species  thus  indicated  forms  slender,  more  or  less  crooked,  angu 
lar  tubes,  with  two  distinct  cariuations  on  the  upper  surface ;  they  are 
about  half  an  inch  long,  attached  firmly  by  one  side  along  their  whole 
length.  The  branchiae  form  a  wreath,  with  about  six  on  each  side ;  pinnae 
long  and  slender ;  two  or  more  of  the  branchiae  bear  pink,  sack-like 
appendages.  The  branchiae  are  reddish  brown,  annulated  with  narrow 
bands  of  white. 

Diameter  of  tubes,  about  1.25mm  ;  of  expanded  branchiae,  4mm.  The 
specimens  have  been  lost,  and  no  observations  were  recorded  concerning 
the  operculum,  so  that  the  genus  is  still  uncertain. 

Long  Island  Sound,  off  New  Haven,  in  4  to  6  fathoms,  on  shells.    . 

SPIRORBIS  BOREALIS  Daudin  (?). 

Rec.  des  m6m.  de  mollusques,  1800.  Serpala  spirorbis  Liune,  System  a  Naturae , 
ed.  xii,  p.  1265.  (?)  Spirorbis  spirillum  Gould,  luvertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  8? 
1841;  A.  Agassiz,  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  History  of  New  York,  vol.  viii,  p. 
318,  Plate  7,  figs.  20-25  (embryology),  1866  (not  of  Linne"  and  other  European 
writers). 

New  Haven  to  Cape  Cod,  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  northward;  abun 
dant  on  Fucus,  Chondrus  crispus,  and  other  algae,  at  low- water  mark. 

Whether  this,  our  most  common  species,  be  identical  with  the  Euro 
pean  species  known  by  this  name  is  still  uncertain. 

The  animals  of  the  various  species  of  Spirorbis  are  still  very  imper 
fectly  known,  and  many  species  have  been  described  from  the  tubes 
alone.  Accurate  descriptions  or  figures  of  the  animals  are  necessary 
before  the  species  can  be  determined  satisfactorily. 

This  species  has  nine  branchiae,  five  on  one  side  and  four  on  the  other 
with  the  operculum.  The  branchiae  are  large  and  broad  with  long  pinnae, 
the  basal  ones  shorter,  the  distal  ones  increasing  in  length  to  near  the 
end,  so  that  each  branchial  plume  is  somewhat  obovate  in  outline ;  the 
tips  are  naked  only  for  a  short  distance.  The  branchial  wreath,  in  full 
expansion,  is  about  as  broad  as  the  entire  shell.  The  operculum  is  oblique 
and  one-sided,  and  supported  on  a  long  clavate  pedicel,  which  is  trans 
versely  wrinkled,  and  expands  gradually  into  the  operculum  at  the  end, 
the  enlargement  being  chiefly  on  one  side ;  the  outer  surface  is  roughly 
granulous  and  usually  covered  with  adhering  dirt.  The  collar  is  broad, 
and  has  three  fascicles  of  setae  on  each  side.  The  branchiae  are  pale 
greenish  white,  centered  with  brighter  green,  due  to  the  circulating  fluid. 

This  is  the  species  mentioned  in  the  early  part  of  this  report  (p.  332) 
under  the  name  of  S.  spirillum.  The  true  spirillum  of  Linne  as  a  trans 
lucent  tube,  and  is  found  in  deeper  water,  on  hydroids,  &c. 


328       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [622] 

SPIRORBIS  LUCIDUS  Fleming. 

Edinburgh  En  cyclop.,  vol.  vii,  p.  68;  Johnston,  Catalogue  of  British  Non-Parasiti 
cal  Worms,  p.  349 ;  Malmgren,  Annulata  polycheeta,  p.  123.  Serpula  lucida  Mon 
tagu.  Test.  Brit.,  p.  506  (t.  Johnston).  Serpula  porrccta  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grcen- 
landica,  p.  378  (non  Miiller).  Spirorlis  sinistrorsa  Montagu,  op.  cit.,  p.  504 : 
Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  ed.  i,  p.  9,  Plate  1,  fig.  4,  1841. 

Deeper  parts  of  Vineyard  Sound,  near  the  month, in  10  to  12  fathoms,  on 
hydroids  and  bryozoa  ;  off  Gay  Head,  10  fathoms ;  off  Buzzard's  Bay,  in 
25  fathoms,  on  Cciberea  Ellisii ;  off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms,  on  Cabe- 
rea  ;  Casco  Bay,  6  to  20  fathoms,  on  alga3,  &c. ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  80 
fathoms,  on  hydroids;  Saint  George's  Bank,  30  to  60  fathoms.  Green 
land  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe. 

This  species  forms  small,  translucent,  glossy,  reversed  spiral  tubes? 
coiled  in  an  elevated  spire,  the  last  whorls  usually  turned  up,  or  even 
erect  and  free. 

There  are  six  branchiae,  which  are  large  and  broad,  with  long,  slender 
pinnae,  which  do  not  decrease  in  length  till  near  the  end ;  the  naked  tips 
are  short  and  acute.  The  operculum  is  sub-circular,  somewhat  obliquely 
attached  to  the  slender  pedicel,  which  is  about  half  as  long  as  the  ex 
tended  branchia3,  and  enlarges  rather  suddenly  close  to  the  operculum  ;, 
the  outer  surface  of  the  operculum  appears  nearly  flat,  and  is  covered 
with  adherent  dirt.  The  collar  is  broad,  with  undulated  and  revolute 
edges.  The  three  fascicles  of  seta3  are  long  and  slender.  Ocelli  twor 
conspicuous.  The  animal,  in  expansion,  is  usually  much  exsert  from 
the  tube.  Anterior  part  of  the  body  bright  red  ;  branchiae  pale  green 
ish  ;  their  bases  and  posterior  part  of  the  body  bright  epidote-green. 

It  is  the  species  catalogued  as  S.  por recta  (?)  on  pages  498  and  504. 

OLIGOCII^ETA. 

CLITELLIO  IERORATA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  324.) 

Body  very  slender,  the  largest  about  G0mm  long,  0.75mm  in  diameter,  dis 
tinctly  annulated.  Head  conical,  a  little  elongated,  subacute ;  seta? 
commencing  on  the  first  segment ;  those  on  the  anterior  segments  in 
fascicles  of  two  or  three,  very  short,  small,  in  length  not  one-third  the 
diameter  of  the  body,  more  or  less  curved  like  an  italic  /,  obtusely 
pointed  at  the  end;  some  of  them  are  but  slightly  bent  at  the  tip,  others 
are  strongly  hooked ;  farther  back  there  are  three  or  four  setse  in  the 
fascicles,  and  they  are  somewhat  longer,  and  two  or  more  in  many  of 
the  fascicles  are  forked,  the  others  simple,  spiuous,  more  or  less  curved; 
in  the  upper  fascicles  posteriorly,  and  sometimes  throughout  the  whole 
length,  there  are  two  or  three  much  longer,  very  slender,  hair-like,  flexi 
ble  bristles,  but  these  are  often  absent  from  most  of  the  segments, 
perhaps  accidentally.  The  intestine  is  voluminous,  slightly  con 
stricted  at  the  articulations;  two  bright  red  blood-vessels,  distinctly 
visible  through  the  integuments,  run  along  the  intestine,  one  above 
and  one  below,  following  its  flexures,  without  contractile  lacuna?. 


[623]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        329 

New  Haven  to  Wood's  Hole  and  Casco  Bay,  under  stones  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  facus-zone,  and  nearly  up  to  high-water  mark. 

The  above  description  was  made  from  living  specimens  taken  at  Savin 
Kock,  near  New  Haven. 

Some  of  the  specimens  obtained  at  Wood's  Hole  appear  to  differ  some 
what  from  this  description,  but  the  differences  may  be  chiefly  due  to 
their  being  taken  in  the  breeding  season.  In  these  the  anterior  fasci 
cles  consist  of  two  short  setre,  which  are  slightly  curved  in  the  form  of 
an  italic/,  and  are  subacute,  notjbifid  at  tips.  At  the  ninth  to  twelfth  seti- 
gerous  segments  a  thickening  occurs,  forming  a  clitellus  ;  on  the  ninth 
segment  the  setre  are  replaced  by  a  small  mammiform,  bilobed  organ ; 
on  the  tenth  there  is  a  pair  of  prominent  obtuse  papillae,  swollen  at 
base.  On  the  posterior  segments  only  two  setre  were  observed  in  each 
of  the  four  fascicles,  but  they  were  longer,  more  slender,  and  more 
curved  at  the  tip  than  the  anterior  ones.  In  each  of  the  segments 
slender  caeca!  tubes,  forming  about  two  loops  on  each  side,  were  no 
ticed.  Length,  about  35mm. 

LUMBRICULTJS  TENTHS  Leidy. 

Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  16  (143),  Plate 
11,  fig.  64,  1855. 

Point  Judith,  Rhode  Island,  abundant  about  the  roots  of  grasses  on 
the  shore  of  a  sound  (Leidy).  We  did  not  obtain  this  species. 

HALODRILLUS  Verrill,  genus  nov. 

Body  long  and  slender.  Blood  white  or  colorless.  Seta3  small,  acute,, 
in  four  fan-shaped  fascicles  on  each  segment.  The  alimentary  canal 
consists  of  a  pyriform  pharynx,  followed  by  a  portion  from  which  sev 
eral  (five  to  seven)  rounded  or  pyriform  crecal  lobes,  of  different  sizes,, 
arise  on  each  side  and  project  forward  and  outward ;  these  are  followed 
by  a  large  two-lobed  portion,  beyond  which  the  intestine  is  constricted 
then  thickened  and  convoluted,  and  covered  with  polygonal,  greenish 9 
glandular  cells,  which  become  fewer  farther  back,  where  the  intestine 
becomes  a  long,  narrow,  convoluted  tube.  In  the  anterior  part  of  the 
body,  around  the  stomach  and  crecal  lobes,  there  are  numerous  convo 
lutions  of  slender  tubes.  The  blood-vessels  running  along  the  intes 
tine  contain  a  colorless  fluid. 

HALODRILLUS  LITTORALIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  324.) 

Body  round,  slender,  moderately  long,  tapering  to  both  ends,  but 
thickest  toward  the  anterior  end,  tapering  more  gradually  posteriorly. 
Head  small,  conical,  moderately  acute,  or  obtuse,  according  to  the  state 
of  contraction ;  mouth  a  transverse,  slightly  sinuous  slit  beneath.  The 
setae  commence  with  four  fascicles  on  the  first  segment  behind  the  buc- 
cal ;  the  setae  are  slightly  curved,  forming  rounded,  fan-shaped  fascicles 
of  four  to  six  setae,  the  middle  setre  being  longer  than  the  upper  and 
lower  ones ;  posteriorly  the  setoa  are  less  numerous.  Caudal  segment 


330      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES        [624] 

tapered,  obtuse,  or  slightly  ernarginate  at  the  end,  with  a  simple  orifice. 
The  "blood  contains  minute,  oblong  corpuscles.  Color  milk-white. 
Length,  25mm  to  40mra ;  diameter,  0.5ram  to  lmra. 

New  Haven;  Wood's  Hole;  Casco  Bay,  Maine;  very  common  under 
dead  sea- weeds  and  stones  near  high- water  mark. 

ENCHYTR^EUS  TRIVENTRALOPECTINATUS  Minor. 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  xxxv,  p.  36, 1863. 

In  this  species,  according  to  Minor,  there  are  three  pairs  of  ventral 
fascicles  of  seta3  before  the  dorsal  ones  commence ;  the  pharynx  extends 
to  the  fourth  pair  of  ventral  fascicles,  from  which  a  narrow  oesophagus 
extends  to  a  little  back  of  the  sixth  pair ;  here  a  gradual  enlargement 
of  the  alimentary  canal  occurs,  ending  abruptly  just  back  of  the  eighth 
in  a  narrow,  twisted  tube,  and  this  gradually  enlarges  at  the  ninth  ven 
tral  fascicle  into  a  moderate  sized  alimentary  canal.  No  eyes.  Length, 
about  10mm. 

New  Haven,  near  high- water  mark  (Minor). 

BDELLODEA. 

Comparatively  few  leeches  have  hitherto  been  met  with  in  this  region. 
Many  additional  species,  parasitic  on  fishes,  undoubtedly  remain  to  be 
discovered. 

BRANCIIIOBDELLA  EAVENELII  Diesing.    Plate  XVIII,  fig.  89.    (p.  458.) 

Sitzungsberichte  der  kais.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften,  Wien,  xxxiii,  p.  482,  1859. 
Pkyllobranehus  Eavenelii  Girard,  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  for  1850,  vol.  iv,  p.  124,  1851.  (?)  Branchellion 
OrHniensis  Quatrefages,  Annals  des  sci.  natur.,  sdr.  3,  vol.  xviii,  pp.  279-325, 
Plate  6,  figs.  1-13,  PL  7-8,  1852  (anatomy). 

In  describing  this  species  Mr.  Girard  mistook  the  anterior  for  the 
posterior  end,  and  described  the  large  posterior  sucker,  or  acetabulum, 
as  the  head.  The  color  is  dark  brown,  purplish,  or  dark  violaceous, 
specked  with  white. 

Vineyard  Sound,  on  a  stingray  (Myliobcitis  Freminvillei),  in  several 
instances ;  a  number  usually  occurred  together.  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  on  a  "  skate,"-  species  unknown  (Girard).  Atlantic  Ocean,  on 
a  torpedo  (Quatrefages). 

CYSTOBRANCHUS  VIVIDUS  Verrill.    (p.  458.) 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  ser.  3,  vol.  iii,  p.  126,  fig.  1,  1872. 

New  Haven,  on  the  minnow  (Fundulus  pisculentus),  both  in  fresh  and 
brackish  water ;  November  and  December. 

ICHTHYOBDELLA  FUNDTJLI  VerrJll.      (p.  458.) 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  loc.  cit.,  p.  126. 

New  Haven,  on  Fundulus  pisculentus,  with  the  last. 


[625]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMAL^    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        331 

PONTOBDELLA  RAP  AX  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.     Plate  XVIII,  fig.  91.     (p.  458.) 

Body,  in  extension,  long  and  slender,  rounded,  thickest  behind  the 
middle,  attenuated  anteriorly.  Acetabulum  nearly  circular,  not  much 
wider  than  the  body.  Head  small,  obliquely  truncated,  rounded.  Color 
dark  olive,  with  a  row  of  square  or  oblong  white  spots  along  each  side; 
head  and  acetabulum  whitish,  tinged  with  green.  The  young  are  red 
dish  brown. 

Length,  3()mm  to  40nim  ;  diameter,  1.5nim  to  2mm. 

Vineyard  Sound,  on  the  ocellated  flounder,  (CJtienopsetta  ocellaris). 

PONTOBDELLA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  458.) 

Body  slender,  cylindrical,  strongly  annulated ;  the  largest  seen  was 
about  12miu  long  and  0.75mm  in  diameter  when  extended.  Head  obliquely 
cauipanulate,  attached  by  a  narrow  pedicel-like  neck.  Acetabulum 
oblique,  round,  only  a  little  wider  than  the  body.  Color  pale  greenish 
or  greenish  white,  with  scattered  microscopic  specks  of  blackish.  No 
distinct  ocelli,  but  there  are  several  dark  stellate  pigment-spots  on 
the  head,  similar  to  those  on  the  body.  Perhaps  all  the  specimens 
are  immature. 

Savin  Bock,  .New  Haven,  on  My  sis  Americanus,  below  low- water 
mark. 

MYZOBDELLA  LUGTUBRIS  Leidy.    (p.  458.) 

Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  243, 

1851 ;  Diesing,  op.  cit,  p.  489. 

Parasitic  on  the  edible  crab  (Callinectes  hastatus),  attached  about  the 
bases  of  the  legs.  We  have  not  obtained  this  species  on  the  coast  of 
New  England,  but  it  may  be  expected  to  occur  here. 

MALACOBDELLA  OBESA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.    Plate  XVIII,  fig.  90.     (p.  458.) 

Body  stout,  broad,  thick,  convex  above,  fiat  below,  broadest  near  the 
posterior  end,  narrowing  somewhat  anteriorly ;  the  front  broadly  rounded, 
with  a  median  vertical  slit,  in  which  the  mouth  is  situated.  Acetabu 
lum  large,  rounded,  about  as  broad  as  the  body.  Intestine  convoluted 
posteriorly,  visible  throng  the  integument.  Between  the  intestine  and 
lateral  margins,  especially  posteriorly,  the  skin  is  covered  with  small 
stellate  spots,  looking  like  openings,  within  and  around  which  are  large 
numbers  of  small  round  bodies,  like  ova.  Color  yellowish  white. 
Length,  30llim  to  40mm;  breadth,  12mm  to  15mm. 

Salem,  Massachusetts ;  Long  Island  Sound ;  parasitic  in  the  branchial 
cavity  of  the  long  clam  (My a  arenaria). 

MALACOBDELLA  MEECENAEIA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  458.) 

MalacoMella  grossa  Leidy,  Proceedings  Academy  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
vol.  v,  p.  209  (non  Blaiuville). 

Body,  in  extension,  elongated,  oblong,  with  nearly  parallel  sides,  or 
tapering  slightly   anteriorly ;    anterior  end  broad,   obtusely  rounded, 
23  v 


332       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [626] 

emargiuate  in  the  center,  but  not  deeply  fissured.  In  contraction  the 
body  is  broader  posteriorly.  Dorsal  surface  a  little  convex;  lower  side 
side  flat.  Acetabulum  round,  rather  small,  about  half  the  diameter 
of  the  body  in  the  contracted  state,  but  nearly  as  broad  when  the  body 
is  fully  extended.  The  intestine  shows  through  the  integument  dis 
tinctly  ;  it  is  slender,  and  makes  about  seven  turns  or  folds.  Color 
pale  yellow,  with  minute  white  specks  beneath  and  on  the  upper  sur 
face  anteriorly,  giving  it  a  hoary  appearance;  middle  of  the  dorsal 
surface  irregularly  marked  with  flake-white ;  laterally  reticulated  with 
fine  white  lines. 

Length  in  extension,  25mm ;  breadth,  4nim  ;  in  partial  contraction, 
I8lnm  long;  5llim  to  Gmm  wide. 

New  Haven,  parasitic  in  the  branchial  cavity  of  the  round  clani  (  Venus 
mercenaria),  October,  1871.  Philadelphia,  in  the  same  clam  (Leidy). 

GYMNOCOPA. 

TOMOPTERIS,  species  undetermined,     (p.  453.) 

Young  specimens  of  a  species  of  this  genus  were  taken  in  the  even 
ing  in  Vineyard  Sound.  They  are  too  i  in  mature  for  accurate  identifica 
tion. 

A  large  and  fine  species  of  Tomopteris  was  taken  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith, 
in  Eastport  harbor,  in  July,  1872.  This  was  about  40""u  in  length.  An 
excellent  drawing  of  it  was  made  by  Mr.  Emerton  from  the  living 
specimens.  It  is,  perhaps,  the  adult  state  of  the  Vineyard  Sound 
species. 

CH2ETOGXATHA. 

SAGITTA  ELEGANS  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  410.) 

Body  slender,  thickest  in  the  middle,  tapering  slightly  toward  both 
ends.  Head  somewhat  broader  than  the  neck,  and  about  equal  to  the 
body  where  thickest,  slightly  oblong,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  obtuse, 
rounded  in  front  or  sub-truncate,  sometimes  with  a  slightly  prominent 
small  central  lobe  or  papilla;  the  anterior  part  of  the  head  rises  into  a 
crest-like  median  lobe  considerably  higher  than  the  posterior  part; 
ocelli  two,  minute,  widely  separated,  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  head ; 
the  anterior  lateral  borders  of  the  head  are  slightly  creuulated.  The 
fascicles  of  setae  or  spinules  on  the  sides  of  the  head  each  contain  about 
eight  setse,  which  are  considerably  curved,  with  acute  tips,  and  reach 
as  far  as  the  anterior  border  of  the  head.  Caudal  fin  ovate;  its  poste 
rior  edge  broadly  rounded.  The  posterior  lateral  fins  commence  just 
in  advance  of  the  ovaries,  and  extend  back  considerably  beyond  thern^ 
so  as  to  leave  a  naked  space  somewhat  less  than  their  length  between 
their  posterior  ends  and  the  caudal  fin  ;  on  this  naked  part,  just  in  ad 
vance  of  the  caudal  fin,  are  two  small,  low,  lateral  papillae  connected 
with  the  male  organs;  two  other  smaller  papillae  are  situated  at  about 
the  posterior  third  of  the  lateral  fins.  The  median  lateral  fins  are  about 
equal  in  length  to  the  posterior  ones,  and  separated  from  them  by  a 


[627]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        333 

naked  space  less  than  their  own  length;  the  distance  from  the  anterior 
end  of  the  middle  fins  to  the  anterior  border  of  the  head  is  equal  to 
twice  the  length  of  the  fins;  the  length  of  the  latter  is  about  one-sixth 
of  the  entire  length  of  the  body.  The  color  is  translucent  whitish, 
nearly  diaphanous. 

Length,  about  16ram;  diameter,  about  0.9'lim. 

Wood's  Hole  and  Vineyard  Sound,  at  surface,  July  1 ;  off  Gay  Head, 
among  Salpw,  September  8,  in  the  day-time. 

SAGITTA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  440.) 

A  much  larger  and  stouter  species  than  the  preceding  was  taken  in 
abundance  by  Mr.  Vinal  N.  Edwards,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  at  various 
dates,  from  January  to  May. 

Its  length  is  generally  25""n  to  30:nm.     I  have  not  seen  it  living. 

GEPHYREA  or  SirUNCULOIDS. 

PHASCOLOSOMA  CLEMENT  AEIUM.    Verrill  Plate  XVIII,  fig.  92.  (p.  416.) 

Sipunculus  cwmentarius  Quatrefages,  op.  cit.,  vol.  ii,  p.  628,  1865.  Phascolosoma 
Bernhardns  Pourtales,  Proceedings  American  Association  for  Adva  iiceinent  of 
Science  for  1851,  p.  41,  1852.  iSipunculus  Bernhardus  Stimpson,  Invertebrata  of 
Grand  Manan,  p.  28  (non  Forbes.) 

Beeper  parts  of  Vineyard  Sound,  10  to  15  fathoms  ;  off  Block  Island, 
29  fathoms;  Bay  of  Fuudy,  2  to  90  fathoms,  abundant;  near  Saint 
George's  Bank,  45  to  430  fathoms. 

PHASCOLOSOMA,  species  undetermined,     (p.  353.) 

A  species  similar  to  the  last  in  size  and  form,  with  a  thick  integu 
ment,  thickly  covered  throughout  with  small  rounded  papillas  or  granules, 
but  without  the  dark  cliitinous  hooks  seen  on  the  posterior  part  of  the 
latter. 

Vineyard  Sound. 

/  PHASCOLOSOMA  GOULDII  Diesing.    Plate  XVIII,  fig.  93.     (p.  353.) 

Revision  der  Rhyngodeen,  op.  cit.,  p.  764,  1859.  Sipunculus  Gouldii  Pourtales, 
Proceedings  of  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  for 
1851,  vol.  v,  p.  40, 1852 ;  Kefersteih,  Zeitschrift  fur  wissenschaftliche  Zoologie, 
vol.  xv,  p.  434,  Plate  33,  fig.  32,  1865,  and  vol.  xvii,  p.  54,  1867. 

New  Haven  to  Massachusetts  Bay,  at  Chelsea  Beach ;  common  in 
sand  and  gravel  at  low-water  mark. 

SCOLECIDA. 

TUKBELLAPJA. 

RHABDOCCELA  or  NEMERTEANS. 

^  BALANOGLOSSUS  AUKANTIACUS  Verrill.     (p.  351.) 

Stimpsonia  aurantiaca  Girard,  Proceedings  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  ot  Phila 
delphia,  vol.  vi,  p.  367,  1854.  Balanoglossus  KowalevsTcii  A.  Agassiz,  Memoirs 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  ix,  p.  421,  Plates  1-3,  1873. 

Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  to  Naushon  Island.     Charleston,  South 


334       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [623] 

Carolina  (Girard).    Newport,  Khode  Island,  to  Beverly,  Massachusetts 
(A.  Agassiz).    In  sand  between  tides. 

A  reexamination  of  living  specimens  of  tlie  southern  form  will  be 

necessary  before  their  identity  with  the  northern  one  can  be  positively 

established.     I  am  unable  to  separate  them  with  preserved  specimens. 

See  page  351 ;  also  American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  3,  vol.  v,  p.  235.) 

XEMERTES  SOCIALIS  Leidy.    (p.  324.) 

Marine  Invert.   Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  11  (143),  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound.  Very  com 
mon  under  stones,  between  tides. 

NEMERTES  VIRIDIS  Diesing. 

Sitzungsberichte  der  kais.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften,  vol.  xlv,  p.  305, 1862.  Pla- 
nariaviridis  Miiller,  Zool.Dan.  Prodromus,  2684, 1776  (t.  Fab.) ;  Fabricius,  Fauna 
Groenlandica,  p.  324,  1780.  Notospermua viridis  Diesing,  Syst.  Helminth,  vol.  i, 
p.  260,  1850.  Xemcrtes  olivacea  Johnston,  Mag.  of  Zoology  and  Botany,  vol.  i, 
p.  536,  PI.  18,  fig.  1.  Borlasia  olivacea  Johnston,  Catalogue  British  Non-para 
sitical  Worms,  p.  21,  PL  2b,  fig.  1, 18G5.  Nemertes  obscura  Desor,  Boston  Journal 
of  Natural  History,  vol.  vi,  pp.  1  to  12,  Plates  1  and  2,  1848.  Polia  olscura 
Girard  in  Stimpson's  Marine  Invertebrata  of  Grand  Man  an,  p.  28,  1853. 

Body  very  changeable  in  form ;  in  full  extension  long  and  slender, 
sub-terete,  tapering  toward  both  ends,  the  length  being  sometimes  150mm 
to  200mm,  while  the  diameter  is  2mm  to  3inm  •  in  contraction  the  body 
becomes  much  shorter  and  stouter,  more  or  less  flattened,  and  obtuse  at 
the  ends,  large  specimens  often  being  only  30mm  or  4011UU  long  and  4mm  to 
5mm  broad.  The  head  is  flattened,  more  or  less  bluntly  rounded,  and  is 
furnished  with  a  row  of  small  dark  ocelli  on  each  side,  which  vary  in 
number  and  size  according  to  the  age,  the  large  specimens  often  having 
six  or  eight  on  each  side,  while  the  small  ones  have  but  three  or  four,  and 
the  very  young  ones  have  only  a  single  pair.  The  lateral  fossa3  of  the%i 
head  are  long  and  deep,  in  the  form  of  slits,  and  extend  well  forward  to 
near  the  terminal  pore.  The  latter  in  some  states  of  contraction  appears 
like  a  slight  vertical  slit  or  notch,  but  at  other  times  appears  circular;  the 
proboscis  is  long,  slender  toward  the  base,  clavate  toward  the  end,  the 
terminal  portion  transversely  wrinkled.  The  ventral  opening  or  mouth 
is  situated  opposite  to  or  a  little  behind  the  posterior  ends  of  the  lateral 
fossa?  $  it  is  ordinarily  small  and  elliptical,  with  a  distinct  lighter  colored 
border,  but  is  capable  of  great  dilation  when  the  creature  is  engaged  in 
swallowing  some  annelid  nearly  as  large  as  itself. 

In  alcoholic  specimens  the  body  is  usually  thickened  and  rounded 
anteriorly,  more  slender  and  somewhat  flattened  farther  back,  often  acute 
at  the  posterior  end;  head  obtusely  rounded  or  sub-truncate,  with  a 
small  terminal  pore  and  two  lateral  fossa3,  which  are  short  and  extend 
forward  very  near  to  the  terminal  pore;  ventral  opening  or  mouth 
small  and  round,  situated  slightly  behind  the  posterior  ends  of  the  lat 
eral  fossa? :  ocelli  not  apparent.  The  color,  when  living,  is  very  variable, 


[629]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        OOO 

most  commonly  dark  olive-green  or  blackish  green  above,  and  somewhat 
lighter  below,  the  head  margined  with  lighter  ;  frequently  the  color  is 
dark  liver-brown  or  reddish  brown,  and  the  back  is  usually  crossed  by 
faint  pale  lines,  placed  at  unequal  distances. 

Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound,  under  stones,  between  tides,  and 
in  4  to  0  fathoms,  rocky  bottoms,  very  common;  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Ftindy  ;  and  northward  to  Labrador  and  Greenland.  Also  on  the  north 
ern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great  Britain.  Abundant  under  stones  between 
tides,  and  in  shallow  water. 

The  specimens  referred  to  on  page  324  as  probably  belonging  to  Cere- 
bratulus,  were  most  likely  identical  with  this  species. 

XEMEETES  (!)  species  undetermined  (a),    (p.  498.) 

Body  elongated,  moderately  stout  ;  head  not  distinct  from  the  body. 
Color  uniform  bright  brownish  red. 

Length,  251!im. 

Off  Watch  Hill,  Ilhode  Island,  among  rocks,  in  4  to  6  fathoms.  A 
species,  apparently  the  same,  also  occurred  in  25  fathoms  off  Buzzard's 
Bay. 

This  was  red  with  two  dark  red  spots  anteriorly,  No  ocelli  were 
detected. 


S,  (?),  species  undetermined  (&).  • 

Body  slender,  sub-terete  ;  head  not  distinct  from  bod}r.  Ocelli  incon 
spicuous,  apparently  about  three  in  a  row  on  each  side  of  front  of  head. 
Color  of  head  and  body,  above,  brownish  red,  with  a  whitish  ring  around 
the  neck,  which  recedes  in  the  middle,  above. 

Length,  8mi". 

Off  Watch  Hill,  with  the  preceding. 

This  is,  perhaps,  a  species  of  Cosmocephala. 

XEMERTES,  species  undetermined  (c). 

Body  slender;  head  not  separated  by  a  constriction.  Ocelli  very 
numerous,  arranged  in  a  long  cluster  on  each  side  of  the  head.  Color 
uniform  olive-green  above  and  below. 

Length,  35mm;  breadth,  1.3mm  to  2"1"1. 

New  Haven  Harbor,  on  the  piles  of  a  wharf,  in  brackish  water. 

TETIIASTEHMA  AKENICOLA  Yerrill,  sp.  nov.  Plate  XIX,  fig.  98.     (p. 
351.) 

Body  sub-terete,  long,  slender,  slightly  depressed,  of  nearly  uniform 
width  ;  the  head  is  very  versatile,  usually  sub-conical  or  lanceolate, 
flattened,  occasionally  becoming  partially  distinct  from  the  body  by  a 
Blight  constriction  at  the  neck.  Ocelli  four,  those  in  the  anterior  pair 
nearer  together.  The  lateral  fossae  are  long  and  deep  slits  on  the  sides 
of  the  head  ;  month  or  ventral  pore  small,  often  sub-triangular,  situated 
just  back  of  the  posterior  ends  of  the  lateral  fossaB.  Body  deep  flesh- 
color  or  pale  purplish.  Length,  about  100mm,  in  extension. 


336       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [630] 

Savin  Rock,  near  New  Haven,  in  sand  at  low-water  mark. 
This  species  is,  perhaps,  not  a  true  Tctrastcmma.     It  is  here  only  pro 
visionally  referred  to  that  genus. 

MECKELIA  ING-ENS  Leidy.    Plate  XIX,  figs.  90,  9G«.     (p.  3-19.) 

Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  11  (143),  1855.  (?) 
Meckelia  Pocohontas  Girard,  Proceedings  of  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  vol.  vi,  p.  366,  1854. 

Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  ;  Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and 
Vineyard  Sound.  Low-water  mark  to  8  fathoms.  Charleston,  South 
Carolina  (Girard). 

MECKELIA  LACTEA  Leidy.    (p.  350.) 

Proceedings  of  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  243,  1851. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound.  Low-water 
mark  to  10  fathoms.  Perhaps  the  young  of  the  preceding  species. 

MECKELIA  ROSEA  Leidy.    (p.  350.) 

Proceedings  Academy  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  244,  1851. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  New  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound.  Common  in 
sand  at  low-  water  mark. 

MECKELIA  LURID  A  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  508.) 

Body  long,  large,  stout,  much  depressed  throughout,  and  thin  poste 
riorly,  somewhat  thickened  anteriorly.  Head  changeable  in  form,  often 
acute  ;  lateral  fosses  long.  Ventral  opening  large,  elongated.  Proboscis 
long,  slender,  emitted  from  a  terminal  pore.  In  some  specimens  there  was 
a  slender,  acute,  caudal  papilla.  Color  deep  chocolate-brown,  with  lighter 
margins.  Length,  150mm  to  250mm  ;  breadth  up  to  10nuu  or  more. 

Off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud;  off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms; 
off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms,  sandy  mud  ;  Casco  Bay,  10  to  68  fathoms. 

CEREBRATULUS  (?),  species  undetermined  (a),    (p.  508.) 
This  is  a  dark  olive-green  species,  with  paler  margins,  the  anterior 

part  darkest. 

Off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms;  off  Gay  Head,  in  19  fathoms,  soft 

mud. 


COSMOCEPHALA  ociiRACEA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.  Plate  XIX,   figs.  95, 

(p.  325.) 

Body  elongated,  moderately  slender,  somewhat  flattened  but  thick, 
and  with  the  margins  rounded,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or  subacute  poste 
riorly  ;  broadest  and  often  swollen  anteriorly  ;  gradually  and  slightly 
tapering  posteriorly  ;  the  integument  is  translucent  and  the  internal 
median  organs  show  quite  distinctly  ;  lateral  organs  voluminous,  ex 
tending  the  whole  length  of  the  body  along  each  side,  and  showing 
through  as  dull  yellowish  white  mottlings.  Head  continuous  with  the 


[631]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        ,')37 

body,  obtuse  ;  a  slight  groove,  usually  appearing  as  a  whitish  line  on 
each  side,  runs  obliquely  across  the  ventral  and  lateral  surface  of  the 
head,  diverging  from  the  mouth  and  curving  somewhat  forward  at  the 
sides  ;  terminal  pore  small  and  inconspicuous  ;  mouth,  or  ventral  pore, 
small.  Ocelli  numerous,  arranged  as  in  the  figure,  but  varying  some 
what  in  number.  (See  p.  325.)  Color  dull  yellowish,  or  yellowish  white, 
often  tinged  with  deeper  yellow  or  orange  anteriorly,  with  the  median 
line  lighter  ;  a  reddish  internal  organ  shows  through  as  an  elongated 
red  spot  between  the  posterior  ocelli. 

Length,  50»im  to  70mm  ;  breadth,  2.5111"1  to  3nim. 

Xew  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound  ;  under  stones,  between  tides. 

POLINA  GLUTINOSA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     Plate  XIX,  fig.  97.     (p.  324.) 

Body  rather  slender  and  elongated  in  extension,  usually  broadest  in 
the  middle  and  tapering  to  both  ends,  but  quite  versatile  in  form  ;  head 
not  distinct,  usually  obtuse  ;  posterior  end  narrower,  usually  obtuse  or 
slightly  emarginate  ;  integument  soft,  secreting  a  large  quantity  of  mu 
cus  ;  the  lateral  organs  extend  to  the  head.  Ocelli  numerous,  variable 
in  number,  usually  eight  or  ten  on  each  side,  arranged  in  three  pairs  of 
short,  oblique,  divergent  rows,  two  to  four  in  each  ;  terminal  pore  of  the 
head  moderately  large  ;  no  lateral  fossa?  could  be  detected.  There  ap 
pears  to  be  a  terminal  opening  at  the  posterior  end.  Color  dull  yellow 
or  pale  orange  yellow,  sometimes  brighter  orange,  especially  anteriorly  ; 
posteriorly  usually  lighter,  with  a  faintly  marked  dusky  or  greenish 
median  line. 

Length,  25inm  to  30mm  in  extension  ;  breadth,  1.3mm  to  2ram. 
Great  Egg  Harbor  to  Xew  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound;  low-  water 
mark  to  6  fathoms. 

MONOCELIS  AGILIS  Leidy.     (p.  325.) 

Marine  Invert.  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  11  (143),  1855. 
Monops  (?)  agilis  Diesing,  Sitzungsbericbte  der  kais,  Akad.  der  Wissenschaf- 
ten,  vol.  xlv,  p.  2:>2,  1302  (non  Monops  acjilis  Sckultzo,  sp.) 

New  Haven;  Point  Judith,  IJliode  Island,  at  low-water,  creeping  on 
Hytilus  edulis  (Leidy). 

ACELIS  CRENULATA  Diesing. 

Op.  cit.  p.  20G.  Acmostomum  crenulatum  Scbmarda,  Neuo  wirbcll.  Tb.,  vol.  i, 
p.  1,  3,  PI.  I,  fig.  2  (t. 


Hoboken,  Xew  Jersey,  in  brackish  water  (Schmarda). 

GENUS   UNDETERMINED. 

Body  very  long  and  slender,  almost  filiform,  slightly  flattened,  with 
rounded  sides  ;  the  flat  sides  are  longitudinally  striated,  the  narrower 
rounded  sides  are  marked  with  numerous  short,  distinct,  separate,  trans 
verse  lines  or  depressions,  corresponding  to  opaque  internal  organs.  In 
one  of  the  smaller  specimens  one  end  is  acute  conical,  terminated  by  a 


338       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [632] 

slender  incurved  point;  the  other  end  is  obtusely  rounded,  depressed 
and  translucent  at  the  end,  apparently  with  a  trans  verse  orifice  beneath. 
The  largest  specimen,  and  one  of  the  smaller,  has  one  end  correspond 
ing  in  form  to  that  last  described ;  the  other  is  rounded,  a  little  enlarged, 
subtruncate,  apparently  with  a  terminal  orifice.  A  yellowish  internal 
organ,  with  transverse  divisions,  runs  along  each  side  internally.  In  life 
the  color  wag  grayish  white,  with  four  very  slender  double  longitudinal 
lines  of  dark  slate -color. 

Length  of  largest  specimens,  in  alcohol,  SO"1"1;  diameter,  0.7mm  ;  small 
est  ones,  40mm  ;  diameter,  0.5mm. 

Wood's  Hole,  swimming  very  actively  at  the  surface  in  the  evening, 
June  29  and  July  13,  1871. 

This  species  was  taken  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith,  who  recorded  the  color.  I 
did  not  observe  it  myself  in  the  living  state.  The  above  description 
was  made  from  preserved  specimens.  Its  characters  cannot  all  be  made 
out  satisfactorily  with  alcoholic  specimens,  and  its  generic  and  family 
affinities  are  uncertain.  In  general  appearance,  when  living  and  moving, 
it  resembles  Gordius  and  Rliamplioyordius. 

DENDROCCELA  or  PLANARIAXS. 

STYLOCHOPSiSLiTTORALisYerrill,  sp.  nov.  Plate  XIX,  fig.  99.  (p.  325.) 
Body  flat  with  thin  margins,  very  changeable  in  form,  broad  oval, 
elliptical  or  oblong,  rounded  or  sub-truncate  at  the  ends,  often  with  the 
margins  undulated.  The  tentacles  are  small,  round,  obtuse,  translu 
cent,  each  containing  an  elongated  group  of  about  ten  or  twelve  minute 
black  ocelli  on  the  anterior  surface.  The  tentacles  are  situated  at  about 
the  anterior  fourth  of  the  body,  and  are  separated  by  about  one-fourth 
of  its  breadth.  Dorsal  ocelli  about  eight,  forming  four  groups  of  two 
each,  in  advance  of  the  tentacles;  marginal  ocelli  numerous,  small, 
black,  most  conspicuous  beneath,  and  most  numerous  on  the  anterior 
portion,  arranged  in  two  or  more  irregular  rows  near  the  margin,  ex 
tending  back  to  the  middle  of  the  sides  or  beyond.  Color  pale  greenish 
or  brownish  yellow,  veined  or  reticulated  with  lighter,  and  with  a  light 
median  stripe  posteriorly;  beneath  flesh-color,  with  a  median  elongated 
light  spot,  narrowest  in  the  middle,  due  to  internal  organs. 
Length,  8mm;  breadth,  about  6inm. 
NCAV  Haven  to  Vineyard  Sound  ;  under  stones,  between  tides. 

PLAXOCERA  NEBULOSA  Girard.      Plate  XIX,  fig.  100.     (p.  325.) 

Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Xatural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  for  1853,  vol. 
vi,  p.  367, 1854. 

Savin  Rock  near  Xew  Haven,  under  stones  at  low-water.   Charleston, 

S.  C.  (Girard). 

LEPTOPLANA  FOLIUM  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  487.) 

Body  very  flat,  with  the  margin  thin  and  undulated  ;  outline  versatile, 
usually  cordate  or  leaf-like,  broadest  and  emarginate  posteriorly,  the 


1 633]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         339 

posterior  borders  well  rounded,  and  the  side  a  little  convex,  narrowing 
to  an  obtuse  point  at  the  anterior  end;  sometimes  oblong  or  elliptical, 
and  but  little  narrowed  anteriorly ;  the  posterior  einargination  is  usually 
very  distinct,  often  deep,  and  sometimes  in  contraction  has  a  small  pro 
jecting  angular  point  in  the  middle,  but  at  times  the  emargination  nearly 
disappears.  Ocelli  in  four  groups,  near  the  anterior  end ;  the  two  posterior 
clusters  are  smaller  than  the  anterior  and  wider  apart ;  the  anterior 
clusters  are  very  near  the  others,  and  close  together,  almost  blending 
on  the  median  line,  and  are  composed  of  numerous  very  minute  crowded 
ocelli,  less  distinct  than  those  of  the  other  clusters.  Color  pale  yel 
lowish  flesli-color,  veined  with  dentritic  lines  of  darker  flesh  color,  or 
with  whitish ;  an  indistinct  pale  reddish  spot  behind  the  anterior 
ocelli;  an  interrupted  longitudinal  whitish  stripe  in  the  middle,  due  to 
the  internal  organs,  and  a  small  median  whitish  stripe  posteriorly. 

Length,  20inm  to  25'nm;  breadth,  10mm  to  15mm. 

Off  Watch  Hill,  4  to  6  fathoms,  among  rocks  and  algre;  off  Block 
Island,  in  29  fathoms;  off  Buzzard's  Bay,  in  25  fathoms. 

PLANARIA  GRISEA  Yen-ill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  487.) 

Body  elongated  and  usually  oblong  in  extension,  often  long  oval  or 
somewhat  elliptical,  obtusely  pointed  or  rounded  posteriorly  ;  head  sub- 
truncate  in  front,  often  a  little  prominent  in  the  middle ;  the  angles 
are  somewhat  prominent,  but  not  elongated.  Ocelli  two,  black,  each  sur 
rounded  by  a  reniforni,  white  spot.  Color  yellowish  green  or  grayish, 
with  a  central  whitish  stripe  in  the  middle  of 'the  back,  surrounded 
by  darker;  head  margined  with  whitish. 

Length,  in  extension,  12"im;  breadth,  3""". 

Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island,  under  stones,  between  tides. 

PROCERODES  WIIEATLANDII  Girard.     (p.  323.) 

Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Natural  History,  vol.  iii,  p.  251,  1851;  Stimpson,  op. 
cit.,  p.  6, 1857.  Planaria  frequens  Leidy,  Marine  Invert.  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island 
and  New  Jersey,  p.  11,  1855.  Proccrodes  freqneiis  Sti.in.pson,  op.  cit.,  p.  6  ;  this 
Report,  p.  325. 

New  Haven  to  Casco  Bay.  Point  Judith  (Leidy).  Manchester,  Mas 
sachusetts  (Girard).  Abundant  under  stones,  between  tides. 


FOVIA  WARRENII  Girard.     (p.  480.) 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  iv,  p.  211,  1852; 
Stimpsou,  Prodromus,  p.  6,  1857.  Vortex  Warreni'i  Girard,  op.  cit.,  vol.  iii,  pp. 
284  aud3G3,  1851 ;  Diesing,  Op.  cit.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  229,  1882. 

A  small,  narrow,  oblong,  red  Planarian,  apparently  belonging  to  this 
species,  was  collected  at  Wood's  Hole,  among  eel-grass,  and  also  in 
Casco  Bay.  Chelsea,  Massachusetts  (Girard). 


340       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [634] 

BDELLOURA  CANDIDA  Girard.    (p.  460.) 

Proceedings  Boston  Society  Natural  History,  vol.  iv,  p.  211,1852.  Vortex  Can 
dida  Girard,  op.  cit.,  vol.  iii,  p.  264,  (for  1850),  1851.  Bdelloura  parasiticaLiei&y, 
Proceedings  Academy  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  for  1851,  vol.  v,  p.  242, 
1852;  Stimpson,  Prodromns,  p.  6,  1857. 

Great  Egg  Harbor;  New  Haven  :  Massachusetts  Bay.     Parasitic  on 
the  gills  of  the  "  horseshoe-crab"  (Limulus  Polyphemus). 

BDELLOURA  TUJSTICA  Leidy. 

Proceedings  Acad.  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  2i-2,  1852; 
Stimpsou,  Prodromus,  p.  6,  1857. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  on  Ulva  latissima  (Leidy). 

NEMATODES. 

PONTONEMA  MARLNUM  Leidy.     Plate  XVIII,  fig.  94.     (p.  325.) 

Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  12  (144),  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  Xew  Haven  and  Vineyard  Sound;  very  abund 
ant  from  above  low-water  mark  to  10  fathoms. 


VACILLATUM  Leidy.     (p.  32G.) 
Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey,  p.  12  (144).  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor  to  Vineyard  Sound,  with  the  preceding. 

Various  other  small,  free  Nematodes  are  frequently  met  with,  but 
they  have  not  been  carefully  examined. 

Numerous  species  are  also  parasitic  in  the  stomach,  intestine,  muscles 
and  other  organs  of  fishes,  Crustacea,  worms,  &c.     (See  page  456.) 

MOLLUSCA. 

CEPHALOPODA. 
DIBRANCHIATA. 

OMZMASTREPHES  ILLECEBROSA.    (p.  441.) 

Loligo  illecebrosa  Lesueur,  Journal  Acad.  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii, 
p.  95,  Plate  10,  1821  ;  Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  ed.  i,  p.  318. 
1841  ;  Dekay,  Natural  History  of  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  4,  1843.  Ommaslrephes 
sayittatus  Binuey.*  in  Gould's  Invertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  510,  1870,  but 
•not  Plate  25,  fig.  339  (HOW  Lamarck,  sp.) 

A  large  specimen,  taken  at  Eastport,  Maine,  was  ten  inches  long,  ex 
clusive  of  the  arms.  When  preserved  in  alcohol  the  caudal-fin  was 
rather  more  than  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  head  and  body  together  ; 
its  width  was  equal  to  about  three-fourths  of  its  length.  The  colors  of 
this  specimen  were  described  on  page  442.  A  small  specimen  from 
Xewport,  I*.  I.,  agrees  in  color  and  most  other  respects  with  the  larger 
specimens,  but  differs  somewhat  in  the  proportions,  especially  of  the 
caudal  fin,  probably  owing  to  its  immaturity.  This  specimen,  in  alcohol, 

*  Binney's,  Plate  xxvi,  Figs.  341-344,  erroneously  referred  to  Loligopsis  pavo,  appar 
ently  represents  this  species. 


[G35]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        341 

is  SI11"11  long,  exclusive  of  the  arms  ;  the  body  is  72nim  long,  15Ium  broad  ; 
the  caudal  tin  is  25mm  long  and  3C"im  broad. 

A  fresh  specimen,  caught  in  Casco  Bay,  had  the  following  propor 
tions  :  Length  of  head  and  body,  not  including  the  arms,  221Ium  ;  length 
of  caudal  fin,  86lum ;  breadth  of  fin,  90lum ;  diameter  of  body,  35lum ; 
length  of  upper  arms,  80mm  ;  of  second  pair,  100mm ;  of  third  pair,  100mm  • 
of  extensile  arms,  182mra  ;  of  the  ventral  pair,  90mm. 

Greenport,  Long  Island,  (Sanderson  Smith) ;  Newport,  Rhode  Island  ; 
Provincetown,  Massachusetts ;  Casco  Bay  ;  Mount  Desert,  Maine  ;  Bay 
of  Fuudy. 

Ommastrephes  Bartramii  (Lesueur,  sp.)  is  found  in  the  Gulf  Stream  off 
our  coasts,  and  may  sometimes  occur  accidentally  on  our  shores.  It  is 
a  more  slender  and  elongated  species  than  the  preceding,  with  a  rela 
tively  shorter  caudal  fin.  It  is  also  darker  colored.  The  figure  given 
by  Biuney  in  the  last  edition  of  Gould's  Iiivertebrata  of  Massachusetts 
(Plate  25,  fig.  340)  does  not  represent  this  species. 

LOLIGO  PEALII  Lesueur.    Plate  XX,  figs.  102-105.     (p.  410.) 

Journal  Acacl.  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  92,  PI.  8,  1821;  Dekay, 
Natural  History  of  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  4,  PI.  33,  fig.  354  (copied  from 
Lesueur)  ;  Binney,  in  Gould's  Iiivertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  514  (PI. 
25,  fig.  340,)  probably  represents  this  species,  certainly  not  0.  Bartramii.} 

South  Carolina  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Very  common  in  Long  Island 
Sound  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

The  young,  from  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  length,  were  taken  from  the 
middle  of  July  to  the  last  of  August  in  great  numbers,  at  the  surface, 
in  Vineyard  Sound,  by  Mr.  Vinal  TST.  Edwards. 

LOLIGO  PUNCTATA  Dekay. 

Natural  History  of  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  3,  PL  I,  fi^.  1,  1843;  Binney,  in 
Gould's  Invertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  513. 

This  is  probably  identical  with  the  preceding  species.  The  slight 
differences  noticed  are  probably  sexual,  but  as  I  have  not  been  able  to 
fully  satisfy  myself  in  regard  to  this,  I  have  not  thought  it  proper  to 
unite  them  at  this  time. 

Long  Island  Sound. 

LOLIGO  PALLIDA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.  Plate  XX,  figs.  101,  lOla.  (p.  411.) 
Body  stout,  tapering  rapidly  backward.  Anterior  border  of  mantle 
with  a  prominent,  obtusely  rounded,  median  dorsal  lobe,  from  which  the 
margin  recedes  on  each  side ;  on  the  lower  side  the  margin  is  concave 
in  the  middle,  with  a  projecting  angle  on  each  side.  Caudal  fin  large, 
about  as  broad  as  long,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body.  Siphon 
large  and  stout  ;  upper  pair  of  arms  considerably  smaller  and  shorter 
than  the  others,  slender  at  tips,  margined  along  the  inner  dorsal  ridge 
with  a  thin  membrane.  Second  pair  of  arms  stouter  and  longer,  trique- 
tral,  slightly  margined  on  the  outer  angle.  Third  pair  much  stouter  and 
considerably  longer,  with  a  membranous  fold  along  the  middle  of  the 


342       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [636] 

outer  surface,  wliicli  expands  into  a  thin  membrane  toward  the  end. 
Tentacular  arms  long  and  slender,  in  extension  longer  than  the  body, 
the  portion  that  bears  suckers  forming  about  one-third  the  whole 
length;  in  the  female  the  larger  suckers  on  the  middle  of  this  portion 
are  not  so  large  as  the  largest  on  the  other  arms,  and  are  arranged"  in 
about  four  rows;  those  near  the  tips  of  the  arms  are  very  small  and 
crowded.  In  the  male  the  principal  suckers  of  the  tentacular  arms  are 
very  much  larger  than  in  the  female,  and  considerably  exceed  those  of 
the  other  arms;  they  form  two  alternating  rows  along  the  middle  of  the 
arm,  and  external  to  them  there  is  a  row  of  smaller  suckers  on  each  side, 
alternating  with  them;  the  suckers  toward  the  tips  are  very  numerous, 
small,  and  crowded  ;  outside  of  the  suckers,  on  each  side,  there  is  a  mar 
ginal  membrane  with  a  scolloped  edge;  another  membranous  fold  runs 
along  the  outer  surface  and  expands  into  a  broad  membrane  near  the 
end  ;  the  arms  of  the  ventral  pair  are  intermediate  in  length  between 
those  of  the  second  and  third  pairs.  Ground-color  of  body,  head,  arms, 
and  fins  pale,  translucent,  yellowish  white ;  entire  ventral  surface  pale, 
with  small,  distant,  brownish  circular  spots,  which  are  nearly  obsolete  on 
the  siphon  and  arms;  the  upper  surface  is  covered  with  pale  brown, 
unequal,  circular  spots  which  are  not  crowded,  having  spaces  of  whitish 
between  them ;  the  spots  are  more  sparse  on  the  head  and  arms,  but 
somewhat  clustered  above  the  ej'es.  The  general  appearance  of  the 
animal  when  fresh  is  unusually  pale  and  gelatinous.  The  "pen"  is 
broad,  quill-shaped,  translucent,  and  amber-colored.  A  medium-sized 
male  specimen  preserved  in  alcohol  measures  145mmfrom  the  base  of  the 
dorsal  arms  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  body  ;  length  of  body,  120mm ; 
length  of  caudal  fin,  70mm ;  breadth  of  fiu,  75llim;  length  of  first  pair  of 
arms,  42mm ;  of  second  pair,  50mm ;  of  third,  60inm ;  of  tentacular  arms, 
150mm  ;  of  ventral  pair,  53mm. 
Long  Island  Sound. 

The  Spirula  Peronii  Lamarck,  (ISpirula  fragilis  in  Binney's  Gould,  p. 
516,  fig.  755),  is  occasionally  cast  up,  on  the  outer  beaches  of  Nan  tucket, 
but  it  probably  does  not  occur  alive  in  our  waters. 

GASTROPODA. 

PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 

BELA  IIAKPULARIA  Adams.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  108.     (p.  508.) 

II.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  92, 1858  ;  Gould's  Inverte- 
]>ruta  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  352,  fig.  191.  Fusus  harpulariuH  Couthony,  Boston 
Journal  Natural  History,  vol.  ii,  p.  106,  PL  1,  fig.  10,  1838;  Gould's  Iiiverte- 
brata  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  291,  fig.  191, 1841.  Zlangelia  harpularia  Stinipsou,  Shells 
of  New  England,  page  48,  1851. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Labrador  and  Greenland.  Off  Gay  Head,  10 
to  10  fathoms  ;  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  frequent  in  from  1  to  80  fathoms. 
Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  "Leda-clays"  of  Labrador  (Packard);  and 
Canada  (Dawson). 


[037]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         343 

BEL  A  PLEUROTOMARIA  Adams. 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollnsca,  vol.  i,  p.  92, 1858  ;  Gould,  Invert, 
of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  355,  fig.  625.  Fusus pleurotomarlus  Couthouy,  Boston  Journal 
of  Natural  History,  vol.  ii,  p.  107,  Plate  1,  fig.  9, 1838.  Fusus  rufus  Gould,  Invert, 
of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  190,  fig.  192  (non  Montagu).  Biiccinum  pyramidale  Strom,  N. 
A.  Dan.  iii,  p.  296,  fig.  22  (t.  Loven).  Defrancia  VahUi  (Beck)  Moller,  1842  (t. 
Loveu).  Mancjdia  pnjamidalis  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  49. 

Off  the  coast  of  Long  Island,  in  46  fathoms  (Stimpson).  Massachu 
setts  Bay  to  Labrador  ;  in  Casco  Bay  and  the  Bay  of  Tandy  not  uncom 
mon  in  18  to  60  fathoms.  Greenland  (Moller).  Finmark  (Loven). 
Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  of  Canada,  Labrador,  Great  Britain, 
and  Scandinavia. 

The  identification  of  this  species  with  the  Buccinum  pyramidale  Strom, 
is  somewhat  uncertain ;  if  correct,  the  latter  name  has  priority. 

BELA  PLTCATA  Adams.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  107.     (p.  383.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollnsca,  vol.  i,  p.  92, 1858.  Pleurotoma  pli- 
cata  C.  B.  Adams,  Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  vol.  iii,  p.  318,  Plate  3, 
fig.  6;  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  282,  fig.  187  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  350,  fig.  612. 
Pleurotoma  plicosa  C.  B.  Adams,  Contributions  to  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  54, 1850  ; 
Jay,  Catalogue,  ed.  iv,  p.  327.  Pleurotoma  brnnnea  Perkins,  Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  History,  vol.  xiii,  p.  121, 1869. 

Xear  Xew  Haven,  rare.  Huntington  and  Greenport,  Long  Island 
(Sanderson  Smith).  New  York  (Dekay).  Dartmouth,  Massachusetts, 
and  Xew  Bedford  Harbor,  in  mud,  (C.  B.  Adams).  Beaufort,  X.  C.  (Dr- 
E.  Coues).  Indian  Pass,  Florida  (E.  Jewett). 

MANGELIA  CERINA.    (p.  432.) 

Verrill,  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  210, 1872.  Pleurotoma  cerinnm 
Kurtz  and  Stimpson,  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History, 
vol.  iv,  p.  115,  1851  ;  Stimpsou,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  49,  PI.  2,  fig.  2, 1851. 

Shell  elongated,  fusiform,  rather  acute  at  apex,  composed  of  about 
seven  whorls ;  apical  whorls  smooth,  the  others  angulated  in  the  middle 
and  decidedly  flattened  just  below  the  suture;  suture  distinct,  but 
shallow,  undulated ;  the  body  whorl  has  about  eleven  prominent,  longi 
tudinal,  sub-acute  plications  or  ribs,  separated  by  w7ide,  concave  inter 
spaces.  The  ribs  are  most  prominent  at  the  angulation  above  the  middle 
of  the  lower  whorl,  and  do  not  extend  on  the  flattened  sub-sutural  band. 
The  whole  surface  is  covered  by  fine,  raised,  revolving  lines,  often 
alternately  larger  and  smaller,  separated  by  wider  stria?,  and  crossed  by 
fine,  distinct  lines  of  growth,  rendering  them  slightly  nodulous.  The 
revolving  lines  are  most  distinct  on  the  sub-sutural  band,  and  are  often 
nearly  obsolete  over  the  summits  of  the  ribs.  Outer  lip  acute,  with  a 
decided  angle  at  about  the  posterior  fourth,  where  it  recedes  to  form  a 
decided,  rounded  notch,  at  and  just  above  the  angle;  middle  portion 
nearly  straight,  gradually  curving  and  receding  toward  the  anterior  end; 
canal  short,  straight,  and  somewhat  contracted.  Color  whitish,  or 
slightly  yellow ;  inner  surface  light  wax-yellow.  Length,  6.5mm ;  breadth, 
3uim  ;  length  of  aperture,  3mm. 


344       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [638] 

Vineyard  Sound,  3  to  10  fathoms;  near  New  Haven.  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  and  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Stimpson).  Staten  Island ;  Greenport 
and  Huntington,  Long  Island,  low  water  to  3  fathoms,  (S.  Smith). 
Beaufort,  N.  C.  (Coues).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 
PLEUROTOMA  BICARINATUM  Couthouy.  Plate  XXI,  fig.  100.  (p.  418.) 

Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  vol.  ii,  p.  104,  Plate  1,  fig.  11,  1838;  Gould, 
Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  231,  fig.  180  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  349,  fig.  618.  Mangelia  Mcarinata 
Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  49.  Defrancia  licarinata  H.  aucl  A.  Adams* 
Genera  of  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  95. 

Stoningtou,  Conn.  (Linsley).  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  12  fathoms,  rare ; 
Massachusetts  Bay;  Bay  of  Fundy.  This  is  a  rare  and  imperfectly 
known  species.  I  have  never  had  opportunities  to  examine  the  living 
animal. 

The  generic  relations  of  this  and  the  t\vo  preceding  shells  are  still 
doubtful. 

BUCCINUM  ITNDATUM  Linne.     Plate  XXI,  fig.  121.     (p.  494.) 

Systema  Natune,  ed.  xii,  p.  1204.  Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  ed.  i, 
p.  305;  ed.  ii,  p.  3G6,  fig.  634.  Bticcinum  undulatum  Moller,  in  Kroyer's  Tids- 
skrift,  vol.  iv,  p.  84,  1842  (t.  Stimpson).  Stimpson,  Review  of  the  Northern 
Buccinums,  in  Canadian  Naturalist,  October,  1865.  Bnceinum  Labrador  en  se 
Reeve,  Couch.  Icon.,  vol.  Hi,  Buc.  i.  5,  1846  (t.  Stimpsou). 

Mouth  of  Vineyard  Sound  and  off  Gay  Head,  G  to  19  fathoms.  Off 
New  Jersey,  north  latitude  40°,  west  longitude  73°,  in  32  fathoms, 
sandy  bottom,  (Captain  Gedney). 

Near  Stonington,  Conn.  (Linsley) ;  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island, 
and  Little  Gull  Island  (S.  Smith).  Not  common  south  of  Cape  Cod, 
except  on  the  outer  islands  and  in  deep  water ;  common  in  Massachu 
setts  Bay ;  and  very  abundant  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  northward  to 
Greenland.  On  the  European  coast  it  occurs  from  Iceland  and  the 
North  Cape  to  France,  and  from  low  water  to  650  fathoms.  In  the  Bay 
of  Fundy  it  is  abundant  from  above  low-water  mark  to  100  fathoms. 

As  a  fossil  it  is  common  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  of  Maine,  Can 
ada,  Labrador,  and  Great  Britain.  Mr.  Desor  obtained  it  from  the  Post- 
Pliocene  formation  of  Nantucket  Island. 

The  ordinary  American  specimens  from  shallow  water  differ  consider 
ably  in  form  from  the  typical  European  specimens,  but  the  species  is 
quite  variable  on  both  coasts,  and  I  have  examined  large  specimens 
from  Saint  George's  Bank  and  La  Have  Bank,  dredged  by  Mr.  S.  I. 
Smith,  which  differ  very  little  from  the  common  European  form,  and  it 
is  easy  to  form  series  connecting  these  with  our  common  shore  speci 
mens.  I  am,  therefore,  unable  to  agree  with  Dr.  Stimpson,  who  con 
sidered  our  shell  distinct  from  the  European,  and  adopted  the  name 
undulatum  for  it. 
NEPTUNEA  CURTA  Verrill. 

Fusus  corncus  Say,  Amer.  Conch.,  iii,  Plate  29,  1831  (non  Liime,  Pennant,  etc.), 
Fusus  Mandicus  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  284;  ed.  ii,  p.  371,  fig.  638 
(non  Chemnitz,  Gmelin,  etc.).  Fusus  curtus  Jeffreys,  British  Conchology,  vol. 
iv,  p.  336,  1867. 


[639]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OK    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        345 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Labrador.  Casco  Bay,  C  to  50  fathoms;  com 
mon  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  from  low- water  mark  to  80  fathoms.  Linsley 
reports  it,  as  F.  cornew,  from  fish-stomachs  at  Stonington,  Connecticut. 
In  the  Yale  Museum  are  dead  shells  of  this  species,  which  have  been 
occupied  by  Eupacfuri,  found  on  Fire  Island  Beach,  on  the  south  side  of 
Long  Island,  by  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith.  It  probably  inhabits  the  deep  water 
off  Block  Island. 

The  dentition  of  this  species  is  decidedly  buccinoid.  The  central 
plates  are  transversely  oblong1,  deeply  concave  above,  with  the  lateral 
angles  produced ;  below  armed  with  three  small,  nearly  equal,  short  teeth, 
the  central  one  largest,  beyond  which,  on  each  side,  it  is  concave,  the  outer 
angles  being  a  little  prominent.  The  lateral  plates  are  large,  with  an 
outer,  very  strong,  curved  tooth,  and  two  much  smaller,  slightly  curved 
ones  near  the  inner  end,  the  innermost  being  slightly  the  largest. 

The  dentition  agrees  very  closely  with  that  of  N.  cuitiqua,  the  type 
both  of  the  genus  Neptunea,  Bolton,  1798,  and  CUrysodomus,  Swainson, 
1840,  but  it  is  very  different  from  that  of  Sipho  Bermclensis  (S.  Island- 
icus  Trosch.),  which  Troschel  refers  to  the  Faciolaridse.  The  latter  is 
evidently  the  type  of  a  genus  (Sipho)  very  distinct  from  Neptunea;  but 
among  the  European  species,  gracilis,  propinqua,  buccinata,  and  the  true 
Islandica  (as  described  by  Jeffreys)  are  closely  related  to  curta,  and  be 
long  to  the  genus  Neptunea,  in  the  family  Buccinidoe. 

NEPTUNEA  (Neptunella)  PYGM.EA.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  115.    (p.  508.) 

Fastis  Islandicus,  var.  pygmcms,  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  284,  fig.  109, 
1841.  Tritoninm  pygmcvum  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  46,  1851. 
Fn8H8  TrumluUii  Liusley,  Amer.  Journal  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  28,  fig. 
1,  2,  1845  (non  Gould,  1818).  Fastis  pygmyms  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii, 
p.  372,  fig.  639.  Neptunea  (S'tplio)  pygnuca,  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  Recent 
Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  81,  1858.  Chnjsodomus  pygnuvus  Dall,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  242,  1870. 

Deep  water  off  New  London  and  Stonington,  Connecticut,  northward  to 
the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  East  of  Block  Island,  29  fathoms,  sandy  mud  • 
off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms  ;  off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  mud,  abun 
dant  and  large;  off  Edgarton,  18  to  20  fathoms ;'  Casco  Bay,  10  to  40 
fathoms,  common  ;  Eastport,  Maine,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low  water  to 
100  fathoms  (A.  E.  Y.).  Near  Saint  George's  Bank,  40  to  150  fathoms  ; 
east  of  Saint  George's  Bank,  430  fathoms  ;  and  off  Halifax  (S.  I.  Smith). 

The  odontophore  in  this  species  is  long  and  slender  •  the  dentition  is 
buccinoid.  The  middle  plate  is  small,  transversely  oblong,  concave 
above,  below  convex,  with  one  very  small  central  tooth  ;  lateral  plates 
relatively  large  and  strong,  with  a  large,  curved  outer  tooth,  and  a 
smaller  bifid  inner  tooth,  widely  separated  from  the  outer  one. 

The  peculiarities  in  the  dentition  of  this  species,  in  connection  with 
the  singular  wooly  or  velvety  epidermis,  indicate  that  this  species 
should  form  the  type  of  a  sub-genus,  or  perhaps  even  a  distinct  genus. 
For  the  group  I  would  propose  the  name  Neptunella. 


346       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [640] 

FULGUR  CARICA  Conrad.     PI.  XXII,  fig.  127.    (p.  355.) 

Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  vi,  p.  319, 
1853  ;  Gill,  on  the  Genus  Fulgur  and  its  Allies,  in  American  Journal  of  Con 
chology,  vol.  iii,  p.  145,  1867.  Murex  carica  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3545,  1788. 
Fulgur  eliceans  (pars)  Moutfort,  Conch.  Syst.,  vol.  ii,  p.  503,  1810,  fig.  (fc.  Gill). 
Fyrula  carica  Lamarck,  Auim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  vol.  vii,  p.  138,  1822  ;  Gould, 
Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,p.  296.  Busycon  carica  Gould,  op.  cit.,  ed.  ii,  p.  383,  fig. 
646  ;  Stimpson,  in  American  Journal  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  61,  1865. 

Eastern  coast  of  the  United  States  ;  northward  to  Cape  Cod  ;  south 
ward  to  northern  Florida,  and  west  Florida.  Abundant  in  Vineyard 
Sound,  in  1  to  10  fathoms;  also  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New 
Haven.  Nantucket  ( Adams);  St.  Augustine,  Florida  (H.  S.  Williams) ; 
west  Florida  (E.  Jewett.)  It  occurs  in  the  Miocene  formation  of  Mary 
land  and  Virginia,  and  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  of  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida. 

SYCOTYPUS  CANALICULATUS  Gill.    (p.  355.) 

American  Journal  of  Conchology,  vol.  iii,  p.  149,1867.  Mnrex  canaliculatus  Linnd, 
Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1222.  Pyrula  canaliculata  Lamarck,  Anim.  -sans  Vert., 
vol.  vii,  p.  137,  1822  ;  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  294,  tig.  206.  Busycon 
canaliculatuiu  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  151, 1858  ; 
Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  "ii,  p.  380,  fig.  645.  Fulgur  canaliculata  Say, 
Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  1822  ;  Conrad,  Proc.  PhiL 
Acad.,  vol.  vi,  p.  219,  1853. 

Eastern  coast  of  the  United  States  ;  northward  to  Cape  Cod  and  Nan- 
tucket  $  southward  to  Georgia  and  Northern  Florida,  Western  Florida, 
and  northern  shores  of  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound, 
Long  Island  Sound,  &c.,  in  1  to  8  fathoms.  .St.  Augustine,  Florida 
(H.  S.  Williams).  Found  fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia,  North 
and  South  Carolina,  and  Northern  Florida  ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South 
Carolina  ;  and  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

NASSA  VIBEX  Say.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  114.     (p.  371). 

Journal  Academy  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  231,  1822  ;  Gould, 
Invertehrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  365,  fig.  633.  Nassa  fretensls  Perkins,  Pro 
ceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History,  vol.  xiii,p.  117,  figure,  1869  (variety). 

Eastern  coast  of  the  United  States $  northward  to  Vineyard  Sound  ; 
southward  to  Florida,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  not  abundant  north  of 
Cape  Hatteras.  In  Vineyard  Sound  and  Long  Island  Sound,  found 
sparingly  in  shallow  water  among  eel-grass.  New  Bedford  (Adams). 
Lloyd's  Harbor,  Huntington,  and  North  port,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith)  ; 
Egmont  Key,  Florida  (Jewett).  It  has  been  found  in  the  Pliocene  and 
Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

Some  of  Say's  original  specimens  were  from  South  Carolina,  others 
from  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey.  At  the  latter  locality  I  have  also 
collected  among  eel-grass,  in  shallow  water,  the  variety  described  by 
Dr.  Perkins  as  N.  frctensis,  which  is  the  most  common,  form  in  all  the 
more  northern  localities.  Specimens  intermediate  between  these  and  the 
ordinary  southern  forms  are,  however,  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  the 
typical  form  also  occurred  in  Vineyard  Sound,  with  the  variety. 


[641]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        347 

TBITIA  TRIVITTATA  Adams.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  112.    (p.  354.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  122, 1858.    Nassa  trivittata 

Say,  Journal  Acad.  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  231 ;  Gould,  Invert. 

of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  364,  fig.  632.     Buccinum  trivittatum  Adams,  Boston  Journal 

of  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  265 ;   Gould,  op.  cit.,  ed.  i,  p.  309,  fig.  211. 

Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  Northern  Florida.    Eastport,  Maine,  and 

Bay  of  Fundy,  3  to  30  fathoms,  not  abundant  ;  CascoBay,  1  to  40  fathoms, 

abundant;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  0  to  14  fathoms,  abundant; 

off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms;  Long  Island  Sound,  common.     Gaspe, 

Canada  (Dawson).     Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Point  Shirley,  Mass., 

Nan  tucket  (Desor),  Gull  Island  (Smith),  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  and 

North  Carolina  ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina ;  and  in  the  Miocene 

of  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina. 

ILYANASSA  OBSOLETA  Stimpson.    Place  XXI,  fig.  113.    (p.  468.) 

American  Journal  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  61,  Plate  9,  figs.  11,  12,  1865.  Nassa 
obsoleta  Say,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  232, 1822  ;  Bin- 
ney's  Say,  p.  77, 1858  ;  Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  362,  fig.  631 ;  Buc 
cinum  obsoletum  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  308,  fig.  210 ;  Tritia  obsoleta 
H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  p.  122,  1858. 

Eastern  and  southern  coasts  of  the  United  States;  northward  to 
Casco  Bay,  Maine,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebeck  Kiver,  and  local  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence;  southward  to  Florida 
and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Extremely  abundant 
on  the  whole  coast  south  of  Cape  Cod ;  more  local  farther  north,  and 
mostly  restricted  to  sheltered  bays  and  harbors.  It  has  not  been  found 
on  the  eastern  part  of  the  coast  of  Maine  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  An 
isolated  colony  of  this  species  is  found  on  the  western  and  southern 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  Prince  Edward's  Island  (Bell, 
Dawson). 

As  a  fossil  it  has  been  found  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  at  Point 
Shirley,  in  Chelsea,  Massachusetts  (Stimpson) ;  at  Nantucket  Island 
(Desor);  Virginia;  and  South  Carolina.  It  is  also  reported  from  the 
Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

UROSALPINX  OINEREA  Stimpson.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  116.    (p.  306.) 

American  Journal  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  58,  Plate  8,  figs.  6  and  7,  1865.  Fusus 
cinereus  Say,  Journal  Academy  Nat.  Science,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  236,  1822; 
American  Conchology,  Plate  29,  1831.  Buccinum  plicosum  Menke,  Syn.,  ed.  ii, 
p.  69,  1830,  (t.  Gould);  Gould,  Invertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  303,  fig.  213. 
Buccinum  cinereum  Gould,  op.  cit.,  ed.  ii,  p.  370,  fig.  637. 

Eastern  coast  of  the  United  States;  northward  to  Massachusetts  Bay, 
and  local  farther  north,  to  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence ;  southward  to 
Georgia  and  Northern  Florida,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  at 
Tampa  Bay.  Abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Long 
Island  Sound,  and  along  the  coast  of  the  Middle  States,  especially  on 
oyster-beds.  In  Vineyard  Sound  it  occurs  from  above  low-water  mark 
to  8  fathoms.  It  occurs  in  some  of  the  shallow  and  sheltered  branches 
24  v 


348       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.     '  [642] 

of  CascoBay,  especially  at  the  upper  end  of  Quahog  Bay,  but  has  not 
been  found  on  the  islands,  nor  farther  eastward  along  the  coast  of 
Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  A  colony  exists,  however,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  associated  with  the  pre 
ceding  and  other  southern  species.  It  is  found  fossil  in  the  Post-Plio 
cene  of  Point  Shirley,  Massachusetts,  Nantucket,  Gardiner's  Island, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  South  Carolina  ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South 
Carolina;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

EUPLEURA  CAUDATA  H.  and  A.  Adams.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  117.     (p.  371.) 

Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  107,  1858 ;  Stimpson,  Ainer.  Journal  of 
Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  58,  Plate  8,  fig.  5  (dentition),  1835.  Ranella  caudata  Say, 
Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  238,  1822  j  Gould,  Invert, 
of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  297,  fig.  176 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  386,  fig.  648. 

Eastern  coast  of  the  United  States ;  northward  to  Nantucket  and  Cape 
Cod ;  southward  to  northern  Florida,  and  western  Florida,  at  Tampa 
Bay.  At  Vineyard  Sound  it  occurred  living  in  considerable  numbers  in 
the  shallow  ditches  on  the  marshes,  as  well  as  in  the  sound  itself,  in  1 
to  8  fathoms  ;  off  New  Haven,  in  1  to  5  fathoms,  not  abundant  ;  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  frequent  among  eel-grass  in  shallow  water.  Egrnont  Key, 
Florida  (Jewett). 

In  the  fossil  state  this  species  has  been  found  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of 
Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Florida;  in  the  Pliocene  of 
South  Carolina;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland  and  South  Carolina. 

PURPURA  LAPILLUS  Lamarck.    Plate  XXI,  figs.  118  to  120.     (p.  306.) 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  vol.  vi,  1822;  ed.  ii,  vol.  x,  p.  79;  Gould,  Invert,  of 
Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  301;  ed.  ii,  p.  360,  fig.  630.  Buccinum  lapillus  Liniie",  Syst. 
Naturse,  ed.  xii,  p.  1202,  1767. 

Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island ;  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island ;  Cuttyhuuk 
Island;  shores  of  Vineyard  Sound,  at  Nobsca  Point;  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean.  On  the  European  coast  southward  to  Portugal.  North 
eastern  coast  of  Asia.  Sitka  ( Midden  dorff).  This  species  is  local  south 
of  Cape  Cod,  and  has  not  been  found  to  the  eastward  of  Stonington,  Con. 
necticut,  in  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  extremely  abundant  along  the 
northern  coasts  of  New  England  and  Nova  Scotia,  often  nearly  cover 
ing  the  surface  of  the  rocks  toward  low-water  mark,  where  they  are  en. 
crusted  by  Balanus  balanoides,  upon  which  it  chiefly  feeds,  inserting  its 
proboscis  between  the  opercular  valves  of  the  barnacle. 

This  shell  has  been  found  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  at  Water  ville» 
Maine,  and  at  Gardiner's  Island,  but  is  not  a  common  fossil  in  this 
country.  In  England  it  is  found  in  the  Red- Crag  and  all  later  forma 
tions  ;  it  also  occurs  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  of  Scandinavia.  The 
fossils  show  the  same  variations  that  are  seen  in  the  recent  shells. 

PTYCHATRACTUS  LIG-ATUS  Stimpson. 

American  Journal  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  59,  plate  8,  fig.  8  (dentition),  1885. 
Fasciolaria  Ugata  Mighels  and  Adams,  Boston  Journal  of  Nat.  History,  vol.  iv, 
p.  51,  Plate  4,  fig.  17,  184};  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  385,  fig.  647. 

Casco  Bay,  Maine;  to  Labrador.     Stonington,  Connecticut  (Liusley). 


[643]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.         349 

Casco  Bay,  20  to  40  fathoms ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  15  to  60  fathoms.  Halifax 
(Willis)  5  Gaspe  (Whiteaves)  ;  Murray  Bay  (Dawson);  Mingan  (Foote). 
This  shell  occurs  sparingly  at  all  these  localities.  It  has  not  been 
recorded  from  south  of  Cape  Cod  by  any  one  except  Linsley,  and  it 
must  be  regarded  as  a  very  doubtful  member  of  the  fauna  of  Southern 
New  England  until  rediscovered. 

Dr.  Dawson  records  one  broken  specimen  from  the  Post-Pliocene  of 
Montreal. 

ANACHIS  AY  AHA  Perkins,     (p.  306.) 

Proceedings,  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History,  vol.  xiii,  p.  113,  18(i9  (iu  part).  Colum- 
bella  avara  Say,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  230,  1822  ; 
(in  part)  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  313;  ed.  ii,  p.  356  (in  part). 

Cape  Cod  to  Northern  Florida;  Western  Florida  and  the  northern 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Vineyard  Sound,  from  0  to  10  fathoms  ; 
Long  Island  Sound ;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey  ;  Nantucket  (Ad 
ams)  ;  Fort  Macon  (Cones) ;  South  Carolina  (Gibbes);  Georgia  (Couper) ; 
Western  Florida  (Jewett).  North  of  Cape  Cod,  it  is  local  and  rare  ; 
Massachusetts  Bay  (Stimpson). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  in 
the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

Among  the  shells  usually  referred  to  this  species  there  are  great  va 
riations  in  form  and  sculpture,  and  the  color  is  quite  inconstant.  The 
numerous  specimens  that  I  have  examined  from  various  localities  can, 
however,  be  arranged  in  two  groups,  between  which  I  have  found  no 
specimens  that  can  be  regarded  as  truly  intermediate,  although  most  of 
their  distinctive  characters  are  variable  in  each  series.  For  the  pres 
ent,  therefore,  I  have  with  some  hesitation  followed  Mr.  Ravenel  in  re 
garding  these  two  principal  forms  as  distinct  species.  As  these  species 
(or  varieties)  have  not  been  distinguished  by  most  writers,  it  is  probable 
that  some  of  the  northern  localities  given  above  should  properly  go 
under  the  next  species,  which  is  far  more  abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound 
and  Long  Island  Sound  than  the  typical  avara,  while  the  latter  predom 
inates  in  the  collections  from  Fort  Macou,  North  Carolina,  and  south 
ward.  The  figures  given  by  Dr.  Gould  represent  the  ordinary  northern 
form  of  the  following  species.  In  the  first  part  of  this  report  both  forms 
are  included  under  avara. 

From  Fort  Macon  I  have  specimens  that  agree  perfectly  with  Say's 
original  description  of  avara.  These  are  less  elongated  than  the  next 
species,  and  rather  fusiform,  the  thickest  part  being  but  little  below  the 
middle,  with  the  spire  acute.  The  mature  shells  have  ten  flattened 
whorls;  the  first  three  or  nuclear  whorls  are  smooth ;  some  of  the  suc 
ceeding  ones  usually  have  numerous  vertical  costre  ;  the  last  whorl  has 
10  to  13  more  or  less  prominent,  smooth  obtusely  rounded,  somewhat 
curved  costre,  separated  by  wider  concave  intervals,  and  gradually  dis 
appearing  below  the  middle;  below  the  costa3  are  numerous,  well  im- 


350       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [644] 

pressed  revolving  grooves,  of  which  8  or  10  are  wider  and  deeper  than 
the  rest  j  similar  but  finer  grooves  cross  the  spaces  between  the  costa?, 
but  are  mostly  obsolete  on  the  costse ;  the  middle  whorls  usually  have  a 
similar  number  of  costa3,  which  are  less  prominent,  and  often  more  or 
less  obsolete,  while  the  spaces  between  are  crossed  by  numerous  fine 
revolving  striae  The  canal  is  short,  broad,  and  nearly  straight ;  the 
outer  lip  well  rounded,  not  incurved  anteriorly,  but  with  a  decided 
emargination  posteriorly.  Length  of  mature  shells,  13mm;  diameter, 
6nim,  often  smaller. 

Specimens  of  the  same  size  and  form  from  Vineyard  Sound  and  New 
Haven  agree  closely  with  the  above  description  in  most  respects,  but 
have  14  or  15  costas  on  the  last  whorl,  and  about  20  on  the  preceding 
ones,  where  the  costas  are  so  crowded  that  the  spaces  between  are  often 
narrower  than  the  costae. 

ANACHIS  SIMILIS  Verrill.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  109. 

ColumMla  similis  Raveuel,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  1861,  p.  41.  Columbella 
translirata  Ravenel,  op.  cit.,  p.  42.  Columbella  avara  (in  part)  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  i,  p.  313,  fig.  197  :  ed.  ii,  p.  356,  tig.  726. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Georgia.     Abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound  and 
Long  Island  Sound  j  Great  Egg  Harbor.    Fort  Macon  (Dr.  Yarrow.) 
This  species  is  usually  much  more  elongated  than  the  preceding,  with  a 
more  elevated  spire,  the  broadest  place  being  a  little  above  the  lower 
third  of  the  length.    Whorls,  10  ;  flattened ;  the  nuclear  whorls  smooth 
The  canal  is  longer,  and  usually  distinctly  excurved :  the  outer  lip  is 
more  or  less  incurved  anteriorly,  so  as  to  slightly  narrow  the  canal ;  the 
body- whorl  has  18  to  20  or  more  rather  regular,  obtuse  costse,  sepa 
rated  by  spaces  of  about  the  same  width,  generally  slightly  nodular  close 
to  the  suture;  at  some  distance  below  the  middle  of  the  whorl  they 
gradually  disappear,  but  sometimes  there  are  also  smaller  intermediate 
costce  below  the  middle  of  the  whorl  (var.  translirata) ;  the  lower  part 
of    the  whorl  is  covered    with  numerous    well-impressed,   revolving 
grooves,  which  cross  the  lower  ends  of  the  costae,  rendering  them  nodu 
lous  ;  on  the  upper  part  of  the  whorls  the  revolving  grooves  are  larger 
and  more  distinct  than  in  the  preceding  species,  and  usually  continue 
over  the  costse ;  the  one  next  below  the  suture  is  usually  larger  than 
the  rest,  and  thus  produces  the  subsutural  nodules ;  the  grooves  are 
generally  least  distinct  in  the  middle  of  the  lower  whorl,  which  is  some 
times  slightly  angulated.     On  the  middle  whorls  there  are  numerous 
(usually  more  than  25)  regular  costse,  like  those  of  the  last  one,  and 
crossed  by  about  5  distinct  revolving  grooves,  more  conspicuous  in  the 
spaces  between;  the  upper  one  largest,  usually  producing  a  distinct  series 
of  nodules  on  each  whorl.     Color  exceedingly  variable,  generally  dark 
reddish  brown,  chestnut,  or  light  yellowish  brown,  more  or  less  mottled 
and  specked  with  whitish  ;  there  is  often  a  subsutural  band  of  white, 
or  the  nodules  are  white,  and  also  a  band  of  white  around  the  re  id  die 


[645]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD  k  SOUND,    ETC.        351 

of  the  last  whorl,  but  these  are  frequently  absent.  Length  of  a  rather 
large  specimen,  17mm ;  breadth,  7mra  ;  length  of  an  average  specimen, 
13mm;  breadth,  5mm  ;  length  of  a  slender  specimen,  15mm  ;  breadth,  5mm. 

ASTYRIS  LUNATA  Diill.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  110.     (p.  306.) 

Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Natural  History,  vol.  xiii,  p.  242,  1870.  Nassa  lunata  Say, 
Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  213,  1826.  Buccinum 
lunatum  Adams,  Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  226;  Gould,  Invert,  of 
Mass.,  ed  i.,  p.  312,  fig.  193.  Colunibella  lunata  Gould,  op.  cit.,  ed.  ii,  p.  359, 
fig.  629.  Fiims  TrumbulH  Gould,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  vi,  p.  235,  fig.  7, 
1848,  (non  Linsley).  Buccinum  Wheatleyi  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York, 
Mollusca,  p.  132,  Plate  7,  fig.  162, 1843.  Colunibella  Gouldiana  Ag.  MSS. ;  Stimp- 
son,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  48,  1851  ;  Smith,  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist, 
of  New  York,  vol.  viii,  p.  398,  fig.  5,  1865.  Astyris  "  Umata  Say"  aiidJ. 
"Turnbullii  Liusl.,"  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Gsnera,  vol.  i,  p.  187  (typographical 
errors). 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Northern  Florida  and  the  northern  shores  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  local  and  not  abundant  north  of  Cape  Cod,  at  Prov- 
incetown,  Nahant,  and  Swampscott,  Massachusetts.  Very  abundant  in 
Vineyard  Sound,  from  low- water  to  10  fathoms  ;  and  in  Long  Island 
Sound ;  Great  South  Bay,  Long  Island  ;  and  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey;  Fort  Macoii,  North  Carolina,  and  southward.  Estella  Pass, 
Florida  (Jewett) ;  Georgia  (Couper). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  of  South  Carolina;  and  at  Gardiner's 
Island,  New  York  (S.  Smith) ;  and  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

The  color-variety,  separated  by  several  writers  as  C.  Gouldiana,  is 
identical  with  the  Wheatleyi  of  Dekay. 

ASTYRIS  ZONALIS  Verrill.    Plate  XXI,  fig.  111.     (p.  '399.) 

Buccinum  zonalis  Linsley,  American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  285, 
1845  (no  description);  Gould,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  series  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  236, 
fig.  8,  1848.  ColumbeUa  dissimilis  Stimpson,  Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
History,  vol.  iv,  p.  114, 1851 ;  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  47, 1851 ;  Gould,  Invert, 
of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  358,  fig.  628. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven;  Vineyard  Sound  ;  Casco  Bay  ; 
Eastport,  Maine,  10  to  60  fathoms.  Grand  Menan,  New  Brunswick, 
in  8  fathoms,  sand,  (Stimpson).  Storiington  (Linsley). 

ASTYRIS  ROSACEA  H.  and  A.  Adams,    (p.  508.) 

Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  187,  1858.  Buccinum  rosaccum  Gould,  Ameri 
can  Journal  of  Science,  xxxviii,  p.  197,  1840;  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i, .p.  311, 
fig.  195,  1841.  ColumbeUa  rosacca  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  47, 
1851;  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  257,  fig.  627.  (^)Fusus  Holbollii 
Moller,  Naturhistorisk  Tidsskrift,  vol.  iv,  p.  88,  1842. 

East  of  Block  Island,  29  fathoms,  fine  sandy  mud;  Stonington,  Con 
necticut  (Linsley);  Massachusetts  Bay  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence;  Isles  of 
Shoals,  20  fathoms,  and  West  Isles,  10  fathoms  (Stimpson) ;  Casco  Bay, 
10  to  20  fathoms  ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  8  to  60  fathoms  ;  Sable  Island,  Nova 
Scotia  (Willis) ;  Grand  Menan,  in  deep  water,  (Stimpson). 


352       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [646] 

The  identity  of  A.  Holbolli\  from  Greenland,  with  this  species,  is  very 
doubtful,  for  it  was  described  as  smooth,  with  a  firm  corneus,  fusco- 
luteus  epidermis. 

LUNATIA  HERDS  Adams.    Plate  XXIII,  figs.  133  to  136.     (p.  353.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  207, 1858  ;  Gould,  Invert, 
of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  338,  figs.  608,  609.  Natica  Jieros  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  248,  1822  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  231.  Natica  triseriata 
Say,  op.  cit.,  vol.  v.  p.  209  (color-variety)  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  233. 
Lunatia  triseriata  Gould,  op.  cit.,  ed.  ii,  p.  340,  fig.  610. 

Georgia  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  southern  coast  of  Labrador. 
Coast  of  New  Jersey,  near  Great  Egg  Harbor,  abundant  and  large, 
(A.  E.  Y.)  ^southern  side  of  Long  Island,  at  Eire  Island  beach,  abundant, 
(S.  I.  Smith)  ;  Long  Island  Sound,  at  New  Haven,  not  common ;  Vine 
yard  Sound,  abundant  from  low-water  to  10  fathoms;  Casco  Bay,  com 
mon  ;  Bay  of  Furidy,  common  from  low- water  to  40  fathoms;  Saint 
George's  Bank,  common,  (S.  I.  Smith);  Gaspe  (Dawson);  Georgia 
(Couper).  The  variety  triseriata  has  the  same  distribution,  and  is  the 
more  common  form  in  the  deeper  waters,  but  is  also  found  on  the  sand- 
flats  at  low-water.  It  is  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Eundy,  in 
1  to  40  fathoms;  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  10  to  20  fathoms  ;  and  off  New 
London,  Connecticut,  10  fathoms. 

This  species  has  been  found  fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland,  Vir 
ginia,  and  South  Carolina  ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina  ;  and  in 
the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  and  South  Carolina. 

LUNATIA  IMMACULATA  Adams.    Plate  XXIII,  fig.  131.    (p.  508.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  207.  Natica  immaculata 
Totteu,  American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xxviii,  p.  351,  fig.  6,  1835  ; 
Gould,  Invertebrata,  ed.  i,  p.  234,  fig.  168, 1841.  Mamma  (?)  immaculata  Gould> 
ed.  ii,  p.  344,  fig.  614. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  and  eastern  end  of  Long  Island,  to  Gulf  of 
Saint  Lawrence.  Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  20  fathoms ;  east  of  Block 
Island,  29  fathoms.  Stonington  (Liusley);  Off  Napeague  Point,  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith);  Newport,  K.  I.  (Totteu).  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco 
Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fuudy,  5  to  80  fathoms,  common  ;  often  found  living 
at  low-water  mark  in  the  Bay  of  Fuudy. 

NEVERITA  DUPLICATA  Stiinpson.    Plate  XXIII,  fig.  130.     (p.  354.) 

Smithsonian  Check  List,  p.  5,  1860 ;  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  345,  fig. 
615.  Natica  dupUcata  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p. 
247,  1822  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  236,  fig.  164,  1841.  Lunatia  dupUcata  H. 
and  A.  Adams,  Genera  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  207,  1858. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Northern  Florida;  northwestern  Florida  to 
Yucatan.  Local  and  not  common  north  of  Cape  Cod.  Abundant  at 
Nantucket ;  Vineyard  Sound ;  Long  Island  Sound ;  southern  coast  of 
Long  Island;  New  Jersey  ;  and  southward.  Saint  Augustine,  Florida 
(Williams).  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  Egmont  Key,  abundant,  (Jew- 
ett).  Texas  (Schott).  Near  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico  (coll.  T.  Salt). 


[647]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        353 

Fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  and  South  Caro 
lina  ;  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina  ;  and  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Saint  John's  Eiver,  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida. 

NATICA  PUSILLA  Say.    Plate  XXIII,  fig.  132.     (p.  417.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  257,  1822  ;  Stimpson,  Shells 
of  New  England,  p.  43,  1851 ;  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  344,  fig.  613, 
(not  of  ed.  i) ;  Sanderson  Smith,  in  Annals  Lye.  Nat.  History,  New  York,  vol. 
ix,  p.  396,  fig.  4,  1870. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Northern  Florida.  In  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buz 
zard's  Bay  this  species  is  common  in  2  to  10  fathoms.  Huntington 
and  Gardiner's  Bay,  Long  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  (S.  Smith).  South 
Carolina  (Kurtz).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues).  Georgia 
(Couper). 

Acrybia  flava  H.  and  A.  Adams,  =  Naticaflava  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p. 
239,  fig.  162;  Bulbus  flavus  Gould,  op.  cit,  ed.  ii,  p.  347,  fig.  610.  This 
species  was  catalogued  by  Linsley  (1845)  as  from  the  stomachs  of  had 
dock  taken  off  Stonington,  Connecticut.  It  has  not  been  subsequently 
recorded  from  south  of  Cape  Cod  by  any  one.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
there  was  some  mistake,  either  in  respect  to  the  locality  or  the  identity 
of  the  specimens  referred  to  by  Linsley.  It  is  an  arctic  species,  found  in 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  at  Saint  George's  Bank  ;  northward  to  Greenland 
(Moller,  as  N.  toana). 

Natim  clausa  Brod.  and  Sowerby,  was  erroneously  given  by  Mr.  Per 
kins  (Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  162)  as  from  "  Stonington, 
Connecticut,  Linsley."  It  d6es  not  occur  in  Mr.  Liusley's  list,  nor  has 
it  been  found  living,  to  my  knowledge,  south  of  Cape  Cod.  It  occurs 
in  Massachusetts  Bay  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  It  is  not 
uncommon  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  from  6  to  109  fathoms ;  and  in  Casco 
Bay  from  9  to  60  fathoms.  One  small  dead  specimen  was  dredged  by 
us  in  19  fathoms,  off  Gay  Head. 

CERITHIOPSIS  GREENII  Verrill.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  153.     (p.  383.) 

Cerithium  Grcenii  C.  B.  Adams,  Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  vol.  ii,  p. 
287,  Plate  4,  fig.  12,  1838;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  579,  fig.  184.  Bittium 
Grcenii  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  287,  1858;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii, 
p.  322,  fig.  591. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  South  Carolina.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's 
Bay,  3  to  10  fathoms  ;  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven.  Dartmouth 
Harbor  (Adams) ;  Boston  Harbor  (Stimpson)  ;  Long  Island  (S.  Smith) ; 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues).  Also  reported  from  Bermuda. 

Jeffreys  (in  Annals  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Oct.,  1872,  p.  244)  regards 
this  as  identical  with  the  European  C  .tubercular  is,  and  gives  it  a  north 
ern  distribution.  Both  opinions  appear  to  be  incorrect. 


354      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [648] 

CERITHIOPSIS  EMERSONII  Adams.    Plate  XXIY,  fig.  151.     (p.  417.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  p.  240,  1858  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  cd.  ii,  p.  387,  fig.  649 
Cerithium  Emersonii  C.  B.  Adams,  op.  cit.,  p.  284,  Plate  4,  fig.  10,  1838  j  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  275,  fig.  180. 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  3 
to  10  fathoms,  shelly.  Nantucket  (Adams) ;  Huntington  and  Greenport, 
Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  North  Carolina, 
(Conrad).  Jeffreys  (in  British  Conchology,  vol.  iv,  p.  257)  regards  this 
species  as  identical  with  Cerithium  metula  Loven,  1846,  on  the  authority 
of  Danielssen.  This  appears  to  be  an  erroneous  identification. 

CERITHIOPSIS  TEREBRALIS  Adams.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  150.     (p.  417.) 

II.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  241,  1858;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  389,  fig. 
650.  Cerithium  terebraleC.  B.  Adams,  Boston  Journal  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p,  320, 
Plate  3,  fig.  7,  1840  ;  Gould,  Invert,,  ed.  i,  p.  276,  fig.  181.  Cerithium  terebellum 
C.  B.  Adams,  Catalogue  Genera  and  Species  of  Recent  Shells  in  Collection  of 
C.  B.  A.,  p.  13,  1847. 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  2 
to  12  fathoms,  not  uncommon.  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts  (Adams). 
Greenport  and  Huntington,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Fort  Macon, 
North  Carolina  (Coues). 

TRIFORIS  NIGROCINCTUS  Stimpson.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  152.    (p.  305.) 

Smithsonian  Check-List,  p.  5,  1860 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  323,  fig.  592.  Cer 
ithium  mgrocinctum  C.  B.  Adams,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  286,  Plate 
4,  fig.  11,  1838 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  277,  fig.  182. 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay, 
low-water  to  10  fathoms,  not  uncommon  ;  near  New  Haven  ;  and  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey.  Dartmouth,  Massachusetts  (Adams).  Huut- 
ington  arid  Greeuport,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Fort  Macon  (Coues)- 

BITTIUM  NIGRTJM  Stimpson.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  154.     (p.  305.) 

Smithsonian  Check -List,  p.  5, 1860 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  321,  fig.  590.  Pasr 
thea  nigra  Totten,  American  Jour,  of  Science,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  369,  Plate  1,  fig. 7> 
1834.  Cerithium  reliculatum  Totten,  op.  cit.,  vol.  xxviii,  p.  352,  fig.  8,  1835  (non 
Da  Costa).  Cerithium  Sayi  Menke  (t.  Gould);  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  278, fig. 
183. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  §outh  Carolina;  local  north  of  Cape  Cod,  in 
Boston  Harbor  (Totten),  and  in  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  at  Pictou 
and  Prince  Edward's  Island  (Dawson).  It  is  not  found  on  the  coast 
of  Maine  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's 
Bay,  abundant,  low- water  to  8  fathoms,  among  algre  and  eel-grass ;  Long 
Island  Sound ;  and  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  abundant.  Fort 
Macon  (Coues). 

The  Bittium  alternatum  ( TurriteUa  alter  nata  Say,  1822)  is  a  very  closely 
related  species,  and  probably  identical  with  this. 

TurriteUa  erosa  Couthouy,  recorded,  with  a  mark  of  doubt,  by  Lin- 
ley,  as  from  the  stomach  of  a  cod,  oft'  Stonington,  Conn.,  was  perhaps 


[649]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        355 

incorrectly  identified.  It  may  have  been  a  worn  Cerithiopsis  terebralis. 
The  true  T.  erosa  is  a  decidedly  northern  species,  common  in  Gasco  Bay 
and  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  extending  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
and  southward  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  and  on  the  North 
Pacific  coast  of  America.  It  has  not  been  recorded  from  south  of  Cape 
Cod  by  any  one  except  Linsley. 

VERMETUS  RADICULA  Stimpson.    Plate  XXIY,  fig.  157.    (p.  417.) 

Shells  of  New  England,  p.  37,  1851  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed  ii,  p.  316,  fig.  584.  Ver- 
metus  lumbricalis  Gould,  ed.  i,  p.  246,  and  various  other  American  authors, 
(non  Lamarck). 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  3  to  10 
fathoms,  not  uncommon  ;  Long  Island  Sound.  Fort  Macon,  North 
Carolina,  common,  (Coues). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  North  Carolina. 


PULCHELLUM  Stimpson.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  158.     (p.  417.) 

Proceedings  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  iv,  p.  112,  1851;  Shells  of 
New  England,  p.  36,  Plate  2,  fig.  3,  1851  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  315,  fig.  583. 

Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  4  fathoms,  and  dead  on  shore  at  Nobsca  Beach. 
New  Bedford  (Stimpson).  Greenport,  Long  Island,  10  fathoms,  sand, 
(S.  Smith). 

Dead  shells  of  this  species  readily  lose  the  outer  layer,  in  which  the 
annulations  are  formed  ;  they  then  become  white  and  smooth,  without 
any  trace  of  aunulations,  and  might  be  mistaken  for  a  different  species. 


COOPERI  Smith. 

Sanderson  Smith,  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  vii,  p.  154,  1860  ; 
op.  cit.,  vol.  ix,  p.  393,  fig.  3,  1870,  (non  Carpenter,  1864).  Cceciim  costatum 
Verrill,  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  283,  1872;  this  Report,  p.  417. 

Vineyard  Sound,  8  to  10  fathoms.  Gardiner's  Bay,  Long  Island,  4  to 
5  fathoms,  sand,  (Smith). 

The  first  description  of  this  species  was  formerly  overlooked  by  me  ; 
as  it  antedates  the  description  of  the  Californian  species  to  which  Dr. 
Carpenter  gave  the  same  name,  the  present  species  must  be  called 
Cooperi. 

In  the  adolescent  stage  of  growth  this  species  enlarges  rather  rapidly, 
and  has  12  or  13,  distinct,  elevated,  rounded  costre,  narrower  than  the 
intervals  between  ;  the  circular  grooves  are  numerous,  unequal,  inter 
rupted  over  the  eostse,  and  broader  toward  the  aperture.  The  aperture 
is  rounded  within  ;  its  margin  is  stellated  externally  by  the  costre. 

CREPIDULA  FORNICATA  Lamarck.    Plate  XXIII,  fig.  129.    (p.  417.) 

Animaux  sans  Vert.,  vol.  vii,  p.  641  ;  Say,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadel 
phia,  vol.  ii,  p.  225,  1822;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  158,  fig.  17;  ed.  ii,  p.  271, 
fig.  532(?).  Patella  fornicata  Liune",  Syst,  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1257. 

Casco  Bay,  Maine,  to  Florida,  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Local  north  of  Massachusetts  Bay  j  in  the  southern  part  of 


356       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [650] 

the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  at  Prince  Edward's  Island,  &c.  Halifax 
(Willis).  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  It  is  common  in  the  shal 
low  and  sheltered  parts  of  Casco  Bay,  but  has  not  been  found  east  of  the 
Kennebeck  River,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
Yery  abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  from  low-water 
to  12  fathoms;  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  low- water  to  6 
fathoms;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  and  everywhere  southward. 
Egmont  Key  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida  (E.  Jewett). 

Fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland,  North  and  South  Carolina ;  Plio 
cene  of  South  Carolina ;  and  Post-Pliocene  of  North  and  South  Caro 
lina,  Gardiner's  Island,  New  York,  and  Nantucket  Island. 

The  fornicata  of  Linne  was  described  as  a  Mediterranean  species,  and 
may  not  be  identical  with  the  American  shell. 

CREPIDULA  PLANA  Say.    Plate  XXIII,  fig.  127. 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  226,  1822;  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  i,  p.  159,  fig.  1C;  ed.  ii,  p.  272,  fig.  533.  Crepidula  unguiformis  Stimpson, 
Shells  of  New  England,  p.  307  1851 ;  this  Report,  pp.  355,  417  (non  Lamarck, 

1822). 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Local  and  less  abundant  farther  north,  in  Casco  Bay,  Maine ; 
Nova  Scotia  (Willis) ;  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  (Bell,  Dawson) ;  and 
Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Not  found  on  the  eastern  part  cf 
the  coast  of  Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Yery  common  in  Vine- 
yard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  Long  Island  Sound,  from  low-water 
mark  to  12  fathoms,  on  the  outside  of  oysters,  Limuli,  and  various  dead 
shells,  as  well  as  on  the  inside  of  various  dead  univalve  shells ;  in  all 
these  situations  frequently  associated  with  the  preceding  species,  but 
no  intermediate  forms  have  been  observed. 

Fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina ;  Pliocene  of  South 
Carolina;  and  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Gardiner's  Island,  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida. 

The  Mediterranean  shell,  C.  unguiformis  Lamarck,  is  a  distinct  species. 

CREPIDULA  CONVEXA  Say.    Plate  XXIII,  fig.  128.     (p.  355.) 

Journal  Acad.  ]XTat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  227, 1822 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed. 
i,  p.  160,  fig.  15;  ed.  ii,  p.  273,  fig.  534.  Crepidula  glanca  Say,  op.  cit.,  p.  226; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  274,  fig.  535;  ed.  i,  p.  151,  fig.  14.  Crepidula  acuta  H. 
C.  Lea,  American  Jour.  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xlii,  p.  108,  Plate  1,  fig.  4,  1842. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida.  Less  .abundant  and  local  farther 
north  ;  at  Quahog  Bay,  Maine;  Nova  Scotia  (Willis) ;  and  Gulf  of  Saint 
Lawrence.  Yery  common  in  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Long 
Island  Sound,  shores  of  Long  Island,  and  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues).  Georgia  (Couper). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia  and  South  Carolina. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  probably  identical  with  that  of  Eu- 
pagurus  longicarpus  and  Ilyanassa  obsoleta,  with  which  it  is  nearly  always 


[651]       INYERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        357 

associated.  At  Quabog  Bay,  Maine,  this  species  occurs  on  the  back  of 
the  dead  shells  of  1.  obsoleta,  which  are  occupied  by  the  hermit-crab, 
just  as  in  the  waters  of  Southern  New  England ;  and  these,  with  numer 
ous  other  southern  forms  associated  with  them,  constitute  a  genuine 
southern  colony,  occupying  a  warm,  sheltered  bay,  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  the  northern  fauna. 

The  depressed  variety  (glauca)  is  found  chiefly  on  broad  and  nearly 
flat  surfaces  of  large  bivalve  shells,  stones,  &c.  The  very  convex  varie 
ties  adhere  mainly  to  the  surfaces  of  small  convex  univalves. 

CRUCIBULUM  STRIATUM  Adams.    Plate  XXIII,  figs.  125,  126.   (p.  417.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,  vol.  i,  p.  366 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii, 
p.  275,  fig.  536.  Calyptrcea  (Dispotcva)  striata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences 
Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  216,  1836.  Crucibulum  (Dispotcca}  striata  H.  and  A. 
Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  366,  1858. 

Bay  of  Fundy  to  New  Jersey.  Eastport  Harbor  and  Bay  of  Fundy, 
low-water  mark  to  30  fathoms,  common  ;  Frenchman's  Bay  and  Mount 
Desert,  Maine,  3  to  10  fathoms,  common ;  Casco  Bay,  Maine,  6  to  40 
fathoms;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  3  to  12  fathoms,  not  un 
common.  Gardiner's  Bay  and  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith). 
Off  New  London,  Conn.  (coll.  T.  M.  Pruddeu).  Saint  George's  Bank 
(S.  I.  Smith).  Northern  New  Jersey  (Say). 

LITTORINA  IRRORATA  Gray.     (p.  372.) 

Zoology  of  Captain  Beechey's  Voyage,  p.  138,  Plate  38,  fig.  1,  1839.  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  ii,  p.  311,  fig.  579.  Turbo  irroratus  Say,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Phil 
adelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  239,  July,  1822;  Binney's  Say,  p.  81.  Phasianella  sulcata 
Lamarck,  Animaux  sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  vol.  vii,  p.  54,  Aug.,  1822;  ed.  ii,  vol.  ix, 
p.  244.  Littorina  sulcata  Deshayes,  in  Lamarck,  op.  cit.,  vol.  ix,  p.  203,  1843. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Florida  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Vineyard  Sound,  sparingly;  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New 
Haven,  rare.  Stratford,  Connecticut,  on  high  sedge  (Linsley).  Hunting- 
ton,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Comparatively  rare  and  local  north  of  Mary 
land;  very  abundant  farther  south. 

Many  of  the  shells  of  this  species  found  on  our  shores  have  undoubt 
edly  been  brought  from  Virginia  and  Maryland  with  the  southern  oys 
ters  planted  in  our  waters,  but  it  is  probably  indigenous  in  certain 
localities. 

LITTORINA  RUDIS.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  137.    (p.  305.) 

Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  257,  fig.  165,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  304,  fig.  575.  Turbo  rudis 
Maton,  Nat.  Hist,  and  Antiq.  West.  Count.,  vol.  i,  p.  277,  1797,  (t.  Jeffreys)  ; 
Donovan,  British  Shells,  vol.  i,  Plate  33,  fig.  3,  1800,  (t.  Gould.)  Turbo  obligatus 
Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  241,  1822.  Turbo  vestitus  Say,  op. 
cit.,  p.  241,  1822  (variety  tenebrosa).  Littorina  Gronlandica  Moller,  in  Kroyer's 
Tidsskrift,  vol.  iv,  p.  82,  1842.  Turbo  ten ebrosus  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.,  p.  303, 
Plate  20,  fig.  4, 1803  (variety).  Littorina  tenebrosa  Gould,  ed.  i,  p.  259,  fig.  166  ; 
ed.  ii,  p.  306,  fig.  576. 

Among  the  additional  names  that  appear  to  have  been  applied  to  the  various 


358       EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [652] 

states  of  this  variable  species  are :  L.  saxatilis  Johnson  ;  Turbo  sulcatus  Leach  ; 
Turbo jugosus  Montagu;  L.patula(var.)  Jeffreys;  L.  negleota  Bsan  ;  T.  vsntricosns 
Brown;  L.  marmorata  Pfetffer;  Neriia  littorea  Fabricius  (non  Linue") ;  L. 
Gronlandica  Moller,  Love"n,  Morch ;  L.  rudissima  Bean;  L.  zonaria  Bean  ;  L. 
ncglecta  Bean,  etc. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ; 
Greenland  ;  Iceland  ;  Spitzbergen.  Northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain  and  Spain.  Local  south  of  Long  Island  Sound ;  abundant  on 
all  the  rocky  shores  of  Southern  New  England,  from  New  York  to  Cape 
Cod,  and  at  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island  ;  local  at  Great  Egg  Har 
bor,  among  Fucus,  on  the  stones  of  an  old  pier.  Extremely  abundant 
on  all  the  northern  shores  of  New  England  and  northward.  Fossil  in' 
the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada,  Great  Britain,  and  Scandinavia. 

LITTORINA  PALLIATA.    Plate  XXIY,  fig.  138.     (p.  305.) 

Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  260,  fig.  167,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  309,  fig.  578.  Turbo 
palliatus  Say,  op.  cit.,  p.  240,  1822.  Littorina  neritoidea  Dekay,  Mollusca  New 
York,  p.  105,  Plate  6,  figs.  109-111  (non  Turbo  neritoidea  Linne).  Littorina 
littoralis  Stimpsori,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  33,  (non  Forbes  and  Hanley ; 
non  Nerita  littoralis  Linne").  Turbo  littoralis  Fabricius,  Fauna  Groenlandica,.  p. 
402,  1780  (non  Linne).  Littorina  arctica  Moller,  Kroyer's  Tidsskrift,  vol. 
iv,  p.  82,  1842.  (?)  Littorina  limata  Lov<5n,  Ofversigt  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad. 
Forhandlingar,  vol.  iii,  p.  154,  1846.  Liltorina  Peconica  S.  Smith,  Annals 
Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  vii,  p.  155,  1860. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  Greenland, 
Spitzbergen,  Einmark,  and  Norway.  Very  abundant  from  New  York 
to  Cape  Cod  and  northward,  wherever  Fad  grow  on  rocks  between 
tides ;  local  and  less  abundant  south  of  Long  Island  Sound. 

Eossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Great  Britain  and  Scandinavia. 

Should  this  species  prove  to  be  identical  with  L.  obtusata  (Liune,  sp.)  of 
Europe,  as  there  is  reason  to  anticipate,  its  range  will  be  nearly  coinci 
dent  with  that  of  L.  rudis,  with  which  it  is  always  found  associated  on 
our  coast.  Several  writers  have  already  united  the  two  forms,  but  no 
satisfactory  comparisons  of  large  series  of  specimens,  from  many  local 
ities  on  both  coasts,  have  been  made. 

LACUNA  VINCTA  Turton.    Plate  XXIY,  fig.  139.     (p.  305.) 

Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  262,  figs.  169,  178*,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  302,  fig.  573.  Turbo 
vincla  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.,  p.  307,  Plate  20,  fig.  3,  (t.  Gould).  Trochus  divarica- 
tus  Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronlandica,  p.  392, 1780  (non  Linne").  Lacuna  divaricata 
Love"n,  op.  cit.,  p.  155,  1846 ;  Jeffreys,  British  Conchology,  vol.  iii,  p.  346. 

According  to  Jeffreys,  the  following  are  among  the  synonyms  or  vari 
eties  of  this  species :  Turbo  canalis  Montagu  ;  T.  quadrifasciata  Mont.; 
Phasianella  fasciata,  P.  bifasciata,  P.  cornea,  and  P.  striata  Brown  ;  La 
cuna  solidula  Loven;  L.  labiosa  Loven  ;  L.frigida  Loven. 

New  York  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  Greenland,  Iceland,  Lapland,  Scan 
dinavia,  Great  Britain,  France;  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  America  south 
ward  to  Puget  Sound.  Long  Island  Sound,  common,  but  rather  local ; 
Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  among  algae,  in  4  to  5  fathoms;  Vineyard 


[653]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        359 

Sound  ;  Buzzard's  Bay.  Very  abundant  north  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
in  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  Labrador,  etc.  Staten  Island  and  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith).  • 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  northern  Great  Britain  and  Scandi 
navia. 

Lacuna  neritoidea  Gould.  9 

American  Journ.  of  Science,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  197,  1840;  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  203,  fig. 
170  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  303,  fig.  574. 

This  species  is  a  very  doubtful  inhabitant  of  this  region,  having  been 
recorded  by  no  one  except  Linsley,  1845,  who  reports  it  from  Long 
Island  Sound  (Oyster  Eiver  and  Long  Beach,  Stratford,  Connecticut). 
I  have  never  been  able  to  find  it  in  the  same  region,  nor  has  any  one  else 
had  better  success.  Linsley's  specimens  may  have  been  incorrectly 
named.  It  occurs  in  Massachusetts  Bay;  at  Cape  Elizabeth,  Casco  Bay ; 
Grand  Menan  Island,  etc. ;  northward  to  Greenland ;  and  on  the  northern 
shore  of  Europe. 

LITTORINELLA  MiNUTA  Stimpson.     Plate  XXIV,  fig.  140.     (p.  469.) 

Researches  upon  the  Hydrobiinte  and  Allied  Forms,  p.  42,  May,  1865,  in  the 
Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections.  Turbo  mimitus  Totten,  American  Journ. 
Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  369,  fig.  6, 1834.  Cingula  minuta  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i, 
p.  265,  fig.  171.  Eissoa  minuta  Gould,  op.  cit.,-ed.  ii,  p.  298,  fig.  566.  EcroUa 
minuta  (provisional  name)  Stimpson,  op.  cit.,  p.  42,  1865.  f  Cingula  modesta 
Lea,  Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  vol.  v,  p.  238,  Plate  24,  fig.  5. 

The  tentacles  in  this  species  are  rather  short,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
breadth  of  the  head,  slightly  tapering,  blunt;  the  eyes  are  on  low  prom 
inences  on  the  outer  side  of  the  bases  of  the  tentacles ;  rostrum  large, 
stout,  transversely  wrinkled,  longer  than  the  tentacles,  tapering  some 
what,  but  divided  at  the  end  by  a  deep  ernargination  into  two  rounded 
lobes,  which  are  often  somewhat  expanded.  Foot  short  and  broad,  sub- 
truncate  anteriorly,  with  the  angles  broad  and  but  little  produced,  pos 
terior  end  broadly  rounded. 

New  Jersey  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Abundant 
along  the  brackish  and  muddy  shores  of  Long  Island  Sound,  Buzzard's 
Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

It  is  not  confined  to  brackish  waters,  but  often  occurs  also  on  the 
ocean  shores,  under  stones  between  tides. 

LlTTORINELLA  L^EVIS   Verrill. 

Cingula  Icucis  Dekay,  Natural  History  of  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  Ill,  Plate  6, 
fig.  118  (poor),  1843.  Odostomia  limnoidea  (Dekay,  MSS.),  Linsley,  Amer. 
Journ.  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  284,  1845  (no  description).  (?)Ri88oa 
Sti7npsoni  S.  Smith,  Annals  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  vol.  ix,  p.  393, 
fig.  2,  1870. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven.  Stratford,  Connecticut 
(Linsley);  near  New  York  (Dekay);  Greenport,  Long  Island  (S. 
Smith). 


360       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [654] 

RISSOA  ACULEUS  StimpsoD.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  141.     (p.  30G.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  15,  1851 ;  Shells  of  New  England,  p. 
34 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  299,  fi<£  568.  Cingula  aculeus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed. 
i,  p.  266,  fig.  172,  1841.  Troclim  striatellm  Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronl.,  p.  393,  (non 
Linne).  (f)Hi88oa  saxatilis  Moller,  Index  Mollusca  Groul.,  in  Kroyer's  Tids- 
skrift,  vol.  iv,  p.  82,  1843.  (f)Rissoa  arctica  Love~n,  Ofversigt  af  Kongl.,  Vet.- 
Akad.  Forhandlingar,  vol.  iii,  p.  156,  1846. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland.  Kew  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  vicin 
ity,  common.  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island  ;  Vineyard  Sound  ;  Stratford, 
Connecticut  (Liusley);  Gull  Island  (Smith).  Common  on  the  shores 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Loven's  E.  arctica  was  from  Finmark,  and,  to  judge  from  the  de 
scriptions,  may  not  be  identical  with  our  species.  Mr.  Jeffreys  regards 
it  as  a  variety  of  E.  striata  of  Europe.  He  also  unites  the  American 
shell  with  R.  striata^  thus :  "  The  variety  arctica  (under  the  specific 
name  aculeus  given  to  it  by  Professor  Stimpson)  inhabits  the  northern 
sea-board  of  the  United  States."  (See  British  Conchology,  vol.  iv,  p.  38). 
It  is  natural  to  infer  that  a  writer  who  does  not  appear  to  have  seen 
the  accurate  description  and  figure  of  this  species  published  in  the 
well-known  work  of  Dr.  Gould,  ten  years  previous  to  Dr.  Stimpson's 
earliest  publications,  cannot  have  devoted  much  time  or  attention  to 
the  American  shells,  and  therefore  his  opinions  should  not  have  too 
much  weight  in  such  cases. 

In  reality,  our  shell  differs  widely  from  R.  striata.  It  agrees  more 
nearly  with  the  English  R.  proxima  (Alder,  Forbes  and  Hanley),  but 
apparently  differs  from  it  in  the  soft  parts.  The  foot  in  our  shell  is 
broadly  and  slightly  rounded  anteriorly,  with  the  angles  only  slightly 
produced,  and  tapers  backward  to  a  bluntly-rounded  posterior  end. 
The  tentacles  are  long,  slender,  slightly  tapering,  with  blunt  tips.  The 
eyes  are  situated  near  their  bases  on  the  dorso  lateral  aspect,  and  are 
scarcely  elevated  above  the  general  surface.  The  snout  is  rather  long, 
often  a  little  expanded  at  the  end,  and  divided  by  a  deep  emargination 
into  two  lobes,  which  often,  in  a  dorsal  view,  show  a  slight  emargina 
tion  on  their  outer  surface.  No  opercular  cirrus  was  observed.  This 
species  belongs  to  the  genus  Onoba  of  H.  and  A.  Adams.  The  R. 
saxatilis  was  described  by  Moller  as  having  the  whorls  smooth,  but  he 
refers  to  T.  'striatellus  of  Fabricius,  which  had  spiral  striations,  as  in  our 
species. 

RISSOA  EXARATA  Stimpson.     (p.  495.) 

Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  15,  1851;  Shells  of  New  England, 
p.  34,  Plate  1,  fig.  3,  1851 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  301,  fig.  571.  Cingula 
arenaria  Mighels  and  Adams,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  49,  Plate  4, 
fig.  24,  1842  (non  Montagu,  sp.).  Eissoa  Mighehii  Stimpson,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  15, 1851  ;  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  34  ;  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  ii,  p.  301,  (but  not  figure  570,  which  is  probably  E.  sulcosa). 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Watch  Hill,  Ehode 
Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  among  rocks  and  alga*,  (white  variety) ;  Casco  Bay, 


[655]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        361 

6  to  25  fathoms ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  4  to  20  fathoms.  Fossil  in  the  Post- 
Pliocene  of  Canada.  This  species  is  usually  brownish  or  chestnut-color, 
but  is  also  frequently  white. 

Eissoa  eburnea  Stimpson,  has  been  recorded  (as  Rissoella(f)  eburnea) 
by  Dr.  G.  H.  Perkins,  from  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  but 
I  have  seen  no  undoubted  shells  of  this  species  from  any  locality  south 
of  Massachusetts  Bay.  The  shell  referred  to  by  Dr.  Perkins  was  beach- 
worn,  and  may  have  been  some  other  species.  The  figure  given  in  the 
second  edition  of  Gould's  Invertebrata  (fig.  564,  p.  297),  does  not  rep 
resent  this  species.  See  the  figure  in  Stimpson's  Shells  of  New  England, 
Plate  1,  figs.  1,  la.  This  shell  appears  to  be  a  Jeffreysia. 

From  Huutiugton,  Long  Island,  I  have  seen  a  shell  closely  resembling 
Rissoa  latior  Stimpsou,  (M.  and  Adams,  sp.),  if  not  identical  with  it. 

SKENEA  PLANOEBIS.    Plate  XXIY,  fig.  142.    (p.  383.) 

Forbes  and  Hanley,  British  Mollusca,  vol  iii,  p.  156,  Plate  74,  figs.  1-3,  and  Plate 
G.  G,  figs.  1  and  la  (animal) ;  Stirnpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  35;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  296,  fig.  563.  Turbo  planorbis  Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronl.,  p. 
394,  1780.  Skenea  serpuloides  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  247,  fig.  189. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland,  Iceland,  Spitzbergen,  Scandinavia; 
and  northern  and  eastern  coasts  of  Europe  generally,  to  England  and 
France.  Near  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  common;  Watch  Hill,Ehode 
Island ;  Cuttyhunk  Island.  Yery  common  on  all  rocky  shores  in  Massa 
chusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene 
of  Scotland  and  Scandinavia. 

STYLIFER  STIMPSONII  Yerrill.     (p.  460.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  iii,  pp.  210  and  283,  1872. 

Shell  white,  short,  swollen,  broad  oval ;  spire  short,  rapidly  enlarging. 
Whorls  four  or  five,  the  last  one  forming  a  large  part  of  the  shell ;  con 
vex,  rounded,  with  the  suture  impressed,  surface  smooth,  or  with  very 
faint  striaB  of  growth;  a  slightly  impressed  revolving  line  just  below 
the  suture.  Aperture  large  and  broad.  Length  about  .15  of  an  inch  ; 
breadth,  .12. 

Parasitic  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  Strongylocentrotus  Drobachiensis, 
from  oif  New  Jersey,  in  35  fathoms  (Captain  Gedney);  and  Saint  George's 
Bank,  north  latitude  41°  25',  west  longitude  65°  50',  3",  in  60  fathoms, 
(S.  I.  Smith). 

EULIMA  OLEACEA  Kurtz  and  Stimpson.   Plate  XXIV,  fig.  149.    (p.  418.) 

Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  115, 1851;  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New 

England,  p.  39,  Plate  1,  fig  6,  1851  j  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  332,  fig.  603. 
Vineyard  Sound  to  Beaufort,  North  Carolina.    In  Vineyard  Sound  it  is 
not  uncommon  on  Thyone  Sria-reus,  in  4  to  10  fathoms.    Buzzard's  Bay 
(Stimpson). 


362       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [656] 

ODOSTOMIA  PRODUCTA  Gould.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  143.    (p.  418.) 

Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  270,  fig.  175,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  325,  fig.  593.  Jaminia  producta 
Adams,  Boston  Journal  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  322,  Plate  3,  fig.  8,  1840. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  New  Jersey. 
ODOSTOMIA  FUSCA  Gould.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  144.    (p.  307.) 

Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  270,  fig.  176  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  325,  fig.  594.  Pyramis  fasca  Adams,  op. 
cit.,  vol  ii,  p.  282,  Plate  4,  fig.  9,  1839. 

Cape  Cod  to  New  Jersey. 

This  species  is  referred  both  to  Turbonilla  and  Odostomia  by  H.  and 
A.  Adams,  in  the  same  work  (Genera  Moll.,  pp.  231,  232). 

ODOSTOMIA  DEALBATA  Stimpson. 

Smithsonian  Check-List,  p.  5,  1860;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  327,  fig.  595. 
Chemnitzia  dealbata  Stimpson,  Proc.,  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  114, 
1851;  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  41. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Boston  Harbor.  New  Haven,  Connecticut 
(Perkins).  Boston  (Stimpson). 

ODOSTOMIA  BISUTURALIS  Gould,    (p.  307.) 

Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  327,  (not  fig.  597).  Turritella  Usuturalis  Say,  Journ.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  244,  1822.  Chemnitzia  bisuturalis  Stimpson, 
Shells  of  New  England,  p.  42.  Jaminia  exigua  Couthouy,  Boston  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  ii,  Plate  1,  fig.  7,  1838.  Odostomia  exigua  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p. 
272,  fig.  177. 

New  Jersey  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Boston  (Say);  Chelsea  (Couthouy) ; 
Staten  Island ;  Greenport,  and  Huntington,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith). 
Not  uncommon  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Vineyard  Sound,  and  Buzzard's 
Bay. 

The  figure  (597)  in  the  second  edition  of  Gould's  Invertebrata  does 
not  represent  this  species,  but  apparently  a  variety  of  0.  trifida. 

ODOSTOMIA  TRIFIDA  Gould.    Plate  XXIV,  figs.  145,  146.    (p.  307.) 

Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  274,  fig.  179,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  328,  fig.  598.  Actceon  trifidus  Totten, 
Amer.  Journ.  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  368,  Plate  1,  figs.  4,  a,  &,  1834. 

New  Jersey  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Staten  Island  (S.  Smith)  ;  Lynn, 
Massachusetts  (Haskell).  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Vineyard 
Sound,  and  Buzzard's  Bay. 

ODOSTOMIA  IMPRESSA  Stimpson.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  147.    (p.  418.) 

American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  xxiv,  p.  444,  1860;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p. 
330,  fig.  600.  Odostomia  insculpta  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  Mollusca,  p.  115, 
Plate  31,  fig.  297, 1843.  Turritella  impressa  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadel 
phia,  vol.  ii,  p.  244,  1822;  Binney's  Say,  p.  84.  Chemnitzia  impressa  Stimpson, 
Shells  of  New  England,  p.  42,  1851. 

Ik  Long  Island  Sound  to  South  Carolina.  Near  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
rare.  East  Eiver  (Dekay) ;  Maryland  (Say) ;  Beaufort,  North  Carolina 
(Stimpson,  Coues). 


[057]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        363 

ODOSTOMIA  SEMINUDA  Gould.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  148.    (p.  418.) 

Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  273,  fig.  178,  1841;  ed.  ii,  p.  329,  fig.  599.     Jaminia  seminuda  C. 
.      B.  Adams,  Boston  Journal  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  ii,  p.  280,  Plate  4,  fig.   13,  1839. 
Chemnitzia  scminudd  Stirnpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  42,  1851.     Turbo  n  ilia 
seminuda  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  231. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  South  Carolina.  Common  in  Vineyard  Sound 
and  Buzzard's  Bay,  in  2  to  10  fathoms  5  Long  Island  Sound,  less  common. 
Massachusetts  Bay  (Stimpson).  Greenport  and  Huntington,  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Cones). 

TURBONILLA  INTERRUPTA  Adams,      (p.  418.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  231,  1858 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  231.  fig. 
601  (bad  figure).  Turritclla  interrupta  Totten,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  ser.  i,  vol- 
xxviii,  p.  352,  fig.  7,  1835;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  268,  fig.  173  (incorrect). 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Quite  common  in  Vineyard  Sound  and 
Buzzard's  Bay,  in  3  to  10  fathoms;  Long  Island  Sound,  off  Thimble 
Islands  and  New  Haven,  3  to  5  fathoms,  rather  rare.  Huntington 
and  Greenport  (S.  Smith).  Dartmouth,  Massachusetts  (Adams).  New 
port,  Ehode  Island  (Totten).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues). 

I  have  received  from  Prof.  E.  S.  Morse  specimens  of  this  shell  ob 
tained  from  mud  in  the  harbor  of  Portland,  Maine,  but  they  are  dead 
and  bleached.  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  found  living  so  far 
north  on  our  coast.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

Loven  records  this  species  as  from  the  coast  of  Norway,  but  possibly 
his  shell  is  a  different  species,  or  else  a  variety  of  T.  rufa  of  Southern 
Europe,  which  is  certainly  very  closely  related  to  our  species,  and  is  con 
sidered  the  same  by  Jeffreys.  If  so,  the  name  given  by  Totten  has  prece 
dence  of  rufa  (Philippi,  1836).  Farther  and  more  extensive  compari 
sons  must  be  made  before  the  identity  of  the  two  forms  can  be  estab 
lished. 

The  figure  given  in  the  first  edition  of  Gould's  Invertebrata,  and  copied 
in  the  second  edition,  does  not  correctly  represent  this  shell,  and  was, 
perhaps,  drawn  from  some  other  species,  for  it  does  not  agree  with 
Gould's  description,  which  is  accurate.  The  spire,  as  represented,  is  too 
acute  and  too  rapidly  tapered  ;  the  last  or  body  whorl  is  too  large  ;  the 
aperture  has  not  the  right  form ;  and  the  peculiar  sculpture  is  not 
brought  out  at  all.  Totten's  figure,  though  somewhat  coarse,  is  char 
acteristic. 

TURBONILLA  ELEGANS  Verrill.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  155.    (p.  418.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  iii,  pp.  210, 282,  Plate  G,  iig.  4, 1872. 

Shell  light  yellowish,  elongated,  moderately  slender,  acute.  Whorls 
ten  or  more,  well  rounded,  not  distinctly  flattened ;  suture  rather 
deeply  impressed  ;  surface  somewhat  lustrous,  with  numerous  rounded 
vertical  costa1,  narrower  than  the  concave  interspaces,  fading  out 
below  the  middle  of  the  last  whorl;  and  with  numerous  fine  revolv- 
25  v 


364       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [658 J 

ing  grooves,  which,  are  interrupted  on  the  costo?,  but  distinct  in  the  in 
tervals;  on  the  upper  whorls  there  are  about  five;  and  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  last  whorl  usually  five  or  six  distinct  and  continuous  o*nes. 
Aperture  broad  oval,  anteriorly  rounded  and  slightly  effuse ;  outer  lip 
thin,  sharp;  columella  nearly  straight  at  base  within,  slightly  revolute 
outwardly,  regularly  curved  anteriorly  where  it  joins  the  outer  lip,  and 
not  forming  an  angle  with  it.  The  epidermis  is  thin,  light  yellow, 
sometimes  with  a  darker,  yellowish,  revolving  band  on  the  middle  of  the 
last  whorls,  and  also  with  the  revolving  striae  darker. 

Vineyard  Sound, 6  to  10 fathoms;  Long  Island  Sound, near  New  Haven? 
5  fathoms. 

TURBONILLA  ABEOLATA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Shell  small,  slender,  with  eight  or  more  whorls,  slightly  obelisk- 
shaped,  owing  to  the  more  rapid  narrowing  of  the  upper  whorls ;  apical 
or  nuclear  whorl  very  small,  reversed ;  the  other  whorls  are  moderately 
convex,  somewhat  flattened  in  the  middle,  and  crossed  by  numerous 
rather  crowded,  narrow,  transverse  costas,  of  wrhich  there  are  twenty- 
five  or  more  on  the  lower  whorls ;  interstices  interrupted  by  numerous 
rather  conspicuous,  revolving,  impressed  lines,  of  which  there  are  about 
six  on  the  upper  whorls;  these  divide  the  interstices  into  series  of 
pretty  regular,  small,  squarish  pits,  but  do  not  cross  the  costie;  the  body- 
whorl  is  subangulated  below  the  middle,  where  the  costre  disappear, 
below  which  the  base  is  marked  only  by  fine  revolving  lines;  suture 
impressed.  Aperture  oval,  acute  posteriorly,  rounded  and  slightly 
spreading  anteriorly;  outer  lip  sharp,  thin,  slightly  angula4;ed  below 
the  middle,  rounded  and  slightly  effuse  anteriorly;  columella.  smooth, 
somewThat  curved,  scarcely  forming  an  angle  at  its  junction  with  the 
outer  lip.  Length,  4nmi;  breadth,  1.5miu. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven. 

The  crowded  costa3  and  numerous  spiral  lines  produce  a  closely  can 
cellated  appearance,  which  is  sufficient  to  distinguish  this  from  the  two 
preceding  species.  From  the  following  it  differs  much  in  sculpture, 
form,  shape  of  aperture,  and  columella,  and  especially  in  the  minute 
size  of  the  apical  whori. 

TURBONILLA  COSTULATA  Verrill,  sp.  uov. 

Shell  small,  long  conical,  translucent,  glossy  white,  banded  faintly 
with  pale  brown,  subacute,  with  a  relatively  large,  smooth,  reversed 
apical  whorl ;  the  other  whorls  are  six  or  more,  flattened,  and  but 
slightly  convex,  enlarging  regularly,  crossed  by  numerous  straight, 
smooth,  rounded,  transverse  costa3,  of  which  there  are  upward  of  twenty 
on  the  lower  whorls  ;  interstices  rather  narrower  than  the  costa3,  deep, 
and  interrupted  by  numerous  very  minute  revolving  lines,  which  are 
scarcely  visible  under  an  ordinary  pocket-lens,  and  do  not  cross  the 
costre ;  suture  impressed.  The  body-whorl  is  subangulated  below  the 


[659]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        365 

middle,  the  costas  vanishing  at  the  angulation  ;  the  base  is  covered  with 
numerous  microscopic  revolving  lines  ;  on  the  body-whorl  there  are  two 
revolving  bands  of  pale  brown,  one  above  and  one  below  the  angulation. 
Aperture  long  ovate,  acute  posteriorly,  alittle  angulated  on  the  outer  side, 
rounded  and  slightly  prolonged  anteriorly.  Outer  lip  thin  and  sharp, 
round  and  slightly  effuse  anteriorly  ;  columella  smooth,  nearly  straight, 
but  scarcely  forming  an  angle  where  it  joins  the  outer  lip.  Length, 
4mm .  Breadth,  1.5mm. 

Somewhat  resembles  T.  interrupta,  but  the  costoi  are  more  crowded, 
the  spiral  lines  are  very  much  finer  and  more  numerous,  and  the 
auclear-whorl  is  much  larger. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  Conn. 

TURBONILLA  STRiCTA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Shell  white,  subulate,  very  acute,  with  a  very  minute  reversed  apical 
whorl;  whorls  ten,  besides  the  nucleus,  gradually  and  regularly  enlarg 
ing,  flattened  or  only  very  slightly  convex,  crossed  by  straight,  obtuse, 
transverse  costre,  of  which  there  are  about  sixteen  or  eighteen  on  the 
lower  whorls.;  the  two  upper  whorls  are  nearly  smooth;  suture  im 
pressed.  Aperture  irregularly  oblong-ovate,  acute  posteriorly,  rounded 
anteriorly ;  outer  lip  flattened,  thickened  internally,  in  mature  shells, 
and  minutely  crenulate  within  ;  columella  smooth,  nearly  straight, 
thickened,  forming  an  angle  where  it  joins  the  outer  lip.  Length,  4.5mm  ; 
breadth,  lmm. 

Long  Island  Sound,  off  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

This  is  probably  the  shell  recorded  from  this  region  as  T.  nivea(Stimip. 
sou,  sp.)  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Perkins.  It  differs  from  the  nivea  in  the  form  of 
the  aperture  and  lip,  and  in  being  smaller  and  much  more  acute,  though 
having  the  same  number  of  whorls. 

TUPJBONILLA  EQUALIS  Verrill. 

Turritella  (cqualis  Say,  Journal  Acacl.  Nat.  Sciences,   vol.   v,  p.  208,  1826 ;  Bin. 

ney's  Say,  p.  119. 

u  Shell  subulate,  white ;  volutions  ten,  each  with  about  twenty-two, 
transverse,  elevated,   obtuse,  equal  lines,  with  interstitial   grooves  of 
the  same  diameter;  suture  distinct,   impressed;  aperture  rounded  at 
base,  and  destitute  of  any  distinct  emargination.     Length  one-fifth  of 
an  inch."    (Say.) 

My  specimens  agree  well  with  the  above  description.  The  shell  is 
very  slender  and  acute,  with  a  small  distinctly  reversed  apical  whorl ;  the 
remaining  nine  whorls  are  somewhat  flattened,  and  all  are  crossed  by 
obtuse,  transverse  costa3,  which  are  a  little  oblique,  especially  at  the 
upper  ends,  close  to  the  sutures;  on  the  body-whorl  there  are  about 
twenty,  but  fewer  on  the  upper  ones;  at  the  base  of  the  body- whorl 
they  vanish,  leaving  it  smooth  ;  the  interstices  between  the  costse  are 
deep  and  apparently  smooth.  The  aperture  is  round  ovate,  well  rounded 
or  sub-circular  anteriorly;  the  inner  lip  having  a  raised  and  thin 


366       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [GGOJ 

margin.     Length,  4.5lnm;    breadth,  1.25mm.      Vineyard  Sound,  G  to  8 
fathoms. 

Menestlio  albula  Moller  (Fabricius,  sp.),  was  recorded  by  Linsley  (as 
Pyramis  striatula  Couth.)  from  the  stomachs  of  ducks  at  Bridgeport, 
Connecticut.  It  has  not  been  found  south  of  Cape  Cod  by  any  one 
else,  and  as  it  is  a  rare  deep-water  shell  on  our  northern  coast,  it  is  not 
likely  to  have  been  obtained  by  ducks.  It  is  found  in  Massachusetts 
Bay,  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fuudy,  and  northward  to  Greenland.  Linsley's 
shell  may  have  been  Odostomia  impressa. 

SCALA-RIA  LINEATA  Say.     Plate  XXI,   fig.  123.     (p.  418.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  242,  1822;  Biuney's  Say, 
pp.  83,  180,  Plate  27,  lower  left  figure ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  250 ;  ed.  ii,  p. 
312,  fig.  580. 

Vineyard  Sound, Buzzard's  Bay, and  Long  Island  Sound;  southward 
to  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Fossil  in  the  Post- Pliocene  of  North 
and  South  Carolina. 

SCALARIA  MULTISTRIATA  Say.     Plate  XXI,  fig.  122.    (p.  418.) 

Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  203,  1826  ;  Amer.  Conchology, 
iii,  Plate  27;  Biuney's  Say,  pp.  119,  180,  Plate  27,  lower  right  figure;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  313,  fig.  581. 

Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Long  Island  Sound;  southward  to 
Florida.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

SCALARIA  ANGULATA  Say. 

American  Conchology,  iii,  Plate  27,  upper  figures,  1831,  as  a  variety  of  S.  clathms  ; 
Sowerby,  Thes.  Conch.,  part  iv,  p.  86,  Plate  32,  fig.  5, 1844.  Scalarla  Humphreys'^ 
Kiener,  Iconographie  des  Coquilles  Viv.,  p.  15,  Plate  5,  fig.  16,  1838-9. 

Connecticut  to  Florida.  Stonington  (Liusley)  j  Greenport,  Long  Island 
(S.  Smith).  Outer  beach  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey  (A.  E.  V.) ; 
Fort  Macon  and  Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  common,  (Stiinpson,  Coues); 
South  Carolina  (Kiener).  Eare  and  perhaps  accidental  north  of  New 
Jersey. 

SCALAUTA  GRCENLANDICA  Perry. 

Conch.,  1811,  (t.  Morch);  Sowerby,  Thesaurus  Conch.,  part  iv,  p.  101,  Plate  34. 
figs.  105,  106,  1844 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  249,  fig.  170*  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  314,  fig, 
582.  Turlo  clathms  Grccnlandicus  Chemnitz,  Couch.,  xi,  t.  1878,  1879  (t.  Gould). 
Scalaria  subul:ita  Couthouy,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  93,  Plate  3,  fig. 
4,  1838. 

Cape  Cod  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  south 
ward  to  Bergen.  South  Shoals,  offNantucket  (Agassiz,  t.  Stiinpson). 
Common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fuudy,  from  10  to  109  fathoms. 
Fossil  in  the  Post-Plicoeue  of  Nantucket,  rare,  (Desor) ;  and  in  the 
Bed-Crag,  Norwich-Crag,  and  later  deposits  in  Great  Britain. 

Janthina  fragilis  Lamarck ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  240;  ed.  ii,  p.  277. 
This  has  been  found  cast  ashore  at  Nantucket,  but  probably  does  not 
occur  living  so  far  north.  It  inhabits  the  Gulf  Stream  farther  south. 


[661]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        367 

RHIPIDOGLOSSA. 

MARGARITA  OBSCURA  Gould.    Plate  XXIV,  fig.  156.    (p.  508.) 

Invert,  ed.  i,  p.  253,  fig.  171*,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  283,  fig.  545.  Turbo  obacurua  Cou- 
thouy,  Boston  Jonru.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  100,  Plate  3,  fig.  2,  1838. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Labrador.  Eare  and  confined  to  the  outer 
waters  south  of  Cape  Cod ;  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  20  to  25  fathoms. 
Stonington,  from  haddock's  stomach,  (Linsley).  Common  in  Massachu 
setts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  extreme  low- 
water  mark  to  100  fathoms.  East  of  Saint  George's  Bank,  in  430  fath 
oms,  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Margarita  ornata  Dekay,  N.  Y.  Mollusca,  p.  107,  Plate  6,  fig.  104, 1843, 
was  described  as  occurring  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  but  I  have  not 
met  with  it  in  Long  Island  Sound. 

DOCOGLOSSA. 

TESTUDINALIS   Forbes  and   Hanley.    Plate  XXIV,  figs.   159, 

(p.  307.) 

British  Mollusca,  vol.  ii,  p.  434,  Plate  62,  figs.  8,  9,  and  Plate  A  A,  fig.  2;  Car 
penter,  Report  of  British  Association  for  1856,  pp.  219,  366,  1857  ;  Dall  (sub- 
genus,  Collisella  Dall),  American  Journal  of  Couchology,  vol.  vi,  p.  249,1871. 
Lottia  testudinalis  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  153,  fig.  12.  Tectnra  testudinalis 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  267,  fig.  529.  Patella  testudinalis  Miiller,  Prodromus 
Zool.  Danica,  p.  227,  1776. 

Variety  alveus.  (fig.  159  a).  Patella  alveus  Conrad,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences, 
Philadelphia,  vol.  vi,  Plate  11,  fig.  20,  1831.  Lottia  alveus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i, 
p.  154,  fig.  13.  Tectura  alveus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  269,  fig.  530. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  circnmpolar.  It  extends 
southward  on  the  European  coasts  to  Southern  Sweden,  England,  and 
Ireland ;  in  the  Xorth  Pacific,  southward  to  Sitka  and  the  Island  of 
Jesso,  Japan.  It  is  comparatively  rare  and  local  south  of  Cape  Cod  ; 
at  New  Haven,  very  rare ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island  ;  Martha's  Vine 
yard,  Cuttyhunk,  and  adjacent  islands.  Huntington  and  Greenport, 
Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Labrador  (Pack 
ard)  ;  Greenland,  Scandinavia,  and  Great  Britain. 

POLYPLACOPHORA. 
CflJETOPLEURA  APICULATA  Carpenter.     Plate  XXV,  fig.  167. 

Chiton  apiculatus  Say,  Amer.  Conch.,  part  vii,  appendix,  (?)  1834  ;  Binney's  Say, 
p.  231 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  146,  fig.  20  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  258,  fig.  522.  Lepto- 
chiton  apiculatus,  this  Report,  p.  399. 

Cape  Cod  to  Eastern  and  Western  Florida.  Common  in  Vineyard 
Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  in  3  to  12  fathoms,  shelly.  Off  New  Lon 
don,  Connecticut  (coll.  T.  M.  Pruddeu). 

Dr.  P.  P.  Carpenter  informs  me  that  this  species  belongs  to  the  genus 
Chcetopleura  of  Gray  (non  Adams). 


368       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [662] 

TRACHYDERMON  RUEER  Carpenter.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  1G6. 

Chiton  ruler  Lowe,  Zool.  Jonrn.,  vol.  ii,  p.  101,  Plate  5,  fig.  2  (t.  Gould);  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  149,  fig.  24  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  260,  fig.  523.  Leptochiton  ntber  H.  and 
A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol  i,  p.  473  ;  this  Report,  p.  399. 

Off  New  London,  Connecticut,  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  northern 
coasts  of  Europe.  Bare  and  local  in  the  colder  outer  waters  south  of 
Cape  Cod.  Off  Xew  London,  8  fathoms  ;  off  Watch  Hill,  5  fathoms. 
Stonington  (Linsley).  Very  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy, 
from  low-water  mark  to  40  fathoms. 

Dr.  Carpenter  assures  me  that  this  species  should  be  referred  to 
Tracliydermon. 

Liusley  records  u  Chiton  fulminatus  Couth."  (=  C.  marmoreus  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  201,  fig.  524)  as  from  cod-fish  taken  off  Stonington,  Con 
necticut,  but  as  it  has  not  been  confirmed  from  south  of  Cape  Cod,  this 
must  be  regarded  as  a  doubtful  identification.  This  species  is  found 
from  Massachusetts  Bay  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  northern 
coasts  of  Europe.  It  is  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  low-water 
mark  to  40  fathoms,  on  "nullipore"  (Lithothamnion). 

u  Chiton  albus"  (=  Tracliydermon  albus,  t.  Carpenter)  has  been  men 
tioned  as  from  this  region,  but  probably  erroneously.  White  specimens 
of  C.  apiculatci  are  often  mistaken  for  it,  when  superficially  examined. 
The  genuine  albus  is  a  northern  species,  with  about  the  same  distribution 
as  the  preceding.  It  is  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  low-water 

to  80  fathoms. 

PULMONATA. 

MELAMPUS  BIDENTATUS  Say.    Plate  XXV,  figs.  169, 169a.    (p.  463.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  A^ol.  ii,  p.  245, 1322 ;  Gould.  Invert.,  ed. 
ii,  p.  467,  fig.  721.  Auricula  bidentata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  117,  fig.  131.  Me- 
lampus  comeus  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  51,  1851. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida,  and  along  the  northern  shores  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Texas.    Very  common  on  the  shores  of  Vineyard 
Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Long  Island,  and  Long  Island  Sound.    Fossil  in 
the  Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 
ALEXIA  MYOSOTIS  Pfeiffer.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  168.     (p.  383.) 

Pfeiffer,  Mou.  Auric.  Viv.,  p.  148,  (t.  Biuney) ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  463,  figs. 
718,  719.  Auricula  myosotls  Draparnaud,  Tabl.  Moll.  Fr.,  p.  5'3.  Auricula  den- 
ticulata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  199,  fig.  129  (non  Montfort). 

jSTew  Jersey  to  Nova  Scotia;  also  on  the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean 
coasts  of  Europe.  It  is  common  at  Eastport,  Maine  ;  Portland,  Maine; 
and  at  the  mouth  of  West  Eiver,  near  New  Haven,  Connecticut ;  also 
near  New  York  City. 

TECTTBRANCHIATA. 

BULLA  SOLITARIA  Say.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  161.     (p.  371.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  245,  1822;  Biuuey's  Say,  p. 
84  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  162,  fig.  92 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  222,  fig.  513.  Bulla  insculpta 
Totten,  American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  xxviii,  p.  350,  fig1.  4,  1835. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  South  Carolina.    Common  in  the  muddy  lagoons 


[663]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        369 

aiid  salt-ponds  along  the  shores  of  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay, 
and  Long  Island  Sound.  Abundant  in  a  small  pond  near  Holmes'  Hole  ; 
in  New  Haven  Harbor,  in  ditches  near  Fort  Hale. 

CYLIOHNA  ORYZA  Stimpson.    Plato  XXV,  fig.  10 L    (p.  4!3J.) 

Smithsonian  Check  List,  p.  4,  1830  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  221,  fig.  512.  Bttlla 
oryza  Totteu,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  xxviii,  p.  350,  fig.  5,  1835  ;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  163,  fig.  93. 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Not  uncorn:uo:i  in  Vineyard  Sound,. 
Buzzard's  Bay,  and  Long  Island  Sound.  This  species  was  recorded  as 
from  Casco  Bay  by  Dr.  Mighels,  but  as  this  habitat  has  not  been  con 
firmed  subsequently,  it  was  probably  based  on  an  erroneous  identifica 
tion.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  (Dawson). 

CYLICHNA  ALBA  Loven.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  163.     (p.  508.) 

Ofversigt  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akail.  Forhaudlingar,  vol.  iii,  p.  14),  1343;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  220,  fig.  511.  Volvaria  alba  Brown,  111.  Conch.  G.  B.,  iii,  p. 
3,  figs.  43,  44.  Eidla  tritloea  Couthouy,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  83, 
Plate  2,  fig.  8,  1833  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  165,  fig.  93. 

Near  Block  Island,  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts 
of  Europe  to  Bergen  ;  and  on  the  northwest  coast  of  America,  south  to 
Sitka.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  and  Great  Britain. 

Most  of  the  specimens  of  this  shell  dredged  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  are 
opaque,  yellowish  brown  or  chestnut  color,  but  those  from  Casco  Bay 
are  nearly  all  clear  white  and  translucent,  although  of  equal  siz3. 

UTRIOULUS  CANALICULATUS.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  160.    (p.  432.) 

Stimpsou,  Smithsonian  Check-List,  p.  4,  1860;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  219,  fig. 
510.  Volvaria  canaUculata  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scienc'es,  Philadelphia,  vol. 
v,  p.  211,  1826;  Binuey's  Say,  p.  121.  Bull  a  canaUculata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i, 
p.  166,  fig.  97.  Tornatina  canaUculata  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  13. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  South  Carolina.  Common  in  Buzzard's  Bay  and 
Vineyard  Sound,  in  2  to  8  fathoms  ;  less  common  in  Long  Island  Sound. 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  abundant,  (Dr.  Yarrow).  Fossil  in  the 
Post-Pliocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina  ;  and  the  Pliocene  of  South 
Carolina. 

AMPHISPHYRA  DEBILIS  Verrill.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  1G2.     (p.  432.) 

Bulla  debilis  Gould,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  196,  1840  ;  In 
vert.,  ed.  i,  p.  164,  fig.  95,  1841.  Diaphana  deUUs  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  216, 
fig.  507.  Bulla  pellucida  Brown,  1844.  Amphisplnjra  pdlucida  Lov6u,  op.  cit., 
p.  143,  1846.  Bulla  Injalina  Turton,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vii,  p.  353,  1834,  (t. 
Jeffreys),  (non  Gnielin). 

Cape  Cod  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  and  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe, 
southward  to  Great  Britain,  Madeira,  etc.  Stoniugton,  Connecticut, 
from  stomach  of  cod  (Liusley).  Not  uncommon  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Fundy,  and  northward,  in  6  to  50  fathoms.  Very  rare  south  of  Cape 
Cod.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada,  Great  Britain,  Norway,  arid 
Sweden. 


370       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [664] 

ACTION  PUNCTO-STRIATA  Stimpson.     Plate  XXV,  fig.  165. 

Shells  of  New  England,  p.  51, 1851 ;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  5.  Tor- 
patella  puncto-striaia  C.  B.  Adams,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  323, 
Plate  3,  fig.  9,  1840;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  245,  tig.  188 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  224,  fig.  515. 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Vineyard  Sound,  and  Buzzard's  Bay, 
not  uncommon  ;  Long  Island  Sound,  rare  j  Huntington  and  Greenport, 
Long  Island  (S.  Smith). 

DORIDELLA  Verrill. 

Body  smooth,  oval,  convex.  Dorsal  tentacles  retractile,  without 
sheaths.  Head  prominent,  the  lateral  angles  prolonged  anteriorly  as 
short  oral  palpi  or  tentacles.  Foot  broad,  cordate.  Branchiae  tufted, 
situated  near  the  posterior  end,  on  the  right  side,  in  the  groove  between 
the  mantle  and  foot. 

DORIDELLA  OBSCURA  Verrill.    Plate  XXAr,  figs.  173  a,  b.    (p.  400.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  1,  p.  408,  figs.  2,  3,  November,  1870. 

Body  broad  oval,  7.5Ium  long  and  5nim  broad  ;  back  convex,  smooth. 
Foot  broad,  cordate  in  front.  Oral  disk  broad,  emargiuate  or  with  con 
cave  outline  in  front  ;  the  angles  somewhat  produced,  forming  short, 
obtusely  pointed,  tentacle-like  organs,  which  in  extension  project  beyond 
the  front  edge  of  the  mantle.  Dorsal  tentacles  small,  stout,  retractile. 
The  branchiae  consist  of  a  tuft  of  slender  filaments,  usually  concealed 
by  the  edge  of  the  foot.  Color  of  body  dark  brown,  lighter  toward  the 
edge,  as  if  covered  with  nearly  confluent  blackish  or  brown  spots,  the 
whitish  ground-color  showing  between  them;  foot,  oral  disk,  and  dorsal 
tentacles  white  ;  the  central  part  of  the  body,  beneath,  with  a  three-lobed 
yellow  spot  due  to  the  internal  organs.  Young  specimens  are  flesh- 
color  or  yellowish  brown  above,  specked  with  darker  brown. 

Vineyard  Sound  and  Long  Island  Sound  to  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey.  Savin  Rock,  at  low-water,  under  stones;  oif  South  End,  4  to  5 
fathoms,  shelly. 

NUDIBRANCHIATA. 
DORIS  BIFIDA  Verrill.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  176.     (page  307.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  1,  p.  406,  1870. 

'Outline  broad  oval,  widest  anteriorly,  about  25mm  long  by  I2mm  broad, 
in  extension ;  back  very  convex,  mantle  covered  with  numerous,  scat 
tered,  small  but  prominent,  pointed  papillae.  Tentacles  rather  long, 
thickest  in  the  middle,  the  outer  half  strongly  plicated  with  about  twenty 
folds,  but  with  a  smooth  tip,  the  base  surrounded  by  small  papilla). 
Gills  retractile  into  a  single  cavity,  united  together  by  a  partial  web, 
deeply  frilled,  much  subdivided,  bipinnate,  the  subdivisions  fine  and 
slender.  Foot  very  broad,  in  extension  projecting  back  beyond  the 
mantle  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  slightly  tapering,  rounded  and 
slightly  notched  at  the  end.  Oral  disk  or  veil  crescent-shaped,  the  front 


[665]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND.    ETC.         371 

a  little  prominent,  the  sides  extended  backward,  and  forming  a  curve 
continuous  with  that  of  the  foot. 

Color  purplish  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  specks  ;  tentacles  deep 
brown,  specked  with  white,  tips  yellowish ;  gilis  purplish  at  base,  the 
edges  and  tips  usually  yellow :  toot  similar  in  color  to  mantle,  but 
lighter. 

Long  Island  Sound,  at  Savin  Rock,  near  New  Haven,  to  Eastport, 
Maine,  under  stones,  at  low-water  mark. 

ONCHIDORIS  PALLID  A  Verrill.     (p.  495.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  1,  p.  403,  1870 ;  vol.  iii,  p.  212,  1872.  Doris 
pallida  Ag.  MSS. ;  Stiinpsou,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  25,  1853;  Gould,  In 
vert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  229,  Plate  20,  figs.  284,  287,  288,  291. 

Off  Cuttyhunk  Island  ;  Massachusetts  Bay ;  Casco  Bay  ;  Bay  of 
Fundy.  In  Eastport  Harbor,  not  uncommon,  from  low- water  mark  to 
30  fathoms. 

POLYCERA  LESSONII  D7Orbigny.     (p.  400.) 

Magazine  de  Zool.,  vol.  vii,  p.  5,  Plate  105  (t.  Gould) ;  Alder  and  Hancock,  Brit. 
Nud.  Moll.,  Fain,  1,  Plate  24  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  eel.  ii,  p.  226,  Plate  17,  figs- 
242-248.  Doris  illuminate  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  4,  1841. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Labrador ;  European  coasts,  from  Sweden  to 
France  and. Great  Britain.  Savin  Rock,  near  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
at  low-water,  and  off  South  End  in  4  to  5  fathoms;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode 
Island,  3  to  6  fathoms.  Common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fuudy,  from 
low- water  mark  to  20  fathoms. 

DENDRONOTUS  ARBORESCENS  Aid.  and  Hancock,     (p.  495.) 

British  Nad.  Mull.,  Fam.  3,  Plato  3,  1850  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  234,  Plate  22, 
figs.  311-313.  Doris  arborescens  Miiller,  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  p.  229,  1776;  Fabri- 
cius,  Fauna  Groul.,  p.  346,  1780.  Tritonia  arboresoens  Cuvier ;  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  i,  p.  5.  Tritonia  Reynoldsii  Couthouy,  Boston  Jouru.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p- 
74,  Plate  2,  tigs.  1-4,  1838. 

Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  in  4  to  5  fathoms,  common  on  Laminaria 
among  Obelice;  northward  to  Greenland;  on  the  European  coasts  south 
to  Great  Britain  and  France;  Sitka  (Middendorff).  Very  common  in 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Casco  Bay,  from  above  low-water  mark  to  60 
fathoms.  Rare  and  local  south  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 

DOTO  co  BOX  AT  A  L  >v6  Q.     Plate  XXV,  fig.  170.     (p.  400.) 

Arch.  Scand.  Nat.,  p.  151  (t.  Sti.mpson);  Ofvers.  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forliand- 
lingar,  vol.  iii,  p.  139,1846;  Alder  and  Hancock,  Brit.  Nud.  Moll.,  Fam.  3, 
Plate  6;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  236,  Plate  16,  figs.  233-237.  Doris  coronata 
Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3105. 1790. 

Xew  Jersey  to  Labrador;  on  the  northern  European  coasts,  southward 
to  Great  Britain,  Holland,  and  France.  Great  E  gg  Harbor,  Xew  Jersey, 
1  fathom,  (A.  E.  V.  and  S.  I.  Smith) ;  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New 
Haven ;  off  Gay  Head,  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  off  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Isl 
and,  4  to  5  fathoms,  on  Obelia.  Common  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco 
Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  low-water  mark  to  15  fathoms. 


372       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [666] 

2EOL1S  PAPILLOSA  Loven.    (p.  495.) 

Ofvers.  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forli.,  vol.  iii,  p.  139,  1846  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p. 
238,  fig.  518,  and  Plate  18,  figs.  257-263.  Limax  papiUosus  Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed. 
xii,  vol.  i,  p.  1082,  1767.  ^Eolls  fannacea  Gould,  MSS.  ;  Stiuipsou,  Invert. 
Grand  Marian,  p.  25,  1853. 

Rhode  Island  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to 
Great  Britain.  Eare  south  of  Cape  Cod;  Watch  Hill,  among  roots  of 
Lamina/rice  ;  very  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  above 
low-water  mark  to  20  fathoms. 


,  OR  MoNTAG-UA.    Species  undetermined,    (p.  495.) 
A  species  about  an  inch  long,  with  bright  red,  fusiform  branchiae,  ar 

ranged  in  seven  or  eight  transverse  clusters  on  each  side.     Foot  with 

prominent  and  acute  auricles  anteriorly. 
Off  Gay  Head,  4  to  5  fathoms,  rocks. 

MONTAGUA  PILATA  Verrill.     (p.  383.)          A£  J2Z-J 

J2o1i8  pilataGonld,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  243,  Plato  19,  fig?.  270,  277,  279,  231,  1870. 
^Eolidia  pllata,  this  Report,  p.  383.     (See  errata.) 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay.     Abundant  in  New  Haven 
Harbor,  on  piles  of  Long  Wharf. 

MONTAG-UA  VERMIFERA  ¥emtt^l?u 

^Eolls  vermtfenis  S.  Smith,  Annals  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  vol.  ix,  p.  391,  1870. 

Greenport,  Long  Island  (Smith).     Long  Island  Sound,  off  Thimble 
Islands,  4  to  5  fathoms,  among  rocks. 

The  specimens  from  Thimble  Islands  differ  somewhat  from  the  original 
description.  They  were  about  half  an  inch  long;  moderately  stout; 
the  foot  lanceolate,  rapidly  tapered  posteriorly  to  a  point,  but  not  pro 
duced  far  beyond  the  branchiae,  nor  slender-pointed;  anteriorly  the 
angles  are  somewhat  produced,  triangular,  and  pointed,  their  length 
equal  to  about  half  the  breadth  of  the  foot.  Head  rounded  ;  tentacles 
rather  stout,  obtuse  ;  the  oral  longer  than  the  dorsal  ones  ;  the  latter 
are  transversely  wrinkled.  The  branchial  papilla)  are  fusiform,  moder 
ately  stout,  obtuse,  arranged  in  about  twelve  transverse  rows  on  each 
side,  forming  six  clusters,  the  two  rows  forming  each  cluster  separated 
by  a  narrow  elliptical  naked  space,  narrower  than  the  spaces  between 
the  clusters  ;  in  each  anterior  row  there  are  six  or  seven  papillae, 
the  upper  ones  larger,  the  lowest  short  and  blunt.  Foot  translucent, 
white,  with  a  flake-white  streak  on  the  upper  side  posteriorly  ;  body  pale 
yellowish,  minutely  specked  with  greenish  and  flake-  white  ;  back  of  the 
dorsal  tentacles  there  is,  on  each  side,  an  orange  patch,  and  there 
are  others  along  the  back;  papilla?  dark  brown  internally,  irregu 
larly  specked  with  flake-white  externally,  forming  toward  the  end  an 
ill-defined  white  ring  ;  the  extreme  tips  are  white;  tentacles  similar  in 
color  to  the  body. 


[G67]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    uF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        373 

MONTAGU  A  GOULDII  Verrill,  sp.  HOV. 

Body  elongated,  rather  slender ;  foot  with  the  anterior  angles  only 
slightly  prominent,  and  obtusely  rounded;  posteriorly  it  tapers  gradu 
ally  to  an. elongated  slender  point.  Tentacles  long,  slender,  not  serrate, 
the  dorsal  ones  a  little  longer  than  the  oral ;  eyes  small,  black  j  branchial 
papilla?  fusiform,  moderately  stout,  grouped  in  eight  or  more  tranverse 
rows  on  each  side,  the  rows  being  grouped  two  by  two,  so  as  to  form 
transverse  clusters,  with  two  rows  each,  the  rows  of  the  clusters  being 
separated  by  spaces  narrower  than  those  between  the  clusters.  Color 
of  body  light  yellow  or  tinged  with  pale  orange;  tentacles  pale  orange, 
with  a  flake-white  stripe  on  the  posterior  surface ;  branchial  papillae 
dark  brown  or  reddish  brown  internally,  with  a  ring  of  opaque  white 
close  to  the  tips. 

Length  about  20nmi. 

Oft'  Thimble  Island,  in  4  to  5  fathoms,  with  the  preceding  species. 

This  is  nearly  allied  to  M.  Nananensis  Stimpson,  but  the  angles  of  the 
foot  are  less  produced  and  not  acute,  and  the  proportions  of  the  tenta 
cles  are  different.  Dr.  Gould  seems  to  have  confounded  this  species- 
with  M.  diversa  (JEolis  diver sa  Couth.),  and  one  of  his  figures  (Plate 
19,  fig.  280)  apparently  represents  this  species  ;  but  certainly  does  not 
represent  M.  diversa,  which  was  originally  described  and  figured  as  hav 
ing  the  oral  tentacles  longer  than  the  dorsals  (See  Gould's  figs.  267,  268, 
copied  from  Couthouy.) 

CORYPIIELLA  GYMNOTA  Verrill. 

Eolis  ( Tergipcs)  gymnota  Couthouy,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  69,  Plate  1. 
fig.  3,  1838;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  7;  ed.  ii,  p.  249,  Plate  16,  tigs.  233-241. 
Montagna  gymnota  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  74.  Carolina  gymnota. 
this  Report,  p.  383.  (See  errata.) 

Wood's  Hole  to  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
TEBGIPES  DESPECTUS  Adams,    (p.  495.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  76,  1858.  Eolldia  dcapecta  Johnston,  Loud. 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  viii.  p.  378,  fig.  35e.  Eolis  despecta  Alder  and  Hancock, 
Brit.  Nud.  Moll.,  Fara.  3,  Plate  37.  JEolis  (Tcrgipcs)  dcspcct-a  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  ii,  p.  248,  Plate  16,  figs.  222-225. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Bay  of  Fumly  and  northward ;  northern 
coasts  of  Europe  to  Great  Britain.  Off  Watch  Hill,  4  to  5  fathoms,  on 
Laminaricii  among  hydroids.  abundant ;  Casco  Bay ;  Eastport  .Harbor. 

HEIOL/EA  CRUCIATA  A.  Agassiz,  MSS.    Plate  25.,  fig.  175. 

Gould,  Invert,,  ed.  ii,  p.  253,  Plate  17,  fig.  256. 

Naushon  Island  (A.  Agassiz). 
ELYSIA  OHLOROTICA  Gould.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  172.    (p.  480.) 

Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  255,  Plate  17,  figs.  251-255, 1870. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  in  pools  on  salt-marsh  at  lovy-water 
(A.  E.  V.  and  S.  I.  Smith).  Cambridge,  Massachusetts  (Agassiz). 


374      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [668] 

ELYSIELLA  CATULUS  Verrill.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  171.     (p.  480.) 

American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  284,  Plate  7,  figs.  5,  5a,  1872.  Placobranchus 
catulus  Agassiz,  MSS. ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  256,  Plate  17,  rigs.  249,  250, 

J870. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  New  Haven 
Harbor  and  Wood's  Hole,  among  eel-grass,  common. 

P  T  E  R  O  P  O  D  A  . 
GYMNOSOMATA. 

CLIQUE  PAPILLONACEA  Pallas,    (p.  444.) 

Spicil.  Zool.,  x,  p.  37,  Plate  1,  figs.  18,  19,  (?)  1774.  Clio  Jhnacina  Phipps,  Voyage 
to  North  Pole,  p.  195, 1774  (t.  Gould).  Clio  rcttisa  Miiller,  Prod.  Zool.  Dan.,  2742, 
1776  (non  Liune);  Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronlandica,  p.  334,  1780  (description  ex 
cellent).  Clio  borealis  Brugiere,  Encyc.  Metb.,  Vers.,  i,  p.  502,  1792  (t.  Gould). 
Clione  borealis  Gray,  Brit.  Mus.  Pteropoda,  p.  36, 1850  ;  Stimpson,  Sbells  of  New 
England,  p.  27,  1851 ;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  62,  Plate  7,  fig.  7- 
Clione  Umacina  Stimpson,  Sniitbsouiau  Check-Lists,  p.  4,  I860;  Binney  in  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  507,  fig.  754  (poor).  Clio  Miquelonensis  Rang,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat., 
ser.  i,  vol.  v,  p.  285,  Plate  7,  fig.  2,  1825. 

-New  York  to  the  Arctic  Ocean;  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe 
south  to- Great  Britain.  Off  Stonington,  Connecticut  (A.  E.  V.  and  D- 
C.  Eaton) ;  Vineyard  Sound  (Y.  N.  Edwards) ;  Portland,  Maine  (C.  B. 
Fuller). 
The  synonymy  of  this  species  has  been  greatly  and  unnecessarily  con 
fused.  The  Clio  retusa  of  Linue  was  a  southern  Pteropod,  having  a  tri- 
quetral  shell.  In  a  foot-note  on  page  1094  of  the  twelfth  edition  of  the 
Systema  Naturae,  he  states  that  he  had  not  seen  the  genus  0/io,  but 
adopts  it  from  Brown.  He  gives  three  species  mentioned  by  Brown,  all 
having  shells. 

THECOSOMATA. 

STYLIOLA  VITBEA  Yen-ill.    Plate  XXY,  fig.  178.     (p.  443.) 

American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  284,  Plate  G,  fig.  7,  1872. 

Shell  smooth,  polished,  diaphanous,  almost  glassy,  long  conical,  rather 
slender,  slightly  curved  toward  the  acute  apex;  animal  white  ;  locomo 
tive  organs  obovate,  with  the  end  broadly  rounded,  and  bearing 
slender  tapering  tentacle-like  processes  near  the  middle  of  the  anterior 
edge;  intermediate  lobe  short,  rounded  in  front. 

Length  of  shell,  11.5uim ;  diameter,  2""". 

Taken  among  Salpcc,  off  Gay  Head,  Martha's  Yineyard,  in  the  after 
noon,  September  9,  1871. 

Several  other  species  of  this  and  other  related  genera  were  taken  by 
Messrs.  S.  I.  Smith  and  Oscar  Harger,  off  Saint  George's  Bank,  in  1872, 
on  the  United  States  steamer  Bache.  These  may  occasionally  occur 
also  in  the  vicinity  of  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Yineyard. 


[669]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        375 

CAVOLINA  TRIDENTATA.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  177.    (p.  444.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  51,  Plate  6,  figs.  1,  la ;  Verrill,  op.  cit.,  p.  284. 
Anonua  tridentata  Forskal,  Fauna  Arab.,  p.  124,  1775  ;  Icon.,  Plate  40,  fig.  b, 
(t.  Lamarck).  Hyahea  cornea  Lamarck,  Syst.  des  Auim.,  p.  140,  1801.  Hyalcea 
tridentata  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  415. 

Mediterranean  Sea  and  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic.  The  shells 
were  dredged  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  at  two  localities,  in  19  and  22 
fathoms. 

DIACRIA  TRisriNOSA  Gray.     (p.  444.) 

British  Museum  Pteropoda ;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  i,  p.  52,  Plate  6,  fig.  2a ; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  504.  Hyaltm  trispinosa  Lesueur,  in  Blainville,  Diet, 
des  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxii,  p.  82,  1824  ;  Forbes  and  Hanley,  Brit.  Moll.,  vol.  ii,  p. 
380,  Plate  5,  fig.  3 ;  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  27. 

Gulf  Stream  and  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  generally.  Occa 
sionally  cast  ashore  at  Nantucket  (Stimpson). 

SPIRIALIS  GOULDIT  Stimpson.     (p.  443.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  [iv,  p.  8,  ]851 ;  Shells  of  Ne\v  England,  p.  27  > 
Plate  1,  fig.  4.  Heterofmus  balea  and  //.  retroversus  Biuney,  in  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  ii,  p.  505,  Plate  27,  figs.  345-349,  (not  of  European  writers).  Spirialis 
Flemlng'd  A.  Agassiz,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  14,  1865,  (not  of 
Forbes).  Heterofnsits  Alexandra  Verrill,  Arner.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  281? 
1*872  (young). 

Near  Naushon  Island  and  Nahaut,  Massachusetts  (A.  Agassiz). 
Twenty  miles  off  No  Man's  Land,  in  stomach  of  herring,  (S.  I.  Smith). 
Off  Saint  George's  Bank,  in  Gulf  Stream,  (S.  I.  Smith  arid  O.  Harger). 
The  identity  of  this  species  with  the  Lunacina  balea  Moller,  of  Green 
land,  is  very  questionable.  The  description  of  the  latter  is  brief,  and 
no  mention  is  made  of  the  spiral  sculpture,  which  is  an  important  char 
acter  of  8.  Gouldii. 

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 

DIMYARIA. 

..TEREDO  NAVALIS  Linne.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  183.    Plate  XXVII,  fig. 
186.     (pp.  384,  482.) 

Systema  Naturae,  ed.  xii,  p.  1267,1767;  Tryon,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  vol. 
xiv,  p.  468,  1862;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii.  p.  23,  fig.  355;  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch., 
vol.  iii,  p.  171. 

Coast  of  United  States,  from  Florida  to  Vineyard  Sound ;  coasts  of 
Europe,  from  Sweden  (Christiania)  and  Great  Britain  to  Sicily;  Algeria: 
and  the  Black  Sea  (Jeffreys) ;  Senegal.  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey ; 
New  Haven  Harbor,  in  piles  of  wharves;  Wood's  Hole,  in  piles  of 
wharf;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  in  cedar  buoj'S. 

This  is  the  most  abundant  species  on  our  Atlantic  coast,  south  01 
Massachusetts  Bay,  where  it  also  probably  occurs. 


376       EEPOKT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [670] 

TEREDO  MEGOTARA  Hanley.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  188.     (p.  387.) 

Forbes  and  Hanley,  Brit.  Conch.,  vol.  i,p.  77,  Flate  1,  figs.  1,  2;  Plate  18,  figs.  1, 
2;  vol.  iv,  p.  247;  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  466,  1862;  Jeffreys  op.  cit.,  p.  176; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  30,  fig.  357. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  South  Carolina.  Common  in  floating  drift 
wood,  in  the  North  Atlantic ;  north  to  Greenland,  Iceland,  and  Spitz- 
bergen ;  coasts  of  Scandinavia  and  Great  Britain.  Fossil  in  the  Post- 
Pliocene  of  Scandinavia. 

TEREDO  THOMSONII  Tryon.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  187.     (p.  387.) 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  xv,  p.  28,  Plate  2,  figs.  3,  4,  5,  1863; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  31,  fig.  358. 

Xew  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  in  cedar  buoys  (Tryon).  Provincetown, 
Massachusetts,  in  whale-ship  (Atwood). 

TEREDO  DILATATA  Stimpson. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  113, 1851 ;  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  26  ; 
Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  464,  1882;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  32,  tig.  359. 

Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina  (Tryon).  Cape  Ann,  in  buoys, 
(Stimpson).  Provincetowu,  Massachusetts  (Gould).  Greeuport,  Long- 
Island  (S.  Smith).  I  have  not  met  with  this  species  south  of  Cape  Cod. 

XYLOTRYA  FIMBRIATA  Jeffreys.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  189.    (p.  387.) 

Annals  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  iii,  vol.  vi,  p.  126,  1860  ;  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  478, 
1862  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  34,  fig.  361.  Teredo  palmulata  Forbes  and 
Hauley, "  Brit.  Moll.,  vol.  i.  p.  86,  Plate  2,  figs.  9-11,  (non  Lamarck).  Xyl- 
oirya  palmulata  Stimpson,  Check-List,  p.  3, 1860  ;  Perkins,  Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xii,  p.  141,  1869. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Florida  ;  Pacific  coast,  at  the  Straits  of  Fuca  ; 
Europe.  In  an  old  submerged  wreck  near  New  Haven.  From  the  hull 
of  the  "  Peterhoff,"  used  in  the  blockade  of  the  southern  coast  during  the 
late  war.  Frequent  in  vessels  from  foreign  ports. 

PHOLA.S  TRUNCATA  Say.    Plate  XXVII.    fig.  200.    (p.  372.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  ser.  i,  vol.  ii,  p.  321, 1822 ;  Binuey's  Say, 
p.  107  ;  Hanley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  6,  Plate  9,  fig.  26  ;  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  202  ; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  38,  fig.  364. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Florida.  Payta,  Peru  (Tryon).  Common  on  the 
shores  of  Long  Island  Sound,  near  Xew  Haven.  The  large  specimens 
from  Sable  Island  (Gould),  mentioned  by  Tryon,  were  not  this  species, 
but  Zi.  crispata. 

PIIOLAS  COSTATA  Linne.     (p.  433.) 

Systema  Nature,  ed.  xii,  p.  1111,  1762  ;  Tryon,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Phila 
delphia,  xiv.  p.  201, 1862  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  37,  fig.  363. 

Caribbean  Sea  to  Buzzard's  Bay.  Southern  Europe  (Linne).  New 
Bedford  Harbor,  living,  (Gould);  Wood's  Hole,  Massachusetts,  dead 


[671]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        377 

shells  dredged,  (A.  E.  Y.)  ;  Long  Island  Sound.  Atlantic  City,  New 
Jersey  (Tyron).  Specimens  Prom  the  east  and  west  coasts  of  Florida; 
and  from  near  Yera  Cruz,  Mexico  (coll.,  Mr.  Salt),  are  also  in  the 
museum  of  Yale  College. 


^EA  CEISPATA  Morch,  1853.  (p.  433.) 
H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,p.  327,  Plate  89,  figs.  5,  5a,  1853  ;  Tryon,  op. 
cit.,  p.  211,  1862.  Pholas  crispata  Liiane,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1111,1767  ; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  27.  Zirfcva  crispata  Gray,  Figures  of  Moll.  Anirn., 
Plate  338,  fig.  5,  and  339,  fig.  5,  1857  ;  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  ii,  vol. 
viii,  p.  385,  1851  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  39,  fig.  365. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  •;  Iceland  ;  north 
ern  coasts  of  Europe,  south  to  France,  and  the  southern  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  ;  west  coast  of  North  America,  south  to  California.  Charles 
ton,  South  Carolina  (Stimpson,  t.  Gould).  New  Jersey  (t.  Gould). 
Wood's  Hole,  dead  shells  dredged,  (A.  E.  Y.).  Common  in  Casco  Bay, 
in  10  to  20  fathoms,  perforating  hard  clay  and  sunken  but  sound  wood  ; 
also  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  8  to  70  fathoms,  in  hard  clay.  Mr.  C.  B. 
Fuller  has  obtained  fine  large  specimens  in  submerged  tree-stumps  at 
extreme  low-water  mark  on  Jewell's  Island,  Casco  Bay.  Fossil  in  the 
Post-Pliocene  of  Maine,  Scandinavia  ;  and  in  the  Coralline  and  Bed 
Crags  of  Great  Britain.  Its  occurrence  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
needs  confirmation. 

Martesia  cuneiformis  Gray,  1851;  Tryon,  op.  cit..  p.  219.  Pholas  cunei- 
formis  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  322,  1822. 

This  species  was  found  by  Mr.  Perkins  in  oyster-shells,  near  New 
Haven,  but  it  was  probably  brought  from  farther  south  (Maryland  or 
Virginia)  in  the  oysters.  It  inhabits  the  coasts  of  Florida  and  the 
West  Indies. 

Diplothyra  Smith-ii  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  450,  18G2. 

This  species  was  described  from  specimens  found  in  oyster-shells  at 
Staten  Island,  where  they  were  supposed  to  have  lived.  If  really  indig 
enous  there,  it  may  be  expected  to  occur  in  Lang  Island  Sound. 

SAXICAVA  AROTICA  Deshays.    Plate  XXYII,  fig.  192.    (p.  309.) 

Elem.  Conch..  Plate  xii,  figs.  8,  9  (t.  Gould)  ;  Forbes  and  Hanley,  Brit.  Moll.,  vol. 
i,  p.  141,  Plato  6,  figs.  4-6;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  89,  fig.  397.  Mya  arctica 
Liun6,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1113,  1767.  Mytiltis  rugosus  Liuiid,  Syst.  Nat., 
eel.  xii,  p.  1156.  Saxicava  rugosa  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p. 
152  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  87  ;  Jeffreys,  Brit.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  81.  Mytilus 
2>hola(Us  Linne,  Mant.  Plant.,  p.  543.  Saxicava  plioladis  Lamarck,  op.  cit.,  vol. 
vi,  p.  152.  (?)  Saxicava  distorta  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  318, 
1822;  Gould,  ed.  i,  p.  62. 

Georgia  and  South  Carolina  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of 
Europe  to  the  Mediterranean  :  Pacific  Coast  of  America,  south  to  Santa 
Barbara,  California.  Yarious  other  parts  of  the  world  are  given  as  locali 
ties  by  different  authors.  On  our  coast  this  shell  is  very  common  from 
Massachusetts  Bay  to  Labrador,  occurring  from  low-water  mark  to  50 


378       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [672] 

fathoms  or  more.  In  Casco  Bay  it  is  extremely  abundant  in  rocky,  cav 
ernous  pools,  among  the  ledges  at  low- water  mark,  and  mostly  attached 
by  a  byssus,  associated  with  Modiola  modiolus.  I  also  found  specimens 
in  10  to  15  fathoms,  perforating  recent  and  sound  shells  of  Cyprina 
Islandica.  In  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  near  Auticosti  Island,  where 
limestone  abounds,  I  have  found  it  burrowing  in  the  limestone  in  large 
numbers.  South  of  Cape  Cod  it  is  far  less  abundant,  though  not  un 
common  in  Long  Island  Sound.  Yar.  distorta  (Say)  is  common  from 
Fort  Macon  to  Georgia,  and  is  possibly  a  distinct  species.  Fossil  in  the 
Post-Pliocene  of  Maine,  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  Auticosti,  Labrador, 
Scandinavia,  and  Great  Britain  ;  in  the  Coralline  and  Eed  Crags  of  Eng 
land,  etc.  Yar.  distorta  is  found  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

.  MYA  ARENARIA  Lin ne.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  179.     (pp.  357,  463.) 

Systema  Naturae,  ed.  xii,  p.  1112, 1767  ;  Gould,  Invert,  ed.  i,  pp.  40,  359 ;  ed.  ii,  p. 
55,  fig.  375.  Mya  mercenaria  and  M.  acuta  Say,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila 
delphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  313,  1822. 

South  Carolina  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  south 
to  England  and  France  5  northeastern  coast  of  Asia,  south  to  China  and 
Japan  (Hakodadi).  Sitka  (Middendorff).  South  Carolina  (Gibbs).  Fort 
Macon,  North  Carolina  (Dr.  Yarrow).  Comparatively  scarce  south  of 
Cape  Hatteras.  Very  abundant  from  New  Jersey  northward,  both  in 
brackish  estuaries  and  on  the  open  coasts.  Particularly  large  and  fine  in 
Long  Island  Sound  (see  p.  463).  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  from 
half- tide  mark  to  40  fathoms,  those  dredged  being  all  young.  Fossil  in 
the  Post-Pliocene  of  Scandinavia,  Greenland,  Labrador,  Canada,  New 
England,  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  etc.;  in  the  Red-Crag  and  all  later 
formations  in  Great  Britain  ;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia. 

COHBULA  CONTRACTA  Say.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  191.     (p.  418.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  312,  1822;  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  i,  p.  43,  iig.  37  j  ed.  ii,  p.  60,  fig.  377. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida.  Common,  living,  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buz 
zard's  Bay,  in  5  to  19  fathoms ;  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven, 
not  uncommon  in  shallow  water.  Georgia  (Couper).  Fossil  in  the 
Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia,  Northland  South  Carolina  ;  and  in  the  Plio 
cene  of  South  Carolina.  A  closely  related  species  occurs  in  the  Mio 
cene  of  Maryland. 

LYOXSIA  HYALINA  Conrad.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  194.     (p.  358.) 

American  Marine  Conchology,  p.  51,  Plate  11,  iig.  2, 1831 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p. 
64,  fig.  380.  Mya  hyalina  Conrad,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  vi, 
p.  261,  Plate  11,  fig.  12,  1831.  Osteodexma  hyalina  Couthouy,  Boston  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  166,  1839 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  46,  fig.  31. 

Florida  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound, 
Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and 
Bay  of  Fundy ;  low-water  mark  to  30  fathoms ;  Beaufort,  North  Carolina 
(Coues). 


[073]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        379 

CLIDIOPHOKA  TRILINEATA  Carpenter.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  193.  (p.  418.) 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London,  1864,  p.  597  ;  Mollusks  of  W.  N.  America,  p.  226.  Pan 
dora  irllineata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  261, 
1822 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  44 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  62,  fig.  379. 

Florida  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound  ; 
off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms  5  Buzzard's  Bay;  Vineyard  Sound;  Casco 
Bay;  and  Bay  of  Fundy ;  low  water  mark  to  30  fathoms;  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  New  Jersey,  1  fathom.  Beaufort,  North  Carolina  (Coues,  Yar 
row).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia  and  South  Carolina ;  and  in 
the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina.  A  closely-related  form,  C.  cmssidens 
(Conrad,  sp.),  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia. 

PERIPLOMA  PAPYRACEA  Yerrill.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  197.    (p.  509.) 

Ainer.  Journal  Science,  vol.  iii,  pp.  213,  285,  Plate  7,  figs.  1,  la,  lb  (animal  and 
hinge),  1872.  Anatina  papyratia  Say,  op.  cit.,  p.  314,  1822.  Anatin'a  papyracea 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  47,  fig.  28;  ed.  ii,  p.  66,  fig.  382.  Anatina  fragilis 
Totten  (name  provisional),  Amer.  Jonr.  Science,  vol.  xxviii,p.  347,  fig.  1,  1835- 

New  Jersey  to  Labrador.  Anticosti  Island  (A.  E.  V.) ;  not  uncommon 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  100  fath 
oms.  Less  frequent  south  of  Cape  Cod ;  off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms, 
(A.  S.  Packard):  Newport,  Rhode  Island  (Totten);  Greenport,  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith).  Chateau  Bay,  Labrador  (Packard). 

This  species,  when  young,  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with  Thracia 
myopsis  Beck  =  T.  Couthouyi  Stimpsou  (see  Plate  XXVII,  fig.  196),  but 
they  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  structure  of  the  hinge.  The  latter 
occurs  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  etc.,  northward  to  Green 
land,  but  has  not  been  recorded  from  south  of  Cape  Cod. 

COCIILODESMA  LEANU3I  Couthouy.     Plate  XXVII,  fig.  198.     (p.  418.) 

Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  170,  1839;  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England, 
p.  22 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  49,  figs.  29,  30  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  68,  fig.  383.  Anatina 
Leana  Conrad,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  vol.  vi,  p.  263,  Plate  11,  fig.  11,  1831. 

North  Carolina  to  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Vineyard  Sound  and 
Long  Island  Sound,  not  uncommon  in  3  to  10  fathoms;  Casco  Bay  and 
Eastport,  Maine,  rarely  obtained  alive;  banks  off  Nova  Scotia  (Willis) ; 
Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith  and  O.  Harger).  A  related  species, 
C.  antiqiiatum  (Per-iploma  antiquata  Conrad),  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of 


THRACIA  CONRADI  Couthouy.    (p.  426.) 

Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  153,  Plate  4,  fig.  2,  1839 ;  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  i,  p.  50;  ed.  ii,  p.  69,  fig.  384.  Thracia  decUvis  Conrad,.  Amer.  Mar.  Conch., 
p.  44,  Plate  9,  fig.  2,  1831  (not  of  Pennant). 

Long  Island  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  8  fath 
oms;  Casco  Bay,  6  to  15  fathoms;  Frenchman's  Bay,  near  Mount  Des 
ert,  Maine,  3  to  8  fathoms.  Eastport,  Maine,  in  6  fathoms,  and  Grand 
Menan  (Stimpson)  ;  Nahant,  Massachusetts  (Haskell) ;   Ehode  Island 
26  v 


380       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [674] 

and  Buzzard's  Bay  (Gould) ;  Labrador  (Packard).     Fossil  in  the  Post- 
Pliocene  (Leda-clay)  at  Saco,  Maine  (Fuller). 

This  species  burrows  so  deeply  in  the  mud  or  sand  that  it  is  seldom 
taken  alive  with  the  dredge. 

THRACIA  TRUNCATA  Miguels  and  Adams.    Plate  XXVII,  fig..  195.     (p. 

509.) 

Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  38,  Plate  4,  fig.  1,  1842;  Gould,  Invert.,  eel.  ii, 
p.  72,  fig.  386. 

Long  Island  to  Greenland.  Off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms;  Casco 
Bay,  10  to  20  fathoms 5  Bay  of  Fuudy.  Off  Long  Island,  37  fathoms, 
(Gould).  Greenland,  in  GO  fathoms,  (Morcli). 

ENSATELLA  AMERICANA  Verrill.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  182 ;  Plate  XXXII, 
fig.  245.     (p.  35C.) 

American  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  pp.  212,  284, 1872.  Solen  American  us  Gould,  In  vert.  ? 
ed.  ii,  p.  42,  1870  (provisional  name).  Solen  ensis  Gould,  op.  cit.,  ed.  i,  p.  23  ; 
and  ed.  ii,  p.  40  (non  Linue) ;  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  Moll.,  p.  242,  Plate 
33,  fig.  313.  Ensis  Americana  II.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol  ii,  p.  342. 

Florida  to  Labrador.  Common  at  Great  Egg  Harbor.  New  Jersey; 
Long  Island  Sound ;  Buzzard's  Bay  ;  Vineyard  Sound ;  Massachusetts 
Bay;  Casco  Bay;  Bay  of  Fundy ;  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence;  low-water 
mark  to  20  fathoms,  sandy.  Fort  Macoti,  North  Carolina,  abundant, 
(Coues).  Georgia  (Couper).  Labrador,  rare  (Packard).  Saint  George's 
Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Portland,  Maine ;  Point  Shirley,  Massa 
chusetts;  Nautucket;  Virginia;  and  South  Carolina  ;  in  the  Pliocene 
of  South  Carolina ;  and  Miocene  of  Maryland ;  North  and  South  Caro 
lina. 

In  this  species  the  siphonal  tubes,  in  mature  shells,  protrude  about 
35mm,  and  are  united  together  for  about  half  their  length,  beyond  which 
they  are  round  and  divergent,  subequal.  Both  orifices  are  surrounded 
by  a  similar  circle  of  numerous  papillae,  of  three  sizes  ;  the  larger  ones 
are  enlarged  in  the  middle,  acute  at  tips,  with  a  large  black  spot  on 
each  side  of  the  base ;  alternate  with  these  are  somewhat  smaller  ones 
of  the  same  form  and  with  similar  basal  spots ;  alternating  with  the 
primary  and  secondary  ones  are  small  tapering  papillae,  less  than  half 
the  length  of  the  longest ;  numerous  slender  tapering  papillae  are  also 
scattered  irregularly  over  the  sides  of  the  free  portions  of  both  tubes, 
in  some  cases  in  irregular  rows  of  four  to  six,  while  on  the  ventral  side 
of  the  branchial  tube  two  rows  of  alternating  papillae  extend  along  the 
whole  length  of  the  siphon.  The  mantle  is  closed  ventrally  for  most  of 
its  length ;  there  is  a  posterior  opening  for  the  protrusion  of  the  foot, 
and  a  small  opening  just  in  advance  of  it,  and  another  opening  near  the 
middle  of  the  ventral  border ;  the  latter  is  fringed  wTith  small  conical 
papilla?.  Foot  long;  the  end  bulbous,  obliquely  truncated  and  beveled 
laterally. 


[675]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        381 

Solen  viridis  Say.  This  species  lias  been  recorded  from  the  southern 
coast  of  New  England  by  several  writers  (Stonington,  Connecticut,  Lins- 
ley :  Ehode  Island,  Conrad),  but  I  have  myself  met  with  no  authentic 
New  England  specimens.  It  may,  however,  occur 'rarely  and  perhaps 
accidentally.  It  is  not  uncommon  on  the  outer  beach  at  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  New  Jersey,  and  farther  south,  to  Florida. 

SILIQUA  COSTATA  Adams.    Plate  XXXII.  tig.  244.     (p.  358.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  345,  1858.  Solen  contains  Say,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  315,  1822;  Hanley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  15,  Plate  9,  fig. 
28  (non  Leguminaria  costata  Sebum.,  1817  =  Slliqua  radiafa  Lhm£,  sp.).  Solen 
Sayii  Gray,  Griffith's  Cuvier,  xii,  Plate  31,  fig.  3  (t.  Gould).  Maclucra  costata 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  34,  and  fig.  on  p.  24,  1841 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  47,  fig.  370. 

Cape  Hatteras  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Eare  or  local  north  of 
Casco  Bay.  Not  observed  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Common  in  Massa 
chusetts  Bay;  Vineyard  Sound;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 
Comparatively  rare  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven ;  Fire 
Island  Beach,  Long  Island  (S.  I.  Smith).  Coney  Island,  etc.  (S. 
Smith).  Bimouski,  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  common,  (Bell).  Banks  off 
Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  The  earliest  name  for  this  genus  appears  to  be 
Siliqua  Muhlfeldt,  1811.  It  was  named  Leguminaria  by  Schumacher  in 
1817,  and  Maclmra  by  Gould,  in  1841.  The  latter  name  is,  moreover, 
preoccupied  by  Macliccra  Cuvier,  1832. 

TAGELUS  GIBBUS  Gray.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  181 ;  Plate  XXX,  fig.  217. 
(p.  373.) 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London,  xv,  1847;  D.ill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii, 
p.  251,  1870.  Solen  glVbm  Spongier,  Skrivt.  Nat.  Selks.,  vol.  iii,  p.  104,  1794 
(t.  Gould).  Solen,  Guinecnsis  Chemnitz,  Conch.,  xi,  p.  202,  Plate  198,  fig.  1937, 
1799.  Solcn  Car'ibcKUS  Lamarck,  Auim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  58. 
Solecurtua  Caribcvus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  30.  Solccnrtas  gibbus  Forbes  and 
Hauley,  Brit.  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  267  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  43,  fig.  367.  SiU- 
qnaria  notata  Schumacher,  Essai  d'un  Nouv.  Syst.  des  Habit,  des  Vers  test.,  p. 
129,  Plate  7,  figs.  2,  3,  1817  (not  the  genus  SiUquaria  Brug. ;  Lamarck,  1801). 
Siliquaria  'gilba  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  p.  347,  Plate  93,  figs.  5,  5«,  1858. 

Caribbean  Sea,  West  Indies,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Cape  Cod.  Simi 
lar  if  not  identical  species  are  found  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Central 
America,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buz 
zard's  Bay,  not  uncommon ;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  abundant. 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  very  common  (Coues).  Alabama  (Mighels). 
Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida  ;  in 
the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina ;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  North  and  South 
Carolina. 

The  name,  Siliquaria  Schumacher,  1817,  adopted  for  this  genus  by 
several  recent  writers  cannot  be  retained,  because  preoccupied  by  Bru- 
giere,  1791,  and  by  Lamarck  (see  Syst.  des  Anim.,  1801,  p.  98)  for  a 
genus  of  Vermetidce. 

This  genus  is  widely  different  from  the  restricted  genus  Solecurtus 


382        KEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH  AND    FISHERIES.       [676] 

Blainv,,  1824,=J/«cAa  Oken,  1835,  and  undoubtedly  belongs  to  the 
Tellinidce,  near  Psammobia,  as  shown  by  the  structure  of  the  soft  parts. 
(See  page  373  and  Plate  xxvi,  fig.  181). 

TAGELIJS  DIVISUS.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  218.     (p.  435.) 

Dall,  op.  cit.,  p.  251,  1870.  Solen  divisus  Spengler,  op.  cit.,  p.  96,  1794  (t.  Gould). 
Solen  lideits  Chemnitz,  op.  cit.,  p.  203,  Plate  198,  fig.  1939, 1799.  Solen  fragilis 
Pulteney,  Dorset  Catal.,  p.  28,  Plate  4,  fig.  5,  1.799  (t.  Gould).  Solen  centralis 
Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pbilad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  316,  1822.  Solccurtus  Widens 
Forbes  and  Hanley,  op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  p.  266  ;  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England, 
p.  22.  Solecurtus  divisus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  44,  fig.  368.  Macha  divisa 
Gray,  Catal.  Brit.  Moll.,  p.  160.  Leguminaria  Floridana  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  121,  1848.  Mesopleura  Mdentata  Conrad,  Catal. 
Solenidai,  Amer.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  Appendix,  p.  23,  1867. 

Gulf  of  Mexico  and  West  Indies  to  Cape  Cod.  Vineyard  Sound  and 
Buzzard's  Bay,  not  common.  Ehode  Island,  rather  common,  (Gould). 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  common,  (Coues).  Tampa  Bay,  Florida, 
(Conrad,  Jewett). 

MACOMA  FRAGILIS  Adams.     Plate  XXX,  fig.  222. 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  400,  1858. 

Var.  fusca  ==  Hacoma  fusca  Adams,     (p.  359.) 

Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  400 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  93,  fig.  400.  Psammobia  fus.ca 
Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  v,  p.  220, 1826.  Sangiiinolaria  fusca  Con 
rad,  Amer.  Mar.  Conch.,  p.  34,  Plate  7,  fig.  1,  1831 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  66, 
fig.  42. 

Var.  fragilis. 

Venus  fragilis  0.  Fahricius,  Fauna  Groulandica,  p.  413,  1780.  Tellina  Gronlan- 
dica  Beck,  Lyell,  in  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.,  London,  vol.  v,  p.  137,  Plate  16,  fig.  8, 
1841.  Macoma  Gronlandica  Packard,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.,  vol.  i,  pp.  235,  243,  etc.j 
1866;  Dawson,  Notes  on  Post-Pliocene  Geology  of  Canada,  p.  72,  from  Cana 
dian  Naturalist,  vol.  vi,  1872.  Tellina  Fcibricii  Hanley;  Sowerby,  Thesaurus,  p- 
112,  (t.Morch). 

Georgia  to  Greenland.  Var.  fusca  is  abundant  on  the  entire  coast  of 
New  England,  Long  Island,  and  New  Jersey.  Georgia  (Say,  Couper). 
Var.  fragilis  is  abundant  from  Long  Island  Sound  and  Massachusetts 
Bay  to  Labrador.  The  two  forms  grade  into  one  another  insensibly. 

A  closely  related  but  apparently  distinct  species,  M.  Balthica  (Linne, 
sp.),  is  abundant  in  the  Baltic  and  elsewhere  on  the  northern  coasts  of 
Europe,  and  has  been  regarded  as  identical  by  several  writers.  Another 
similar  form,  inconspicua  (Sowerby),  occurs  on  the  northwest  coast  of 
America,  but  is  regarded  as  distinct  by  Dr.  P.  P.  Carpenter  and  others. 

As  a  fossil,  var.  fragilis  is  abundant  in  the  Post-Pliocene  deposits  of 
Xew  England,  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  Labrador,  and  Greenland;  var. 
fusca  occurs  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  New  England,  Virginia,  North  Caro 
lina,  and  South  Carolina. 


[677]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        383 

MACOMA  SABULOSA  Morch. 

TcU'tna  (Macoma}  sabulosa  Morch,  in  Natnrh.  Bidrag  til  Beskr.  af  Gronlaud,  p_ 
90, 1857.  TelUna  sabulosa  Speugler,  Skrivt.  Nat.,  vol.  iv,  part  2,  1798.  Tellina 
proximo,  Gray,  Zool.  Beechey's  Voyage,  p.  154,  Plate  44,  fig.  4, 1839.  TelUna 
sordida  Coutbony,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  59,  Plate  3,  fig.  11, 1839. 
Sanguinolaria  sordida  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  67,  1841.  Tellina  lata  Loven, 
Ofvers.  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.,  Forhand.,  vol.  xi,  p.  195,  1846  (not  Tellina  lata 
Gmelin,  1790,  which  is  a  Thracia,  t.  Morch).  Tellina  calcarca  Lyell,  Phil. 
Trans.,  1838  (not  Chemnitz,  1782==  a  Mactra,  t.  Morch).  Macoma  proxima 
Gould,-  ed.  ii,  p.  95,  fig.  401 ;  this  Report,  p.  503.  Macoma  cnlcirea  Adams; 
Dawson,  op.  cit.,  p.  73. 

Connecticut  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe;  North 
Pacific ;  south  on  the  coast  of  Asia  to  Hakodadi,  Japan  ;  and,  perhaps 
(as  M.  expansa,  a  doubtful  variety),  on  the  west  coast  of  America  south 
to  Puget  Sound.  Off  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms,  rare;  Casco  Bay,  3 
to  GO  fathoms,  not  uncommon ;  Quahog  Bay,  Maine,  3  to  5  fathoms,  soft 
mud,  large  and  abundant ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  4  to  80  fathoms.  Stonington 
and  Stratford,  Connecticut  (Linsley) ;  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I. 
Smith).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Maine,  New  Brunswick,  Canada, 
Labrador,  Scandinavia,  and  Great  Britain. 

The  TelUna  tenera  Leach,  1818  (non  Say),  has  been  regarded  as  a 
synonym  of  this  species  by  most  writers ;  Morch  considers  it  identical 
with  M.  fragilis. 

ANGULUS  TENER.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  180  ;  Plate  XXX,  fig.  223.  (p.  358.) 

Tellina  (Angulus)  tenera  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  398,  1858.  Angu- 
lu.s  tener  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  290,  Plate  6,  figs.  1,  la, 
1872.  Tellina  tenera  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  303,1822; 
Hanley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  65,  Plate  9,  fig.  38 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  68,  fig.  44 ; 
ed.  ii,  p.  97,  fig.  403. 

Florida  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  on  the  coast  of  New 
Jersey,  Long  Island,  Long  Island  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound, 
Massachusetts  Bay ;  less  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy. 
Gaspe,  Canada  (Dawson).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues).  A 
closely-allied  form  (A  declivis  =  Tellina  declivis  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad. 
N.  Sc.,  Phil.,  vol.  vii,  p.  131)  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia. 

ANGULUS  TENELLUS  Verrill.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  22-1. 

Angulus  modestns  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  pp.  210,  285,  Plate 
6,  figs.  2,  2a,  1872;  this  Report,  p.  418,  (non  Carpenter,  1864). 

Shell  smooth,  shining,  more  or  less  iridescent,  with  very  fine  concen 
tric  stria*.  Form  similar  to  that  of  A.  tener,  but  more  oblong,  and  with 
the  anterior  dorsal  margin  nearly  straight,  or  even  slightly  concave ; 
the  beaks  are  at  about  the  posterior  third,  and  scarcely  prominent ;  the 
posterior  end  slopes  rapidly,  and  is.  snbtruncate  at  the  end  5  the  ven 
tral  margin  is  but  slightly  convex  in  the  middle,  and  sub-parallel  with 
the  dorsal  margin.  The  shell  is  often  a  little  thickened,  and  firmer  than 
in  A.  tcner,  but  is  sometimes  as  thin.  Color,  pink,  light  straw-color,  or 


384       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [678] 

white  5  often  banded  concentrically  with  these  colors.  The  hinge-mar 
gin  is  stouter  and  the  teeth  stronger  than  in  A.  tener,  and  different  in 
relative  size  and  proportions;  the  ligament-plate  is  also  longer. 

Long  Island  Sound  and  Vineyard  Sound  ;  4  to  10  fathoms,  mud  and 
sand. 

TELLINA  TENT  A  Say.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  223.    (p.  432.) 

American  Concliology,  Part  vii,  Plate  65,  fig.  3,'  1837;  Binney's  Say,  p.  228  ;  Han- 
ley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  65,  Plate  14,  fig.  10  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  68,  fig.  43  ;  ed. 
ii,  p.  96,  fig.  402.  Tellina  (Peroncm}  tenta  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii, 
p.  499,  1858. 

Cape  Cod  to  South  Carolina.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  2 
to  10  fathoms,  mud,  common  ;  Long  Island  Sound  ;  Great  Egg  Harbor. 
Greeuport, Long  Island  (S.  Smith) ;  .Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues)j 
South  Carolina  (Say). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina 

Tellina  versicolor  Cozzens. 

Jay,  Catalogue  Shells,  ed.  ii,  p.  12,  1833  ;  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  Moll.,  p. 
208,  Plate  26,  fig.  272. 

Glass  House  Point,  near  Xew  York  (Cozzeus);  Stratford,  Connecticut 
(Linsley). 

I  have  met  with  no  shells  corresponding  precisely  with  the  descrip 
tion  of  this  species. 

GASTBANELLA  Verrill. 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  286,  1872. 

"  Shell  oblong,  more  or  less  irregular,  and  sometimes  with  the  ven 
tral  margin  inflexed;  pallia!  sinus  large  ;  ligament  external,  elongated. 
Eight  valve  with  two  small  cardinal  teeth  ;  the  posterior  one  thin, 
directed  obliquely  backward.  Left  valve  with  two  cardinal  teeth  ;  the 
posterior  one  stout,  bilobed  ;  the  anterior  one  smaller.  ]STo  distinct  lat 
eral  teeth.  Animal  with  long,  slender,  separate  siphonal  tubes,  with  a 
simple  circle  of  papillae  at  the  ends  ;  mantle  well  open  anteriorly  ;  foot 
ligulate.  The  curious  little  shell  for  which  this  genus  is  constituted 
apparently  resembles  Gastrana  more  than  any  other  described  genus." 

GASTRANELLA  TUMLDA  Verrill.    Plate  XXVII,  fig.  190.     (p.  418.) 

American  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  210,  286,  Plate  6,  figs,  3,  3rt,  1872. 

Shell  small,  variable  in  form,  swollen  above,  more  or  less  elongated 
oval,  or  oblong,  with  rounded  ends,  compressed  posteriorly.  The  beaks 
are  rounded,  somewhat  prominent,  incurved  but  not  approximate,  and 
directed  somewhat  forward  ;  the  anterior  dorsal  margin  is  deeply  concave 
in  front  of  the  beaks,  but  without  a  distinct  lunule,  at  the  anterior  end 
regularly  rounded  or  a  little  prolonged,  compressed  5  ventral  margin 
slightly  convex,  or  nearly  straight  and  sub-parallel  with  the  dorsal  mar 
gin,  or  incurved,  in  the  different  specimens ;  posterior  end  broadly 
rounded  in  some,  decidedly  prolonged  in  others;  dorsal  posterior  mar- 


[679]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        385 

gin  usually  nearly  straight  for  at  least  naif  its  length,  sometimes  a  little 
convex  and  gradually  sloping  throughout.  Surface  with  fine,  somewhat 
irregular,  concentric  stride,  slightly  iridescent.  Color  white,  with  the 
umbos  purple.  Length,  4mm  ;  height,  2.5mm. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  4  to  G  fathoms,  shelly  and  grav 
elly  bottom,  among  hydroids  and  sponges  (A.  E.  V.). 

Abra  cuqualis  Say. 

American  Conch.,  Part  iii,  Plate  28  ;  outer  figures,  1331 ;  Binney's  Say,  p.  182, 
same  plate;  Stimpson,  Check-List,  p.  3,  1860.  Aniphidcsma  wqualls  Say, 
Jouru.  Acad.Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  307, 1822  ;  American  Conch.,  Part 
iii,  Plate  28;  Binuey's  Say,  pp.  100,182.  Semele  equalis  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour. 
Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  210,  1872. 

Florida  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Cape  Hatteras  ;  rare  and  local  farther 
north.  Stonington,  Connecticut,  from  cod-stomachs  (Linsley).  Fort 
Macon,  North  Carolina,  abundant  (Coues,  Yarrow).  Texas  (Rcemer). 
Charleston,  South  Carolina  (Say). 

The  occurrence  of  this  southern  species  at  Stonington  needs  confirm* 
ation.  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  north  of  Cape  Hatteras. 

Fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 

CiniiNGiA  TELLINOLDES  Conrad.     Plate  XXX,  fig.  221.     (p.  418.) 

Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  vii,  p.  234, 1837;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  56, 
fig.  36;  ed.  ii,  p.  79,  fig.  390.  Mactra  tellinoidcs  Conrad,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  vi,  p.  258,  Plate  9,  figs.  2,3,  1831. 

Cape  Cod  to  Florida.  Common  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's 
Bay,  3  to  12  fathoms  ;  Long  Island  Sound,  less  common.  Fort  Macon, 
North  Carolina  (Coues,  Yarrow).  Florida  (Conrad),  Fossil  in  the  Post- 
Pliocene  of  Nantucket  Island,  South  Carolina,  and  North  Carolina;  in 
the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina ;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia  and 
South  Carolina. 

CERONIA  ARCTATA  Adams,    (p.  426.) 

II.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  414,  1858;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  80,  fig. 
391.  Mactra  arctata  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  vi,  p.  257, 
Plate  11,  fig.  1,  1831.  Mcsodeama  arctata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  57,  fig.  39. 

Long  Island  to  Kiver  Saint  Lawrence.  Stonington.  Connecticut 
(Linsley).  East  Hampton  and  Montauk,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Nan- 
tucket  (Gould).  Common  in  Massachusetts  Bay ;  Casco  Bay,  and  East, 
port,  Maine,  rare.  Nova  Scotia  (Willis). 

Donax  fotssor  Say. 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  306,  1822  ;  Binuey's  Say,  pp. 
99,  226,  Plate  61,  fig.  2. 

This  species  may  possibly  occur  occasionally  on  the  Southern  New 
England  coast,  but  I  am  not  aware  of  any  authentic  instances.  I  have 
found  it  quite  common  living  on  the  outer  beach  at  Great  Egg  Harbor, 
New  Jersey,  and  it  has  been  found  as  far  north  as  the  southern  side  of 
Long  Island. 


386       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [680] 

MAOTRA  SOLIDISSIMA  Chemnitz.     Plate  XXVIII,  fig.  202.     (p.  358.) 

Conch.,  x,  p.  350,  Plate  170,  fig.  1656,  1788  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  cd.  i,  p.  51 ;  ed.  ii,  p. 
73,  fig.  387.  Macira  gigantea  Lam.,  Anira.  saris  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  97.  Mac 
ira  similis  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  309, 1822 ;  Binney's 
Say,  p.  101.  Spisula  soUdissima  Gray,  Charles  worth's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i, 
p.  373, 1837  ;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  vol.  xi,  p.  378.  Hemimactra  solidissima  Conrad, 
Amor.  Journ.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  appendix,  p.  32 ;  Perkins,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  346, 1889.  Spisula  Sayi  Gray,  op.  cit.,  p.  373. 

Florida  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Labrador.  Very  abundant  on  the 
outer  beach  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  Long  Island;  Long 
Island  Sound ;  Vineyard  Sound  ;  Cape  Cod ;  Massachusetts  Bay ;  Casco 
Bay;  Bay  of  Fundy,  low  water-mark  to  10  fathoms,  sandy.  Fort  Macon, 
North  Carolina  (Coues);  Labrador  (Packard);  St.  George's  Bank  (S. 
I.  Smith)  ;  West  Florida  (Jewett) ;  Texas  (Roemer). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  at  Point  Shirley,  Chelsea,  Massachusetts 
(Stimpsou) ;  and  apparently  in  the  Miocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina 
(Conrad,  as  "IT.  similis?"). 

MULINIA  LATERALIS  Gray.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  185,  B.     (p.  373.) 

Charlesworth's  Mag.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  376, 1837  ;  Meek,  Smithsonian  Check- 
Lists,  Miocene,  p.  11, 1864.  Mactra  lateral! s  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad., 
vol.  ii,  p.  309,1822;  Gould,  Invert,,  ed.  i,  p.  54,  figs.  34,  35;  ed.  ii,  p.  77,  fig. 
389.  Standella  lateralls  II.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  382,  1858;  Conrad, 
Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  573,  1862. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Florida,  and  on  the  northern  shores  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Galveston,  Texas.  Very  abundant  in  Long  Island 
Sound;  common  in  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  15  fath 
oms,  mud.  Boston  and  near  Lynn,  Massachusetts  (Gould).  Fort  Macon, 
North  Carolina  (Coues).  Georgia  (Couper).  Texas  (Rcemer). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina? 
and  Florida  (Saint  John's  River) ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina  ;  and 
in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina. 

PETRICOLA  PHOLADIFORMIS   Lamarck.     Plate  XXVII,   fig.  199.     (p. 

372.) 

Auim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  vol.  v..  p.  505,1818;  ed.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  159;  Say,  Aruer. 
Conch.,  Part  vi,  Plate  60,  fig.  1,  1834 ;  Binuey's  Say,  p.  222  (same  plate) ;  Han- 
ley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  52,  Plate  13,  fig.  49 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  63  ;  ed.  ii,  p. 
90,  figs.  398,  399.  Pctricola  fornicata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia, 
vol.  ii,  p.  319, 1822.  Pelricola  dactylus  Say,  Araer.  Conch.,  Part  vi,  Plate  60, 
fig.  2  (MOM-  Sowerby,  Hanley,  etc.);  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  65 :  cd.  ii,p.  92; 
fig.  41. 

Florida  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Massachusetts  Bay;  local  and  more 
rare  farther  north,  at  Quahog  Bay,  Maine;  and  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  as  at  Prince  Edward's  Island  (Dawson)  ; 
Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Very  common  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New 
Haven ;  Buzzard's  Bay ;  Vineyard  Sound  (Lackey's  Bay,  etc.) ;  and 
Massachusetts  Bay  (Chelsea,  Nahant,  etc.).  Fort  Macon  (Coues) ; 


[681]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        387 

Florida  (Conrad)  ;  Texas  (Rojmer) ;  Cuba  (D'Orbiguy).  Fossil  in 
the'  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida  5  and 
in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina.  A  similar  form,  if  not  identical 
(P.  Carolmensis  Conrad),  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  South  Carolina. 

A  species  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  this  was  sent  to  me  in 
large  numbers  from  La  Paz,  Gulf  of  California,  by  Captain  Pederseu. 

VENUS  MERCENARIA  Linne.    Plate  XXVI,  fig.  184  (animal),     (p.  359.) 

Systema  Natunc,  ed.  xii,  p.  1131, 1767 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  85,  fig.  67  ;  ed. 
ii,  p.  133,  fig.  445.  Mercenaria  violacca  Schumacher,  Essai  d'un  Nouveau 
Syst.,  p.  135,  Plate  10,  fig.  3,  1817  ;  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  419.  Mercenaria 
mercenaria  Chenu,  Man.  Conch.,  vol.  ii,  p.  82,  figs.  356-358,  1862.  Crasstienus 
mcrcenaria  Perkins,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  147,  1869.  Venus 
notata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  271,  1822  (variety) ; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  87,  fig.  67  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  135,  fig.  446.  Venus  i>ra'parca 
Say,  op.  cit.,  p.  271, 1822  ;  Binney's  Say,  p.  95. 

Florida  to  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  more  rare  and  local  farther  north,  at 
Quahog  Bay,  Maine;  Nova  Scotia  (Willis) ;  and  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  to  the  Bay  of  Cbaleur.  It  is  not  found  on 
the  coast  of  Maine,  east  of  Kennebeck  River,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
Very  common  in  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Long  Island  Sound, 
and  southward.  Fort  Macon  (Cones) ;  South  Carolina  (Gibbes) ; 
Georgia  (Couper) ;  Texas  (Rcemer).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Point 
Shirley,  Nautucket  Island,  Gardiner's  Island,  Virginia,  and  South  Caro 
lina  ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina  :  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Mary 
land,  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina. 

CALLISTA  CONVEXA  Adams.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  219.     (p.  432.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  425,  1858.  Cythcrea  convexaSay,  Journ.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  vol.  iv,  p.  149,  Plate  12,  fig.  3,  1824  (fossil) ;  Gould,  Invert,,  ed. 
i,  p.  84,  fig.  49  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  131,  fig.  444  (recent).  Dione  convexa  Deshayes,  Catal. 
Conch.  Biv.,  British  Museum,  p.  71,  1853.  Cytherea  morrhuana  Liusley,  Ainer. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  276,  1845  (no  description) ;  Gould,  op.  eit.,  ser.  ii,  vol. 
vi,  p.  233,  1848  (young).  Cythcrea  Say  an  a  Conrad,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  ser.  i,  vol. 
xxiii,  p.  345, 1833  (recent) ;  Fossils  of  the  Medial  Tertiary  of  the  U.  S.,  p.  13,  Plate 
7,  fig.  3,  1838  (fossil).  Cytherea  JSayii  Perkins,  Proc.,  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  xiii,  p.  147,  1869.  Callista  (Caryalin')  convcxa  Romer  ;  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  xlix,  p.  277,  March,  1870. 

New  Jersey  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina, 
dead  valves  on  the  beach,  plenty,  but  perhaps  fossil,  (Cones,  Yarrow). 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  Long  Island  Sound;  Vineyard  Sound, 
and  Buzzard's  Bay,  2  to  10  fathoms,  mud,  common ;  Casco  Bay,  3  to 
8  fathoms,  mud,  adult,  living;  Eastport,  Maine,  rare.  Nova  Scotia 
(Willis);  Prince  Edward's  Island  (Dawson). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina ;  in  the 
Pliocene  of  South  Carolina;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland,  North 
and  South  Carolina. 

The  name  Saijana  given  to  this  species  in  1833  (loc.  cit.)  by  Mr.  Con- 


388       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [682] 

rad,  was  accompanied  by  a  short  description  of  recent  specimens  from 
Rhode  Island  arid  Xew  Jersey.  He  gave  G.  convexa  Say  as  a  synonym, 
however,  remarking  that  it  "  appears  not  to  differ  from  the  G.  convexa 
of  Say,  but  I  have  changed  the  name  because  M.  Broguiart  had  pre 
viously  applied  it  to  a  very  dissimilar  species."  More  recently,  how 
ever,  he  has  indicated  his  belief  that  the  two  are  distinct  (Catal.  Miocene 
Shells,  in  Proc.,Phil.  Acad.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  575,  1862),  although  he  recog 
nizes  the  "  Sayana"  as  a  Miocene  shell,  but  he  has  not  pointed  out  the 
differences,  if  any  exist,  so  far  as  known  to  me.  Should  the  recent  shell 
prove  to  be  distinct  from  the  fossil  one  described  by  Say,  it  should 
therefore  bear  the  name  Gallista  Say  ana. 

In  this  species  the  animal  is  white,  or  pale  salmon-color.  The  border 
of  the  mantle  sometimes  protrudes  considerably  beyond  the  edge  of  the 
shell,  and  is  delicately  undulated  or  frilled ;  the  siphon  tubes,  in  full 
expansion,  are  smooth  and  rather  longer  than  the  shell,  and  are  united 
quite  to  the  ends ;  the  orifices  are  simple,  without  apparent  papillae, 
and  the  branchial  is  considerably  larger  than  the  other;  a  well-marked 
groove  extends  along  the  whole  length  of  the  siphon,  indicating  the 
partition  between  the  tubes. 

TOTTEXIA  GEMMA  Perkins.     Plate  XXX,  fig.  220.     (p.  359.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  1869  (in  errata) ;  by  error,  Totteniana 
(p.  148).  Venus  gemma  Totten,  Arner.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  367,  figs.  2a,  d, 
1834.  Gemma  gemma  Deshayes,  Catal.  Conch.  Biv.,  British  Museum,  p.  113,. 
1853 ;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  419,  Plate  107,  fig.  3.  Gemma  Tottcni 
Stimpson,  Check-List,  p.  3,  1860. 

South  Carolina  to  Labrador.  Very  abundant  in  Long  Island  Sound, 
Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  Nantucket,  and  Massachusetts  Bay  ; 
common  in  Casco  Bay,  and  at  Grand  Men  an  Island.  Nova  Scotia  ( Willis). 
Prince  Edward's  Island  (Dawsou).  Indian  Harbor,  Labrador  (Packard). 
Port  Macon,  Xorth  Carolina  (Cones). 

An  allied  species  (T.splucrica  H.  C.  Lea,  sp.)  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of 
Virginia. 

TOTTEXIA  MAXHATTEXSIS  Verrill. 

Venus  Manhattensis  Prime,  in  Jay's  Catalogue  of  Shells,  ed.  iv,  supplement,  p. 
466,1852.  Venus  (Gemma}  Manhattensis  Prime,  Annals  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y., 
vol.  vii,  p.  482  (figure),  1862.  Gemma  Manhattensis  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  138; 
fig.  449. 

North  Carolina  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Hell  Gate  (Prime).  Greenport 
and  Huntington,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Near  New  Haven,  rare. 
Fort  Macon,  Xortli  Carolina  (Yarrow). 

I  have  seen  but  few  specimens  of  this  shell,  and  am  not  fully  satisfied 
that  it  is  distinct  from  the  preceding.  Its  color  is  not  constant,  some 
specimens  being  pale  straw-color,  others  purplish.  Mr.  Prime  originally 
described  it  as  white. 


[683]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        389 

CYPRINA  ISLANDICA  Lamarck.    Plate  XXVIII,  fig.  201.     (p.  508.) 

Aniinaux  sans  Vert.,  eel.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  290 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  82 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  443. 
Venus  Islandica  Linue,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1131. 

Eastern  end  of  Long  Island  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  on  the  northern 
European  coasts  southward  to  England.  Off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms, 
sandy  mud ;  off  Gay  Head,  Martha's  Vineyard,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud  ; 
common  in  Casco  Bay,  10  to  80  fathoms  j  Bay  of  Fun'dy,  C  to  90  fath 
oms  ;  Saint  George's  Bank,  45  fathoms;  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence. 
Montauk,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Scan 
dinavia,  Scotland,  England,  Sicily,  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  In 
North  America  it  appears  not  to  have  been  found  fossil  hitherto,  and  it 
must,  therefore,  be  rare  in  our  northern  Post- Pliocene  or  glacial  de 
posits,  if  not  altogether  absent. 

OAKDIUM  PINNULATUIVI  Conrad.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  209.     (p.  505.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  ser.  i,  vol.  vi,  p.  260,  Plate  11,  fig.  8, 
1831;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  90,  fig.  57  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  141,  fig.  452. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Southern  Labrador.  Near  New  Haven,  Connec 
ticut,  rare ;  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound,  4  to  12  fathoms,  common  ; 
very  common  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Eundy,  and 
Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  2  to  80  iathoins.  Labrador,  south  of  Straits  of 
Belle  Isle  (Packard).  Huntington,  Gardiner's  and  Peconic  Bays,  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith.)  Off  New  London,  Connecticut,  (coll.  T.  M.  Prudden). 

Eossii  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  New  Brunswick. 

L^viCARDimi  MORTONI.     Plate  XXIX,  fig.  208.     (p.  358.) 

Perkins,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  150, 1869.  Cardlum  Moiioni  Con 
rad,  op.  cit.,  vol.  vi,  p.  259,  Plate  10,  figs.  5,6,7;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  91; 
Liovardiiim  Morton  i  Stimpson,  Check-List,  p.  2, 1850  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p. 
143,  fig.  453. 

Florida  and  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Cape  Cod ; 
rare  and  local  farther  north.  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Buzzard's 
Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  and  about  Nantucket.  Dartmouth  Lakes,  Hal 
ifax,  Nova  Scotia  (Willis,  t.  Gould).  West  Florida  (Jewett).  Fort  Macon 
(Coues).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

Serripes  Groiilandicm  Beck  (Aphrodite  Gronlandica  Stimpson  ;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  144,  fig.  454).  This  species  wasrecorded  as  from  Storiing- 
ton,  Connecticut,  by  Linsley,  but  has  not  since  been  found  south  of  Cape 
Cod,  and  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  a  doubtful  inhabitant  of  our 
waters.  It  occurs  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  but  is 
rare  south  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  Labrador.  Casco  Bay 
and  Mount  Desert,  Maine,  8  to  30  fathoms,  rare,  (A.  E.  V.). 

CYCLOCARDIA  BOREALIS  Conrad.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  210.    (p.  418.) 

Ainer.  Jouru.  Concliology,  vol.  iii,  p.  191,  1867.  Cardita  ~borcalis  Conrad,  Amer. 
Mar.  Conch.,  p.  39,  Plate  8,  fig.  1, 1831 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  94,  fig.  59 ;  ed.  ii, 
p.  146,  fig.  455.  Actinoboliis  lorcalis  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  487, 1858. 


390  •    EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [6S4] 

(?)  Venericardia  crlbraria  Say,  Arner.  Condi.,  Part  v,  cover,  1832  ;  Binney's  Say, 
p.  '205.  (?)  Venericardia  granulata  Say,  Jour.  A.  Nat.  Sci., Philadelphia,  vol. 
iv,  p.  142,  Plate  12,  fig.  1.  Cardita  granulata  Conrad,  Fossils  of  Medial  Tert. 
of  U.  S.,  p.  13,  Plate  7,  fig.  1. 

Xew  Jersey  to  Labrador.  Common  in  the  deeper  parts  of  Vineyard 
Sound,  near  its  month,  and  off  Gay  Head  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  10  to  25 
fathoms;  off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms ;  very  common  in  Casco Bay,  Bay 
of  Fuudy,  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  3  to  80  fathoms.  Sandy  Hook, 
and  Montauk,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Off  Xew  London,  Connecticut 
(T.  M.  Pradden).  Saint  George's  Bank,  25  to  65  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith). 
Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  50  fathoms;  Chateau  Bay,  50  fathoms ;  Long  Island, 
Labrador,  15  fathoms,  (Packard).  A  species,. regarded  as  identical  by 
Dr.  Carpenter,  occurs  on  the  North  Pacific  coast  of  America  as  far  south 
as  Catalina  Island,  and  on  the  northeast  coast  of  Asia. 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Gardiner's  Island;  IsTantucket  and  Point 
Shirley,  Massachusetts ;  and  Labrador.  The  Miocene  form,  C.  granu 
lata  (Say,  sp.)  is  very  closely  allied  to  this,  if  not  identical.  It  is  found 
in  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

CYCLOCARDIA  XOYANGLI^G  Morse.     Plate  XXIX,  fig.  215.     (p.  418.) 

Actinobolus  (Cyclocardia)  Nova-anglice  Morse,  First  Annual  Report  of  Trustees 
of  Peabody  Acad.  of  Science,  Salem,  p.  76,  cut,  1889.  Cyclocardia  Nomng- 
lice  Verrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  211,  1872. 

Connecticut  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Mouth  of  Vineyard  Sound 
and  off  Gay  Head,  10  to  25  fathoms ;  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy, 
3  to  40  fathoms,  not  uncommon.  Off  New  London,  Connecticut  (T.  M. 
Prudden). 

ASTARTE  UNDATA  Gould.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  203.    (p.  508.) 

Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  80,  fig.  46,  1841  (provisional  name);  Philippi,  Abbildungen  uud 
Beschr.  neuer  oder  wenig  gek.  Conch.,  vol.  ii,  p.  1,  Plate  l,fig.  1,  1850;  Verrill, 
Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  213,  1872.  Crasina  latisulca  Hanley,  Recent 
Shells,  p.  87,  Plate  14,  fig.  35,  1843.  Astarte  sulcata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  78, 
fig.  46,  1841  (not  of  European  writers) ;  ed.  ii,  p.  119,  fig.  432  (poor  figure; 
from  an  old,  deformed  shell). 

Var.  lutea=  Astarte  lutea  Perkins,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  150, 
figure,  1869. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Law 
rence.  Off  Gay  Head  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  in  the  deeper  parts  of 
Vineyard  Sound,  8  to  25  fathoms,  common ;  off  Block  Island,  29  fath 
oms:  very  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  5  to  100  fathoms; 
Saint  George's  Bank,  20  to  85  fathoms.  Off  New  London,  Connecticut, 
(T.  M.  Prudden).  Southern  part  of  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  (Whit- 
eaves).  Var.  lutea  occurs  rarely  near  New  Haven  (Perkins) ;  and  more 
frequently  off  Gay  Head  and  in  Vineyard  Sound,  8  to  19  fathoms,  with 
the  ordinary  varieties.  It  resembles  the  European  sulcata  more  than  the 
common  or  typical  varieties  do,  but  passes  insensibly  into  the  ordinary 
forms.  The  shells  referred  to  undata,  by  Dawson  and  Whiteaves,  from 


[685]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        391 

Gaspe,  Canada,  are  not  this  species,  but  a  short  variety  of  A.  clliptica. 
The  latter  is  a  much  more  northern  shell,  and  I  have  dredged  but  one 
specimen  on  the  STew  England  coast  (off  Casco  Bay,  65  fathoms). 

Fossil  at  Point  Shirley,  Massachusetts,  in  the  Post-Pliocene,  (Stimp- 
sou,  as  A.  sulcata) ;  and  at  Gardiner's  Island  (S.  Smith). 

ASTARTE  CASTANEA  Say.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  204.    (p.  432.) 

American  Conchology,  Part  i,  1830,  Plate  1 ;  Biimey's  Say,  p.  150,  Plate  1 ;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  76,  fig.  45;  ed.  ii,  p.  117,  fig.  431.  Venus  castanea  Say,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  273,  1822  j  Binuey's  Say,  p.  98.  Crassina 
castanea  Lamarck,  Aninl.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  258 ;  Hanley,  Recent 
Shells,  p.  88,  Plate  9,  fig.  27. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  Nova  Scotia.  Common  on  the 
shores  of  Long  Island,  Nantucket,  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  Cape  Cod  ; 
Long  Island  Sound,  not  very  common ;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's 
Bay,  5  to  20  fathoms,  frequent 5  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  5  to  20 
fathoms,  not  common.  Massachusetts  Bay,  abundant,  (t.  Gould).  Saint 
George's  Bank,  25  to  40  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith).  Halifax  and  Sable 
Island,  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Off  Cape  Sable,  Nova  Scotia  (A.  E.  V.)- 
Oft'  New  London,  Connecticut  (T.  M.  Prudden).  Fossil  in  the  Post- 
Pliocene  at  Nantucket  and  Point  Shirley,  Massachusetts. 

ASTARTE  QUADRANS  Gould.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  205.    (p.  509.) 

Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  81.  fig.  48,  1841;  ed.  ii,  p.  123,  fig.  434  ;  Verrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci., 
vol.  iii,  p.  287,  1872.  Astarte  Portlandica  Miguels,  Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  iv,  pp.  320,  345,  Plate  16,  fig.  2,  1843  (variety) ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p. 
127,  fig.  441. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Mouth  of  Vine 
yard  Sound,  and  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  19  to  25  fathoms,  rare  ;  Massa 
chusetts  Bay;  Casco  Bay;  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  G  to  40  fathoms,  not  un 
common.  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence 
(Whiteaves). 

Var.  Portlandica  occurs,  with  intermediate  forms,  in  Casco  Bay  and 
Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  25  fathoms,  not  common. 

GOULDIA  MACTRACEA  Gould.    Plate  XXIX,  figs.  20G,  207.     (p.  418.) 

Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  128,  fig.  442,  1870.  Astarte  mactracea  Linsley,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  xlviii,  p.  275  (figure),  1845  ;  Gould,  op.  cit.,  ser.  ii,  vol.  vi,  p.  233,  figs.  1. 
2,  1848.  (?)  Astarte  lunulata  Conrad,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  vol. 
vii,  p.  151,  1837  ;  Fossils  of  the  Medial  Tertiary  of  the  U.  S.,  p.  45,  Plate  21,  fig. 
8,  1840;  Gouldia  lunulata  Conrad,  Catal.  of  Miocene  Shells,  in  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  578,  1862. 

Florida  and  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Cape  Cod. 
Common,  living,  and  of  large  size,  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's 
Bay,  especially  at  Wood's  Hole,  3  to  10  fathoms.  Stonington,  in 
stomach  of  cod  (Linsley).  Huntington  and  Greenport,  Long  Island 
(S.  Smith).  Off  New  London,  Connecticut  (coll.  T.  M.  Prudden).  Fort 
Macon  (Cones).  South  Carolina  (Kurtz).  West  Florida  (E..  Jewett). 
Tampa  Bay  (Conrad). 


392       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [686] 

Fossil  (G.  lunulata]  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina; 
in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina ;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland  and 
Virginia.  The  fossil  shell  is  probably  identical  with  the  recent  one,  but 
I  have  not  had  suitable  specimens  of  the  former  for  comparison;  if 
identical,  the  species  should  be  called  G.  lunulata. 

LUCINA  FILOSA  Stimpson.     Plate  XXIX,  fig.  212.     (p.  509.) 

Shells  of  New  England,  p.  17,  1851 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  98,  fig.  404.  Lu- 
cina  radula  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  69  (non  Montagu,  sp.).  ?  Luc'ina  contracta, 
Say,  Jour.  Acad.Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  145,  Plate  10,  fig.  8 ;  Conrad, 
Fossils  of  the  Medial  Tertiary  of  U.  S.,  p.  40,  Plate  20,  fig.  5,  1840. 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Maine.  Off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms,  sandy 
mud ;  off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud ;  Casco  Bay  and  Portland 
Harbor.  Stonington  (Linsley).  Boston  Harbor  (Stimpson).  Phillip's 
Beach  (Holder).  Rhode  Island  (Conrad,  as  L.  contracta). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Gardiner's  Island  (S.  Smith).  L.  con 
tracta  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia ;  it  was  formerly  regarded  by 
Conrad  as  identical  with  the  recent  shell  from  Rhode  Island,  but  is 
probably  a  distinct,  though  closely-allied  species.  Mr.  Jeffreys  identi 
fied  this  species  with  L.  borcalis  (Linue)  of  Europe;  the  latter  is  also 
found  on  the  Pacific  coast  at  Vancouver  Island  and  Catalina  Island 
(Cooper  and  P.  P.  Carpenter). 

CYCLAS  DENTATA.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  211.    (p.  418.) 

Lucina  dentata  Wood,  General  Couchology,  p.  195,  Plate  46,  fig.  7, 1815  ;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  99,  fig.  45.  Lucina  divaricata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  70,  (non 
Linn6,  sp).  Lucina  strigilla  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  17, 1851. 

Brazil  and  West  Indies  to  Cape  Cod.  Not  uncommon,  dead,  but  rarely 
obtained  living,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  14  fathoms.  Coney  Island  (S. 
Smith).  Nantucket  (Gould).  St.  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Fort  Ma- 
con,  North  Carolina,  abundant,  (Cones,  Yarrow).  Georgia  (Couper). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and 
Florida;  and  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina.  The  same,  or  a  closely- 
related  species,  (L.  Gonradi  D'Orb.,  Prod.,  iii,  p.  117,  2194,  t.  Conrad,  in 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  18G2,  p.  577=Z.  divaricata  Conrad,  Fossils 
of  Med.  Tert.,  p.  38,  Plate  20,  fig.  3)  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia. 

CRYPTODON  GOULDII  Adams.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  213.    (p.  509.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  470,  1858  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  100,  fig. 
406.  Lucina  Gouldii  Philippi,  Zeitscb.  f.  Malak.,  1845,  p.  74  (t.  Gould). 
Thyasira  Gouldli  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  Eng.,  p.  17,  1851.  Lucina  flexuosa 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  71,  fig.  52  (non  Montagu,  sp.). 

Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Off  Block 
Island,  29  fathoms  ;  Buzzard's  Bay,  C  fathoms,  mud ;  common  in  Mas 
sachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  5  to  GO  fathoms,  muddy 
and  sandy.  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Gaspe,  Canada  (Whiteaves).  Mur 
ray  Bay  (Dawsou).  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  20  to  300  fathoms  (White- 


[637]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        393 

aves).  Greenland  (Morch).  Labrador,  15  to  50  fathoms,  (Packard).  Fos 
sil  iu  the  Post-Pliocene  at  Montreal,  rare,  (Dawson) ;  Brunswick,  Maine 
(Packard). 

Possibly  some  of  the  Gnlf  of  Saint  Lawrence  specimens  may  belong 
to  the  following  species. 

CRYPTODON  OBESUS  Yerrill.    Plate  XXIX,  fig.  214.    (p.  509.) 

American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  iii,  pp.  211,  237,  Plate  7,  fig.  2,  1872. 

Shell  white,  irregularly  and  rather  coarsely  concentrically  striated, 
much  swollen  in  the  middle;  the  transverse  diameter  nearly  equal  to 
the  length  5  the  height  considerably  exceeding  the  length.  The  beaks 
are  prolonged  and  turned  strongly  to  the  anterior  side.  The  lunular 
area  is  rather  large  and  sunken,  somewhat  flat,  in  some  cases  separated 
by  a  slight  ridge  into  an  inner  and  an  outer  portion.  Anterior  border 
with  a  prominent  rounded  angle ;  ventral  margin  prolonged  and  round 
ed  in  the  middle ;  posterior  side  with  two  strongly-developed  flexures, 
separated  by  deep  grooves.  Interior  of  shell  with  radiating  grooves, 
most  conspicuous  toward  the  ventral  edge. 

Length  of  the  largest  specimen,  15mm;  height,  18inm  ;  thickness,  13mm. 
The  smaller  specimens  have  about  the  same  proportions. 

Six  single  valves,  some  of  them  quite  fresh,  were  obtained  off  Xo- 
m an's  Laud  at  different  localities.  They  were  all  right  valves,  and  the 
smallest  was  12.5mm  of  an  inch  in  height.  The  specimen  from  Labrador 
agrees  nearly  in  form  and  structure,  and  is  only  5.75imu  in  height  and 
5mm  in  length. 

This  species  appears  to  be  more  nearly  related  to  C.  flexuosus  of  Eu 
rope  than  to  C.  Gouldii.  The  European  species  is  nearly  intermediate 
between  the  two  American  shells  in  form;  but  judging  from  the  speci 
mens  that  I  have  had  opportunities  to  examine,  the  three  forms  ought 
to  be  kept  distinct,  C.  Gouldii  is  a  thinner  and  more  delicate  shell, 
more  rounded,  relatively  much  longer,  and  is  seldom  more  than  6min  to 
7mm  in  breadth. 

Block  Island  to  Labrador.  East  of  Block  Island,  in  29  fathoms,  fine 
sandy  mud  ;  off'  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  mud;  Casco  Bay,  GO  fathoms, 
mud.  Labrador  (Packard).  East  of  Saint  George's  Bank,  430  fath 
oms  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Turtonia  minuta  Stimpson. 

Sbells  of  New  England,  p.  16,  1851  (uon  Alder,  Forbes  and  Hauley,  etc.);  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  85,  fig.  395.  Venus  minuta  Fabricins,  Fauna  Gronlandica,  p. 
412,  1780.  Tarionia  nitida  Verrill,  Anier.  Journ.  of  Sci.  vol.  iii,  p.  286,  Plate  7, 
figs.  4,  4rc,  1872. 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Greenland.  Common  under  stones  and  in  rocky 
pools  at  low-water,  in  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Casco  Bay.  Although 
this  species  has  not  yet  been  found  south  of  Cape  Cod,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  it  will  probably  be  found  hereafter  on  the  more  exposed  rocky 
shores,  as  at  Point  Judith,  Watch  Hill,  or  on  some  of  the  outer  islands- 


394       KEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [688] 

The  American  specimens  of  this  shell  differ  so  widely  in  form,  and 
especially  in  the  structure  of  the  hinge,  from  all  the  European  speci 
mens  with  which  I  have  compared  them,  as  well  as  from  the  descrip 
tions  and  figures,  that  I  cannot  regard  them  as  identical.  Dr.  Gould  has 
well  defined  the  form  and  external  characters  of  our  shell.  I  have  seen 
no  European  specimens  so  elongated  in  form  as  the  American  examples 
seen  by  me  invariably  are,  but  depend  less  on  the  external  form  than  on 
the  structure  of  the  hinge  for  distinguishing  them.  (See  the  greatly  en 
larged  figure  in  the  Anier.  Journal  of  Science). 

Having  had  opportunities  to  study  northern  specimens  of  this  shell, 
since  I  gave  it  the  name  nitida,  I  have  become  fully  satisfied  that  the 
original  shell  described  by  Eabricius  is  identical  with  the  American 
species,  rather  than  with  the  European.  His  description  corresponds 
well  with  our  best  specimens.  The  European  species,  if,  as  I  believe, 
distinct  from  ours,  should,  therefore,  retain  the  name  T.  purpurea  (Mon 
tagu,  sp.  )j  and  minuta  should  be  restored  to  the  American  form. 

KELLIA  PLANULATA  Stimpson.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  22G.    (p.  310.) 

Shells  of 'New  England,  p.  17,  1851  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  83,  fig,  393.     A'eUia 
ndn-a  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  60,  (non  Montagu,  sp.). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland.  Near  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  rare  $ 
Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  1  to  8  fathoms,  not  common  $  Casco 
Bay  ;  Eastport,  Maine,  8  to  15  fathoms ;  Bay  of  Fundy.  Montauk  and 
Greeuport,  Long  Island,  low-water  to  G  fathoms,  mud  5  and  Gull  Island, 
low-water,  under  stones,  (S.  Smith).  Boston  Harbor,  5  fathoms,  shelly, 
(Stimpson).  Sable  Island,  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Greenland  (Morch). 

MONTACUTA  ELEVATA  Stimpson.      (p.  418.) 

Shells  of  New  England,  p.  16,  1851  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii.  p.  86,  tig.  393.     Mon- 
tacuta  l)ideniata  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  59,  1841  (non  Montagu,  sp.,  1803). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Savin  Rock,  near  New 
Haven,  rare;  Naushon  Island,  Vineyard  Sound,  rare.  Greenport,  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith).  New  Bedford  (Gould).  Chelsea  Beach  (Stimpson). 

LEPTON  FABAGELLA  Conrad. 

Marine  Conchology,  p.  53,  Plate  11,  fig.  3,1831;   Dekay,  Nat.  History  of  New 
York,  Mollusca,  p.  243,  Plate  32,  fig.  307,  A,  B. 

Khode  Island  (Conrad). 

I  have  not  seen  specimens  of  this  shell.  It  seems  to  be  rare  and  little 
known. 

A  closely-related  species  (L.  mactroides  Conrad,  Fossils  Medial  Tert., 
p.  19,  Plate  X,  fig.  5,  1839)  is  found  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

.  SOLENOMYA  VELUM  Say.     Plate  XXIX,  fig.  210.     (p.  360.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Pliilad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  317, 1822  (Solemya);  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  i,  p.  35 :  ed.  ii,  p.  48,  fig.  371. 

North  Carolina  to  Nova  Scotia.  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey  ;  Long 
Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  low-water  to  6  fathoms,  not  uncommon  ; 


[689]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        395 

very  common  in  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  5  fathoms, 
especially  in  soft  mud,  in  coves ;  Chelsea  Beach,  etc.,  Massachusetts  Bay, 
common ;  Casco  Bay,  rare.  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Huntington  and 
Greenport,  Long  Island,  rare,  (S.  Smith). 

SOLENOMYA  BOREALIS  Totten. 

Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  306,  fig.  1,  h,  i,  1834  (Solemya  borealis);  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  36 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  50,  fig.  372. 

Connecticut  to Nova  Scotia.  Newport,  Rhode  Island  (Totten).  Chelsea 
and  Nahant,  Massachusetts  (Gould).  Casco  Bay  and  Portland  Harbor 
rare ;  Vineyard  Sound,  at  Cnttyhunk  Island,  rare.  Stoningtou,  Connec 
ticut  (Linsley). 

This  species  may  prove  to  be  only  the  mature  state  of  the  preceding, 
but  I  have  never  seen  specimens  intermediate  in  character. 

YOLDIA  LIMATULA  Stiinpson.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  232.    (p.  432). 

Shells  of  New  England,  p.  9,  1851 ;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  548, 
Plate  126,  figs.  5,  56,  1858;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  154,  fig.  462.  Nitcula 
limatula  Say,  Amer.  Conch.,  ii,  Plate  12,  middle  figures,  1831 ;  Gould,  Invert., 
p.  98,  fig.  62.  Leda  limatula  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  10,  1851. 

North  Carolina  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  in  Long  Island 
Sound  5  Buzzard's  Bay;  Vineyard  Sound;  Casco  Bay,  in  2  to  12  fathoms, 
soft  mud  ;  less  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  4  to  30  fathoms.  Beaufort, 
North  Carolina  (Stimpson,  Cones).  Huntiugton  and  Greenport,  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith).  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  The  specimens  from  Long 
Island  Sound  are  as  large  and  fine  as  the  northern  ones. 

Fossil  iii  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada,  Virginia,  North  and  South 
Carolina;  and  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina.  An  allied  species  (  Y 
Icevis  Say,  sp.,  Conrad)  occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland  and  Sonth 
Carolina. 

Yoldia  myalls  Stimpson ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  1GO,  fig.  4C7 ;  Nuculci 
myalls  Couthouy,  1838.  This  is  often  confounded  with  Y.  limatida,  though 
quite  distinct.  It  is  a  more  arctic  species,  ranging  from  Massachusetts 
Bay  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Spitzbergeu,  but  it  has  not  been  found 
south  of  Cape  Cod,  so  far  as  known  to  me.  The  shells  reported  as  such, 
that  I  have  seen,  are  Y.  limatula.  Gould  reports  the  latter  as  from  Nord- 
land  (McAndrew),  but  we  suspect  that  Y.  myalls  or  Y.  sapotilla  may 
have  been,  in  this  case,  mistaken  for  Y.  limatula. 

YOLDIA  SAPOTILLA  Stimpson,  1851.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  231.    (p.  509.)     . 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  548;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  159,  fig.  466. 
Nucula  sapotilla  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  100,  fig.  61,  1841 ;  Hanley,  Eecent 
Shells,  p.  170,  Plate  20,  fig.  3.  Leda  ( Yoldia)  sapotilla  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New 
England,  p.  10,  1851.  Yoldia  arctica  Morch,  op.  cit.,  p.  93,  1857  (t.  Dawson, 
from  specimen ;  non  Y.  arctica  Sars). 

Long  Island  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  comparatively  rare  and  local,  chiefly 
in  deep  water,  south  of  Cape  Cod.     Off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud ; 
off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms,  sand;  east  of  Block  Island,  29  fathoms, 
27  V 


39  G       EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [690] 

fine  sandy  mud;  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fuudy,  4  to  100 
fathoms,  mud.  Greenport,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Massachusetts 
Bay  (Gould).  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Labrador  (Packard).  Greenland 
(Morch). 

This  species  seems  to  be  unknown  among  our  Post-Pliocene  shells. 
Having  examined  several  hundred  specimens  from  many  different  local 
ities  and  depths,  I  am  satisfied  that  it  is  perfectly  distinct  from  Y.  lima- 
tula,  with  which  certain  writers  are  inclined  to  unite  it. 

Yoldia  Gouldii. 

Nncula  Gonldii  DeKay,  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  180,  Plate  13,  fig. 
•221,  1843. 

This  was  originally  described  by  Dekay  as  from  Long  Island  Sound. 
I  have  seen  no  specimens  corresponding  with  the  description  in  all 
respects.  It  is,  perhaps,  a  short  variety  of  Y.  sapotilla. 

YOLDIA  OBESA  Stimpson,  1851.     (p.  509.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  548,  1858  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p,  155,  fig. 
463.  Leda  obesa  Stimpson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  13,  1851  ; 
Shells  of  New  England,  p.  10,  Plate  2,  fig.  1,  1851.  Nncula  navicularis  Mighels, 
Boston  Journal  Nat.  History,  p.  323,  1843  (non  Couthouy,  Gould). 

Block  Island  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  East  of  Block  Island,  29 
fathoms,  rare  ;  Casco  Bay  and  off  Cape  Elizabeth,  30  to  95  fathoms ; 
Bay  of  Fundy,  40  to  100  fathoms,  rare ;  near  Saint  George's  Bank,  110 
and  150  fathoms  (Packard).  Massachusetts  Bay  (Stimpson). 

YOLDIA  THRACIFORMTS  Stimpson,  1851.    (p.  509.) 

Smithsonian  Check-List,  p.  2,  1860;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  548, 
1858  (thracifeformis) ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  157,  fig.  465 ;  Morch,  op.  cit.,  p. 
21,  1857.  Nucula  thracicrformis  Storer,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  History,  vol.  ii,  p.  122, 
figure,  1838;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  97,  fig.  66.  Leda  thracAccformis  Stimpson, 
Shells  of  New  England,  p.  9,  1851.  Nucula  navicularis  Couthouy,  Boston  Journ. 
Nat.  History,  vol.  ii,  p.  178,  Plate  4,  fig.  4, 1839,  (young) ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i, 
p.  103.  Yoldia  angularis  Moller,  op.  cit.,  p.  92,  1842  (t.  Morch). 

Long  Island  to  Greenland.  Off  Fire  Island,  south  of  Long  Island,  in 
10  fathoms;  and  off  Eace  Point,  Cape  Cod,  in  30  fathoms,  (Stimpsou). 
Not  uncommon,  and  of  large  size,  in  Casco  Bay,  15  to  95  fathoms;  and 
Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  100  fathoms ;  near  Saint  George's  Bank,  85  fath 
oms  (Packard). 

LEDA  TENUISULCATA  Stimpson.    (p.  509.) 

Shells  of  New  England,  p.  10,  1851 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  161,  fig.  468.  Nucula 
tenuisulcata  Couthouy,  Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  64,  Plate  3,  fig.  8, 1838. 
Nucula  minuta  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  101,  1841  (non  Fabricius,  sp). 

Rhode  Island  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  in  Massachusetts 
Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  G  to  80  fathoms.  Nova  Scotia 
(Willis).  Newport,  Rhode  Island  (t.  S.  Smith).  Southern  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  ( Whiteaves).  Particularly  abundant  in  Eastport 
Harbor,  10  to  30  fathoms ;  Saint  George's  Bank  and  vicinity,  40  to  150 


[691]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        397 

fathoms  (Smith,  Packard).    Fossil  in.  the  Post-Pliocene  at  Saco  and 
Portland,  Maine  (Packard)  5  ?  Canada  (Dawson,  as  L.pemitla,  var). 

NUCULA  PROXIMA  Say.     Plate  XXX,  fig.  230.     (p.  418.) 

Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philacl.,  vol.  ii,  p.  270,  1822;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p. 
103,  fig.  63 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  150,  fig.  458. 

South  Carolina  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  in  Long  Island 
Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  Vineyard  Sound,  2  to  19  fathoms  ;  off  Buz 
zard's  Bay  and  Block  Island,  25  to  29  fathoms  5  common  in  Massachu 
setts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  4  to  80  fathoms ;  very  abun 
dant  in  Trenton  Bay,  Mount  Desert,  Maine,  10  fathoms,  soft  mud. 
Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Fort  Macon, 
North  Carolina  (Cones).  Long  Island,  abundant,  (S.  Smith).  Fossil 
in  the  Post -Pliocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina;  in  the  Pliocene  of 
South  Carolina  ;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Maryland  and  South  Carolina. 

NUCULA  DELPHINODONTA  Mighels.     Plate  XXX,  fig.  229.     (p.  509.) 

Boston  Journal  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  40,  Plate  4,  fig.  5,  1842 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed. 

11,  p.  153,  fig.  461.    Nucula    corticata  Moller,  Naturhistorisk  Tidsskrift,  vol.  iv> 
p.  90,  1842.    ?  Xucula  radiata  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  Moll.,  p.  179,  Plate 

12,  fig.  216,  1843. 

Ehode  Island  to  Greenland.  East  of  Block  Island,  29  fathoms  ;  off 
Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft  mud;  Massachusetts  Bay,  common;  Casco 
Bay,  6  to  95  fathoms,  common  ;  Frenchman's  Bay,  Mount  Desert,  com 
mon;  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Eastport  Harbor,  10  to  100  fathoms,  mud, 
common ;  Nova  Scotia  (Willis) ;  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  (Whiteaves). 
Greenland  (Moller,  Morch).  Northern  Europe  (t.  Jeffreys). 

Nucula  tennis  Turtou  (Montagu,  sp.) 

Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i.,  p.  105,  fig.  64;  ed.  ii,  p.  149,  fig.  457. 

This  species  was  recorded  as  from  cod-stomachs,  at  Stonington,  Con 
necticut,  but  was  not  met  with  by  us.  Its  occurrence  south  of  Cape  Cod 
needs  confirmation.  It  is  an  arctic  species ;  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  in  10  to  100  fathoms,  mud ;  and  northward  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  Also  on  the  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  south  to  Great  Britain. 
It  is  also  found  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  New  England  and  Canada. 

SCAPHARCA  TRANSVERSA.     Plate  XXX,  fig.  228.     (p.  309.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  533,  1858.  Area  transversa  Say,  Jour.  Acad . 
Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  269,  1822;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  98;  ed.  ii,  p. 
148,  fig.  456a. 

Florida  to  Cape  Cod.  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  low-water 
to  8  fathoms;  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound,  2  to  10  fathoms; 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  1  fathom.  Nautucket  (Gould).  Long 
Island,  abundant;  Greenport,  3  to  10  fathoms  (S.  Smith).  Fprt  Macon, 
North  Carolina  (Cones).  South  Carolina  (Kurtz).  Georgia  (Conper). 


398       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [692] 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Nan  tucket,  Gardiner's  Island,  Virginia, 
North  and  South  Carolina;  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  According  to  Gould,  found  fossil  at  Provincetown,  Massa 
chusetts,  in  an  artesian  boring,  120  to  200  feet  beneath  the  surface, 
(Post-Pliocene  ?) 

ARGINA  PEXATA  Gray.    Plate  XXX,  fig.  227.     (p.  309.) 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London,  1847;  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  540,  Plate 
125,  figs.  7,  la,  1858.  ArcapexataSa,y,  Jour.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  vol.  ii 
1).  268, 1822 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  95,  fig.  60 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  147,  fig.  456. 

Florida  and  northern  shores  of  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Cape  Cod;  rare 
and  local  farther  north,  in  Massachusetts  Bay.  Very  common  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  low-water  to  10  fathoms ;  Buzzard's  Bay ;  Vineyard 
Sound  ;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey.  On  beach  at  Provincetown, 
Massachusetts  (S.  1.  Smith).  Staten  Island  and  Long  Island,  abun 
dant  (S.  Smith).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Yarrow).  Georgia 
.(Couper).  West  Florida  (Jewett).  Texas  (Roemer). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Gardiner's  Island  (!)  (S.  Smith) ;  in  the 
Miocene  of  South  Carolina. 

ARCA  PONDEROSA  Say. 

Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  267,  1822;  Binney's  Say,  p.  92. 

This  species  occurs  on  the  beach  at  Edgartown,  Martha's  Vineyard, 
associated  with  the  other  common  sand-dwelling  shells  of  that  region. 
The  valves  are  apparently  tolerably  fresh,  though  worn,  and  no  fossil 
shells  have  been  found  in  that  vicinity.  It  occurs  in  the  same  way  on 
*the  southern  side  of  Long  Island,  near  Fire  Island  (S.  I.  Smith  and  S- 
Smith).  But  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  found  living  north  of 
Cape  Hatteras ;  nevertheless,  it  may  occur  locally  in  shallow  water  off 
shore.  The  specimens  found  may  possiblyhave  been  washed  out  from 
submerged  Post-Pliocene  deposits. 

It  is  found  living  at  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  and  southward  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

HETEROMYARIA. 

MYTILUS  EDULIS  Linne.    Plate  XXXI,  fig.  234.    (pp.  307,  432.) 

Systema  Nature,  ed.  xii,  p.  1157,  1767  ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  121,  fig.  82  ;  ed. 
ii.  p.  183,  figs.  483,  484.  Mytilus  borealis  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii, 
vol.  vii,  p.  46;  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,Moll.,  p.  182,  Plate  13,  fig.  222,  Plate 
24,  fig.  256.  Mytilus  pellucidus  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  vol.  iv,  p.  237,  Plate  66,  fig. 
3,  (t.  Gould)  =  variety  pellucidus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  184,  fig.  484.  Mytilus 
notatus  Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  182,  Plate  13,  fig.  223,  1843. 

'Circumpolar  :  Arctic  Ocean  south  to  North  Carolina,  on  the  American 
•coast;  south  to  Great  Britain,  France,  and  the  Mediterranean  and 
Black  Seas,  on  the  European  coast ;  south  to  Monterey  and  San  Fran 
cisco,  on  the  North  Pacific  coast;  south  to  China  and  Japan,  on  the 
Asiatic  coast.  Very  abundant  in  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  Long 


[693]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        399 

Island  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  Massachusetts  Bay, 
Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy  (littoral  to  50  fathoms),  and  northward.  Fort 
Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues), 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Greenland,  Labrador,  Canada,  Lake 
Champlain,  Maine,  New  Brunswick,  Point  Shirley,  Massachusetts, 
and  Saint  John's  River,  Florida ;  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Scandinavia, 
Bussia,  and  Great  Britain  5  in  the  Bed  Crag  and  all  later  formations  in 
England. 

MODIOLA  MODIOLTJS  Turton.     Plate  XXXI,  fig.  237.     (p.  309.) 

British  Bivalves,  p.  199,  Plate  15,  fig.  3,  1822;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  123;  eel. 
ii,  p.  186,  fig.  485  ;  Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  185,  Plate  24,  fig.  257.  Mytilns  modiolus 
Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1158.  (f)Modiola  papuana  Lamarck,  Anim.sans 
Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  17  ;  Say,  Amer.  Conch.,  Plate  45. 

Circumpolar  :  Greenland  southward  to  New  Jersey  ;  on  the  European 
coast  from  Spitsbergen  southward  to  Great  Britain  and  France  ;  in  the 
North  Pacific  southward  to  Monterey,  California,  on  the  American 
coast ;  and  southward  to  Northern  Japan  on  the  Asiatic  coast.  Long 
Island  Sound,  not  very  common  ;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay, 
not  abundant  5  common  in  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  abundant  in  Casco  Bay 
and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  80  fathoms.  Stateu  Island  and  Long 
Island  (S.  Smith).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Point  Shirley,  Massa 
chusetts,  Montreal,  Canada,  Scotland,  Ireland,  Sicily,  etc. ;  in  the  Cor- 
aliue  Crag,  Bed  Crag,  and  later  formations  in  England. 

MODIOLA  PLICATULA  Lamarck.    Plate  XXXI,  fig.  238.     (p.  307.) 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  1819  ;  ed.  ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  22 ;  Gould,  ed.  i,  p.  125,  fig.  81 ;  ed.  ii, 
p.  188,  fig.  486  ;  Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  184,  Plate  14,  fig.  253  ;  Hauley,  Recent  Shells, 
p.  240.  Mytilns  plicatus  Deshayes,  Encyclop.  Meth.,  Plate  220,  fig.  5  ;  Stimpsou, 
Shells  of  New  England,  p.  12.  Modiola  semicosta  Conrad,  Jonr.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Philad.,  vol.  vii,  p.  244,  Plate  20,  fig.  7,  (t.  Gould).  Mytilus  demissus  Dillyn, 
Catal.  Recent  Shells,  vol.  i,  p.  314  ft.  Gould).  Braoliydonies  plicatiilus  H.  and 
A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  517 ;  Perkins,  op.  cit.,  p.  156. 

Georgia,  to  Casco  Bay,  Maine  ;  more  rare  and  local  farther  north  ; 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  and  on  the  coast  of 
Nova  Scotia ;  nor  observed  on  the  coast  of  Maine  east  of  the  Kennebeck 
Eiver,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Very  abundant  at  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey,  Long  Island  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  Vineyard  Sound  ;  less 
abundant  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  near  Salem,  Massachusetts,  etc.;  local  in 
sheltered  muddy  coves  about  Casco  Bay  and  Quahog  Bay,  Maine.  Mouth 
of  the  Kennebeck  Eiver  (C.  B.  Fuller).  Prince  Edward's  Island  (Daw- 
son).  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (Coues). 
Georgia  (Couper). 

MODIOLA  IIAMATUS  Yerrill.    (pp.  374.  475.) 

American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  211,  Plate  7,  fig.  3,  1872.  Mylihis  hamatns 
Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  ii,  p.  265, 1822;  American  Con- 
chology,  Plate  50;  Binney's  Say,  pp.  91,  204,  Plate  50.  Aulacomya  Jiamatus 
Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  513.  Bracliydontes  hamatus  Perkins,  op.  cit.,  p.  156, 1869. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Florida,  and  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 


400      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [694] 

to  VeraCruz.  New  Haven,  common  on  oysters,  lining,  but  perhaps  intro 
duced  from  Virginia.  New  York  Harbor,  on  oysters,  (S.  Smith).  Fort 
Macon,  North  Carolina  (Yarrow).  Georgia  (Couper).  Tampa  Bay,  Flor 
ida  (Conrad,  Jewett).  Texas  (Rosmer).  Near  Vera  Cruz  (coll.  T.  Salt,  in 
Yale  museum). 
MODIOLARIA  NIGRA  Loven.  Plate  XXXI,  fig.  236.  (p.  433.) 

6'fvers.  af  Eongl.  Vet.-Akacl.,  Forhandl.,  vol.  iii,  p.  187,  1846  ;  Morch,  Naturhist. 
Bidrag,  Grouland,  p.  93,  1857;  H.  and  A.Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  515, 1858  ; 
Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  190,  figs.  487,  488.  Modiola  nigra  Gray,  Appendix  to 
Parry's  Voyage,  p.  244, 1824  ;  Hanley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  242.  Mytilus  discrepans 
Stirapson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  12,  1851  (not  of  European  authors). 
Modiola  nexa  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  128,  fig.  86  (young). 

Circumpolar  :  Greenland,  southward  to  Long  Island  ;  Spitzbergen, 
southward  to  Great  Britain  and  Holland;  Behring's  Straits,  southward 
to  Okhotsk.  Not  uncommon  and  of  good  size  in  Vineyard  Sound,  10 
to  15  fathoms,  off  Gay  Head,  etc. ;  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Fundy,  of  large  size,  low- water  to  60  fathoms ;  Stouiugton,  Connecticut, 
in  stomach  of  cod,  (Linsley). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Maine,  Canada,  Labrador,  and  Northern 
Europe. 
MODIOLARIA  DISCORS  Beck. 

Love"n,  Ofvers.  af  Kongl.Vet.-Akad.  Forhandl.,  vol.  iii,  p.  187, 1846 ;  Gould,  Invert., 
ed.  ii,  p.  83,  figs.  489,  490.  Mytilus  discors  Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,p.  1159; 
Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  12,  (wow  Gould,  ed.  i).  Mytilus  discrepans 
Montagu,  Test.  Brit.,  p.  169.  Modiola  discrepans  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed. 
ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  23;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  129,  fig.  83.  Modiola  laevigata  Gray, 
Appendix  to  Parry's  Second  Voyage,  p.  245.  Mytilus  lemgatus  Stiinpson,  Shells 
of  New  England,, p.  12.  Modiolaria  Icevigata  Loven,  op.  cit.,  p.  187, 1846;  Stiinp- 
son,  Check-List,  p.  2, 1860 ;  this  Report,  p.  509. 

Circumpolar:  Greenland,  southward  to  Long  Island;  Einmark, 
southward  to  Great  Britain;  Behring's  Straits,  southward  to  Puget 
Sound.  Very  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to 
100  fathoms;  not  uncommon  in  Massachusetts  Bay;  rare  and  local 
south  of  Cape  Cod.  Saint  George's  Bank  and  vicinity,  common,  (S.  I. 
Smith,  Packard).  Gardiner's  Bay,  Long  Island,  rare,  (S.  Smith).  North 
of  Hebrides,  in  530  fathoms,  (t.  Jeffreys). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada,  Greenland,  and  Northern 
Europe.  I  am  unable  to  separate  M.  Iccvigata,  as  a  species,  from  the 
ordinary  New  England  form,  usually  referred  to  M.  discors,  the  differ 
ences  being  due  chiefly  to  age.  The  common  European  form  of  discors 
shows  more  differences,  but  is  probably  only  a  dwarf  variety  of  the 
same  species. 
MODIOLARIA  CORRUGATA  Morch.  Plate  XXXI,  fig.  235.  (p.  509.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  94, 1857;  Stimpson,  Check-List,  Smithsonian  lust.,  p.  2,  1860;  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  193,  fig.  491.  Mytilus  corrugatus  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New 
England,  p.  12,  1851.  Mytilus  discors  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  130,  fig.  84  (non 
Linu6,  sp.). 

Long  Island  to  Greenland  and  Northern  Europe.     Off  Martha's  Vine- 


[695]       INYERTEBKATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        401 

yard  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  20  to  25  fathoms,  rare;  Casco  Bay,  15  to  95 
fathoms,  Dot  common ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  100  fathoms,  frequent. 
Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith,  A.  S.  Packard).  Gardiner's  Bay,  5 
fathoms,  one  specimen,  (S.  Smith).  Off  New  London,  Connecticut  (T. 
M.  Prudden).  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  (Whiteaves).  Murray  Bay 
(Dawson).  Nova  Scotia  (Willis).  Labrador  (Packard).  Arctic  Ocean, 
near  Behring's  Straits,  30  fathoms,  (Stimpson,  N.  P.  Expl.  Exp., 
t.  Gould). 
Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  (Dawson). 

CRENELLA  GLANDULA  Adams.    Plate  XXXI,  fig.  233.    (p.  418.) 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  ii,  p.  515,  1858;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  194,  fig. 
492.  Modlola  (jlandula  Totten,  American  Journal  Science,  ser.  i,  vol.  xxvi, 
p.  367,  figs.  3,  e,  f,  g,  1834;  Gonld,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  131,  fig.  87  (pars).  Mijtilus 
decussatus  Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  p.  11, 1851,  (non  Montagu,  sp.)  ; 
Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  186,  Plate  22,  fig.  248. 

Connecticut  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard 
Sound,  5  to  15  fathoms,  not  uncommon  ;  off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms,  soft 
mud  ;  off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms,  sandy  mud ;  common  in  Massa 
chusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  3  to  60  fathoms.  Halifax 
(Willis).  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  at  Gaspe  (Whiteaves).  Gardiner's 
Bay,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith).  Stonington  (Linsley).  Off  New  London, 
Connecticut  (T.  M.  Prudden).  Sandy  Hook,  New  Jersey  (Fergu 
son).  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  at  Montreal,  Canada  (Dawson).  A 
related  species,  C.  cequilaterata  Conrad  (H.  C.  Lea,  sp.)  occurs  in  the 
Miocene  of  Virginia. 

This  species  was  undoubtedly  confounded  with  C.  decussata  (Montagu, 
sp.)  by  both  Gould  and  Stimpson.  The  genuine  decussata  is  quite  com 
mon  in  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  and  is 
usually  associated  in  those  waters  with  C.  glandula.  It  is  a  northern, 
and  common  European  species,  and  is  also  recorded  from  the  North 
Pacific  coast  of  America  by  Dr.  P.  P.  Carpenter.  It  also  occurs  in 
Greenland  (Morch). 

MONOMYARIA. 

PECTEN  IRRADIANS  Lamarck.    Plate  XXXII,  fig.  238.    (p.  374.) 

Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  1819  ;  ed.  ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  143;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  199, 
fig.  496.  Pecten  concentricus  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philacl.,  vol.  ii,  p. 
259,1822;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  134,  fig.  88;  Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  172,  Plate  9, 
fig.  205. 

Florida  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Cape  Coxl ; 
rare  and  local  farther  north  in  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  and  Nova  Scotia 
(Willis).  Very  common  in  Vineyard  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  shores  of 
Long  Island  and  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida  (Conrad,  E.  Jewett).  Texas  (Kcerner). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  North  Carolina  and  Tampa  Bay, 
Florida ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South  Carolina;  and  in  the  Miocene  of 


402       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [696] 

Maryland.     Dug  up  from  beneath  the  mud  in  the  harbor  of  Portland, 
Maine,  in  a  semi  fossil  state  by  the  mud-dredging  machines  (Fuller). 

PECTEN  ISLANDICUS  Chemnitz. 

Conch.,  vii,  p.  304,  Plate  65,  figs.  615,  616, 17S4,  (t.  Gould) ;  Lamarck,  op.  cit.,  ed. 
ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  145;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  133,  fig.  87;  ed.  ii,  p.  198,  fig.  495. 
Oslrca  Mandica  Miiller,  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  No.  2990,  1776 ;  Fabricius,  Fauna, 
Gronl.,  p.  415, 1780.  Pecten  Pealii  Conrad,  Amer.  Mar.  Conch.,  p.  12,  Plate  2, 
fig.  2, 1831. 

Arctic  Ocean  south  to  Cape  Cod,  local  and  rare  farther  south;  on  the 
northern  European  coasts,  south  to  Bergen,  Norway,  and  Great  Britain. 
Not  uncommon  and  of  good  size  in  Casco  Bay,  20  to  70  fathoms  ;  com 
mon  in  the  Bay  of  Fuudy,  low-water  to  100  fathoms.  Saint  George's 
Bank,  40  to  65  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith).  More  common  farther  north. 
Stonington,  Connecticut,  in  an  eel-pot,  (Linsley).  I  am  not  aware  that 
any  one  except  Linsley  has  recorded  it  from  the  southern  coast  of  New 
England. 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Maine  (abundant),  New  Brunswick, 
Canada,  Labrador,  Greenland,  Scandinavia,  Denmark,  Scotland,  etc. 
Naples  (Jeffreys).  Mr.  Sanderson  Smith  reports  fragments  from  Gard. 
iner's  Island. 

PECTEN  TENUICOSTATUS  Mighels.    (p.  509.) 

Mighels  and  Adams,  Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  49, 1841 ;  Boston 
Journal  of  Natural  History,  vol.  iv,  p.  41,  Plate  4,  fig.  7, 1842  (young);  Gould, 
Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  196,  fig.  494.  Pecten  Magellanicus  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed. 
ii,  vol.  vii,  p.  134  (?  non  Gmeliii,  sp.) ;  Hauley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  274 ;  Gould,  In 
vert.,  ed.  i,  p.  132.  Pecten  fusciis  Linsley,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  ser.  i,  vol.  xlviii,  p. 
278,  1845;  Gould,  ser.  ii,vol.  vi,  p.  235,  fig.  6,1848  (young).  Pecten  brunneiis 
Stimpson,  Shells  of  New  England,  in  errata,  1851. 

New  Jersey  to  Labrador.  Eare  and  local  south  of  Cape  Cod.  Not 
uncommon  in  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Casco  Bay,  4  to  80  fathoms; 
abundant  in  Frenchman's  Bay,  Mount  Desert,  Maine,  in  3  to  10  fathoms ; 
common  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  1  to  109  fathoms. 
Saint  George's  Bank,  45  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith).  Nova  Scotia  (Willis). 
Labrador,  2  to  15  fathoms,  (Packard).  Off  Block  Island  (Gould).  Stoii- 
ington,  Connecticut,  in  cod  stomachs,  (Linsley,  as  P.  fuscus).  Coney 
Island  and  Sandy  Hook.  New  York  (S.  Smith). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  near  Saint  John,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Gardiner's  Island,  New  York.  A  closely  related  species  occurs  in  the 
Miocene  of  Virginia. 

ANOMIA  GLABRA  Yerrill.    Plate  XXXII,  figs.  241,  242,  242a.     (p.  311.) 

American  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  213,  1872.  Anomia  ephippium  (pars)  Linne", 
Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1150;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  138;  ed.  ii,  p.  204,  fig.  497. 
Anomia  clectrica  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  140;  ed.  ii,  p.  205,  fig.  499,  adult,  [non 
Linnd.)  Anomia  squamula  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  140 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  206,  youug> 
(non  Linnd.) 

Florida  to  Cape  Cod  ;  rare  and  local  farther  north,  in  Massachusetts 
Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  on  the  southern  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  off  Cape 


[G97]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        403 

Sable,  S  fathoms.  Not  observed  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  coast  of 
Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fuudy.  Very  common  in  Long  Island  Sound, 
Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound;  along  both  shores  of  Long  Island; 
New  Jersey,  and  southward  ;  low-water  to  12  fathoms.  Southern  part 
of  Saint  George's  Bank,  2(1  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  North  and  South  Carolina ;  and  in  the 
Pliocene  of  South  Carolina. 

Linue  gave  "  Pennsylvania"  as  one  of  the  localities  for  his  A.  ephippi- 
unij  and,  therefore,  probably  confounded  our  shell  with  the  European 
species,  as  most  subsequent  writers  have  done.  Gould  has  \vell  described 
our  species  in  its  different  states,  under  the  names  quoted  above,  fig 
ures  499  of  the  second  edition  (our  figures  241, 242),  represent  the  ordi 
nary  adult  form,  which  is  everywhere  abundant  on  the  southern  shores 
of  New  England.  The  specimens  from  Eastport,  Maine,  referred  to  A. 
cphippium  by  Gould,  were  undoubtedly  the  smooth  or  squamose  variety 
of  the  following  species. 

ANOMIA  ACTJLEATA  Gmeliu.    Plate  XXXII,  figs.  239,  240,  240a.    (p. 

495.) 

Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3346,  1790 ;  Gould,  Invert.,  eel.  i,  p.  139,  fig.  90  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  204,  fig. 

498. 

Long  Island  to  Labrador,  and  northern  coasts  of  Europe.  Off  Ston- 
iugtou,  Connecticut,  4  to  5  fathoms  rocky  ;  off  Gay  Head,  10  fathoms, 
scarce  ;  very  common  in  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  northward,  low- 
water  to  80  fathoms.  Greenport  and  Montauk,  Long  Island  (S.  Smith). 

Varieties  of  this  species  occur  frequently  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and 
Casco  Bay,  in  which  the  aculeate  scales  are  more  or  less  abortive,  or 
even  entirely  absent,  leaving  the  surface  either  nearly  smooth  or  irregu 
larly  squamose,  but  such  varieties  are  easily  distinguished  from  the 
young  of  the  preceding  species. 

This  may  possibly  be  a  variety  of  the  true  epMppium  of  Europe,  as 
supposed  by  many  writers,  but  1  believe  it  to  be  perfectly  distinct  from 
A.  glabra. 

OSTREA  VIKGINIANA  Lister,     (pp.  310,  472.) 

Favaime,  Couch.,  Plate  41,  fig  C  2,  1780  (t.  Gould) ;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  136  ; 
ed.  ii,  p.  202;  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  213,  1872.  Ostrea  Virgin- 
lea  Graelin,  Syst.  Nat,  p.  3336,  1790  ;  Lamarck,  Aniin.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  vii, 
p.  225.  Ostrca  borealis  Lamarck,  op.  cit.,  p.  220;  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  137; 
ed.  ii,  p.  203;  Dekay,  op.  cit.,  p.  169,  Plate  10,  figs.  203,  204.  Ostrea  Canadensis 
Brngniere,  Encycl.  Meth.,  Plate  180,  figs.  1-3  ;  Lamarck,  op.  cit.,  p.  226 ;  Han- 
ley,  Recent  Shells,  p.  299. 

Florida  and  the  northen  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Massachu 
setts  Bay;  local  farther  north,  off  Damariscotta,  Maine,  and  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  at  Prince  Edward 
Island,  in  Northumberland  Straits,  and  Bay  of  Chaleur.  Not  found 
along  the  eastern  shores  of  Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Abundant 


404      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [698] 

in  tbe  ancient  Indian  shell-heaps  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  on  the 
islands  in  Casco  Bay,  and  at  Damariseotta.  The  shells,  in  a  semi-fossil 
state,  have  been  dug  up  from  deep  beneath  the  mud  in  the  harbor  of 
Portland,  Maine,  in  large  quantities,  but  native  oysters  appear  to  be 
entirely  extinct  in  Casco  Bay.  Very  abundant  in  Long  Island  Sound  ; 
in  the  upper  part  of  Buzzard's  Bay  ;  rare  and  local  in  Vineyard  Sound  ; 
very  abundant  on  the  shores  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Mouth  of 
Saint  John's  Eiver,  and  in  Tampa  Bay,  Florida  (Conrad).  Texas 
(llcemer). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  at  Point  Shirley,  Massachusetts,  Nan- 
tucket  Island  (abundant),  Gardiner's  Island ;  in  the  Pliocene  of  South 
Carolina ;"  and  in  the  Miocene  of  Virginia  and  South  Carolina. 

The  occurrence  of  large  quantities  of  oyster-shells  beneath  the  har 
bor  mud  at  Portland,  associated  with  Venus  mereenaria,  Pecten  irradians, 
Turbonilla  interrupt^  and  other  southern  species,  now  extinct  in  that 
locality,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  first  two  species  in  the  ancient  In 
dian  shell-heaps,  on  some  of  the  islands  in  Casco  Bay,  though  not  now 
found  living  among  the  islands,  indicates  that  the  temperature  of  those 
waters  was  higher  at  a  former  period  than  at  present.  These  facts  also 
point  to  the  most  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  existence  of  numerous 
southern  shells,  associated  with  the  oyster  and  Venus  mercenaria  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  though  not  now  found  in 
the  intermediate  waters,  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of 
Fuudy. 

All  the  various  forms  of  this  species,  upon  which  the  several  nominal 
species,  united  above,  have  been  based  by  Lamarck  and  others,  often 
occur  together  in  the  same  beds  in  Long  Island  Sound,  and  may  easily 
be  connected  together  by  all  sorts  of  intermediate  forms.  Even  the 
same  specimen  will  often  have  the  form  of  borealis  in  one  stage  of  its 
growth,  and  then  will  suddenly  change  to  the  Virginiana  style,  and, 
perhaps,  later  still,  will  return  to  the  form  of  borealis.  Or  these  differ 
ent  forms  may  be  assumed  in  reverse  order.  Great  variations  in  the 
number  and  size  of  the  costa3  and  undulations  of  the  lower  valve  occur, 
.both  in  different  specimens  from  the  same  locality,  and  even  in  the 
same  specimen,  at  different  stages  of  growth.  All  these  variations 
occur  in  precisely  the  same  way  in  the  shells  taken  from  the  ancient  In 
dian  shell-heaps  along  our  entire  coast,  from  Florida  to  Maine. 

TUN1CATA. 
SACCOBRANGXHIA. 
CiCXXA  TENELLA  Verrill.     (p.  419.) 

American  Journal  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  i,  p.  99,  figs.  12,  13,  1871.  Ascidla  tcnella 
Stirnpson,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  p.  228,  1853 ;  luv.  of  Grand  Manan,  p. 
20,1853;  Binuey,  in  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  24,1870.  f  Ascidia  ocellata  Ag., 
Proc.  Arner.  Assoc.  for  Adv.  Sci.,  ii,  p.  159,  1850  (description  insufficient) ;  Bin- 
ney,  in  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  24,  Plate  24,  fig.  332, 1870. 

Cape  Cod  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence ;  rare  and  local  south  of  Cape 


[699]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        405 

Cod.     Common  in   Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Furidy,  low-water  to  100 
fathoms.    New  Bedford,  Massachusetts  (L.  Agassiz). 

MOLGULA  MANHATTENSIS  Yerrill.    Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  250.    (pp.  311, 

445.) 

Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  i,  p.  54,  Jan.,  1871;  Tellkainpf,  Annals  Lye.  Nat.  Hist., 
New  York,  vol.  x,  p.  83, 1872.  Ascidia  Manhattensis  Dekay,  Report  on  the  Nat 
ural  History  of  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  259, 1843 ;  Binney,  in  Gould's  Inverte- 
brata  of  Massachusetts,  ecL  ii,  p.  25,  1870  (copied  from  Dekay).  Ascidia 
amphora  Ag.,  MSS. ;  Binney,  op.  cit.,  p.  25,  Plate  24,  fig.  333. 

North  Carolina  to  Casco  Bay,  Maine.  Very  common  in  Great  Egg 
Harbor,  New  Jersey,  Long  Island  Sound,  Buzzard's  Bay,  Vineyard 
Sound,  and  Massachusetts  Bay.  Less  common  in  Casco  Bay.  Great 
South  Bay,  Long  Island,  abundant,  (S.  I.  Smith). 

MOLGULA  PELLUCID  A  Verrill.    (p.  426.) 

Ainer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  289,  Plate  8,  fig.  2, 1872. 

Body  subglobular  with  a  smooth,  thin,  pellucid  test.  Tubes  termi 
nal,  contiguous,  much  swollen  at  base,  long,  divergent,  tapering,  reticu 
lated  within  by  longitudinal  and  circular  white  lines  (muscular  fibers). 
Branchial  aperture  with  six  papilla.  Intestine  conspicuously  visible 
through  the  test ;  stomach  covered  by  deep  orange-colored  hepatic 
glands.  Ovaries  large,  whitish.  Color  of  test,  pale  hyaline  bluish 5 
tubes  toward  the  ends,  dull  neutral  tint. 

Diameter  of  the  largest  specimens  about  25mm. 

North  Carolina  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Massachusetts  Bay  (L.  Agas 
siz).  Long  Island  (Coll.  Peabody  Academy  of  Science).  Bird  Shoal 
near  Beaufort,  North  Carolina  (Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow). 

Mr.  Biuney  has  published  (Plate  22,  figs.  315,  316)  characteristic  col 
ored  figures  of  this  species  under  the  name  of  M.  producta  (Stimpson), 
which  is  a  very  different,  sand-covered  species. 

MOLGULA  PRODUCTA  Stimpson.     (p.  502.) 

Proc.  Boston  Society  Natural  History,  vol.  iv,  p.  229, 1852 ;  Verrill,  op.  cit.,  p.  289, 
Plate  8,  fig.  6,  1872;  Binney,  in  Gould,  p.  21  (not  the  figures,  which  are 
M.  pellucida). 

Off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms,  sandy.  Massachusetts  Bay,  low- water 
to  6  fathoms,  (Stimpson). 

MOLGULA  ARENATA  Stimpson.    Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  251.    (p.  419.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  230,  1852  ;  Biuney,  in  Gould,  Invert.,  ed. 
ii,  p.  21 ;  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  iii,  Plate  8,  fig.  5,  1872. 

Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  3  fathoms,  sand ;  Vineyard 
Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  5  to  15  fathoms,  sand  and  gravel.  Nan- 
tucket  (Stimpson). 

MOLGULA  PAPILLOSA  Verrill.     (p.  495.) 

Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  i,  p.  57,  fig.  4,  b,  1871 ;  op.  cit.,  vol.  iii,  p.  211,  Plate  8,  fig. 

4,  1872. 

Body  free,  nearly  globular,  or  transversely  suboval,  usually  slightly 


406       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [700] 

compressed  laterally.  Integument  rather  thin,  translucent,  the  surface, 
both  of  the  tubes  and  body,  entirely  covered  by  particles  of  sand, 
broken  shells,  foraminifera,  etc.,  which  adhere  firmly.  When  cleaned 
the  whole  surface  is  thickly  covered  with  prominent  granule-like  papillaB 
and  numerous  slender  fibrous  processes;  the  granules  are  most  con 
spicuous  on  the  tubes,  where  they  usually  have  a  rusty  color.  The 
tubes  are  long,  subequal,  and  their  bases  are  separated  by  a  space  usually 
greater  than  their  diameters ;  they  are  quite  divergent,  both  of  them, 
curving  outward,  the  anal  tube  most  abruptly.  The  branchial  tube  is 
cylindrical,  somewhat  longer  than  the.  anal,  equal  to  or  exceeding  the 
diameter  of  the  body,  the  orifice  surrounded  by  six  rather  long  and 
slender,  conical,  divergent  papillaB.  The  anal  tube  often  bends  suddenly 
outward,  tapers  slightly,  and  has  a  small  square  aperture,  surrounded 
by  a  circle  of  dull  reddish  brown.  In  contraction  the  tubes  are  not  re 
tracted,  but  are  usually  shortened  to  about  one-half  their  length.  In 
life  the  body,  when  cleaned,  is  pale  grayish,  with  an  almost  transparent 
integument,  through  which  the  convolutions  of  the  dark  intestine  are 
conspicuous. 

The  largest  specimens  are  about  10mm  in  diameter. 

Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  10  fathoms,  stony;  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Fundy,  10  to  20  fathoms. 

EUOYRA  PILULARIS  Yerrill.    Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  240.     (p.  500.) 

Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  211,  Plate  8,  tig.  3;  1872.    Molgula  pilularis  Verrill, 
op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  p.  56,  fig.  4,  c,  1871. 

Body  unattached,  globular,  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  mud,  and, 
when  the  tubes  are  retracted,  looking  like  a  small  soft  ball.  Integu 
ment  of  the  body,  when  cleaned,  very  thin,  soft,  nearly  transparent, 
thickly  covered  with  minute  granules,  and  minutely  fibrous,  usually 
concealed  by  the  adhering  particles  of  mud  and  fine  sand,  but  this  can 
be  easily  removed.  The  tubes  are  naked,  smooth,  nearly  transparent, 
subconical,  slender,  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body,  originating 
close  together, and  but  slightly  divergent,  both  of  them  nearly  straight; 
they  can  be  wholly  retracted,  and  their  bases  are  surrounded  and  con 
nected  by  a  narrow,  naked,  oval  or  oblong  band,  which  is  usually  con 
spicuous  when  the  tubes  are  withdrawn: -in  partial  contraction,  the 
tubes  are  conical,  subpellucid,  reticulated  with  white  lines.  The 
branchial  tube  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  anal,  the  aperture  surrounded 
by  six  acute,  conical  papillae,  and  twelve  small,  dark,  brownish  spots. 
Anal  tube  a  little  smaller,  slightly  longer,  a  little  tapering,  with  a  small 
square  aperture,  surrounded  by  four  small  lobes  and  four  small,  reddish 
brown  eye-spots. 

In  life  the  body,  when  cleaned,  is  transparent  grayish,  the  dark  in 
testine  showing  through  very  distinctly  ;  tubes  greenish  at  base. 

Diameter  usually  about  5nim,  seldom  more  than  6mm  or  8mm. 

Off  Gay  Head,  Martha's  Vineyard,  10  fathoms,  soft  mud ;  Casco  Bay, 


[701]       INVERTEBRATE    ANJMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        407 

10  to  20  fathoms 5  Bay  of  Fundy,  off  Grand  Menan,  Eastport  Harbor, 
and  South  Bay,  6  to  20  fathoms,  soft  mad.  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence 
(Whiteaves). 

GLANDULA  AKENICOLA  Verrill.    (p.  502.) 

Amer.  Jour.  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  iii,  pp.  211,  283,  1872. 

Body  subglobular,  rather  higher  than  broad,  the  whole  surface  cov 
ered  with  grains  of  sand,  forming  a  continuous  layer.  When  the  sand 
is  removed  the  surface  of  the  test  is  reticulately  wrinkled  and  pitted, 
Dot  furnished  with  fibers,  except  at  base,  where  there  are  a  few  long, 
slender,  thread-like  white  ones.  Tubes  terminal,  near  together,  in  the 
alcoholic  specimens  short,  forming  low  verrucse,  swollen  at  base,  the 
ends  a  little  prominent  and  naked.  Apertures  square,  with  four  small 
lobes.  The  test  is  tough  and  opaque.  Height,  about  12mm;  breadth, 
lO™111 ;  often  larger. 

Murray  Bay,  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  (Dr.  J.  W.  Dawson).  Saint 
George's  Bank,  28  fathoms,  sand,  abundant,  (S.  I.  Smith).  Off  Cutty- 
hunk  Island  and  Buzzard's  Bay  (T.  H.  Prudden). 

GLANDULA.     Species  undetermined,     (p.  502.) 
Vineyard  Sound  and  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  10  to  20  fathoms,  sand. 

f  CYNTHIA  PARTITA  Stimpson.    Plate  XXXIII.  fig.  246.    (p.  311.) 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  History,  vol.  iv,  p.  231, 1852;  Binney,  op.  cit.,  p.  18  :  Verrill, 
Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  213, 1872.  (?)  Cynthia  rugosa  Agassiz,  Proc. 
Amer.  Assoc.,  vol.  ii,  p.  159,  1850  (description  inadequate) ;  Binney,  op.  cit.,  p. 
20  (copied  from  the  preceding).  Cynthia  stelUfera  Verrill  (var.),  Amer.  Jour. 
Science,  vol.  i,  p.  93,  figs.  5,  6,  a,  b,  1871. 

North  Carolina  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Common  in  Long  Island 
Sound,  Vineyard  Sound,  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  low-water  to  15  fathoms. 
Boston  Harbor,  4  fathoms  (Stimpson).  Off  New  London,  Connecticut 
(T.  M.  Pruddeu). 

CYNTHIA  CAKNEA  Verrill.    Plate  XXXI  LI,  figs.  247,  248.  •  (p.  495.) 

American  Jour.  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  i,  p.  94,  figs.  7,8,9,1871.  Ascidia  carnca 
Agassiz,  Proc.  American  Assoc.  for  Adv.  Sci.,  ii,  p.  159, 1850  (description  insuffi 
cient)  ;  Binney,  in  Gould's  Invertebrata  of  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  25,. Plate  24,  figs.  334, 
335, 1870  (young),  (f )  Cynthia  f/utta  Stimpson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol . 
iv,  p.  231, 1852  (young) ;  Binney,  op.  cit.,  p.  19, 1870.  Cynthia  placenta  (pars) 
Packard,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  277,  1867  ;  Biuney,  op.  cit.,  p.  19, 
Plate  23,  figs.  322,  1870  ;  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xlix,  p.  424,  1870. 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Labrador.  Off  Gay  Head,  10  fathoms,  stony  ; 
common  in  Eastport  Harbor  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  109 
fathoms;  Casco  Bay,  less  common,  10  to  40  fathoms.  Massachusetts 
Bay  (Stimpson).  Labrador  (Packard). 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  C.  rustica  (Linue,  sp.)  from  Iceland, 
and  may  eventually  prove  to  be  identical. 


408       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [702] 

CYNTHIA  ECHINATA  Stimpson.    (p.  495.) 

Invert,  of  Grand  Menan,  p.  20,  1854;  Bianey,  op.  cit.,  p.  18,  Plate  23,  fig.  326; 
Verrill,  Ainer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  i,  p.  96,  1871;  vol.  iii,  p.  213, 1872.  Cynthia 
lilrsnta  (young)  Agassiz,  op.  cit.,  1850;  Binney,  in  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  20, 
Plate  24,  fig.  336.  Ascidia  echinata  Linn6,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1087,  1767. 
Ascidia  ecliinata  Fabr.,  Fauna  Groeul.,  p.  331,  1780  ;  Rathke,  Zoologica  Dauica, 
vol.  iv,  p.  10,  Plate  130,  fig.  i,  1806  ;  Moller,  Index  Mollusc.  Grcenl.,  in  Kroyer's 
Nat.  Tidsskrift,  vol.  iv,  p.  95. 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Greenland,  Iceland,  and  northern  coasts  of 
Europe.  Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  10  fathoms,  stony,  rare;  common  in 
Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  109  fathoms,  attached  to 
stones,  shells,  and  other  ascidiaus.  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 
Banks  of  Newfoundland  (T.  M.  Coffin).  Labrador  (Packard). 

J3OLTENIA.     Species  undetermined. 

Boltenia  reniformis  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  Mollusca,  p.  260,  Plate  34,  fig.  324 
(non  Macleay). 

New  York  Harbor  (t.  Dekay.) 

The  description  and  figure  of  the  single  poor  specimen  seen  by  Dekay 
are  insufficient  for  its  determination.     I  have  not  met  with  the  genus 
south  of  Cape  Cod,  and  the  locality  given  may  possibly  be  incorrect. 
PEROPHORA  VIRIDIS  Verrill.     (p.  388.) 

American  Jour.  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  ii,  p.  359, 1871. 

Colonies  composed  of  numerous  nearly  sessile  individuals,  which  are 
small,  about  2.5mm  to  3mm  high,  connected  by  slender  stolons,  and 
thickly  covering  the  surfaces  over  which  they  creep.  Test  compressed, 
seen  from  the  side,  scarcely  higher  than  broad,  oval,  elliptical,  or  sub- 
circular,  often  one-sided  or  distorted,  with  a  short  pedicle,  or  subsessile 
at  base.  Branchial  orifice  large,  terminal ;  anal  lateral  or  subterminal, 
both  a  little  prominent,  with  about  16  angular  lobes,  alternately  larger 
and  smaller.  Test  transparent;  mantle  beautifully  reticulated  with 
bright  yellowish  green ;  intestine  yellow. 

Vineyard  Sound,  2  to  12  fathoms,  on  alg»3  and  ascidians,  common  ; 
Little  Harbor,  Wood's  Hole,  on  piles  of  wharves,  at  and  below  low- 
water  mark,  very  abundant. 
r  BOTRYLLUS  GOULDII  Verrill.    Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  252,  253.     (p.  375.) 

Ainer.  Jour.  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  i,  figs.  14,  19,  1871.  Botryllus  stcllatus  Gould, 
Rep.  on  Inv.  of  Mass.,  1st  ed.,  p.  320,1841  (non  Pallas).  Botryllus  Schlosseri  Bin 
ney,  in  Gould,  Inv.  Mass.,  ed.  ii,  p.  3,  Plate  23,  fig.  319, 1870  (non  Pallas) ;  Dall, 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii,  p.  255,1870. 

This  species  commonly  forms  thick,  fleshy,  translucent  incrustations 
on  sea-weeds  and  zoophytes,  the  form  which  it  assumes  depending  upon 
the  shape  of  the  object.  The  masses  are  often  several  inches  in  length 
and  half  an  inch  or  more  in  widt^h.  The  animals  are  short  oval,  as  seen 
at  the  surface,  and  form  circular  or  elliptical  groups,  of  from  five  to  six 
teen  or  more,  surrounding  circular  or  elliptical  cloaca!  orifices.  The 
"  marginal  tubes7'  or  buds  are  numerous  in  all  parts  of  the  common 


[703]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        409 

tissue,  the  enlarged  ends  appearing  as  oval  or  pyriform  spots,  lighter 
than  the  ground-color.  The  branchial  openings  are  small  and  circular, 
surrounded  by  a  light  halo.  The  animals  differ  considerably  in  form, 
according  to  the  state  of  contraction. 

The  color  is  extremely^variable;  several  of  the  color-varieties  have 
been  named  and  described  on  pages  375,  376. 

Brooklyn,  Kew  York,  to  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Very  abundant  at 
Wood's  Hole,  Waquoit  Pond,  and  other  similar  localities  along  the 
shores  of  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay;  abundant  at  the  mouth 
of  Charles  Kiver,  near  Boston.  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  and  Brook 
lyn,  New  York  (D.  0.  Eaton). 

AMARCECIUM  PELLUCIDUM  Yerrill.    (p.  401.) 

Amouroucium  pellucidnm  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  i,  p.  290,  1871 ; 
vol.  iii,  13.  211.  Alcyomdium  f  pellnddum  Leidy,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Science, 
Philad.,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii,  1855,  p.  142,  Plate  10,  fig.  25,  (mutilated  zooid). 

Colonies  large,  complex,  consisting  of  a  large  number  of  small,  elong 
ated,  clavate  colonies,  arising  from  a  common  base,  and  more  or  less 
separate  laterally  and  at  summit,  thus  forming  large  aggregated  hemi 
spherical  or  irregular  masses,  often  six  inches  in  diameter,  the  surface 
generally  covered  thickly  with  adhering  sand,  but  frequently  naked 
over  the  summits  of  the  colonies,  or  even  over  large  surfaces  of  the 
masses,  when,  as  often  happens,  the  central  colonies  coalesce ;  when 
naked,  the  tissue  is  smooth,  translucent,  gelatinous-looking,  and  soft. 
The  small  side-colonies  are  long,  with  a  slender  stolon-like  base,  curv 
ing  outward  and  ascending,  enlarging  gradually  to  the  summit,  which  is 
more  or  less  convex,  usually  with  a  single  central  cloacal  orifice,  sur 
rounded  by  an  irregular  circle  of  individual  zooids,  varying  in  number 
according  to  the  size  or  age  of  the  colony  to  which  they  belong.  The 
zooids,  when  mature,  are  long  and  slender,  varying  greatly  in  length  in 
each  colony,  according  to  the  state  of  development  of  the  post-abdomen  ;• 
the  largest  are  often  20mm  to  25mm  in  length.  The  stomach  is  bright 
orange-red,  and  quite  conspicuous ;  the  slender  post-abdomen  exceeds 
in  length  the  rest  of  the  body,  but  is  not  more  than  half  the  diameter 
of  the  thorax,  and  is  slightly  constricted  at  base.  In  young  individuals, 
not  half  grown,  the  post-abdomen  forms  nearly  half  the  whole  length, 
and  is  very  slender.  The  branchial  aperture  has  six,  short,  round  papil 
lae  ;  the  anal  is  situated  a  short  distance  from  the  end  of  the  body,  and 
has  short  inconspicuous  lower  lobes,  with  an  elongated,  pointed  lobe 
above.  The  branchial  sac  is  oblong,  with  numerous  longitudinal  and 
transverse  vessels  and  a  broad  ventral  duct.  The  stomach  is  about  as 
broad  as  long,  subglobular,  with  the  ends  truncated  and  the  surface 
covered  with  numerous,  interrupted,  longitudinal,  glandular  ridges. 
The  post-abdomen  is  nearly  filled  by  the  large,  elongated  ovary,  which 
extends  nearly  to  the  posterior  end  on  the  dorsal  or  atrial  side,  and  con 
tains  numerous  closely-packed  ovules  of  comparatively  large  size,  and 


410      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [704] 

the  conspicuous  male  organs,  extending  through  the  whole  length  on 
the  ventral  or  branchial  side,  in  the  form  of  a  slightly-convoluted  duct. 
The  posterior  end  terminates  in  a  small,  obtuse  papilla.  The  atrium,  or 
cloacal  cavity,  often  contain  eggs  in  which  the  embryos  are  well  devel 
oped,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  free,  tadpole-shaped  larvre.  The  tunic  is 
specked  with  numerous,  minute,  purplish  brown  pigment-cells. 

One  of  the  zooids  measured  7.5mra  in  length ;  thorax,  2mm ;  abdomen, 
1.5'mn;  post-abdomen,  4imn;  diameter  of  thorax,  .8mm  to  .9min;  of  abdomen, 
about  the  same;  of  post-abdomen,  .375mm  to  .5mm. 

North  Carolina  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Very  abundant  in  Vineyard 
Sound,  in  0  to  12  fathoms. 

,  AMAECECIU3I  STELLATU3I  Verrill.      (p.  402.) 

Amouroucium  stellatiini  Verrill,  Amer.  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  i,  p.  291, 
1871. 

Masses  large,  variable  in  form,  often  in  the  form  of  thick  vertical 
plates,  or  erect  crest-like  lobes,  frequently  irregular;  surface  nearly 
smooth,  naked ;  tissue  firm  and  cartilage-like  externally,  somewhat 
translucent,  generally  pale  yellow  or  flesh-color  by  transmitted  light.. 
The  fronds  are  often  six  inches  or  more  in  breadth  and  height,  and  from 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  thick.  The  zooids  are  grouped  in  more  or  less 
regular,  and  generally  simple,  circular,  stellate  clusters,  scattered  over 
the  whole  surface,  and  usually  containing  from  six  to  twenty  individuals, 
arranged  around  a  central,  sub-circular  cloacal  orifice ;  in  contraction 
the  position  of  each  individual  is  indicated  by  an  oval  spot,  more  trans 
parent  than  the  common  tissue,  with  a  small  flake-white  spot  around 
the  branchial  orifice.  The  individual  zooids  are  elongated  and  slender  ; 
the  post-abdomen  more  slender,  usually  considerably  exceeding  in  length 
the  rest  of  the  body,  and  but  slightly  constricted  proximally ;  the  thorax 
and  abdomen  are  shorter  and  stouter  than  in  the  preceding  species ; 
branchial  sac  with  about  twelve  transverse  vessels ;  stomach  oblong- 
oval,  with  numerous  longitudinal  glandular  folds,  which  are  bright 
orange-red  in  life  ;  intestine  large,  light  orange  or  yellow.  Branchial 
tube  elongated,  bright  orange;  the  orifice  with  six  prominent  rounded 
lobes.  Anal  orifice  subterrninal,  with  a  prominent  ligulate  process 
above,  and  several  small  lobes  below. 

North  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod.  Very  abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in 
5  to  15  fathoms,  on  gravelly  and  shelly  bottoms.  Fort  Macou,  North 
Carolina  (Dr.  Yarrow). 

AMARCEOIUM  CONSTELLATUM  Verrill.    (pp.  388,  403.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  ii,  p.  359,  1871  (Amouroucium). 

Masses  thick,  turbiuate,  often  incrusting,  surface  usually  convex, 
smooth ;  substance  firm,  gelatinous,  translucent,  but  softer  than  in  A. 
stellatum.  Groups  stellate,  circular,  oval  or  elliptical,  often  narrow  and 
elongated,  or  irregular  and  complex;  zooids  much  elongated;  slender ; 
the  branchial  tube  short,  with  six  rounded  lobes.  Branchial  sac  eloug- 


[705]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        411 

atecl.  Color  of  the  masses  usually  light  orange-red,  varying  to  yellowish 
and  pale  flesh-color;  the  branchial  orifices  with  six  radiating  white 
lines.  Anal  orifices  often  surrounded  by  a  pale  or  whitish  border ; 
zooids  generally  orange-yellow ;  the  orifices  and  tubes  with  upper  part 
of  the  man  tie  bright  orange,  or  lemon-yellow ;  branchial  sac  usually  flesh- 
color  or  pale  yellow,  sometimes  bright  orange;  stomach  with  bright 
orange-red  longitudinal  glandular  ribs ;  intestine  light  orange;  mantle 
with  minute  opaque  white  specks.  In  some  specimens  the  cloacal  cham 
ber  or  u  atrium"  contained  three  or  four  bright  purple  tadpole-shaped 
larvae. 

Vineyard  Sound,  4  to  12  fathoms,  frequent ;  Wood's  Hole,  on  piles  of 
wharf;  off'  Stouington,  Connecticut,  4-5  fathoms. 

AMARCECIUM  PALLIDUM  Yerrill.    (p.  496.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  i,  p.  289,  1871  (Amouroucitim). 

Masses  sessile,  hemispherical  or  sub-globular,  usually  attached  by  a 
large  base.  Surface  generally  evenly  rounded,  sometimes  irregular  iu 
large  specimens,  smoothish,  but  thinly  covered  with  minute,  firmly  ad 
herent  particles  of  fine  sand,  which  are  imbedded  iu  the  surface  of  the 
common  tissue  and  scattered  throughout  its  substance.  The  cloacal 
openings  are  few  in  number  and  irregularly  placed,  except  in  small 
specimens,  which  usually  have  but  one  large  central  opening.  The  ani 
mals  are  much  smaller  and  more  numerous  than  in  the  preceding  species, 
often  forming  somewhat  circular  groups  of  six  or  eight  individuals 
around  the  cloacal  openings ;  outside  of  the  circular  groups  they  are 
usually  irregularly  scattered,  but  sometimes  form  linear  series  of  eight 
or  ten,  and  in  young  specimens  with  but  one  central  opening  they  often 
form  a  larger  outer  circle,  which  is  near  the  margin,  more  or  less  irregu 
lar,  and  composed  of  numerous  individuals.  The  post-abdomen,  in  all 
the  numerous  examples  examined,  was  small,  thick,  obtuse,  and  decid 
edly  shorter  than  the  abdomen  and  thorax  taken  together  ;  it  often  ter 
minates  in  two  slender  papilhe.  Color  of  the  masses  pale  yellowish  or 
grayish  ;  stomach  dull  orange-yellow ;  ovaries  yellowish  white. 

The  larger  specimens  of  this  species  are  15mm  to  25mm  in  diameter; 
the  largest  zooids  are  3mrn  to  4mm  long,  by  .75mm  to  1.2 jmm in  diameter; 
but  many  are  much  smaller. 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Off  Buzzard's  Bay, 
25  fathoms,  gravel ;  south  of  Gay  Head,  10  fathoms,  stony ;  Casco  Bay, 
8  to  40  fathoms;  Eastport  Harbor  and  Bay  of  Fuudy,  low- water  to  80 
fathoms. 

LEPTOCLINUM  ALBIDUM  Verrill.    (p.  403.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.i,  p.  446, 1872. 

Colonies  incrusting  stones,  dead  shells,  ascidians,  etc.,  forming  broad, 
thin,  irregular,  coriaceous  crusts,  with  an  uneven  surface,  filled  with 
minute,  white,  spherical,  calcareous  grains  or  corpuscles,  which,  under 
28  V 


412       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [706] 

the  miscroscope,  have  tbe  surface  covered  with  projecting  points.  Sur 
face  of  the  crusts  covered  with  small,  irregular,  scattered  prominences, 
in  which  the  branchial  orifices  are  situated.  Cloacal  orifices  few  and 
distantly  scattered.  Systems  irregular,  the  zooids  scattered,  but  often 
arranged  in  rather  indistinct  concentric  groups  around  the  cloaca!  open 
ings,  and  connected  with  them  by  cloacal  ducts,  which  are  variously 
branched,  often  showing  through  the  integument  as  dark  dendritic  lines? 
converging  toward  the  cloacal  orifices  from  different  directions. 

Color  white,  the  zooids  light  yellowish. 

The  colonies  often  become  200mm  to  300mm  across ;  thickness  seldom 
more  than  2.5mm,  commonly  about  1.25  mm ;  zooids  ,5mm  to  .75mm  long ; 
diameter  .25mm  to  .30mm. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Labrador.  Thimble  Islands,  near  New  Haven, 
4 to 6 fathoms,  rocky;  off  Stouingtou,  4  fathoms,  rocky;  common  in  Vine 
yard  Sound,  8  to  15  fathoms  ;  abundant  in  Casco  Bay,  6  to  40  fathoms ; 
abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  low- water  to  80  fathoms.  Banks  of 
Newfoundland  (T.  M.  Coffin).  Mingau  Islands,  10  fathoms  (A.  E.  V.). 
Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

LEPTOCLINUM  LUTEOLUM  Yerrill.    (p.  403.) 

American  Jour.  Science,  loc.  cit.,  p.  440,  1872. 

This  species  forms  thin,  coriaceous  crusts,  like  the  preceding,  filled  in 
the  same  way  with  similar  spherical  corpuscles.  The  branchial  orifices 
open  at  the  summits  of  low  verrucas.  The  cloacal  orifices  are  small, 
with  four  to  six  lobes,  and  distantly  scattered.  Color  deep  salmon,  or 
somewhat  rosy. 

The  crusts  are  of  all  sizes  up  to  300mm  or  more  in  diameter,  and  are 
usually  somewhat  thicker  than  in  the  preceding  species,  with  larger  and 
darker  colored  zooids. 

Connecticut  to  Bay  of  Fundy ;  off  Stouiugton,  Connecticut,  4  fathoms, 
rocky  5  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  14  fathoms,  common  ;  Casco  Bay,  10  to  40 
fathoms,  common 5  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  80  fathoms,  common. 

TJ5NIOBRANCHIA. 

SALPA  CABOTI  Desor.    Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  254,  255.    (p.  445.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History,  vol.  iii,  p.  75,  1848  (not  described) ;  A.  Agassiz, 
op.  cit.,  vol.  xi,  p.  17,  figs.  1  to  5,  1866 ;  Binney,  in  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  6, 
figs.  350  to  354,  1870  (description  and  figures  copied  from  A.  Agassiz). 

In  the  typical  variety,  as  described  by  Mr.  Agassiz,  the  color  is  pale 
pink  or  rosy;  the  nucleus  deep  chestnut.  Long  Island  Sound  to  Saint 
George's  Bank.  Common  in  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound.  Off 
Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Var.  cyanea.     (p.  44G.) 

Nucleus  and  the  borders  of  the  mantle  are  bright  Prussian-blue  j  sur 
face  of  the  latter  delicately  reticulated  with  fine  blue  lines. 

Vineyard  Sound,  especially  off  Gay  Head,  in  September, 


[707]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        413 

DOLTOLUM  (species  undetermined),     (p.  446.) 
Vineyard  Sound  (A.  Agassiz). 

LARVALIA. 

APPENDICULARIA  (species  undetermined,  a).     (p.  446.) 

Allied  to  A.  longicauda  (t.  A.  Agassiz),  op.  cit.,  p.  23,  1866  ;  Binney,  op.cit.,  p.  13 
(copied  from  A.  Agassiz). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 
APPENDICULARIA  (species  undetermined,  b).     (p.  446.) 

Allied  to  A.  furcata  (t.  A.  Agassiz),  op.  cit.,  p.  23,  1866 ;  Binney,  op.  cit.,  p.  13 
(copied). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 
BEYOZOA  OE  POLYZOA. 
PHYLACTOL^MATA. 

PEDICELLINA  AMERICANA  Leidy.    (p.  405.) 

Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii,  p.  143,  Plate  X,  fig.  25, 
1855. 

"Sew  Haven,  Connecticut,  to  Vineyard  Sound.     Point  Judith,  Ehode 

Island  (Leidy). 

GYMNOL^MATA. 

CYCLOSTOMATA. 

ORISIA  EBURNEA  Larnouroux.    Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  260,  261.    (p.  311,) 

Polyp,  flex.,  p.  138,  1816  ;  Exp.  methodique,  p.  6  ;  Johnston,  British  Zoophytes, 
ed.  i,  p.  262,  Plate  30,  figs.  3,  4 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  283,  fig.  62,  and  Plate  50,  figs.  3, 4  ; 
Smitt,  Kritisk  fort,  ofver  Skaudiuaviens  Hafs-Bryozoer,  in  Ofvers.  af  Kongl. 
Vet.-Akad.  Forhandl.,  1865,  p.  117,  Plate  16,  figs.  7  to  19.  Sertularia  eburnea 
Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  p.  810  ;  ed.  xii,  p.  1316. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  Spitzbergen  to  the  Mediter 
ranean  (t.  Smitt);  California  (t.  Johnston).  Common  near  New  Haven, 
and  at  Thimble  Islands,  1  to  6  fathoms,  rocky,  and  in  tide-pools ;  off 
Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  on  algae ;  common  in  Vine 
yard  Sound,  4  to  15  fathoms ;  very  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Fundy,  low-water  to  80  fathoms. 

DIASTOPORA  PATINA  Smitt.     (p.  405.) 

Smitt,  op.  cit., p.  397,  Plate  8,  figs.  13  to  15.  Tubulipora  patina  Lamarck,  Animaux 
sans  Vert.,  ed.  i,  vol.  ii,  p.  163;  ed.  ji,  vol.  ii,  p.  244;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph., 
ed  ii,  p.  266,  Plate  47,  figs.  1  to  3. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean :  northern  coast  of  Europe, 
from  Finrnark  to  Great  Britain.  Near  New  Haven,  at  Thimble  Islands, 
1  to  5  fathoms;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms;  Vineyard 
Sound,  off  Holmes'  Hole,  3  to  4  fathoms;  very  common  in  Casco  Bay, 
Bay  of  Fundy,  and  northward. 


414       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [706] 

TUBULIPORA  FLABELLARIS  Slllitt.      (p.  405.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  401,  Plate  9,  figs.  6  to  8.  TuUpora  fldbellaris  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grosnl., 
p.  430,  1780  (non  Johnston,  sp.).  TubuUpora  phalangea  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.., 
ed.  ii,  p.  273,  Plate  46,  tigs.  1,  2. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Common  at  Thimble  Islands,  1  to  5  fathoms,  on  alga3,  hydroids, 
etc.;  Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island;  Vineyard  Sound;  Casco  Bay  ;  Bay  of 
Fundy,  and  northward. 

CTENOSTOMATA. 

ALCYONIDIUM  RAMOSUM  Verrill.    Plate  XXXIV,  fig.  257.     (p.  404.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  289,  Plate  8,  fig.  10,  1872. 

Much  branched,  when  full-grown;  the  branches  round,  irregularly 
dichotomus,  usually  crooked.  Surface  glabrous,  smooth,  or  nearly  so, 
the  cells  rather  small  and  crowded,  their  margins  not  elevated;  zooids 
with  sixteen  slender  tentacles.  Color  ashy  brown,  or  dull  rusty  brown. 

Diameter  of  branches,  mostly  5mm  to  6.5mm.     Height,  .250mm  to  .375mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  Vineyard  Sound ;  common  in  Long 
island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  in  1  to  5  fathoms ;  Thimble  Islands; 
Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  etc. 

ALCYONIDIUM  HIRSUTUM  Johnston,    (p.  404.) 

British  Zooph.,  ed.  i,  p.  303,  Plate  42,  figs.  1,  2 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  360,  Plate  69,  figs.  1,2: 
Smitt,  op.  cit.,  p.  496,  Plate  12,  figs.  3  to  8.  Alcyonium  hirsutum  Fleming,  Brit. 
Aiiim.,  p.  517. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;    Spitzbergen ;    northern 
coasts  of  Europe  to  Great  Britain.    Savin  Kock,  near  New  Haven,  low- 
water  ;    Thimble  Islands,    in  tide-pools,    on  Fucus,  Pliyllopliora,  etc. ; ' 
Vineyard  Sound ;  and  Casco  Bay. 

ALCYONIDIUM  HISPIDUM  Smitt.    (p.  404.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  499,  Plate  12,  figs.  22  to  27,  1866.  Flmtra  Uspida  Fabricius,  Fauna 
GrosnL,  p.  438,  1780 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii.,  p.  363,  Plate  66,  fig.  5. 
Flustrella  hispida  Gray,  Brit.  Mus.  Catal.,  part  i,  p.  108. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland ;  Fiumark  to  Great  Britain.  Very 
common  at  Savin  Eock,  near  New  Haven,  at  low  water,  encrusting 
stones,  Fucus,  etc. ;  Thimble  Islands ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island ;  Vine 
yard  Sound  ;  Casco  Bay ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  etc. 

ALCYONIDIUM  PARASITICUM  Johnston,    (p.  404.) 

British  Zooph.,  ed.  i,  p.  304,  Plate  41,  figs.  4,  5  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  362,  Plate  68,  figs.  4,  5  ; 
Smitt,  op.  cit.,  p.  499,  Plate  12,  figs.  14-19.  Alcyonium  parasiticum  Fleming, 
Brit.  Anim.,  p.  518. 

Ehode  Island  to  Arctic  Ocean ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Vineyard  Sound,  on  Phyllophora. 


[709]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        415 

(?)  ALCYONIDIUM  G-ELATINOSUM  Johnston,    (p.  496.) 

Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  i,  p.  300,  Plate  41,  figs.  1-3;  ed.  ii,  p.  358,  Plate  68,  figs.  1-3; 
Sinitt,  op.  cit.,  p.  497,  Plate  12,  figs.  9-13.  Alcyonium  gdatinosum  Linne", 
Fauna  Suec.,  ed.  ii,  p.  538 ;  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1295. 

Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  ;  Spitzbergen  to  Great  Britain .  A  few  small 
specimens,  apparently  belonging  to  this  species,  were  dredged  in  the 
deeper  parts  of  Vineyard  Sound. 

VESICULARIA  CUSCUTA  Thompson,    (p.  404.) 

Zool.  Res.,  mem.  v,  p.  97,  Plate  2,  figs.  1-4 ;  Sinitt,  op.  cit.,  p.  501,  Plate  13,  figs. 
28,  34,  35.  SertuJaria  cuscuta  Linne",  ed.  xii,  p.  1311.  Falkeria  cuscuta  Flem 
ing,  Brit.  Anim.,  p.  550 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  i,  p.  252 ;  ed.  ii,  p.  374. 

New  Jersey,  northward  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great  Britain. 
In  Vineyard  Sound  it  was  found  on  hydroids  attached  to  floating  eel-grass, 
and  was  also  dredged  in  6  to  8  fathoms,  on  algaB,  Sertularia  argentea, 
and  other  hydroids  ;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  low  water,  on  Ser~ 
tularia  pumila  ;  Casco  Bay,  on  piles  of  wharf. 

VESICULARIA  GRACILIS  Verrill.    (p.  389.) 

Bowerbanlria  gracilis  Leidy,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii 
p.  142,  Plate  11,  fig.  38,  1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Point  Judith, 
Rhode  Island  (Leidy).  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  8  fathoms,  on  hydroids. 

VESICULARIA  DICHOTOMA  Verrill,  new  sp.    (p.  404.) 

Stems  clustered,  csespitose,  usually  one  or  two  inches  high,  slender, 
flexible,  white,  and  repeatedly  forking.  The  branches  stand  in  differ 
ent  planes,  so  as  often  to  produce  miniature  tree-like  or  shrub-like  forms, 
-many  of  which  generally  arise  close  together,  forming  crowd-ed  tufts 
upon  rocks,  oyster-shells,  or  algaB.  When  the  stem  or  a  branch  divides, 
there  is  a  joint  formed  at  the  base  of  each  of  the  forks,  by  the  inter 
position  of  a  very  short  segment  of  a  dark  brownish,  opaque  substance, 
which  contrasts  strongly  with  the  white  translucent  substance  of  the 
rest  of  the  stern.  Zooids  arranged  closely  in  two  subspiral  rows  of  six 
to  twelve  each,  just  below  each  fork  of  the  stem  and  branches,  and  not 
occupying  half  the  length  of  the  iuternodes.  which  are  naked  and 
smooth  below  the  crowded  clusters  of  the  zooids;  these  are  smooth, 
greenish  brown,  broad  oval  or  obovate  in  contraction,  subcylindrical  or 
elliptical  in  expansion,  entirely  sessile,  and  but  little  narrowed  at  the 
base,  and  so  crowded  as  to  appear  imbricated.  The  tentacles  are  eight, 
long  and  slender,  in  expansion  usually  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
cell. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  on  oysters  5  Savin  Bock,  at  low- 
water  ;  off  New  Haven  Light,  4  to  6  fathoms,  shelly  and  rocky  ;  Thim 
ble  Islands,  in  rocky  tide-pools;  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  on  oysters. 
This  is  probably  the  species  recorded  by  Dr.  Leidy  from  Great  Egg 
Harbor  under  the  name  of  ValJceria  pwtulosa,  which  is  an  allied  Eu 
ropean  species. 


416       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [710] 

VESICULARIA  ARMATA  Verrill,  new  sp.    (p.  405.) 

Cells  stout,  oval,  broad  at  base,  with  a  short  and  narrow  pedicel,  at 
tached  either  singly  or  in  pairs  along  slender,  filiform,  creeping  stems, 
which  often  anastomose,  the  branches  being  mostly  opposite.  Distal 
end  of  cells  prolonged  into  four  conical  processes,  each  of  which,  when 
perfect,  supports  a  long  slender  spinule,  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  cell. 
Tentacles  not  seen.  Cells  yellowish  horn-color,  with  an  oval,  dark 
brown  internal  organ,  visible  in  most  of  the  cells. 

Vineyard  Sound,  on  floating  sea-weeds  attached  to  Sertularice,  Hale- 
oium  gracile,  etc. ;  also  in  6  to  10  fathoms,  rocky,  on  Sertularia  argentea. 

VESICULARIA  FUSCA  Smitt.    (p.  420.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  502,  Plate  13,  figs.  37-39,  1866.  Avenella  fusca  (?)  Dalyell,  Rare  and 
Rem.  Anim.  of  Scotland,  vol.  ii,  p.  65 ;  vol.  i,  Plate  12,  fig.  11,  (t.  Smitt). 

Long  Island  Sound  northward ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Off  South  End,  near  New  Haven,  3  to  5  fathoms,  on  Alcyon- 
idium  ramosum. 

FARRELLA  FAMILIARIS.    (p.  487.) 

Vesicularia  (Farrella)  familiaris  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  p.  502,  Plate  13,  fig.  36,  1866. 
Plumatella  familiaris  Gros,  Bulletin  Soc.  Imp.  Mascou,  vol.  xxii,  p.  567,  Plate  6, 
G.  figs.  1-10  (t.  Smitt).  Farrella  pedicellata  Alder,  Catal.,  p.  68,  Plate  6,  figs. 
1-3  ;  Quart.  Jour.  Miscrosc.  Soc.,  vol.  v,  p.  24,  Plate  14,  figs.  1-3. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Vineyard  Sound  and  northward ;  coasts  of 
Scandinavia  and  Great  Britain.  Thimble  Islands,  near  New  Haven,  in 
tide-pools,  on  algae ;  Casco  Bay.  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

CHILOSTOMATA. 

Cellularina. 
^ETEA  ANGUINA  Lamotiroux.    (p.  405.) 

Soc.  Phil.,  1812,  p.  184  (t.  Smitt) ;  Polyp,  flex.,  p.  153,  Plate  3,  fig.  6 ;  Expos. 
Metkodique,  p.  9,  Plate  65,  fig.  15 ;  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  p.  280,  Plate  16,  figs.  2-4, 
1867.  Sertularia  angnina  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1317.  Anguinaria  spat- 
ulata  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  290,  Plate  50,  figs.  7,  8. 

Long.  Island  Sound,  northward ;  coasts  of  Scandinavia  and  Great 
Britain.  In  Vineyard  Sound  it  was  common  at  low-water  mark  and  in 
6  to  14  fathoms,  on  Phylloplwra  and  hydroids.  Off  New  Haven,  4  to  6 
fathoms,  on  Halecium  gracile. 

EUCRATEA  CHELATA  Lamouroux.     (p.  405.) 

Polyp.  Corall.  flex.,  p.  149,  Plate  3,  fig.  5,  1816 ;  Expos.  Meth.,  p.  8,  Plate,  65,  fig. 
10  ;  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  1865,  Plate  5,  fig.  3  ;  1867,  p.  281,  Plate  16,  figs.  7-9  ;  Johns 
ton,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  288,  fig.  64.  Sertularia  chelata  Linne",  Systema  Nat., 
ed.  x,  p.  816.  Cellularia  chelata  Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  25,  1766. 

Martha's  Vineyard  northward;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Off  Gay  Head,  10  fathoms,  on  hydroids  and  ascidians.  Our 
specimens  differ  somewhat  from  the  figures  of  the  European  form  ;  the 


[711]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND.    ETC.        417 

cells  are  simple,  more  slender,  and  in  ore  el  on  gated;  aperture  of  primary 
cells  somewhat  bilabiate ;  of  lateral  cells  simple  and  scarcely  raised ; 
no  processes  were  observed  on  the  front  of  any  of  the  cells ;  the  primary 
cells  taper  below  into  a  slender,  often  crooked  pedicel,  which  is  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  cell. 

(!)  CELLULARIA  TERNATA  Johnston,    (p.  496.) 

British  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  335,  Plate  59,  1848;  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  1867,  p.  282,  Plato 
16,  figs.  10  to  26.  Cellaria  ternata  Ellis  and  Solander,  Zooph.,  p.  30.  Menipca 
ternata  Busk,  op.  cit.,  p.  21,  Plate  20,  figs.  3  to  5.  (?)  Cellularia  densa  Desor, 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  66,  1848  (description  inadequate). 

Cape  Cod  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Off  Gay  Head,  10  to  20  fathoms ;  common  in  Casco  Bay,  Bay 
of  Fundy,  and  at  Saint  George's  Bank,  6  to  100  fathoms.  South  Shoals? 
22  fathoms,  (Desor). 

CABEREA  ELLISII  Smitt.    (p.  420.) 

Op.  cit.,  1867,  p.  237,  Plate  17,  figs.  55,  56.  Flmtra  Ellisii  Fleming,  Mem.  Wern. 
Soc.,  vol.  ii,  p.  251,  Plate  17,  figs.  1  to  3  (t.  Smitt).  Flmtra  setacea  Fleming, 
Brit.  Anim.,  p.  536 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  346.  Cellularia  Hookeri 
Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  338,  Plate  60,  figs.  1,  2.  Cdberea  Hoolceri 
Busk,  op.  cit.,  p.  39,  Plate  37,  fig.  2. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts 
of  Europe,  from  Finmark  to  Great  Britain.  Mouth  of  Vineyard 
Sound,  off  Gay  Head,  8  to  12  fathoms  ;  off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms ; 
very  common  in  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  Saint  George's  Bank,  6 
to  100  fathoms.  Labrador  (Packard). 

BUGULA  MURRAY  ANA  Busk.    (p.  496.) 

Catal.  Mar.  Polyzoa,  Brit.  Mus.,  part  i,  p.  46,  Plate  59 ;  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  1867,  p.  292, 
Plate  18,  figs.  19  to  27.  Flustra  Murrayana  Bean  Mss.,  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph., 
ed.  i,  p.  347,  Plate  63,  figs.  5,  6.  Flustra  truncata  Desor,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  66  (non  Linne). 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Spitzbergen;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to 
Great  Britain.  Off  Gay  Head,  10  to  20  fathoms;  very  common  in 
Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  1  to  100 
fathoms.  Saint  George's  Bank,  20  to  Go  fathoms,  (S.  I  Smith).  Labra 
dor  (Packard). 

/  BUGULA  FLABELLATA  Busk.    (p.  389.) 

Catal.  Marine  Polyzoa,  Brit.  Mus.,  part  i,  p.  43,  Plates  51,  52.  Bu-gida  avicularia, 
forma  flabellata,  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  1867,  p.  290,  Plate  18,  fig.  11.  Flustra  ariculana 
Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  i,  p.  286,  Plate  36,  figs.  3,  4  ;  ed.  ii,  p.  346,  Plate  03, 
figs.  3,  4. 

Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  8  fathoms ;  Wood's  Hole,  abundant  on  the  piles 
of  wharves.  Coasts  of  Great  Britain  and  Belgium. 


418       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [712] 

•     BUGULA  TURBITA  Verrill.    Plate  XXXIY,  figs.  258,  259.     (p.  311.) 

Cellularia  turrita  Desor,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  66, 1848.  Cel- 
lularia  fastiglata  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  142  (non  Liune",  sp.). 

North  Carolina  to  Casco  Bay.  Very  abundant  in  Great  Egg  Harbor, 
New  Jersey;  Long  Island  Sound;  Buzzard's  Bay;  and  Vineyard  Sound, 
low-water  to  15  fathoms;  Portland,  Maine,  on  piles  of  wharf. 

Flustrina. 
*  MEMBRANIPOKA  PILOSA  Farre.    Plate  XXXIV,  figs.  2G2,  263.     (p.  496.) 

Phil.  Trans.,  1837,  p.  412,  Plate  27,  figs.  1  to  5  ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  i,  p.  280, 
Plate  34,  figs.  10,  12,  1838;  ed.  ii,  p.  327,  Plate  56,  fig.  6,  1847;  Sinitt,  op.  cit., 
1867,  p.  368,  Plate  20,  fig.  49.  Fluslra  pilosa  Linne",  Fauna  Suec.,  ed.  ii,  p.  53'J 
(t.  Smitt).  Eschara  pilosa  Pallas,  Eleuch,  Zooph.,  p.  50,  1766.  Hippotlioa 
rugosa  Stimpson,  Invert.  Grand  Manau  p.  18  (variety  catenularia).  Tubipora 
catenularia  Jameson,  Wern.  Mem.,  vol.  i,  p.  561  (t.  Smitt). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  Finmark  to  the  Mediter 
ranean.  Very  abundant  near  New  Haven,  at  Savin  Eock,  Thimble 
Islands,  etc.,  in  1  to  6  fathoms,  and  in  tide-pools,  on  Chondrus  crispus, 
Phyllophora  and  other  algre,  stones,  etc. ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  4 
to  5  fathoms,  on  algse,  abundant;  Vineyard  Sound;  Massachusetts  Bay  : 
Gasco  Bay;  Bay  of  Fuudy,  and  northward.  The  variety  catenularia  is 
common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  above  low- water  mark 
to  50  fathoms.  It  occurs  on  the  coasts  of  Northern  Europe  at  various 
depths  down  to  300  fathoms.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  and 
Labrador  (Dawsou). 

MEMBRANIPOKA  LINEATA  Busk.    (p.  406.) 

Catal.  Mar.  Polyzoa,  part  ii,  p.  58,  Plate  61,  fig.  1  ;  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  1867,  p.  363, 
Plato  20,  figs.  23  to  31.  Flmtra  lineata  Linne",  System  a  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1301 ; 
Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  349,  Plate  66,  fig.  4.  Escharina  lineata  Leidy, 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  eer.  ii,  vol.  iii,  p.  141,  Plate  10,  fig.  22, 
1855. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  to  the  Arctic  Ocean;  Spitzbergen  to 
Great  Britain,  low-water  mark  to  50  fathoms.  Common  near  New  Haven, 
from  low-water  mark  to  6  fathoms,  on  stones,  oysters,  alga3,  etc.;  Watch 
Hill;  Ehode  Island;  Vineyard  Sound;  Casco  Bay;  Bay  of  Fuudy,  and 
northward. 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada. 

MEMBRANIPORA  TENUIS  Desor.    (p.  420.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  66,  1848. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Cape  Cod.  Common  near  New  Haven  and  in 
Vineyard  Sound,  low-water  to  10  fathoms.  Muskeget  Channel,  in  5 
fathoms,  (Desor). 


[713]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        419 

JEscharina. 

ESCHARIPORA  PUNCTATA  Smitt.      (p.  424.) 

Op.  cit.,  for  1867,  Appendix,  p.  4,  (separate  copies,  p.  4),  Plate  24,  figs.  4-7,  1368. 
Lepralia  punclata  Hassal,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vii,  p.  368.  Plate  9,  fig.  7  ;  vol.  ix, 
p.  407  ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  pp.  312  and  478,  Plate  55,  fig.  1. 

Vineyard  Sound,  northward  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Southern 
Norway  and  Great  Britain.  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  12  fathoms,  on 
shells,  etc.,  common.  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  (I)  Fossil  in 
the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  (Dawson). 

ESCHAHELLA  VARiABiLis  Verrill.     Plate  XXXIII,  fig.  256.     (p.  419.) 

Escliarina  variaUlis  Leidy,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii,  p. 
142,  Plate  11,  fig.  37.  Lepralia  variolosa  Desor,  op.  cit.,  p.  66,  1848  (not  of 
Johnston). 

South  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod  and  Massachusetts  Bay.  Very  abundant 
in  Great  Egg  Harbor  ;  Long  Island  Sound  ;  Buzzard's  Bay  ;  Vineyard 
Sound  ;  Nantucket  Harbor  ;  low-  water  to  25  fathoms.  Saint  George's 
Bank,  20  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (coll.  Dr. 
Yarrow). 


HYALINA  Smitt.     Plate  XXXIV,  fig.  264.     (p.  420.) 

Op.  cit.,  for  1867,  Ap.,  p.  16,  (separate  copies,  p.  16),  Plate  25,  figs.  84-87,  1868.  Cel- 
lepora  hyalina,  Liiine",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1286.  Lepralia  hyalina  Johnston, 
Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  301,  Plate  54,  fig.  1.  Ctllepora  nitida  Fabricius,  Fauna 
Groenl.,p.  435,  1780. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland;  Spitzbergen  to  Great  Britain. 
Common  near  New  Haven  and  at  Thimble  Island,  in  tide-pools  and  from 
1  to  6  fathoms,  on  algse  ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms; 
Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound,  abundant;  Casco  Bay;  Bay  of 
Fundy,  and  northward.  Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  (Daw- 
son). 

(?)  LEPRALIA  PALLASIANA  Busk.    (p.  496.) 

Catal.  Mar.Polyzoa,  Brit.  Mus.,  part  ii,  p.  81,  Plate  83,  figs.  1,  2  ;  Smitt,  op.  cit-> 
for  1867,  Ap.,  p.  19,  (separate  copies,  p.  19),  Plate  26,  fig.  93,  1868.  Eschara  Pal- 
lasiana  Moll,  die  Seerinde,  p.  64,  Plate  3,  fig.  13  (t.  Smitt).  Lepralia  pediostoma 
Hassal,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vii,  p.  368,  Plate  9,  fig.  4  ;  vol.  ix,  p.  407  ; 
Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  315,  Plate  55,  fig.  7.  Escliarina  pediostoma 
Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  141,  Plate  10,  fig.  23,  1855. 

Khode  Island,  northward  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Southern 
Norway  and  Great  Britain.  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms, 
on  algae;  Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  14  fathoms,  on  Pliyllopliora  and  other 
algse,  shells,  etc. 

Our  specimens  do  not  agree  perfectly  with  the  European  form.  Close 
to  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture  there  is  a  large,  but  not  very 
prominent,  broad-based  spine,  or  subconical  process,  which  is  not 
conspicuous  in  a  view  from  above,  but  is  prominent  in  a  side-view.  In 


420       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [714] 

some  specimens  a  few  of  the  cells  have  several  slender  spines  around 
the  margin  of  the  aperture. 

This  may  prove  to  be  a  species  distinct  from  8.  Pallasiana,  but  at 
present  I  regard  it  as  a  variety. 

(?)  DISCOPORA  OOCCINEA  Smitt.     (p.  496.) 

Op.  cit.,  for  1867,  Ap.,  p.  26,  (separate  copies,  p.  26),  Plate  27,  figs.  162-176.  (?)  CeUe- 
pora  coccinea  Abildgard,  Zool.  Dan.,  vol.  iv,  p.  30,  Plate  146,  figs.  1, 2  (t.  Smitt). 
Lepralia  Peaclrii  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  315,  Plate  55,  figs.  5,  6. 

Long  Island  Sound,  northward;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  on  red  algae ;  Vine 
yard  Sound  and  Quick's  Hole,  on  alga3,  etc.,  in  4  to  12  fathoms. 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Canada  (Dawson  as  L.  Peachii). 

The  specimens  from  our  coast,  referred  to  the  above  species,  differ 
considerably  from  the  typical  European  forms,  and  may  eventually 
prove  to  be  a  distinct  species  when  a  careful  direct  comparison  with  a 
large  series  of  European  specimens  can  be  made. 

The  aperture  is  usually  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  stout,  conical  or 
elongated  spinules,  variable  in  number,  the  one  nearest  the  angle  of  the 
aperture,  on  each  side,  often  stouter;  but  the  spines  are  often  absent. 
A  small  semicircular  avicularium  is  often  seen  near  one  side  of  the  cell, 
and  distant  from  the  aperture.  The  tooth  or  spine  at  the  proximal  edge 
of  the  cell  is  elongated  and  more  or  less  bifid  at  the  end. 

Celleporina. 
CELJ/EPORA  SOABRA  Smitt.    (p.  419.) 

Op.  cit.,  for  1867,  Ap.,  p.  30,  (separate  copies,  p.  30),  Plate  28,  figs.  183  to  197,  1868. 
Eschara  scabra  Fabricius,  Nye  Zool.  Bidr.,  Vid.  Selsk.  Phys.  Skr.,  Haunise, 
vol.  i,  p.  29  (t.  Smitt).  Millepora  reticulata  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grceul.,  p.  433, 
1780  (non  Linne'). 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Greenland ;  Spitsbergen ;  northern  coasts  of 
Europe.  Vineyard  Sound  and  Quick's  Hole,  5  to  10  fathoms,  on  Phyl- 
lopliora,  etc.,  not  uncommon. 

CELLEPORA  RAMULOSA  Linne.    (p.  312.) 

Syst.  Nature,  ed.  xii,  p.  1285,  1767 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  296,  Plate 
52,  figs.  4,  5  ;  Smitt,  op.  cit.,  for  1867,  Ap.,p.  31,  (separate  copies,  p.  31),  Plate  23, 
figs.  198-210.  Cellepora  verrucosa  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grcenl.,  p.  434  (variety) 
Cclleporapumicosa(pars}~L\\m6,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1286;  (?)  Johnston,  Brit. 
Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  295,  Plate  52,  figs.  1-3  (variety). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland ;  Spitsbergen ;  northern  coasts  of 
Europe  to  Great  Britain.  Very  common  near  New  Haven,  off  South 
End,  at  Thimble  Islands,  and  Faulkner's  Island,  in  large  tide-pools, 
low-water  to  8  fathoms,  chiefly  on  Sertulariw  and  other  hydroids,  and 
slender  red  algae,  (mostly  the  variety  tuberosa,  or  verrucosa) ;  Watch 
Hill,  Ehode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms ;  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard 
Sound,  1  to  15  fathoms,  on  hydroids,  common  ;  abundant  in  Casco  Bay; 
Bay  of  Fundy;  and  at  Saint  George's  Bank;  low- water  to  145  fathoms. 


[715]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        421 

RADIATA. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

HOLOTHURIOIDEA. 

THYONE  BRIAREUS  Selenka.    (p.  362.) 

Zeitschrift  fiir  Wissenschaftliche  Zoologie,  vol.  xvii,  p.  353,  1867.  Holothuria 
J3riareu8~Lesn&nr,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  161, 
1824.  Sclerodactyla  Briareus  Ayres,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  pp.  6, 
7,  101-3,  1851 ;  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  342,  1866.  Ana 
perus  Bryareus  Pourtales,  Proceedings  American  Assoc.  for  Adv.  of  Science,  for 
1851,  p.  10, 1852.  Anaperus  Carolinus  Troschel,  Miiller's  Arch,  fiir  Auat.,  1846,  p. 
62  ;  Pourtales,  op.  cit.,  p.  10. 

Texas  to  Cape  God.  Long  Island  Sound,  at  West  Haven,  Connecti 
cut,  Thimble  Islands,  etc.,  not  common  ;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's 
Bay,  1  to  10  fathoms,  not  uncommon;  Gardiner's  Bay,  Long  Island; 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey;  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina,  common 
(coll.  Dr.  Yarrow) ;  West  Florida  (coll.  E.  Jewett). 

STEREODERMA  UNISEMITA  Ayres.    (p.  503.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  46,  1851 ;  Selenka,  op.  cit.,  p.  344,  Plate 
19,  figs.  96,  97.  Anaperus  unisemita  Stimpson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
iv,  p.  8,  1851 ;  Verrill,  op.  cit.,  vol.  x,  p.  357,  1866.  Cucunmria  fusiformis  Desor, 
Proc.  Boston-  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  67  (non  Forbes). 

Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  22  fathoms,  sand ;  Banks  of  Newfoundland 
(Stimpson).  South  Shoals  of  Nantucket,  22  fathoms,  (Desor). 

PENTAMERA  PULCHERRIMA  Ayres.    (p.  420.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  207,  1852;  Selenka,  op.  cit.,  p.  346. 
South  Carolina  to  Vineyard  Sound.     Off  Holmes's  Hole,  4  to  5  fathoms ; 
Nobsca  Beach,  after  storms,  abundant ;    Fort  Macou,  North  Carolina 
(coll.  Dr.  Yarrow).    Fort  Johnson,  South  Carolina  (Stimpsou). 

?  MOLPADIA  OOLITICA  Selenka.     (p.  510.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  257  (in  part),  1867.  Chirodota  oolitica  Pourtales,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc. 
for  1851,  p.  13,  1852.  E  nib  ol  us  pauper  Selenka,  op.  cit.,  p.  359,  Plate  20,  fig.  132 
1867. 

Off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms,  sandy  mud  :  off  Boon  Island,  95  fathoms, 
muddy,  (A.  S.  Packard).  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  fish  stomachs,  (Pour- 
tales).  Selenka  gives  "  Cape  Palmas  (!)  "  as  the 'locality  for  his  "  Em 
balm  pauper?  which  was  based  on  specimens  sent  from  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology — perhaps  the  original  ones  described  by  Pour- 
tales ;  the  locality  given  is  evidently  erroneous. 

The  single  specimen  from  off  Block  Island  is  small  and  imperfect,  and 
may  not  be  this  species. 

CAUDINA  ARENATA  Stimpson.    (p.  362.) 

Marine  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  17,  1853 ;  Selenka,  op.  cit.,  p.  358,  Plate  20, 
figs.  129-131 ;  Clark,  Mind  in  Nature,  p.  187,  figs.  114-116;  A.  and  E.  C.  Agassiz. 


422       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.        [71C] 

Sea-Side  Studies,  p.  97,  fig.  126.  Chirodota  arenata  Gould,  Invert,  of  Mass.,  ed. 
i,  p.  346,  (figure),  1841 ;  Ayres,  op.  cit.,  p.  143  ;  Pourtales,  op.  cit.,  p.  13.  Caudina 
(Molpadia)  arenata  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  345,  1866. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Chelsea,  Massachusetts.  Sometimes  abundant  on 
Chelsea  Beach,  after  storms.  Wood's  Hole  (H.  E.  Webster).  Selenka 
gives  "Grand  Manan''  (J?  from  specimens  in  Mas.  Comp.  Zool.),  but 
after  very  careful  search  during  several  excursions  to  that  island,  I  have 
never  been  able  to  find  it  there,  and  believe  this  to  be  an  error.  Stimp- 
sou  knew  it  only  from  Massachusetts  Bay. 

,  LEPTOSYNAPTA  GIRARDII  Verrill.    Plate  XXXV,  figs.  265,  266.     (p. 

361.) 

Synapta  Girardii  Pourtales,  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science,  for  1851,  p.   14. 

Leptosynapta  tennis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  i,  p.  325.     Synapta  tennis 

Ayres,  op.  cit.,  p.  11,  1851,  (non  Quoy  and  Gaimard) ;  A.  and  E.  C.  Agassiz, 
.  Sea-Side  Studies,  p.  95,  figs.  124,  125;  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 

x,  p.  342.     Synapta  Ayresii  Selenka,  op.  cit.,  p.  362,  1867.     (f )  Synapta  gracilis 

Selenka,  op.  cit.,  p.  363,  Plate  20,  figs.  123,  124. 

New  Jersey  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound, 
at  Savin  Kock,  and  other  localities  near  New  Haven,  in  sand  at  low- 
water  ;  abundant  in  Vineyard  Sound,  on  Naushon  Island,  etc. ;  Cape 
Cod ;  Chelsea  Beach,  Massachusetts.  Sag  Harbor,  Long  Island, 
(Ayres).  Selenka  erroneously  gives  "Cape  Florida"  as  the  locality  for 
8.  Girardii.  It  was  based  on  Massachusetts  specimens. 

LEPTOSYNAPTA  ROSEOLA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  362.) 

Body  long,  slender:  integument  translucent,  filled  with  numerous 
minute,  scattered,  opaque,  light-red  spots,  oval  or  sub-circular  in  form  ; 
perforated  plates  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species ;  anchors  rela 
tively  much  longer,  with  a  very  slender,  elongated  shank.  General 
color,  rosy  or  pale  red,  due  to  the  minute  red  spots.  Length  100mm  to 
15()mmj  diameter  about  5Inm  to  6Q)m. 

Long  Island  Sound,  at  Savin  Rock,  near  New  Haven ;  Vineyard 
Sound,  at  Naushou  Island ;  in  sand  at  low-water  mark. 


ECHINOIDEA. 

STTCOTVttVT.nflTCTVTRnTTTS     T)R< 


DROBACHIENSIS  A.  Agassiz.    Plate  XXXV, 


figs.  368.     (p.  406.) 

Revision  of  the  Echini,  Parts  I  and  II,  pp.  162,  277,  Plate  4a,  figs.  2-4,  Plate  9, 
Plate  10,  1872.  Echinus  Drobachiensis  Miiller,  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  p.  235,  1776, 
Toxopneusles  Drobachiensis  Agassiz,  Catal.  Rais.,  in  Annal.  des  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vi. 
p.  367,  1846.  EuryecMnus  Drobachiensis  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist, 
vol.  x,  pp.  341,  352,  1866;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  i,  p.  304,  1867;  American, 
Jour.  Science,  vol.  xlix,  p.  101.  Echinus  neglectus  Lamarck,  Anirn.  sans  vert.,  p. 
49,  1816.  Echinus  granularis  Say,  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philad.,  vol.  v,  p. 
225,  1827  (non  Lamarck).  Echinus  granulatus  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  344, 
1841.  Euryechinus  granulatus  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.,  vol.  x,  pp.  340,  352. 
Stronyylocentrotus  chlorocentrotus  Brandt,  Prodr.,  p.  264,  1835. 

Circuinpolar  :  New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean $  Spitsbergen  to  Great 


[717]        INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        423 

Britain ;  Behring  Straits  to  Gulf  of  Georgia ;  Northern  Siberia  to 
Okhotsk  Sea  and  De  Castrie's  Bay.  Very  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fuudy, 
from  low- water  to  109  fathoms  ;  CascoBay;  Massachusetts  Bay ;  mouth 
of  Vineyard  Sound  and  off  Gay  Head,  10  to  20  fathoms,  common  ;  off 
Holmes's  Hole ;  off  Watch  Hill,  Kliode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  not  un 
common  ;  off  New  London,  Connecticut,  plenty,  (coll.  Prudden) ;  Faulk 
ner's  Island.  Thimble  Islands,  and  near  New  Haven,  4  to  8  fathoms,  un 
common  and  small.  Off  New  Jersey,  on  a  bank,  in  32  fathoms,  (Captain 
Gedney).  Off  Saint  George's  Bank,  430  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Fossil  in  the  Post-Pliocene  of  Portland,  Maine ;  New  Brunswick ; 
Canada  5  and  Labrador. 

ARBACIA  PUNCTULATA  Gray.    (p.  406.) 

Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  of  London,  1835,  p.  58 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Revision  of  the  Echini,  Parts 
I  and  II,  pp.  91,  263,  Plate  2,  fig.  4,  Plate  5,  figs.  I  to  18,  1872.  Echinus  punc- 
tulatus  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  vert.,  p.  47,  1816.  Echinocidaris  punctulata  Des- 
rnoulin,  Syn.,  p.  306,  1837.  Echinocidaris  Davisii  A.  Agassiz,  Bulletin  Mus, 
Comp.  Zoology,  vol.  i,p.  20,  1863;  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x, 
p.  340, 1866. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  the  West  Indies  and  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Common  at 
Wood's  Hole,  and  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  1  to  12  fathoms; 
off  Watc.h  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms  ;  Long  Island  Sound,  near 
New  Haven,  and  at  Charles  Island,  not  common  ;  Fort  Macon,  North 
Carolina  (coll.  Dr.  Yarrow).  Off  Tortugas,  13  to  125  fathoms,  (Pour- 
tales).  West  Florida  (E.  Jewett). 

ECHINARACHNIUS  PARMA  Gray.     Plate  XXXV,  fig.  2C7.     (p.  362.) 

Ann.  Phil.,  p.  6,  1825 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Revision  of  Echini,  Parts  I  and  II,  pp.  107,  316, 
Plates  lld,  figs.  4,  5,  lle,  figs.  4,  5,  12,  figs.  1-13, 1872.  Scutdla parma  Lamarck, 
Anim.  sans  vert.,  p.  11,  1816. 

New  Jersey  to  Labrador.  According  to  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  it  occurs  in  the 
North  Pacific,  on  the  west  coast  of  America,  from  the  Aleutian  Islands 
to  Vancouver  Island,  and  on  the  coast  of  Asia  at  Kamtchatka,  30  to  70 
fathoms ;  and  also  at  New  Holland  ;  India;  Indian  Ocean;  Ked  Sea, 
etc.  Common  along  the  entire  coast  of  New  England  and  Long  Island, 
irom  low- water  to  100  fathoms,  sand.  Off  New  Jersey,  on  a  distant 
bank,  in  32  fathoms,  (Captain  Gedney).  Very  abundant  at  Saint 
George's  Bank  and  vicinity,  15  to  430  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith). 

MELLITA  PENTAPORA  Liitken. 

Bidrag  til  Knndskab  pm  Echiniderne,  p.  107,  in  Vidensk.  Middelelser,  18G4  ;  Ver 
rill,  Trans.  Connecticut  Academy,  vol.  i,  p.  345,  1867.  Echinus  pentaporus 
Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3189,  1788.  Encope  pentapora  Agassiz,  Monog.  Scut., 
Plate  3,  1841.  Scutdla  quinquefora  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans  vert.,  p.  9,  1816.  Md- 
lita  quinquefora  Agassiz,  Mon.  Scut.,  p.  36,  1841 ;  Catal.  Rais..  in  Ann.  Sci.,  vol. 
vii,  p.  138, 1847.  Melllta  testudinaria  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London,  1851,  p.  36  ; 
Verrill,  this  Report,  pp.  427,  429,  (see  errata).  Mellita  testudinata  Agassiz, 
Mon.  Scut.,  p.  40,  Plate  4a,  figs.  7-9,  1841 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Revision  of  the  Echini, 


424      EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [718] 

pp.  141,  322,  Plate  11,  figs.  13-22,  Plate  12a,  Plate  12C,  figs.  1,  2,  (name  adopted 
from  Klein,  1734,  accidentally  binomial). 

New  Jersey  to  Brazil ;  very  abundant  along  the  whole  eastern  coast 
of  the  United  States,  south  of  Cape  Hatteras,  and  along  the  entire 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  rare  and  local  north  of  Cape  Hatteras. 
Vineyard  Sound,  5  to  8  fathoms,  rare  and  dead  ;  outer  beach  at  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  Xew  Jersey,  dead.  Nan  tucket  (Agassiz). 

ASTERIOIDEA. 
ASTERIAS  ARENIOOLA  Stinipson.    Plate  XXV,  fig.  269.     (p.  326.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  viii,  p.  268,  1862 ;  Verrill,  vol.  x,  p.  339,  1866. 
Asteracanthion  berylinus  Ag.  MSS.,  A.  Agassiz,  Embryology  of  Echinod.,  in  Proc. 
Amer.  Acad.,  1863;  Embryology  of  the  Starfish,  in  Agassiz  Contributions,  vol. 
v,  p.  3 ;  Sea-Side  Studies,  p.  108,  figs.  141-145, 1885* (t.  Agassiz). 

Massachusetts  Bay  to  Northern  Florida  and  the  northern  shores  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  rare  and  local,  in  sheltered  localities,  north  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  as  at  Quah  og  Bay,  east  of  Portland,  Maine  $  but  not  known 
from  the  eastern  part  of  the  coast  of  Maine,  nor  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Very  common  in  Long  Island  Sound ;  Buzzard's  Bay ;  Vineyard 
Sound;  and  along  the  shores  of  Long  Island,  from  low- water  to  15 
fathoms.  Not  uncommon  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  at  Nahant,  Beverly, 
&c. 

I      ASTERIAS  FOKBESII  Yerrill. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  345,  1866.  Asteracanthion  Forbesii  Desor, 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  iii,  p.  67,  1848. 

Buzzard's  Bay  to  Beverly,  Massachusetts.  Vineyard  Sound  and  off 
Gay  Head,  6  to  14  fathoms ;  Buzzard's  Bay,  6  fathoms  ;  Chelsea  and 
Beverly,  Massachusetts,  low-water.  Vineyard  Sound,  8  fathoms,  (De 
sor). 

This  is  probably  identical  with  the  preceding  species,  the  differences 
being,  perhaps,  chiefly  sexual,  but  I  have  not  yet  had  opportunities  to 
satisfy  myself  fully  in  regard  to  this  point,  and,  therefore,  leave  them, 
for  the  present,  under  separate  names.  Should  they  be  united,  the 
name  Forbesii  has  the  precedence  over  all  others. 

ASTERIAS  VULGARIS  Stimpson,  MSS.     (p.  496.) 

Packard,  in  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist,  Dec.,  1863  (no  description); 
Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  347.  1868  (description).  Astera 
canthion  pallid  as  Ag.  MSS.  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Embryology,  in  Proc.  Araer.  Acad., 
1863  (no  description);  Embryology  of  the  Starfish;  in  Agassiz'  Contributions, 
vol.  v,  p.  3.  Asterias  nibens  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  345  (non  Linne"). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Labrador,  and  (?)  Greenland.  Very  abundant 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  above  low- water 
mark  to  40  fathoms ;  in  the  deeper  parts  of  Vineyard  Sound  and  off 
Gay  Head,  in  6  to  25  fathoms,  not  uncommon  ;  off  Watch  Hill,  Ehode 
Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  cominon;  Faulkner's  Island,  Connecticut,  low- 
water,  very  rare. 


[719]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    UF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        425 

LEPTASTERIAS  OOMPTA  Yerrill. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.,  vol.  x,  p.  350,  1856.  Asterias  compta  Stirapson,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  viii,  p.  270,  1862 ;  Verrill,  op.  cit,,  p.  340. 

Off  New  Jersey,  32  fathoms,  (Captain  Geduey).  Off  Martha's  Vine 
yard,  20  to  25  fathoms,  rare  ;  off  Casco  Bay,  30  to  50  fathoms. 

CRIBRELLA  SANGUINGLENTA  Liitken.    (p.  407.) 

Grcenl.  Echinod.,  p.  31,  1859;  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  345, 
1866.  Asterias  sanguinolenta  Miiller,  Zool.  Dan.  Prod.,  2836,  1776.  Asterias 
oculata  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  vol.  iv,  p.  61,  Plate  30,  fig.  56,  1777.  Asterias 
spongiosa  Fabricius,  Fauna  Gro3nl.,  p.  363,  1780.  Linkia  oculata  Forbes,  Wern. 
Mem.,  vol.  viii,  p.  120,  1839.  Cribella  oculata  Forbes,  British  Starfishes,  p.  100, 
(figure),  1841.  Echinaster  oculatus  Miiller  and  Troschel,  Syst.  Asterid.,  p.  24, 1842. 
Linkia  oculata  Stimpsou,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manau,  p.  14,  1853.  Linkia  pcrtusa 
Stinipson,  op.  cit.,  p.  14.  Echinaster  sanyuinolentus  Sars,  Fauna  Litt.  Norveg.,  i, 
p.  47,  Plate  8,  tigs.  3-6 ;  Oversigt  af  Norges  Echinoderaier,  p.  84,1861. 

Connecticut  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain  and  France.  Very  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  Casco  Bay, 
and  on  the  entire  coast  of  Maine,  from  low- water  to  100  fathoms  ;  Massa 
chusetts  Bay ;  Vineyard  Sound,  5  to  20  fathoms,  not  uncommon ;  off 
Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island,  3  to  5  fathoms;  off  New  London,  Connecti 
cut  (coll.  T.  H.  Prudden). 

OPHIUROIDEA. 
OPHIURA  OLIVACEA  Lyman.    (p.  363.) 

111.  Catal.  Mus.  Cornp.  Zoology,  No.  1,  Ophiuridae  and  Astrophytida3,  p.  23,  1865; 
Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  x,  p.  339.  Ophioderma  olivaceum  Ayres, 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  134,  1852. 

Cape  Cod  to  North  Carolina.  Wood's  Hole,  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  Vine 
yard  Sound,  not  common;  shores  of  Long  Island,  frequent;  Fort 
Macou,  North  Carolina,  common,  (Dr.  Yarrow). 

OPHIOPHOLIS  ACULEATA  Gray.    Plate  XXXV,  fig.  270.    (p.  496.) 

List  of  British  Animals  in  Coll.  of  Brit.  Mus.,  Part  I,  Rad.  Anim.,  p.  25,  1848  I 
LiitkeuAdditameutaadHist.  Ophiuridarum,  p.  60,  Plate  2,  figs.  15,a.  b,  16,  a,  b, 
1858;  Verrill,  op.  cit.,  p.  344,  1866.  Asterias  aculeata  Liune  (pars),  Syst.  Nat., 
p.  1101 ;  Retzius  Vetersk.-Akad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  240, 1783  ;  Miiller,  Prod.,  2841,  1776  ; 
Zool.  Dan.,  vol.  iii,  p.  29,  Plate  99,  1789.  Ophiura  bellis  Fleming,  Brit.  Anim.,  p. 
488,  1828.  Ophioeoma  bellis  Forbes,  Wern.  Mem.,  vol.  viii,  p.  226 ;  Brit.  Star 
fishes,  p.  53,  figure.  Opliiopholis  bellis  Lytuan,  op.  cit.,  p.  96,  Plate  1,  figs.  4-6. 
Opliiolepis  scolopendrica  Miiller  and  Troschel,  Syst.  Aster.,  p.  96,  1842.  Ophiopli- 
olis  scolopendrica  Stimpson,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  13, 1853. 

Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  Iceland ;  Spitz- 
bergen ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  to  the  English  Channel,  Ireland, 
etc.  Very  abundant  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  Casco  Bay,  and  along  the 
whole  coast  of  Maine,  from  low- water  to  100  fathoms  ;  Massachusetts 
Bay ;  off  Gay  Head,  6  to  8  fathoms,  rare ;  off  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island, 
in  4  to  5  fathoms,  rocky.  Off  New  Jersey,  30  to  38  fathoms,  N.  lat.  39° 
54' ;  W.  long.  73°  15',  (Josephine  Exp.,  t.  Ljungmann).  A  similar  species, 
perhaps  identical,  occurs  on  the  northwestern  coasts  of  America. 


426       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [720] 

AMTHIPHOLIS  ELE&ANS  Ljungruann.     (p.  420.) 

Ophiuroidea  viventia  hue  usque  cognita,  Ofvers.  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  I860, 
p.  312.  Opliiura  clegans  Leach,  Zool.  Miscell.,  iii.  p.  57,  1815.  Amphiura  elegans 
Norman,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xv,  p.  109,  1885.  Ophiocoma  neglecta 
Forbes,  Brit.  Starfishes,  p.  30, 1841.  Oplnolepis  tennis  Ayres,  Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  133,  1852.  Amphiura  tennis  Lyman,  Proc.  B.  S.  N.  H.,  vol. 
vii,  p.  194,  1860.  AmpliiplioUs  tennis  Ljuugmann,  Ofvers.  af  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad. 
Forh.,  1871,  p.  635.  Amphiura  squamata  Lyman,  Catalogue  Ophinr.  and  • 
Astroph.,  p.  121.  1865  (now.  Delle  Chiage,  t.  Ljungtnann). 

Off  New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  the 
English  Channel.  Common  in  Vineyard  Sound,  4  to  15  fathoms ;  Mas 
sachusetts  Bay  5  CascoBay;  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  60  fathoms. 
Greenland,  15  fathoms,  (Ltitken,  as  A.  neglecta).  Off  New  Jersey,  36  to 
38  fathoms,  N.  lat.  39°  54',  W.  long.  73°  15',  (Josephine  Exp.,  t.  Ljung- 
mann). 

Mr.  Ljungmann,  in  his  latest  paper,  regards  this  species  as  distinct 
both  from  the  Mediterranean  species  (Amphiura  squamata},  and  the 
English  and  Norwegian  species  (AmpMpholis  elegans).  The  former  I 
have  here  regarded  as  distinct,  but  consider  the  latter  identical  with 
the  American  form,  the  differences  mentioned  being  slight  and  appar 
ently  inconstant. 

AMPHIURA  ABDITA  Verrill.    (p.  433.) 

AmpMpholiif  abdita  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Science,  ser.  iii,  vol.  ii,  p.  132,  1871 ; 
this  Report,  p.  433.     (See  errata). 

Body  plump,  pentagonal;  the  interradial  margins  concave,  and  the 
angles,  at  base  of  arms,  incised  ;  margin  thick,  rounded  ;  upper  surface 
of  disk  covered  with  very  numerous,  minute,  crowded  scales,  which  en 
croach  more  or  less  upon  the  radial  shields  and  run  up  between  them  in 
a  wedge-like  area;  lower  surface  thickly  covered  with  still  more  minute, 
granule-like  scales.  Radial  shields  elongated,  three  or  more  times 
longer  than  wide,  curved ;  the  outer  end  geniculate  or  bent  downward, 
forming  a  prominent  angle  above;  they  are  divergent,  and  separate  for 
their  whole  length,  or  barely  touch  at  the  outer  ends,  and  are  more  or 
less  concealed  laterally  and  proximally  by  the  encroachment  of  the  small 
scales.  Arms  or  rays,  16  times  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body, 
or  even  more,  slender,  flexible,  gradually  attenuated  to  the  tips. 

Six  mouth-papillae  in  each  angle  of  the  mouth,  and  two  to  four  addi 
tional  small  rounded  papillae,  or  tentacle-scales,  near  the  extreme  outer 
angle.  Two  of  the  mouth-papilla3,  on  each  side,  are  placed  close  together, 
at  about  the  middle  of  the  edge  of  the  jaw ;  the  outer  of  these,  which  is 
about  twice  as  wide  as  the  inner,  is  flat,  scarcely  longer  than  wide,  with 
the  end  obtusely  rounded  or  truncate;  the  inner  one  is  scarcely  wider 
than  thick,  oblong,  rounded  at  the  end ;  in  one  case  these  two  papilla 
are  united  together.  The  third  mouth-papilla  is  stout  and  rounded, 
obtuse,  larger  and  longer  than  either  of  the  others,  separated  from  them 
by  a  considerable  interval,  and  brought  close  to  the  tooth  at  the  end  of 
the  jaw,  be3Tond  which  it  projects  inwardly  and  downwardly. 


[721]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        427 

The  mouth-shields  are  long-oval,  or  somewhat  hexagonal,  narrowed 
outwardly,  the  outer  part  of  the  lateral  edges  being  nearly  straight, 
the  outer  end  rounded  or  sub-truncate,  the  inner  end  broadly  rounded. 
Side  mouth-shields  triangular  with  the  three  edges  concave,  the  inner 
ends  not  united,  the  surface  finely  granulated.  The  lower  arm-plates 
are  separated  by  the  side  plates ;  the  first  two  are  longer  than  broad, 
pentagonal,  the  inner  end  forming  an  obtuse  angle,  the  outer  edge 
straight ;  the  next  two  are  about  as  wide  as  long,  squarish,  with  the 
corners  rounded  or  truncate;  the  following  ones  are  broader  than  long, 
somewhat  octagonal,  the  outer  and  inner  edges  longest  and  nearly 
straight ;  beyond  the  middle  of  the  arm  they  are  again  pentagonal,  with 
an  inner  angle.  On  the  first  five  joints  of  one  specimen  there  is  only  a 
single  pair  of  tentacle-scales,  which  are  small  and  rounded  ;  on  the  suc 
ceeding  joints  there  are  generally  two  pairs,  one  of  them  being  consid 
erably  smaller  than  the  other;  the  largest  specimen  has  two  pairs  of 
tentacle  scales  on  all  the  joints. 

Arm-spines  three,  on  each  side  of  all  the  joints,  except  the  first,  which 
has  but  two ;  they  are  thickened  at  base,  gradually  tapering,  blunt  at 
tip,  sub-equal;  the  lower  one  a  little  curved  downward;  the  upper  one 
stoutest,  flattened,  scarcely  tapering,  obtuse;  the  middle  one  a  little 
longer  than  the  others,  the  length  about  equal  to  width  of  lower  arm- 
plates.  The  upper  arm-plates  are  transversely  sub-elliptical,  with  the 
outer  edge  well  rounded,  the  inner  edge  slightly  prominent  or  angular 
in  the  middle,  and  a  little  concave  to  either  side,  so  that  the  lateral  por 
tions  are  somewhat  narrowed  ;  the  plates  generally  touch  each  other. 

Color,  when  living,  brown  above,  the  central  area  dark  brown,  a 
radiating  band  of  the  same  extending  to  each  interradial  margin,  and 
bordered  like  the  central  area  with  pale  gray ;  opposite  the  base  of 
each  arm  is  a  squarish  area  or  radial  band  of  olive-brown  ;  radial  plates 
yellowish  brown,  the  space  between  them  bright  blue.  In  the  center  of 
the  disk  is  a  small  darker  brown  spot,  and  five  similar  ones,  correspond 
ing  to  the  bases  of  the  arms,  form  a  circle  around  the  center;  five 
others,  more  distant,  correspond  to  the  interradial  spaces ;  other  more 
minute  dark  spots  are  scattered  over  the  disk.  Upper  arm-plates  are 
mostly  dark  brown,  edged  with  pale  brown  or  whitish  ;  some  of  the 
plates  are  partially  or  wholly  lighter,  yellowish  brown,  and  thus  form 
transverse  light  bands,  or  mottliugs,  consisting  of  one  or  more  plates  ; 
toward  the  tips  these  light  bands  become  more  numerous,  and  wider ; 
spines  bright  brown.  Lower  side  of  disk  yellowish  brown,  with  a  tinge 
Of  greenish  ;  plates  around  the  mouth  whitish  ;  each  of  the  jaws  with 
two  brown  spots;  mouth- tentacles  orange-yellow.  Under  arm-plates 
yellowish  brown,  with  the  edges  paler,  and  with  a  distal  median  spot 
of  whitish ;  lower  arm-spines  yellowish  brown.  In  some  specimens  the 
arms  are  dull  "greenish  above,  instead  of  brown. 

Diameter  of  the  disk,  of  the  largest  specimen,  llmm;  length  of  arms, 

t 

29  v 


428       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [722] 

Long  Island  Sound ;  off  New  Haven,  in  4  to  6  fathoms,  mud ;  off 
Thimble  Islands,  3  to  8  fathoms,  soft  mud,  rare. 

This  species  is,  in  some  respects,  intermediate  between  AmpJiipJiolis 
and  Amphiura.  With  the  former  it  agrees  best  in  the  number  of  the 
arm-spines  and  general  appearance ;  bat  in  the  structure  of  the  mouth- 
parts  it  agrees  better  with  the  latter.  It  will,  however,  not  go  into  any 
of  the  sections  or  sub-sections  established  by  Ljungmann.  It  appears  to 
be  more  nearly  allied  to  A.  Eugenice  Ljung.,  from  La  Plata,  than  to  any 
other  species  hitherto  described ;  the  latter  has,  however,  four  arm- 
spines  instead  of  three. 

ASTROPHYTON  AoAssizn  Stimpson. 

Invertebrata  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  12,  1853  ;  Lyman,  Catalogue,  p.  186. 

This  species  was  first  described  from  a  specimen  obtained  "  not  far 
from  the  shoals  of  Nan  tucket,"  by  Governor  John  Winthrop,  in  1670 
and  1671  (Philosophical  Transactions),  under  the  name  of  "  Basket- 
fish'''  or  u  Net-fish."  Crab  Ledge,  off  Chatham,  Massachusetts,  (Y.  N. 
Edwards.)  It  occurs  on  the  banks  east  and  north  of  Cape  Cod,  and 
on  Saint  George's  Bank,  and  is  very  common  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
low-water  to  110  fathoms ;  and  is  especially  abundant  in  Eastport 
Harbor,  in  10  to  20  fathoms.  According  to  Dr.  Liitken  it  is  also 
found  at  Greenland  and  Finmark. 

CRINOIDEA. 
Antedon  dentatus  Verrill. 

Proc.   Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  339,  1866.    Alecio  dentata  Say,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  v,  p.  153,  1825. 

This  species  was  described  by  Say,  from  a  specimen  obtained  at  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey.  It  may  possibly  occur  on  the  southern  coast 
of  New  England,  but  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  actually  been  found  so 

far  north. 

ACALEPH^E. 

CTENOPHOFLE. 

MNEMIOPSIS  LEIDYI  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  449.) 

Illustr.  Catal.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoology,  North  American  Acalephas,  p.  20,  figs.  22-24, 
1865. 

Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound ;  Long  Island  Sound,  off  New 
Haven. 

LESUEURIA  HYBOPTERA  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

Catal.  North  American  AcalephaB,  p.  23,  figs.  25-28. 
Newport,  Khode  Island,  to  Massachusetts  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 

PLEUROBRACHIA  RHODODACTYLA  Agassiz.    (p.  448.) 

Memoirs  Arnev.  Academy,  vol.  iv,  p.  314,  Plates  1  to  5,  1849 ;  Contributions  to 
Nat.  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  203,  294,  Plate  2a,  1860;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p. 
30,  figs.  38-51,  1865. 

Southern  side  of  Long  Island,  to  Greenland.    Not  uncommon  in  Long 


[723]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        429 

Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven ;  common  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Massa 
chusetts  Bay ;  very  abundant  in  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  Gulf 
of  Saint  Lawrence.  Off  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Fire 
Island,  Long  Island  (S.  I.  Smith). 

IDYIA  ROSEOLA  Agassiz.    (p.  451.) 

Contributions  to  Nat.  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  270-296,  Plates  1,  2,  1860;  A. 
Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  36,  figs.  52-62,  1865. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Labrador.  Off  Gay  Head,  riot  common  ;  common 
in  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Casco  Bay ;  very  abundant  in  Bay  of  Fuudy 
and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  Labrador  (Packard). 

?  Cesium  Veneris  Lesueur. 

Nouv.  Ball.  Soc.  Phil.,  1813,  p.  281,  Plate  5,  fig.  1 ;  Lesson,  Zoophytes  Acalephes, 
p.  70,  Plate  1,  fig.  1. 

Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  observed  a  species,  apparently  identical  with  this,  at 
Saint  George's  Banks,  and  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  has  observed  fragments  of  a 
similar  species  near  Newport,  Ehode  Island.  This  is  properly  a  more 
southern  species,  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

DISCOPHOR.E. 

AURELIA  FLAVIDULA  Peron  and  Lesueur.    Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  271.    (p. 
449.) 

Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  47,  1809;  Lesson,  op.  cit.,  p.  376,  1843;  Agassiz, 
Contributions  to  Nat.  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  iii,  Plates  6-llb ;  vol.  iv,  pp.  10,  160 ;  A. 
Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  42,  figs.  65,  66.  Aurelia  aurita  Stimpsou,  Invert.,  of 
Grand  Manan,  p.  11,  1853. 

Buzzard's  Bay  to  Greenland.  Common  in  the  upper  part  of  Buzzard's 
Bay,  in  spring;  off  Gay  Head  and  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  August  5 
abundant  in  Massachusetts  Bay;  Casco  Bay;  Frenchman's  Bay ;  Bay 
of  Fundy ;  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence. 

CYANEA  ARCTIC  A  Peron  and  Lesueur.    (p.  449.) 

Ann.  Mus.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  51,  1809 ;  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iii,  Plates  3,  4,  5,  5a, 
10,  10a  ;  vol.  iv,  pp.  87,  162  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  44,  fig.  67.  Cyanea  Pos- 
telsii  Gould,  Invert.,  ed.  i,  p.  347;  Stinipson,  op.  cit.,  p.  11  (non  BrandtJ. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Greenland.  Common  near  New  Haven ;  in 
Buzzard's  Bay ;  Vineyard  Sound ;  very  abundant  in  Massachusetts  Bay ; 
Casco  Bay ;  Bay  of  Fuudy ;  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Fire  Island, 
Long  Island  (S.  I.  Smith). 

Cyanea  fulva  Agassiz. 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  119,  162,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  46  (no  de 
scription). 

Long  Island  Sound  (L.  Agassiz).    Vineyard  Sound  (A.  Agassiz). 
I  have  been  unable  to  distinguish  more  than  one  species  among  the 
Cyanece  of  our  waters,  although  they  vary  considerably  in  color,  just  as 


430      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [724] 

they  do  farther  north,  as  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.     This  is  •  probably  only 
a  color- variety  of  C.  arctica. 

DACTYLOMETRA   QUINQUECIRRA  Agassiz.    Plate  XXX VI,  fig.  272. 
(p.  449.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  125,  166,  1862  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  48,  fig.  69. 
Pelagia  quinqueeirrha  Desor,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.Nat.  History,  vol.  iii,  p.  76, 1848. 
Bermudas  to  Cape  Cod.    Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven  ;  com 
mon  in  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

Pelagia  cyanella  Peron  and  Lesueur. 

Ann.  du  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  37,  1809;  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iii, 
Plates  12,  13,  13a ;  vol.  iv,  pp.  128,  164  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  47,  fig.  68. 

Oft'  Saiut  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  This  species  inhabits  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  5  Caribbean  Sea;  and  coasts  of  Florida  and  North  Carolina. 
It  is  carried  northward  by  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  vicinity  of  Saint 
George's  Bank,  and  is,  therefore,  like  the  two  following,  likely  to  occur 
occasionally  at  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Stomolophus  meleagris  Agassiz. 

Contributions,  vol.  iii,  Plate  14,  1860;  vol.  iv,  pp.  138,  151,  1862;  A.  Agassiz, 
'Catalogue,  p.  40. 

Coast  of  Georgia  (Agassiz).    Off  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 
?  Charybdea  periphylla  Peron  and  Lesueur. 

Ann.  du  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  332, 1809  ;  Edwards  in  Cuvier,  Regue  Auim., 
PL  55,  fig.  2  (from  Lesueur) ;  Lesson,  op.  cit.,  p.  265,  1843  ;  Agassiz,  Contribu 
tions,  vol.  iv,  p.  173. 

This  species  was  originally  described  and  figured  from  mutilated 
specimens  taken  under  the  equator  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  seems 
not  to  have  been  seen  by  later  writers.  Mr.  S.  I.  Smith  has  apparently 
rediscovered  this  interesting  species  off  Saint  George's  Bank. 

The  specimen  obtained  by  him,  while  on  the  United  States  Coast- 
Survey  steamer  Bache,  in  1872,  is  not  quite  perfect,  but  agrees  pretty 
nearly  with  the  descriptions  and  figure  cited. 

The  body  in  the  alcoholic  specimen  is  elevated,  bell-shaped,  rounded 
above,  with  a  marked  constriction  toward  the  border ;  transparent,  the 
inner  cavity  showing  through  as  a  large,  conical,  dark  reddish  brown 
spot,  with  the  apex  slightly  truncated.  Border  deeply  divided  into  six 
teen  long,  flat  lobes,  which  are  of  nearly  uniform  breadth  throughout, 
and  slightly  rounded,  or  sub-truncate,  at  the  end ;  the  edges  and  end 
thin  and  more  or  less  frilled ;  the  inner  side  with  two  sub-marginal 
carinre.  Eyes  inconspicuous,  but  small  bright  red  specks  are  scattered 
over  the  marginal  lobes.  The  intervals  between  the  lobes  are  narrow 
and  generally  smoothly  rounded,  without  distinct  evidence  of  the  exist 
ence  of  tentacles,  except  that,  in  one  of  these  intervals,  there  is  a  small 
and  short  papilliform  process,  with  brown  pigment  at  the  base.  The 


[725]       INVERTEBRATE   ANIMALS    OF   VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        431 

ovaries  are  mostly  wanting,  but  portions  are  to  be  seen  as  slightly  con 
voluted  organs  in  the  marginal  region,  opposite  the  intervals  between 
the  lobes. 

TRACHYNEMA  DIGITALE  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

Catalogue,  p.  57,  figs.  81-86, 1865.  Medusa  digitale  Fabricius,  Fauna  Grcenl,,  p. 
366,  1780. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Greenland.  Wood's  Hole,  July  1,  young  speci 
mens.  Massachusetts  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 

HYDROIDEA. 

Sertularina. 
TIAROPSIS  DIADEMATA  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

Memoirs  Amer.  Acad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  289,  Plate  6,  1849 ;  Contributions,  vol.  iii,  p. 
354,  Plate  31,  figs.  9-15 ;  vol.  iv,  pp.  308, 311,  figs.  45-48 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue, 
.  p.  69,  figs.  91-93. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Bay  of  Fundy.  Massachusetts  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 
Greenland  (Morch).  Wood's  Hole,  April,  1873. 

OCEANIA  LANGUID  A  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  353,  1862  ;  Catalogue,  p.  70,  figs.  94-102, 
1865. 

Buzzard's  Bay  to  Bay  of  Fundy.  Common  in  Vineyard  Sound ;  not 
uncommon  in  Eastport  Harbor. 

EUCHEILOTA  VENTRICULARIS  McCready.    (p.  454.) 

Gymnophthalmata  of  Charleston  Harbor,  in  Proc.  of  Elliott  Society  of  Nat 
History,  vol.  i,  p.  187,  Plates  11,  figs.  1-3,  12,  figs.  1,  2,  1857;  Agassiz,  Contr 
butions,  vol.  iv,  p.  353, 1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  74,  figs.  104,  105,  1865. 

Charleston.  South  Carolina,  to  Vineyard  Sound. 
EUCHEILOTA  DUODECIMALS  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  353, 1862  ;  Catalogue,  p.  75,  figs.  106-107a. 
Buzzard's  Bay,  Naushon  Island  (A.  Agassiz). 

CLYTIA  JOHNSTONI  Hincks.    (p.  408.) 

Hist.  British  Hydroid  Zoophytes,  p.  143,  Plate  24,  fig.  1,  1868.  Campanularia 
Johnstoni  Alder,  Northum.  and  Dur.  Catal.,  in  Trans.  Tynes.  F.  C.,  vol.  v, 
p.  126,  Plate  4,  fig.  8  (t.  Hincks).  Sertularia  uniflora  (pars)  Pallas,  Elench. 
Zooph.,  p.  121,  1766.  Campanularia  voluMlis  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  pp. 
107,  108,  fig.  18  (not  of  Liune"  and  Pallas).  Clytia  voluUHs  Lamouroux, 
Expos.  Meth.,  p.  15,  Plate  4,  figs.  E,  f,  F,  1821.  Clytia  bicophora  Agassiz,  Con 
tributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  304,  354,  Plate  27,  figs.  8,  9;  Plate  29,  figs.  6-9,  1862; 
A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  78,  figs.  108-111. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe 
to  Great  Britain  and  France.  Common  near  New  Haven  and  at  Thim 
ble  Islands,  in  tide-pools  and  2  to  6  fathoms ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode 


432       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [726] 

Island,  3  to  5  fathoms;  Buzzard's  Bay  ;  Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  14 
fathoms,  common;  off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms;  abundant  in  Casco 
Bay  and  Bay  of  Fuiidy,  low-water  to  40  fathoms.  Saint  George's 
Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

This  species  is  undoubtedly  the  one  described  by  Pallas,  and  accord 
ing  to  the  strict  rules  of  priority  it  should  be  called  Clytia  uniflora. 

CLYTIA  INTERMEDIA  Agassiz.    (p.  408.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  305,  Plate  29,  figs.  10, 11,  1862  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue, 
p.  77  (no  description). 

Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  8  fathoms,  on  Phyllophora.  Massachusetts 
Bay  (Agassiz). 

PLATYPYXIS  CYLINDRICA  Agassiz.    (p.  408.) 

Clytia  (Platypyxis)  cyUndrica  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  306,  354,  figs. 
42-44  (not  41,  nor  Plate  27,  figs.  8,  9),  1862.  Platypyxis  cyUndrica  A.  Agassiz, 
Catalogue,  p.  80,  figs.  112-114.  Campanularia  volubilis  Leidy,  Jour.  Phil. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii,  p.  138,  1855  (not  Liuu6,  sp.). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Near  New  Haven,  4  to  6 
fathoms,  on  Halecium  ;  Thimble  Islands ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island ; 
Vineyard  Sound ;  off  Buzzard's  Bay,  25  fathoms. 

ORTHOPYXIS  CALIOULATA  Verrill.    (p.  408.) 

Campanularia  caliculata  Hincks,  in  Annals  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  ii,  vol.  xi,  p. 
178,  Plate  5,  B,  1853;  Brit.  Hydroid  Zooph.,  p.  1(<4,  Plate  31,  figs.  2-2d 
Clytia  (Orthopyxis)  poterium  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  297,  302,  fig.  40 
Plate  28,  Plate  29,  figs.  1-5,  1862.  Orthopyxis  poterium  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue, 
p.  81,  1865. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Labrador ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Off  Gay  Head  and  in  Vineyard  Sound,  4  to  15  fathoms  ;  com 
mon  in  Massachusetts  Bay ;  Casco  Bay ;  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low  water 
to  30  fathoms.  Mingan  Islands,  Labrador,  6  fathoms,  (A.  E.  V). 
Henley  Harbor,  Labrador,  20  to  30  fathoms  (A.  S.  Packard,  as  Clyiia 
volubilis). 

CAMPANULARIA  VOLUBILIS  Alder,    (p.  408.) 

Catal.  Zooph.  Northumb.  and  Durham,  in  Trans.  Tynes.  F.  C.,  vol.  iii,  p.  125, 
Plate  4,  fig.  7, 1857  (not  of  Johnston) ;  Hiucks,  Brit.  Hyd.  Zooph.,  p.  160,  Plate 
24,  fig.  2.  Sertularia  volubilis  Liund  (pars),  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  sp.  19;  ed.  xii,  p. 
1311 ;  Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  122,  1766.  Clytia  volubilis  A.  Agassiz,  Cata 
logue,  p.  77  (not  of  Larnouroux). 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Greenland  and  Iceland;  northern  coasts  of 
Europe  to  Great  Britain  ;  low- water  to  100  fathoms.  Common  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  60  fathoms. 

CAMPANULAHIA  FLEXUOSA  Hiucks.    (p.  327.) 

Brit.  Hyd.  Zooph.,  p.  168,  Plate  33.  Laomedeaflexuosa  Hincks,  Devon,  and  Corn 
wall  Catalogue,  in  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  iii,  vol.  viii,  p.  260,  1861. 


[727]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        433 

Laomedea  amphora  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  311,  314,  fig.  50,  p.  352, 
Plate  30,  Plate  31,  figs.  1-8,  1882  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  93. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence;  northern  coasts  of 
Europe,  Isle  of  Man.  New  Haven,  on  piles  of  Long  Wharf;  Thimble 
Islands,  near  New  Haven  ;  Vineyard  Sound,  oif  Gay  Head ;  abundant 
on  the  timbers  of  the  wharves  at  Eastport,  Maine. 

OBELIA  DIAPHANA  Yerrill.    (p.  327.) 

Thaumantias  diapliana  Agassiz,  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.,  voL.iv,  p.  300,  figs.  1,  2,  1849 
(?  non  Morch).  Europe  diaphana  (pars)  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  Plate 
33,  fig.  2,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  83,  figs.  115-125. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Abundant  in  New  Haven 
Harbor  and  Vineyard  Sound,  on  Zostera,  Fucus,  etc. 

OBELIA  GENICULATA  Allman.    (p.  407.) 

Annals  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xiii,  May,  1864  (t.  Hincks) ;  Hincks,  Brit.  Hyd- 
Zoophytes,  p.  149,  Plate  25,  fig.  1,  1868.  SertulariageniculataLi\nu6,  Syst.  Nat., 
ed.  x,  sp.  23 ;  ed.  xii,  sp.  21,  p.  1312 ;  Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  117,  1766. 
Laomedea  geniculata  Lamouroux,  Pol.  Flex.,  p.  208;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed. 
ii,  p.  103,  Plate  25,  figs.  1,  2.  Eueope  diaphana  (pars)  Agassiz,  Contributions, 
vol.  iv,  p.  322,  Plate  34,  figs.  1-9,  1862.  Eucope  alternata  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue  • 
p.  86,  1865. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Labrador.  Northern  Europe,  from  North  Cape 
to  Great  Britain.  Common  near  New  Haven ;  at  Thimble  Islands ; 
Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island  ;  Vineyard  Sound,  4  to  15  fathoms  ;  Massa 
chusetts  Bay ;  Casco  Bay  ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  northward,  low-water  to 
40  fathoms,  on  Laminaria,  Rlwdymenia,  etc. 

OBELIA  POLYGENA  Verrill. 

Eucope  poli/gena  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  88,  fig.  126,  1865. 

Off  Gay  Head,  4  to  5  fathoms,  not  common.  Nahant,  Massachusetts 
(A.  Agassiz). 

OBELIA  DIVARICATA  Verrill. 

Laomedea  divaricata  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  195, 1859.    Eucope  ?  divaricata  A.  Agassiz, 
Catalogue,  p.  91,  1865. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready,  Agassiz).  A  few  specimens 
were  found  on  floating  alga3  in  Vineyard  Sound,  which  appear  to  belong 
to  this  species.  It  is  closely  allied  to  0.  fusiformis  (A.  Agassiz,  sp.). 

OBELIA  PYRIFORMIS  Verrill.    (p.  390.) 

Catalogue,  p.  88,  figs.  127-129,  1865.  Laomedea gelatinosal^Qidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Philad.,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii,  p.  138,  1855  (not  Pallas,  sp.). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Bay  of  Fundy.  Very  abundant  on  piles  of 
wharves,  etc.,  at  Wood's  Hole. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  following ;  in  the  latter  the  young 
inedusre  have  sixteen  tentacles  when  set  free,  and  the  reproductive 
capsules  differ  slightly  in  form. 


434      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [728] 

OBELIA  DIOHOTOMA  Hincks.     (p.  407.) 

Brit.  Hydroid  Zoophytes,  p.  156,  Plate  28,  fig.  1, 1868.  Sertularia  dichotoma  Linn 6, 
Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  sp.  24 ;  ed.  xii,  sp.  22,  p.  1312.  Laomedea  dichotoma,  var.  a, 
Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  102,  Plate  26,  figs.  1,  2. 

Vineyard  Sound,  northward;  northern  eopr-t*  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Off  Gay  Head,  8  to  10  fathoms,  u  a.scidians;  Eastport, 
Maine. 

OBELIA  LONGISSIMA  Hincks. 

Brit.  Hydroid  Zooph.,  p.  154,  Plate  27,  1868.  Sertnl  c.-ia  iongissima  Pallas,  Elench. 
Zooph.,  p.  119,  1766  (excl.  synonymy).  Laomedea  Iongissima  Alder,  Trans. 
Tynes.  F.  C.,  vol.  iii,  p.  121  (t.  Hincks).  Laomedea  dichotoma,  var.  b,  Johnston, 
Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  102.  Campanularia  gelatinosa  Van  Beueden,  Me'm.  sur  le 
Campan.,  p.  33,  Plates  1,  2  (t.  Hincks). 

Gay  Head ;  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts ;  Bay  of  Fundy.  Coasts  of 
Belgium  and  Great  Britain. 

OBELIA  FLABELLATA  Hincks.    (p.  390.) 

Brit.  Hydroid  Zooph.,  p.  157,  Plate  29,  1868.  Campanularia  fldbellata  Hincks, 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  iii,  vol.  xviii,  p.  297. 

Off  Thimble  Islands,  4  to  5  fathoms,  on  Astrangia  ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode 
Island,  on  Laminaria ;  Wood's  Hole,  on  old  wreck,  in  the  passage. 
Coasts  of  Great  Britain. 

The  hydrarium  of  this  species  very  closely  resembles  the  Obelia  com- 
missuralis  of  Agassiz,  and  may  prove  to  be  identical  with  it.  But  the 
original  0.  commissuralis  of  McCready,  from  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
is,  perhaps,  distinct  from  that  described  by  Agassiz. 

OBELIA  COMMISSURALIS  McCready.    Plate  XXXYII,  fig.  281.    (p.  327.) 

Proc.  Elliott  Soc.,  vol.  i,  p.  197,  Plate  11,  figs.  5-7,  1859  ;  (?)  Agassiz,  Contribu 
tions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  315,  351,  Plate  33  (except  fig.  2),  Plate  34,  figs.  10-21,  1862  ; 
(?)  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  91,  fig.  134.  Laomedea  dichotoma  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p, 
138.  Plate  11,  fig.  36  (not  Linn€,  sp.).  f  Laomedea  gelatinosa  Stimpson,  Invert, 
of  Grand  Manan,  p.  8,  1853  (not  Pallas,  sp.). 

Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready).  New  Jersey  (Leidy).  New 
port,  Rhode  Island,  and  Nahant,  Massachusetts  (A.  Agassiz).  New 
Haven  Harbor,  on  piles ;  Vineyard  Sound,  on  floating  alga?.  Grand 
Manan  (Mills,  t.  A.  Agassiz). 

The  northern  specimens  possibly  belong  to  the  preceding  species. 

OBELTA  GELATINOSA  Hincks.    (p.  391.) 

British  Hydroid  Zoophytes,  p.  151,  Plate  26,  fig.  1,  1868.  Sertularia  gelatinosa 
Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  116,  1766.  Laomedea  gelatinosa  Lamouroux,  Polyp 
Flex.,  p.  92 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  104,  Plate  27,  fig.  1  (var.  6). 
Campanularia  gelatinosa  Lamarck,  Auim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  p.  134  (t.  Hincks). 
Laomedea  gigantea  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  86,  1865. 

New  Jersey  to  Massachusetts  Bay;  northern  coasts  of  Europe,  from 
North  Cape  to  Belgium  and  Great  Britain ;  low-water  to  20  fathoms. 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  on  oysters ;  New  Haven,  on  piles  of 
Long  Wharf,  abundant.  Mouth  of  Charles  Hiver,  near  Boston  (H.  J. 
Clark,  t.  A.  Agassiz). 


[729]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        335 

RHEOMATODES  TENUIS  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  361,  1862 ;  Catalogue,  p.  95,  figs.  136-133. 

Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

ZYGODACTYLA  GRCENLANDICA  Agassiz.    Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  275.    (p. 
449.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  360,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  103,  figs.  153-156. 
Mqnorea  Grcenlandica  Pe'ron  and  Lesueur,  Ann.  du  Mus.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  27,  1809 
(t.  A.  Agassiz). 

Buzzard's  Bay  to  Greenland.  Common  in  Vineyard  Sound,  in  June 
and  July. 

^BQUOREA  ALBIDA  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  359,  1862 ;  Catalogue,  p.  110,  figs.  160-162. 
Buzzard's  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 

TIMA  FORMOSA  Agassiz.     (p.  449.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  362,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  113,  figs.  164-172. 
Vineyard   Sound,   February  and  April.      Massachusetts    Bay    (A. 

Agassiz). 

EUTIMA  LiMPiDA  A.  Agassiz.     (p.  454.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  363,  1862;  Catalogue,  p.  116,  figs.  173-178. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  Naushon  (A.  Agassiz). 
LAFOEA  CALCARATA  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  408.y 

Catalogue,  p.  122,  figs.  184-194.  Lafoea  cornuta  Agassiz,  Contr.,  vol.  iv,  p.  351 
(not  of  Lamouroux).  Laodicea  calcarata  A.  Agassiz,  in  Agassiz,  Contributions, 
vol.  iv,  p.  350,  1862.  Campanularia  dmnosa  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  138,  1855  (not  of 
Fleming). 

South  Carolina  to  Vineyard  Sound;  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard 
Sound.  The  hydrarium  was  abundant  on  floating  Zostera  and  algse  in 
Vineyard  Sound,  creeping  over  Sertularia  cornicina;  also  at  low- water, 
and  in  6  to  8  fathoms  on  Phyllophora  ;  Thimble  Islands,  in  tide-pool,  on 
Vesicnlaria.  Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready,  described  as  a 
constituent  part  of  his  Dynamena  cornicina). 

HALECIUM  GR AGILE  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  328.) 

Stems  slender,  flexible,  clustered,  compound,  consisting  of  many  very 
slender,  united  tubes,  light  brown  or  yellowish,  pinnately  much  branched ; 
branches  alternate,  ascending,  long,  slender,  tapering,  similar  to  the  main 
stern,  and  usually  similarly  subdivided ;  the  branches  and  brauchlets 
mostly  arise  from  opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  so  that  they  stand  nearly 
in  one  plane ;  ends  of  branches  and  the  brauchlets  simple,  very  slender, 
translucent,  whitish,  divided  into  rather  long  segments;  the  articula 
tions  not  very  conspicuous,  somewhat  oblique ;  each  segment  usually 
with  a  prominent  cylindrical  process,  arising  from  near  the  upper  end, 
which,  on  the  older  branches,  bears  the  hydroid  cell,  but  on  the  young 
branchlets  are  themselves  hydroid  cells,  furnished  with  a  thin,  slightly 


436       EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [730] 

expanded  border,  having  a  circle  of  dots  near  the  edge ;  the  older  or 
secondary  cells,  arising  from  these,  are  rather  elongated,  narrow,  cylin 
drical,  with  slightly  expanded  rim,  more  or  less  bent  and  crooked  or 
geniculate  at  base,  and  usually  with  one  or  two  irregular  constrictions. 
Many  of  the  older  cells  are  much  elongated,  and  have  two  or  three  old 
rims  below,  separated  by  distances  equal  to  two  or  three  times  the 
diameter.  The  hydroids  are  long,  slender,  with  numerous  long  tentacles, 
much  exsert  from  the  cells.  The  branchlets  and  gonothecse  (reproduct 
ive  capsules)  arise  in  the  axils  of  the  hydroid  cells,  and,  like  the  latter, 
the  gonothecse  are  often  secund  on  the  branchlets.  The  male  and  female 
capsules  are  different  in  form.  The  male  gouothecse  are  oblong,  sub- 
fusiform,  about  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  obtusely  rounded  at  the 
end,  more  gradually  tapered  to  the  base ;  the  female  gouothecpe  are 
broader,  somewhat  flattened,  usually  a  little  shorter,  gradually  expand 
ing  from  the  narrow  base  to  near  the  distal  end,  which  is  emargiuate ; 
the  outer  angle  broadly  rounded  and  slightly  produced  ;  the  inner  angle 
prolonged  into  a  short  cylindrical  hydroid  cell,  with  the  edge  slightly 
everted,  from  which  two  hydroids  usually  protrude.  Height,  75mm  to 
150mm ;  diameter  of  stems,  seldom  more  than  lmm ;  length  of  female 
gonotheca3,  about  lmm;  breadth,  0.40mm  to  0.45mm;  length  of  male  gono- 
thecse,  lmm  to  1.10mm ;  breadth,  0.30mm  to  0.40mm ;  diameter  of  hydro- 
thecse,  about  0.12mm. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  on  oysters,  just  below  low-water 
mark ;  Long  Island  Sound,  near  New  Haven,  in  2  to  6  fathoms,  abundant, 
and  also  in  brackish  water  on  floating  timber ;  Thimble  Islands,  2  to  6 
fathoms;  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound. 

This  species  is  more  nearly  allied  to  H.  lialecinum  of  Europe  and 
Northern  New  England  than  to  any  other  described  species.  It  is  a 
much  more  slender  and  delicate  species,  with  longer  joints,  and  narrower 
and  more  elongated  hydrothecaB  and  polyps.  The  female  gonothecre, 
although  similar,  differ  in  having  the  distal  ends  decidedly  emarginate? 
with  the  outer  angle  somewhat  produced,  though  much  less  so  than  in 
those  of  H.  Beanii. 

ANTENNULAHIA  ANTENNINA  Fleming,    (p.  497.) 

Brit.  Anim.,  p.  546 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  86,  Plate  19,  figs.  1-3 ; 
Hincks,  Brit.  Hydr.  Zooph.,  p.  280,  Plate  61.  Serlularia  aniennina  Linne",  Syst. 
Nat.,  ed.  x,  1758;  ed.  xii,  p.  1310.  Antennularia  indivisa  Lamarck,  Anim.  sans 
Vert.,  ed.  ii,  vol.  ii,  p.  156. 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Bay  of  Fundy ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to 
Great  Britain  and  France.  Off  Gay  Head,  8  fathoms  ;  Casco  Bay,  6  to 
30  fathoms ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  10  to  60  fathoms,  not  uncommon. 

AGLAOPHENIA  ARBOREA  Verrill. 

Plumularia  arlorea  Desor,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iii,  p.  65,  1848 ;  A. 
Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  140. 

The  original  specimen  of  this  species  is  still  preserved  in  the  collection 


[731]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        437 

of  the  Boston  Society.  It  consists  of  a  large  number  of  long,  mostly 
simple,  but  occasionally  forked  stems,  forming  a  dense  plume-like  cluster, 
united  at  base  by  an  intricate  mass  of  creeping  stolons,  which  cover 
what  looks  like  the  dead  axis  of  a  Gorgonia,  but  is  most  probably  a 
dried-up  black  alga,  and  is  certainly  not,  as  Desor  supposed,  a  part  of 
the  hydroid.  The  stems  are  mostly  4  to  6  inches  long,  more  or  less  re 
curved,  composed  of  short  joints,  and  densely  covered  with  the  secund 
pinnaB,  which  increase  in  length  from  the  base  toward  the  tips;  the 
pinnae  arise  from  every  joint,  and  form  two  close  alternating  rows  along 
the  inner  side  of  the  stems  ;  they  are  directed  upward,  and  more  or  less 
curved  inward,  toward  each  other,  near  the  tips,  and  mostly  5mm  to  8mm 
in  length,  composed  of  short,  stout,  oblique  joints,  not  twice  as  long  as 
broad.  Hydra-cells  deep,  slightly  flaring,  rising  at  an  angle  of  about 
45°,  attached  only  at  base,  the  upper  side  less  than  half  as  high  as  the 
lower,  border  strongly  dentate  ;  one  slender  median  denticle  on  the  up 
per  edge;  four  lateral  ones  on  each  side,  of  which  three  are  subequal, 
triangular,  rather  wide,  obtuse,  with  rounded  intervals ;  the  lower  or 
outer  lateral  one  is  twice  as  long,  rather  acute  ;  the  single  odd  median 
one,  on  the  outer  margin,  is  equally  long  and  more  slender,  and  usually 
bent  upward.  A  single  large  tubular  median  nematophore  is  attached 
to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell,  along  most  of  its  length,  but  separated  at 
the  end,  which  is  obliquely  truncate,  with  the  aperture  on  the  inner 
side,  its  tip  nor  extending  beyond  the  long  lateral  denticles  of  the  hydra- 
cell.  Lateral  nematophores  small,  sessile,  not  so  long  as  the  upper  or 
inner  side  of  the  cells.  The  large,  closed,  oblong  corbulaB  are  irregu 
larly  scattered  among  the  other  pinnaB;  they  occupy  the  terminal  part  of 
the  modified  pinnae,  but  there  are  usually  three  or  four  unaltered  hydra- 
cells  on  the  basal  portion,  below  the  corbula ;  the  piunas  bearing  cor- 
bulae  are  somewhat  shorter  than  the  others. 

Shoals  of  Nantucket,  ten  miles  east  of  Sancati  Head,  14  fathoms, 
(Desor). 

PLUMULARIA  TENELLA  Verrill,  sp.  uov.    (p.  407.) 

Stems  clustered,  simple,  slender,  1  to  2  inches  high,  horn -colored ; 
branches  alternate,  very  slender,  not  very  long,  mostly  unbranched, 
placed  toward  one  face  of  the  stem,  inclining  forward,  and  ascending 
at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  and  originating  from  the  alternate  joints  of  the 
stem,  the  internodes  being  longer  than  the  joints  that  bear  branches  ; 
at  one  side  of  the  base  of  each  branch  there  is  a  hydrotheca  and  accom 
panying  nematophores ;  the  internodes  of  the  stem  also  bear  one  or  two 
nematophores.  The  basal  segment  of  each  branch  is  short ;  the  rest 
are  of  three  kinds  ;  every  third  one  is  usually  stouter,  and  bears  a  hydro 
theca  ;  just  in  front  of  each  hydrotheca  there  is  usually  a  very  short 
segment,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  and  sometimes  indistinct,  destitute 
of  nematophores;  then  follows  a  much  longer,  slender  segment,  five  or 
six  times  as  long  as  broad,  articulated  by  a  very  oblique  joint  at  its  dis- 


438      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [732] 

tal  end  with  the  thicker  and  shorter  polypiferous  segment,  and  bearing 
one  or  two  nematophores  on  the  median  line,  which  may  be  either  near 
the  middle  or  toward  the  proximal  end.  Hydrothecse  broad,  sub- 
cylindrical,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  with  a  slightly  flaring,  even  rim  ; 
the  axis  forms  an  angle  of  about  45°  with  the  branches;  the  free 
part  of  the  distal  side  is  about  half  the  length  of  the  proximal  side.  Ne- 
matophores  relatively  large,  usually  three  with  each  hydrotheca:  one  on 
each  side,  shorter  than  the  hydrotheca,  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  round, 
cup-like  opening,  narrowed  below,  nearly  sessile ;  another,  similar  in 
form,  placed  toward  the  proximal  end  of  the  segment,  inclined  forward, 
and  nearly  reaching  the  base  of  the  hydrotheca.  Gonothecas  not  ob 
served. 

Off  Gay  Head,  8  to  10  fathoms,  among  ascidians;  Vineyard  Sound, 
8  fathoms. 

This  species  is  related  to  P.  Catharince  Johnston  and  P  cornucopicc 
Hiucks,  from  the  English  coast.  The  former  differs  in  having  opposite 
branches,  smaller  and  more  elongated  nematophores,  etc. ;  the  latter 
agrees  in  having  alternate  branches,  but  the  nematophores  are  smaller, 
longer,  and  more  slender,  and  the  joints  of  the  branches  are  different. 

This  is  the  first  genuine  species  of  Plumularia  that  has  been  discov 
ered  on  the  New  England  coast. 

SERTULARIA  ARGENTEA  Ellis  and  Solander.    Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  280. 
(p.  408.) 

Zoophytes,  p.  38 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zoopb.,  ed.  ii,  p.  79,  Plate  14,  fig.  3,  Plate  15» 
figs.  1-3  ;  Hincks,  Brit.  Hydr.  Zooph.,  p.  268,  Plate  56  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue, 
p.  144. 

New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean;  northern  shores  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain  and  France ;  low-water  to  110  fathoms.  Great  Egg  Harbor, 
New  Jersey,  in  April ;  common  and  of  large  size  in  Long  Island  Sound, 
near  New  Haven,  Thimble  Islands,  and  at  Faulkner's  Island,  1  to  8 
fathoms  ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island  ;  Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  15  fathoms, 
very  common ;  abundant  in  Casco  Bay ;  Bay  of  Fundy ;  Nova  Scotia 
coast ;  and  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  low-water  to  110  fathoms.  Saint 
George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

SERTULARIA  CUPRESSINA  Linne.    (p.  408.) 

Syst.  Naturae,  ed.  x,  1758;  ed.  xii,  p.  1308;  Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  142, 1766; 
Johnston,  op.  cit.,  p.  80,  Plate  16,  figs.  1,  2;  Hiucks,  op.  cit.,  p.  270,  Plate  57  ; 
A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  143. 

New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain  and  France.  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  with  reproductive 
capsules,  in  April ;  Vineyard  Sound,  not  common  ;  Massachusetts  Bay  ; 
Casco  Bay ;  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  tide-pools  and  from  1  to  110  fathoms, 
common.  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Absecom  Beach,  New 
Jersey  (Leidy). 

SERTULARIA  PUMILA  Linne.    Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  279.    (p.  327.) 

Syst.  Naturae,  ed.  x,  1758 ;  ed.  xii,  p.  1306 ;  Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  130 ;  Johnston, 
op.  cit.,  p.  66,  Plate  11,  figs.  3,  4 ;  Hincks,  Brit.  Hydr.  Zooph.,  p.  260,  Plate  53, 


[733]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        439 

fig.  1.  Dynamena  pumila  Lamouroux,  Bulletin  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  iii,  p.  184. 1812  ; 
Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  326,  355,  Plate  32,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Cata 
logue,  p.  141,  figs.  225,  226. 

New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  Finmark  to  Great  Britain  and 
France.  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  on  Fucus ;  abundant  on  the 
shores  of  Long  Island  Sound,  Vineyard  Sound,  and  northward,  between 
tides. 

SERTULARIA  CORNICINA  Verrill.    (p.  408.) 

Dynamena  cornicina  (pars)  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  204, 1859  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue, 
p.  J42,  1865. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Not  uncommon  in 
Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  8  fathoms,  often  onHalecium  gracile  ;  also  on  float 
ing  Zostera,  etc.,  and  covered  with  Lafoea  calcamta. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  hydra-cells 
are  more  distant,  longer,  more  prominent,  and  freer,  while  the  end  is 
distinctly  bent  outward,  making  the  lower  side  concave  in  the  middle  ; 
aperture  strongly  bilabiate,  often  appearing  tridentate. 

HYDRALLMANIA  FALCATA  Hincks.    (p.  408.) 

Brit.  Hyd.  Zooph.,  p.  273,  Plate  58,  1868.  Sertularia  falcata  Linn6,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed. 
x,  1758 ;  ed.  xii,  p.  1309  ;  Plumularia  falcata  Lamarck,  Auim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  ii,  p. 
160;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  p.  90,  Plate  21,  figs.  1,  2.  Sertularia  ienenssima 
Stimpson,  Mar.  Invert.  Grand  Manan,  p.  8, 1853. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  northern  shores  of  Europe 
to  the  British  Channel.  Common  near  New  Haven,  and  off  Thimble 
Islands,  4  to  8  fathoms  ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island  ;  Vineyard  Sound, 
and  off  Gay  Head,  6  to  20  fathoms ;  Massachusetts  Bay,  abundant; 
very  abundant;  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  110  fath 
oms;  Mingan  Islands,  Labrador.  Saint  George's  Bank,  very  abundant, 
20  to  150  fathoms,  (S.  I.  Smith,  A.  S.  Packard). 

Tubularina. 
NEMOPSIS  BACHEI  Agassiz.    (p.  454.) 

Mem.  Amer.  Acad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  289,  figure,  1849 ;  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  345  ; 
A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  149,  figs.  227-231.  Nemopsis  Gibbesi  McCready,  op.  cit., 
p.  58,  Plate  10,  figs.  1-7,  1859. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Nantucket. 

BOUGAINVILLIA  SUPERCILIARIS  Aggasiz.    Plate  XXXVII,  fig.  276. 

(p.  328.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  289,  291,  figs.  37-39,  Plate  27,  figs.  1-7,  1862 ;  A.  Agas 
siz,  Catalogue,  p.  153,  figs.  232-240.  Hippocrene  siiperciliaris  Agassiz,  Mem. 
Amer.  Acad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  250,  Plates  1-3,  1849. 

Newport,  Rhode  Island,  to  Bay  of  Fundy  ;  ?  Greenland. 
MAUGELTS  CAROLINENSIS  Agassiz.    (p.  450.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  344,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  156,  figs.  241-248. 
Hippocrene  Carolinensis  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  164  (separate  copies,  p.  62),  Plate 
10,  figs.  8-10. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Wood's  Hole,  at 
surface,  evening. 


440      EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [734] 

EUDENDRIUM  DISPAR  AgaSSlZ.      (p.  408.) 

Coutribntions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  285,  289,  342,  fig.  36,  Plate  27,  figs.  10-21,  1862 ;  A 
Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  159,  fig.  249. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  .Bay  of  Fundy  5  1  to  20  fathoms. 

EUDENDRIUM  TENUE  A.  Agassiz. 
Catalogue,  p.  160,  fig.  250,  1865. 

Buzzard's  Bay  to  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to  15  fathoms.  This  is 
closely  allied  to  the  English  E.  capillare  Alder,  but  the  latter  seems  to 
be  a  smaller  and  more  delicate  species. 

EUDENDRIUM  RAMOSUM  Ehrenberg.     (p.  408.) 

Corall.  roth.  Meer,  p.  72,  1834;  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  p.  46,  Plate  6, 
figs.  1-3 ;  Hincks,  Brit.  Hydr.  Zooph.,  p.  82,  Plate  13 ;  f  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue, 
p.  160.  Tubularia  ramosa  Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1302. 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Labrador;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Oft'  Gay  Head,  8  to  20  fathoms;  Casco  Bay,  10  to  60  fathoms ; 
Bay  of  Fundy.  6  to  100  fathoms.  Off  Saint  George's  Bank,  430  fathoms, 
(S.  1.  Smith). 

DYSMORPHOSA  FULGURANS  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  448.) 

Catalogue,  p.  163,  figs.  259,  260,  1865. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  Naushou,  and  Massachusetts  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 
TURRITOPSIS  NUTRICULA  McCready.     (p.  454.) 

Op.  cit.,  pp.  55,  86,  127,  Plates  4,  5,  8,  fig.  1,  1857-9 ;  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol. 
iv,  p.  347  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  167,  figs.  269,  270. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Vineyard  Sound. 
STOMOTOCA  APICATA  Agassiz.    (p.  455.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  347,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  168.  SapJienia 
apicata  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  129,  Plate  8,  figs.  2,  3,  1859. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready) ;  Newport,  Khode  Island  (A. 
Agassiz). 

CLAVA  LEPTOSTYLA  Agassiz.    (p.  328.) 

Contributions,  vol..  iv,  pp.  218,  222,  fig.  32,  Plate  20,  figs.  ll-16a,  Plate  21,  figs. 
l-10a,  1862;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  170,  fig.  274;  Hiucks,  op.  cit.,  p.  6,  Plate 
2,  fig.  1,  1868.  Clara  multicornis  Stimpson,  Invert.  Grand  Manan,  p.  11,  1853  ; 
Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  vol.  iii,  p.  135,  Plate  11,  figs.  33,  34, 
1855  (not  of  Johnston). 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Labrador;  coasts  of  Great  Britain.  Near  New 
Haven  Light 5  Thimble  Islands,  in  tide-pools;  Beverly,  Massachusetts  ; 
Casco  Bay,  on  rocks  and  Fucus,  abundant ;  Eastport,  Maine,  on  piles. 
Point  Judith,  Rhode  Island  (Leidy).  Nahant,  Massachusetts  (Agassiz). 
Morecombe  Bay  (Hincks). 

CORDYLOPIIORA,  species  undetermined. 

Syncoryna,  sp.,  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  339  (no  description). 

Newport  Harbor,  Rhode  Island  (Leidy,  t.  Agassiz).    la  1860  I  ob 
tained  a  species  of  this  genus  from  the  vicinity  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 


r?35]       INVERTEBRATE    ANJMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        441 

chusetts,  in  water  that  was  fresh,  or  nearly  so.     It  grew  to  the  height 
of  two  inches  or  more,  with  long  slender  branches. 

WILLIA  ORNATA  McCready.     (p.  455.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  149  (separate  copies,  p.  47),  Plate  9,  figs.  9-11, 1859  (Willsia) ;  Agassiz, 
Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  346,  1862;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  171,  figs.  274a, 
275. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready).    Buzzard's  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 

CORYNE  MIRABILTS  Agassiz. 

Contributions,  vol.  iii,  Plate  llc,  figs.  14, 15,  Plates  17-19 ;  vol.  iv,  pp.  185-217,  figs. 
9-31,  Plate  20,  figs.  1-9,  Plate  23%  fig.  12  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  175,  figs. 
283-287.  Sarsia  mirabllis  Agassiz,  Mern.  Araer.  Acad.,  vol.  iv,  p.  224,  Plates  4,  5, 
1849.  ?  Tubularia  stellifera  Couthouy,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ii,  p.  56, 
1839.  Coryne  gravata  Wright,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  Apr.,  1858,  Plate  7,  fig. 
5  (t.  Hincks).  Syncoryne  gravata  Hincks,  Brit.  Hydr.  Zooph.,  p.  53,  Plate  10,  fig.  1. 

The  species  described  by  Couthouy  may,  possibly,  have  been  this  ; 
but  his  species  was  described  as  unbranched,  and  as  if  it  had  two  dis 
tinct  circles  of  tentacles.  Martha's  Vineyard  to  Greenland.  Common 
in  Massachusetts  Bay;  Casco  Bay;  and  Bay  of  Fuudy.  Scotland 
(Hincks). 

DIPURENA  CONICA  A.  Agassiz.     (p.  455.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  341, 1862;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  181,  figs. 
301-305. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  Naushon  (A.  Agassiz). 
GEMMARIA  GEMMOSA  McCready.    (p.  455.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  151,  Plate  8,  figs.  4,5,  1859;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  184,  fig.  308. 
Zanclea  gemmosa  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  151, 1849 ;  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv, 
p.  344. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready).     Buzzard's  Bay  (A.  Agassiz). 

PENNARIA  TIARELLA  McCready.    Plate  XXXVII,  figs.  277,  278,    (p. 
327.) 

Op.  cit.,  p.  153,  1859  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  187,  figs.  311-315.  GloUceps  tia- 
rella  Ayres,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  iv,  p.  193,  1852.  Eucoryne  elegans 
Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  136,  Plate  10,  figs.  1-5,  1855.  GloUceps  tiarella  Agassiz,  Con 
tributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  344,  1862. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Great  Egg  Har 
bor,  New  Jersey ;  near  New  Haven ;  Vineyard  Sound,  common,  low- water 
to  10  fathoms,  and  on  floating  algse. 

ECTOPLEURA  OCHRACEA  Agassiz.     (p.  455.) 

In  Agassiz,  Contributions,  vol.  iv,  p.  343,  1862;  Catalogue,  p.  191,  figs.  320-323. 
Buzzard's  Bay,  Naushon  (A.  Agassiz). 


442       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [736] 
CORYMORPHA  PENDULA  Agassiz.    Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  273.     (p.  510.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  276,  343,  Plate  26,  figs.  7-17,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Cata 
logue,  p.  192,  fig.  324.  Corymorplia  nutans  Stirapson,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan, 
p.  9,  1853. 

Block  Island  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Common  in  Casco  Bay  and 
Bay  of  Fundy,  8  to  30  fathoms ;  off  Block  Island,  29  fathoms.  Off 
Cape  Cod  (A.  S.  Bickmore). 

HYBOCODON  PROLIFER  Agassiz.    Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  282.     (p.  328.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  243,  343,  Plate  23%  figs.  10,  11,  Plate  25,  figs.  1-15, 
1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  193,  figs.  325-328. 

Vineyard  Sound  to  Massachusetts  Bay. 
PARYPHA  CROOEA  Agassiz.    Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  274.    (p.  390.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  249, 342,  Plates  23,  23a,  figs.  1-7, 1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Cata 
logue,  p.  195.  ?  Tubitlaria  cristata  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  156,  1859= Par yplia 
cristata  Ag.,  op.  cit.,  p.  342. 

Brooklyn,  New  York,  to  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Very  abundant  near 
New  Haven,  on  piles  in  harbor,  and  in  2  to  6  fathoms,  off  Thimble 
Islands;  Wood's  Hole,  on  piles,  abundant.  Warren  Bridge,  Boston 
(Agassiz). 

This  is  probably  not  distinct  from  P.  cristata,  which  is  abundant  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina. 

THAMNOONIDIA  TENELLA  Agassiz.    (p.  407.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iv,  pp.  275,  342,  Plate  22,  figs.  21-30, 1862  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Cata 
logue,  p.  195. 

Rhode  Island  to  Bay  of  Fun  dy.  Off  Watch  Hill,  4  to  5  fathoms; 
Vineyard  Sound,  6  to  10  fathoms ;  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Fundy,  low- water  to  40  fathoms. 

HYDRACTINIA  POLYCLINA  Agassiz.    (p.  407.) 

Contributions,  vol.  iii,  Plate  16;  vol.  iv,  pp.  227,  339,  figs.  33-35,  Plate  26,  fig.  18, 
1862  ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  193,  figs.  329,  330.  Hydmctinw  ecliinata  Leidy, 
op.  cit.,  p.  135,  Plate  xi,  fig.  35, 1855  (?  not  of  Johnston). 

New  Jersey  to  Labrador.  Very  abundant  in  Long  Island  Sound, 
Vineyard  Sound,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy.  low-water  to  60  fath 
oms.  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith).  Labrador  (Packard).  Green 
land  (Morch).  ?  Charleston,  South  Carolina  (McCready). 

The  identity  of  this  with  the  European  species  is  somewhat  doubtful, 
though  united  by  Hincks  and  others.  The  latter  extends  southward  on 
the  European  coasts  to  Great  Britain  and  France. 

Physophorce. 
NANOMIA  CARA  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  455.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ix,  p.  181,  1863 ;  Catalogue,  p.  200,  figs.  332-350. 
Newport,  Khode  Island  ;  Massachusetts  Bay;  Nahant  (A.  Agassiz). 


.      [737]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        443 

Porpitce. 
+  PHYSALIA  PELAGICA  Lamarck,    (p.  450.) 

Syst.  des  Aiiim.  sans  Vert.,  p.  356,  1801 ;  Lesson,  Acaleplies,  p.  545, 1843.  Physalis 
pelagica  Osbeck,  Itin.,  p.  284,  Plate  12,  fig.  1,  1757  (t.  Lesson).  Holothuria 
physalis  Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1090,  1767.  Medusa  caravella  Miiller,  Besch. 
der  Berl.  Naturf.,  vol.  ii,  p.  190,  Plate  9,  tig.  2  (t.  Lesson)  ;  Ginelin,  Syst.  Nat., 
p.  3139, 1789.  Physalia  caravella  Eschscholtz ;  Lesson,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Zooph. 
Acaleplies,  Plate  11  (explanation).  Physalia  arethusa  Tiiesius,  in  Krusensterna 
Reise,  vol.  iii,  p.  91,  Plate  23,  figs.  1-6, 1813  (t.  Lesson) ;  Agassiz,  Contributions , 
vol.  iv,  pp.  335,  367,  Plate  35,  1862 ;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  214,  figs.  351-354  ; 
this  Report,  p.  450.  Physalia  aurigera  McCready,  op.  cit.,  p.  176, 1859. 

Warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  coming  north 
ward  in  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  southern  coast  of  New  England  and 
Long  Island ;  and  off  Saint  George's  Bank  and  Nova  Scotia.  Not  un 
common,  in  good  condition,  in  Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay. 
Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island  (D.  C.  Baton).  East  of  Saint  George's  Bank 
(S.  I.  Smith).  Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (coll-  Dr.  Yarrow). 

--  VELELLA  MUTICA  Lamarck,   (p.  455.) 

Syst.  des  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  p.  355, 1801 ;  Bosc,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Vers.,  vol.  ii,  p.  158; 
Lesson,  Voy.de  la  Coquille,  Zool.,  vol.  ii,  pp.  2,52,  Plate  6,  figs.  1,2;  Aca 
leplies,  p.  571,  Plate  12,  figs.  1,2;  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue,  p.  216,  figs.  355-357. 
Medusa  velella  Linne",  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1098. 

Tropical  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  coming  northward 
in  the  Gulf  Stream  as  far  as  Nantucket  and  off  Saint  George's  Bank. 
Aspinwall  (coll.  F.  H.  Bradley) ;  coasts  of  Florida  (Agassiz)  $,  Long  Is 
land  Sound  (A.  Agassiz). 

POLYPI  or  ANTHOZOA. 
ALCYONARIA. 

I  ALCYONIUM  CARNEUM  Agassiz.  Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  283.  (p.  497.) 

Proc.  American  Association  for  Adv.  of  Science,  1850,  p.  209;  Verrill,  Revision 
of  Polyps  of  Eastern  Coasfc  U.  S*,  in  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p. 
4,  1864 ;  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  343,  1866.  Halcyonium 
carneum  A.  and  E.  C.  Agassiz,  Sea-Side  Studies,  p.  19,  figs.  21-23,  1865. 

Khode  Island  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Off  Watch  Hill,  Khode  Island, 
4  to  5  fathoms;  off  (Juttyhunk  Island,  10  to  15  fathoms;  off  Gay  Head,  8 
to  10  fathoms  ;  common  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  Bay  of  Fundyr 
and  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  low- water  to  80  fathoms.  Gulf  of  Saint  Law 
rence  (Whiteaves).  Saint  George's  Bank  (S.  I.  Smith). 

.   Leptogoryia  tennis  Verrill. 

Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,p.  8,1864.  Gorgonia  tennis  Verrill,  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  N.H.,  vol.  x,  p.  339,  1866.  Leptogorgia  teres  (error  typ.)  Verrill, 
Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  420,  1869. 

"Bay  of  New  York."    Specimens  in  the  museum  of  Yale  College  are 
supposed  to  have  come  from  Long  Island  Sound,  but  the  exact  locality 
is  not  known. 
30  v 


444      REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [738] 

ACTINARIA. 

METRIDIUM  MARGINATUM  Milne-Edwards,    (p.  329.) 

Hist.  Nat.  des  Coralliaires,  vol.  i,  p.  254,  1857;  Verrill,  Revision  of  Polyps.,  in 
Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  22,  1864  ;  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  x,  p.  337,  186G ;  American  Naturalist,  vol.  ii,  p.  252;  Tenney,  Natural 
History,  p.  523,  tigs.  515-517,  1865;  A.  and  Mrs.  E.  C.  Agassiz,  Sea-Side 
Studies,  p.  7,  rigs.  2-7,  1865.  Actinia  marginata  Lesueur,  Journal  Acad.  Nat. 
Sciences,  Philad.,  vol.  i,p.  172,1817;  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  ed.  i,  p.  349,  1841; 
Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  N.  S.,  Philad.,  ser.  ii,  vol.  iii,  p.  140,  1855  Agassiz,  Contri 
butions,  vol.  iii,  p.  39,  fig.  8,  1860.  Actinia  dianthiis  Dawson,  Canadian  Nat 
uralist  and  Geologist,  vol.  iii,  p.  402,  figs.  1,2,  1858. 

New  Jersey  to  Labrador.  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Buzzard's 
Bay,  and  Vineyard  Sound,  but  mostly  smaller  than  further  north; 
abundant  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low- 
water  to  90  fathoms. 

SAGARTIA  LEUCOLENA  Verrill.    Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  284.    (p.  329.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  336, 1866 ;  American  Naturalist,  vol.  ii,  p.  261. 
North  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod.     Common  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Buz 
zard's  Bay,  and  Vineyard  Sound  ;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New    Jersey. 
Fort  Macon,  North  Carolina  (coll.  Dr.  Yarrow). 

SAGARTIA  MODESTA  Verrill.    (p.  330.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  337, 1863. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Vineyard  Sound.  Savin  Bock,  near  New 
Haven;  Goose  Island  5  Stony  Creek  ;  Naushon  Island ;  low-water, 
buried  in  sand  or  gravel. 

PARACTIS  RAPIFORMIS  Milne-Edwards,     (p.  3G3.) 

Hist.  Nat.  des  Coralliaires,  vol.  i,  p.  249,  1857;  Verrill,  American  Journal  of 
Science,  vol.  iii,  p.  436, 1872;  Dana,  Corals  and  Coral  Islands,  p.  23,  figure,  (in 
<ed.  i,  as  Sagartia  modesta  V.).  Actinia  rapiformis  L'esueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sciences,  Philad.,  vol.  i,  p.  171, 1817;  Verrill,  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  i,  p.  35,  1864  ;  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  x,  p.  338. 

North  Carolina  to  Long  Island  Sound.  Fort  Macon  (coll.  Dr.  Yar 
row)  ;  New  Jersey  (Lesueur) ;  near  New  Haven  (Dana). 

HALOOAMPA  PRODUCTA  Stimpson,  MSS.    Plate  XXXVIII,  fig.  285. 
(p.  330.) 

Verrill,  Revision,  in  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  30,  Plate  1,  figs,  10, 11, 
1864.  Actinia  producta  Stimpson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  v,  p.  110, 
1856.  Corynactis  albida  Agassiz,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vii,  p.  24,  1859. 
Halcampa  albida  Verrill,  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  29,  1864  ;  A. 
and  E.  C.  Agassiz,  Sea-Side  Studies,  p.  16,  fig.  15,  1865 ;  Verrill,  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  338,  1870  (Halocampa). 

South  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod.  Shores  of  Long  Island  Sound,  at 
Stony  Creek,  etc. ;  Naushon  Island;  Martha's  Vineyard;  Nantucket; 
Cape  Cod.  Charleston,  South  Carolina  (Stimpson). 


[739]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        445 

EDWAKDSIA  FABINACEA  Verrill.    (p.  510.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  xlii,  p.  118, 1866. 

Off  Gay  Head,  19  fathoms ;  Casco  Bay,  10  to  70  fathoms ;  Bay  of 
Fundy,  8  to  90  fathoms. 

EDWARDSIA  LINEATA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.    (p.  497.) 

Body  cylindrical,  elongated,  covered  over  the  base  and  sides  with  a 
dirty,  brownish,  slightly  rough  and  wrinkled  epidermis,  except  anteriorly, 
below  the  tentacles,  where  it  is  smooth,  translucent,  and  usually  with 
eight  impressed,  longitudinal,  flake- white  lines,  showing  through.  Tenta 
cles,  24  to  30,  or  more,  in  the  larger  specimens,  slender,  tapering,  obtuse, 
white  or  pale  flesh-color,  each  with  a  flake- white,  longitudinal  line  along 
the  inner  side.  Disk,  with  a  white  circle  around  the  mouth,  and  often 
with  8,  or  more,  radiating,  white  lines,  extending  to  the  base  of  the 
inner  tentacles  ;  border  of  the  mouth  sometimes  pale  red  ;  naked  part 
of  column  pale  flesh-color,  often  with  a  circle  of  white  below  the  bases 
of  the  tentacles,  and  usually  with  eight  oblong  or  fusiform  flake-white 
spots  between  the  longitudinal  impressed  lines. 

Length,  25mm  to  35mm;  diameter,  2.5mm  to  3mm.  A  very  young  speci 
men  had  18  slender,  equal,  long  tentacles,  each  with  a  median  longi 
tudinal  line  of  white  on  the  inside;  disk  with  6  radiating  lines  of 
white;  naked  part  of  the  column  with  6  impressed  white  lines,  and 
with  6  oblong,  flake- white  spots  between  them.  Breadth  across  the 
expanded  tentacles,  3rnm. 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  not  having,  in  any  of  the  specimens 
found,  a  naked  basal  area,  nor  any  true  disk  for  attachment,  thus  differ 
ing  both  from  Phellia  and  the  other  species  of  Edwardsia.  This  may  be 
due  to  its  peculiar  habit  of  nestling  in  the  crevices  and  interstices 
between  rocks,  ascidians,  worm-tubes,  etc. 

Off  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms,  in  cavities  in  and 
beneath  Astrangia,  etc. ;  Vineyard  Sound  arid  off  Gay  Head,  G  to  12 
fathoms,  among  ascidians,  annelid-tubes,  etc.,  abundant.  •. 

Arachnactis  brachiolata  A.  Agassiz.    (p.  451.) 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ix,  p.  159,  1862;  Boston  Journal  of  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  vii.  p.  525,  1863 ;  Verrill,  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  p.  33 ;  Proceedings, 
vol.  x,  p.  343. 

Mr.  A.  Agassiz  has  recently  ascertained  that  this  is  only  a  larval  form 
of  some  species  of  Edivardsia.  .As  it  had  already  developed  16  tenta 
cles,  it  must  belong  to  one  of  the  species  having  numerous  tentacles 
when  adult. 

Peacliia  parasitica  Verrill. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  338,  1866 ;  Biddium  parasiticum  Agassiz, 
Proc.  Boston  S.  N.  H.,  vol.  vii,  p.  24,  1859;  Verrill,  Revision  of  Polyps,  in  Me 
moirs  Boston  S.  N.  H.,  vol.  i,  p.  31,  Plate  1,  figs.  14,  15,  1864 ;  A.  and  Mrs.  E.  C. 
Agassiz,  Sea-Side  Studies,  p.  15,  fig.  14,  1865. 

Cape  Cod  to  Bay  of  Fundy,  on  Cyanea  arctica ;  Eastport,  Maine,  buried 
in  gravel  at  low- water  mark  (two  specimens,  of  very  large  size).  I  am 


446       EEPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [740] 

uot  aware  that  this  species  has  been  found  south  of  Cape  Cod,  but  it 
will  probably  be  found  hereafter,  siuce  the  Cyanea  is  common. 

EPIZOANTHUS  AMERICANUS  Verrill.    Plate  XXXVIII,  figs.  286,  287. 
(p.  510.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  ii,  p.  361,  1871 ;  Dana,  Corals  and  Coral  Isl 
ands,  ed.  i,  p.  62,  figs  1,  2,  1872.  Zoanthus  parasiticus  Verrill,  Revision  of 
Polyps,  in  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  i,  p.  34,  1864,  (not  of  Ducli.  and  Mich., 
1860.)  Zoanthus  Americanus  Verrill,  op.  cit.,  p.  45;  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  x,  p.  335,  1866.  G-emmaria  Americana  Verrill,  American  Naturalist,  vol.  ii, 
p.  9,  fig.  42. 

Off  New  Jersey  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  in  deep  water.  Off  Block 
Island,  29  fathoms,  on  shells  occupied  by  Eupagurus  ;  off  Grand  Manaii, 
in  40  to  50  fathoms,  on  shells  covering  Eupagurus,  and  in  109  fathoms, 
on  rocks ;  off  Saint  George's  Bank,  430  fathoms,  on  rocks,  (S.  I.  Smith 
and  O.  Harger) ;  Saint  George's  Bank,  60  fathoms,  on  shells  occupied 
by  Eupagurus  (Smith  and  Harger) ;  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  on  rocks, 
( Whiteaves) ;  Massachusetts  Bay  (J.  E.  Gray).  Off  New  Jersey,  N.  lat. 
40°,  W.  long.  73°,  32  fathoms,  on  shells  inhabited  by  Eupagurus  pubeseem, 
(coll.  Captain  Gedney). 

MADREPORARIA. 

ASTRANGIA  DAN^E  Agassiz.    (p.  408.) 

Proc.  American  Assoc.,  vol.  ii,  p.  68,  1849  (not  of  Edw.  and  Haime,  1850) ;  Ver 
rill,  Revision  Polyps,  p.  40,  1864;  A.  and  Mrs.  E.  C.  Agassiz,  Sea-Side  Studies,  p. 
16,  figs.  16-20,  1865  ;  Verrill,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  x,  p.  335, 1866 ; 
Dana,  Corals  and  Coral  Islands,  p.  68,  figures,  1872.  Aatrangia  astrwiformis 
Edw.  and  Haime,  Ann.  des.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xii,  p.  181,  1850  ;  Coralliaires,  vol.  ii, 
p.  614,  1857 ;  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philad.,  vol.  iii,  p.  139,  Plate 
x,  figs.  9-16,  1855 ;  Verrill,  Revision  of  Polyps,  p.  39,  1864. 

North  Florida  and  west  Florida  to  Cape  Cod.  Common  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  near  Kew  Haven,  at  Savin  Eock,  off  Thimble  Islands, 
etc.,  1  to  <3  fathoms,  rocks ;  Watch  Hill,  Ehode  Island.  4  to  5  fathoms ; 
Vineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Bay,  2  to  15  fathoms ;  FortMacon,  North 
Carolina  (coll.  Dr.  Yarrow).  Charleston,  South  Carolina  (Agassiz). 
West  Florida  (E.  Jewett). 

PROTOZOA. 

POEIFERA  or  SPONGLE. 

CALCAREA. 

j  GRANTIA  CILIATA  Fleming,    (p.  330.) 

British  Anim.,  p,  325 ;  Johnston,  Brit.  Sponges  and  Lithophytes,  p.  176,  Plate 
20,  figs.  4,  5,  Plate  21,  figs.  6,  7,  1842  ;  Bowerbauk,  Monog.  British  Spougiadae, 
vol.  i,  Plate  26,  figs.  345,  346°;  vol.  ii,  p.  19,  1866.  Spongia  ciliata  Fabricins, 
Fauna  Grcenlaudica,  p. -448, 1780.  Sycandra  ciliata  Heeckel,  Die  Kalkschwamnie, 


[741]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        447 

vol.  ii,  p.  296,  Plate  51,  figs.  I8-!*,  Plate  58,  fig.  9,  1872.  Spongia  coronala 
Ellis  and  Solander,  Zoophytes,  p.  190,  Plate  58,  figs.  8,  9.  Grantia  coronata 
Hassall,  Ann,  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vi,  p.  174. 

Rhode  Island  to  Greenland  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe.  Common  in 
Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fuudy,  low-water  to  60  fathoms ;  Vineyard 
Sound,  not  uncommon.  Point  Judith,  Rhode  Island  (Leidy). 

?  LEUCOSOLENIA  BOTRYOIDES  Bowerbank.    (p.  500.) 

Brit.  Spong.,  vol.  ii,  p.  28,  1866.  Spongia  botryoides  Ellis  and  Solander,  Zooph., 
p.  190,  Plate  58,  figs.  1-4, 1786.  Grantia  botryoides  Fleming,  Brit.  Anim..  p. 
525 ;  Johnston,  op.  cit.,  p.  178,  Plate  21,  figs.  1-5.  Ascaltis  botryoides  Haickel, 
op.  cit.,  vol.  ii,  p.  65.  Plate  9,  fig.  10,  Plate  10,  figs.  7a-7e. 

Martha's  Vineyard  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence ;  northern  coasts  of 
Europe  to  England  and  France. 

I  refer  some  of  our  larger  specimens  to  this  species  with  considerable 
doubt.  They  appear  to  be  distinct  from  the  following  species,  with  which 
they  have  formerly  been  confounded. 

ASCORTIS  FRAGILIS  Ha3ckel. 

Op.  cit.,  vol.  ii,  p.  74,  Plate  11,  figs.  5-9,  Plate  12,  figs.  5*-5's  1872.  Leucosolenia 
thamnoides  Hasckel,  Prodrom.,  p.  243,  spec.  70.  Leucosolenia  botryoides  H.  J. 
Clark,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  part  3,  p.  323,  (sep.  copies,  p.  19), 
Plate  9,  figs.  40-44,  Plate  10,  fig.  64,  1866  (not  of  Bowerbank)  ;  this  Report, 
pp.  334,  391.  Grantia  botryoides  Leidy,  op.  cit.,  p.  135,  1855. 

Long  Island  Sound  to  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence.  Western  coast  of 
Norway,  at  Bergen,  etc.  (Ha^ckel).  Common  in  Long  Island  Sound,  near 
New  Haven,  at  Thimble  Islands,  etc.;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island;  Vine 
yard  Sound;  Casco  Bay,  etc.  Massachusetts  Bay  (H.  J.  Clark). 

Haeckel  names  the  form  figured  by  Clark  yar.  Ufida. 

SILICEA. 

I  MICROCIONA  PROLIFERA  Verrill. 

Spongia  prolifera  Ellis  and  Solander,  Zoophytes,  p.  189,  Plate  58,  fig.  5,  1786 ; 
Lniiionroux,  Expos.  Mdtliodique,  p.  31,  Plate  58,  fig.  5.  Eed  sponge,  this  Re 
port,  pp.  330,  409,  476. 

This  species,  when  young,  forms  broad,  thin,  bright  red  incrustations 
over  the  surfaces  of  stones  and  shells.  In  this  stage  it  agrees  well  with 
the  British  species  of  Microciona  described  by  Bowerbank,  all  of  which 
are  said  to  be  incrustiug  forms.  Our  species,  at  a  later  period,  rises  up 
into  irregular  lobes  and  tubercular  prominences,  which  eventually  be 
come  elongated  and  subdivided  into  slender  branches,  until  they  often 
form  a  profusely  and  intricately  branched  sponge,  frequently  six  inches 
high  and  as  much  in  diameter.  The  branches  are  repeatedly  dichoto- 
mous,  more  or  less  flattened,  and  often  digitate  or  palmate  at  the  ends 
They  also  frequently  anastomose  irregularly.  The  branches,  when  dry, 
are  brittle  and  hispid.  They  consist  of  stout,  horny  libers,  which  radiate 
outward  and  upward  from  the  axis  to  the  periphery,  terminating  in 


448       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [742] 

more  or  less  irregular,  slender,  blunt  papillre,  each  of  which  bears  a  tuft 
of  numerous  slender,  acute,  more  or  less  bent  spicules,  arising  from  its 
lateral  and  terminal  surfaces.  At  the  tips  of  the  branches  the  papillae 
are  more  slender  and  divergent,  arid  the  texture  is  more  open  and  loose. 
During  life  these  papilhe  are  connected  together  by  a  thin  dermal  mem 
brane,  through  which  the  spicules  project  but  little.  The  oscules  are 
small  and  scattered  over  the  surface.  Color,  when  living,  dark  red  to 
orange-red;  when  dried,  generally  dark  grayish  brown  or  umber-colored, 
fading  to  dull  yellowish  brown  and  gray.  Diameter  of  branches  mostly 

9inm  -J-Q   PJium 

South  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod.  Very  abundant  in  Long  Island  Sound 
and  Vineyard  Sound,  low-water  to  10  fathoms,  on  oysters  and  other 
shells,  stones,  etc. ;  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey  ;  Fort  Macou,  North 
Carolina  (coll.  Dr.  Yarrow). 

ISODICTYA,  species  undetermined. 

Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island  ;  Vineyard  Sound  and  Nantucket,  washed 
ashore  after  storms  in  winter;  Casco  Bay  ;  Bay  of  Fuudy. 

The  specimens  from  Watch  Hill  have  few  broad,  thick,  palmate 
branches,  with  large  oscules  and  an  open  texture,  with  multispiculose 
fibers.  They  resemble  Isodictya  palmata  Bowerbank. 

CHALINA  OOULATA  Bowerbank.    (p.  497.) 

British  Spongiadui,  vol.  i,  p.  208,  Plate  13,  fig.  262  ;  vol.  ii,  p.  361.  Spongia  ocnlata 
Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  sp.  2;  ed.  xii,  p.  1299;  Pallas,  Elench.  Zooph.,  p.  390, 
1766.  Halicliondria  ooulata  Jobustoii,  op.  cit.,  p.  94,  Plate  3. 

Rhode  Island  to  Labrador ;  northern  coast  of  Europe  to  Great  Brit 
ain.  Off  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms ;  off  Gay  Head,  4  to 
15  fathoms;  very  common  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Casco  Bay,  and  Bay 
of  Fundy  ;  low- water  to  SO  fathoms. 

CHALINA  ABBUSCULA  Verrill,  sp.  nov.     (p.  409.) 

Sponge  profusely  branched,  from  close  to  the  thick  base ;  branches 
repeatedly  diehotomous,  slender,  round  or  somewhat  compressed,  seldom 
broad  or  palmate.  Oscules  small,  round,  irregularly  scattered.  Texture 
of  the  surface  finely  reticulated  when  dry,  with  very  delicate  fibers, 
which  usually  have  but  a  single  row  of  very  slender  fusiform  spicules, 
covered  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  matter ;  the  reticulations  do  not  usu 
ally  exceed  the  length  of  a  single  spicule.  Primary  longitudinal  fibers 
of  the  larger  branches  strong,  horny,  with  several  lines  of  spicules; 
secondary  fibers  at  right  angles  to  the  primary  ones,  much  smaller, 
with  fewer  spicules.  The  spicules  are  slender,  fusiform  ("  acerate1'), 
much  smaller  and  more  slender  than  in  the  preceding  species.  Color, 
when  living,  dull  gray ;  when  dried,  brownish,  yellowish,  or  white.  The 
largest  specimens  are  about  one  foot  high  ;  more  commonly  6  to  8  inches 
(I«j0nim  to  200umi) ;  breadth  often  nearly  as  much  ;  diameter  of  branches, 


[743]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        449 

4mm  to  10mm,  mostly  about  5mm  to  6mm  ;  diameter  of  the  oscules,  in  dry 
specimens,  about  I111"1. 

Korth  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod.  Very  common  in  Long-  Island  Sound 
and  Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  8  fathoms  ;  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island  $  Great 
Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey. 

This  species  has  a  much  finer  and  more  delicate  texture  than  C.  ocu- 
lata*  due  to  the  smaller  fibers  and  spicules,  as  well  as  to  the  smaller 
meshes  of  the  skeleton.  The  branches  are  also  smaller  and  much  more 
numerous  than  they  usually  are  in  that  species. 

HALICHONDRIA.  PANICEA  Johnston. 

Brit.  Sponges,  p.  114,  Plate  10,  Plate  11,  fig.  5, 1842 ;  Bo werbank,  British  Spongiadae, 
vol.  i,  p.  195,  Plate  19,  figs.  300,  303  ;  vol.  ii,  p.  229,  188G.  Spongia  panicea  Pallas, 
Elench.  Zoopli.,  p.  383,  1766.  Tedania  (?),  this  Report,  p.  498. 

Rhode  Island  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Abundant  at  Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  on  algre,  in  4  to  8 
fathoms  ;  off  Gay  Head  5  Casco  Bay  j  Bay  of  Fundy. 

HALICHONDRIA,  species  undetermined,  a. 

Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  associated  with  the  preceding. 

Grows  in  large  tuberous  masses,  on  algas,  like  the  last,  but  has  a 
smoother  surface  and  finer  and  firmer  texture.  (See  p.  498.) 

HALICHONDRIA  ?,  species  undetermined,  &.    (p.  334.) 
Long  Island  Sound  near  New  Haven  ;  Vineyard  Sound. 
Forms  broad,  uneven  incrustations  on  the  under  side  of  stones,  at 

low-water  mark.   Color  when  living,  bright  yellow.    Oscules  rather  large, 

conspicuous. 

HALICHONDRIA  ?,  species  undetermined,  c. 

Vineyard  Sound,  on  the  under  side  of  overhanging  banks,  on  the  salt 
marshes  near  Waquoit;  on  the  piles  of  wharves  at  Wood's  Hole. 

Forms  large,  irregular,  thick  masses,  often  containing  much  foreign 
matter;  surface  uneven,  rising  into  irregular  prominences.  Soft  and 
brittle. 

This  is,  perhaps,  a  species  of  Reniera  Schmidt  (Hymeniacidon  Bow- 
erbank).* 

RENIERA  ?,  species  undetermined,  a.     (p.  334.) 

Vineyard  Sound,  1  to  10  fathoms.  Forms  large,  irregular,  soft 
masses,  3  to  5  inches  in  diameter,  of  a  light  yellow  color  when  living. 

EENIERA  ?,  species  undetermined,  &. 

Vineyard  Sound,  3  to  10  fathoms.  Forms  large,  irregular,  thick 
masses,  ^vith  numerous  acute,  irregular,  often  ragged,  conical  promi 
nences,  rising  from  its  upper  surface. 


*  It  was  not  studied  carefully  when  recerit ;  and  I  have  no  specimens  of  this  and  sev 
eral  of  the  other  species  at  hand,  for  most  of  the  sponges  were  sent  elsewhere  for  com 
parison  with  named  types,  and  have  not  yet  been  returned. 


450        REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [744] 

HALISARCA  ?,     Species  undetermined,  a. 

Watch  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  4  to  5  fathoms.  Forms  small,  soft,  some 
what  gelatinous  masses,  on  red  alga?.  (See  p.  498.) 

SUBERITES  COMPACTA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  compactness  of  its  tissues  and  the 
smallness  of  the  canals  and  pores  permeating  its  substance,  as  well  as 
for  the  large  size  of  the  plates  and  crest-like  lobes  in  which  it  grows. 
A  transverse  section  of  the  dried  sponge  shows  very  numerous  irregular 
canals,  most  of  them  not  larger  than  pin-holes  (or  less  than  0.15mm 
in  diameter).  The  tissue  is  very  compact  throughout,  but  is  more  dense 
close  to  the  surface,  which  is  nearly  smooth,  the  oscules  being  small  and 
inconspicuous.  The  spicules  are  very  abundant,  crowded,  very  slender, 
mostly  pin-shaped  (spinulate),  with  the  point  very  acute  and  the  "  head" 
but  little  enlarged,  and  otteu  largest  a  slight  distance  fVum  the  end,  so 
as  to  give  the  head  a  slightly  ovate  form.  Color,  when  living,  bright 
yellow. 

Off  Martha's  Vineyard,  10  fi; thorns,  sand ;  Nantucket;  Eastern  Shore 
of  Virginia. 

This  is  the  species  described  as  a  u  firm  siliceous  sponge,"  on  page 
503.  In  general  appearance  it  somewhat  resembles  Suberites  suberea 

Gray  (Hymeniacidon  suberea  Bowerbank). 

j 
OLIONA  SULPHUREA  Verrill.    (p.  421.) 

Spongia  sulphured,  Desor,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  Hi,  p.  68,  1848. 
South  Carolina  to  Cape  Cod ;  local  farther  north.     Great  Egg  Harbor, 
Xew  Jersey  ;  very  abundant  in  Long  Island  Sound  and  Vineyard  Sound, 
on  oysters  and  various  other  shells,  I  to  15  fathoms.     Portland  Harbor, 
Maine,  in  sheltered  localities  (C.  B.  Fuller). 

?  POLYMASTIA  ROBUSTA  Bowerbank.     (p.  497.) 

British  Spongiadre,  vol.  i,  p.  178,  Plate  29,  fig.  358 ;  vol.  ii,  p.  62,  1866. 

Off  Gay  Head,  18  to  20  fathoms;  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of 
Fundy,  8  to  70  fathoms.  Coast  of  Great  Britain  (Bowerbank). 

The  American  specimens  do  not  agree  in  all  respects  with  the  descrip 
tion,  and  may  prove  to  be  distinct  when  a  direct  comparison  can  be 
made.  In  our  specimens  the  surface  is  finely  hispid;  the  dermal  tissue  is 
firm,  and  tilled  with  small,  slender,  often  curved,  needle-shaped  ("  acuate"), 
and  pin-shaped  (u spinulate")  spicules,  which  project  from  the  surface. 
The  latter  form  is  the  predominant  one,  but  the  "  head"  is  very  small, 
and  they  pass  gradually  into  the  former  kind,  in  which  the  "head"  is 
obsolete,  or  not  larger  than  the  shaft.  The  spicules  of  the  large,  radi 
ating  fascicles  iu  the  body  of  the  sponge  are  long  and  large/ needle- 
shaped,  with  the  central  portion  thickest  ("  fusiformi-acuate").  The 
large  spicules  in  the  longitudinal  fascicles  of  the  cloacal  tistuhe  are  of 
the  same  form;  the  secondary  fascicles  of  the  body  and  the  transverse 
secondary  spicules  of  the  fistulas  also  have  the  same  form,  though  much 


[745]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        451 

smaller.  The  "cloaeal  fistula7'  are  numerous,  and,  when  living,  are 
round  and  tapering*,  but  when  dry  become  flat  and  bent,  or  curved  to  one 
side.  They  are  mostly  20mm  to  40mra  long,  and  4mm  to  6mra  in  diameter 
near  the  base. 

Several  other  species  of  sponges  were  collected,  which  have  not  been 
examined. 

I  have  been  unable  to  identify  any  of  our  specimens  with  the  Spongia 
urceolata  of  Desor  (Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History,  vol.  iii,  p.  67). 
Possibly  it  was  based  on  a  peculiarly-shaped  young  specimen  of  Micro- 

ciona  prolifera. 

FORAMINIFERA. 

Numerous  species  were  collected,  especially  in  the  deeper  parts  of 
Vineyard  Sound  and  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  but  they  have  not  been 
,     identified. 

ADDENDA.      , 

Crustacea. 
CANCER  BOREALIS  Stimpson.     (p.  546.) 

A  small  specimen  of  this  species  was  dredged  off  Watch  Hill,  Ehode 
Island,  in  4  to  5  fathoms,  among  rocks  and  alga3,  in  April.  It  was  found 
in  abundance,  and  of  large  size,  at  Peak's  Island  and  Pumkin  Knob,  in 
Casco  Bay,  Maine,  in  August,  clinging  to  the  sea-weeds,  and  in  tide- 
pools,  above  low-water  mark. 

OCYPODA  ARENARIA  Say.     (Megalops  stage.)     (p.  337.) 

The  megalops  of  this  species  was  found  in  large  numbers,  swimming 
at  the  surface  of  Vineyard  Sound  in  September,  by  Mr.  Viual  N.  Ed 
wards. 

HOMARUS  AMERIOANUS  Edw.    (Lobster.)     (p.  492.) 

Subsequent  observations  have  shown  that  the  breeding-season  of  the 
lobster  extends  over  a  large  part  of  the  year.  In  Casco  Bay  female 
lobsters  wjre  found  carrying  eggs  in  August  and  September.  Mr.  Vinal 
N.  Edwards  has  forwarded  two  living  females,  of  medium  size,  taken  in 
Vineyard  Sound,  December  12th,  both  carving  an  abundance  of  freshly 
laid  eggs.  He  states  that  he  finds  about  "  one  in  twenty ??  carrying  eggs 
at  that  season. 

THEMISTO,  species  undetermined. 

A  species  of  this  genus  was  taken  in  large  quantities  in  Vineyard 
Sound,  in  September,  by  Mr.  Vinal  N.  Edwards.  It  occurred  swimming 
at  the  surface  in  vast  numbers,  and  was  thrown  up  by  the  waves  in 
windrows,  extending  several  miles  along  the  shores  of  Martha's  Vine 
yard. 


452       REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.       [746] 

CONILERA  CONCIIARUM  Harder,     (p.  572.) 

This  species,  previously  quite  rare,  was  taken  this  year  in  large  num 
bers,  in  Vineyard  Sound,  both,  in  spring  and  autumn,  by  Mr.  Viual  N. 
Edwards. 

Annelida. 


ORNATA  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Autolytus  (?),  banded  species,  tins  Report,  p.  398. 

Head  short  and  broad,  bluntly  rounded  or  subtruiicate  above,  slightly 
bilobed  or  emarginate  below.  Eyes  moderately  large  ;  the  anterior  pair 
wider  apart.  Median  antenna  white,  very  long,  slender,  variously 
curled,  reaching  to  about  the  twelfth  body-segment;  posterior  tenta 
cles  also  very  long  and  slender,  reaching  to  about  the  ninth  segment, 
white  at  the  tips  ;  inner  antennae  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
median  one;  the  other  two  pairs  of  antennae  and  tentacles  about  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  the  median  one;  tentacular  cirri  of  the  second  (post- 
buccal)  segment  short,  about  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  body.  Dorsal 
cirri  short,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  body  ;  setiger- 
ous  lobe  short  and  broadly  rounded;  setas  short.  Gizzard  small,  short, 
elliptical,  situated  at  about  the  eighth  segment.  Caudal  cirri  two,  slen 
der,  tapering,  their  length  about  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  body. 
Color  of  the  body  white  or  pale  yellowish,  annulated  with  bands  of 
bright  red  at  unequal  distances.  Length,  about  15mm  ;  breadth,  0.5mm. 

Long  Island  Sound,  oft  New  Haven  :  and  at  Thimble  Islands,  1  to  5 
fathoms,  among  hydroids  and  bryozoa. 

ETEONE  ROBUST  A  Verrill.     (p.  588.) 

This  species,  previously  known  only  from  a  single  specimen,  was  taken 
at  Wood's  Hole,  in  abundance,  and  of  large  size,  in  November,  by  Mr. 
Vina!  N.  Edwards. 

Turbellaria. 
EHYNCHOSGOLEX  PAPILLOSUS  Diesing. 

Revision  der  Turbellarien,  op.  cit.,  vol.  xlv.,  p.  245,  1882.  Rhynchoprobolns  papil- 
losus  Schmaida,  Neue  wirbell.  Thiere,  i,  p.  1,  11,  Plate  2,  iig.  25  (t.  Diesiug). 
Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  in  brackish  water,  (Sebrnarda). 

POLYOELIS  MUTABILIS  Verrill,  sp.  nov. 

Body  much  depressed,  thin,  changeable  in  form,  often  elliptical  or 
oval,  frequently  broad  and  emarginate  in  front,  and  tapered  posteriorly. 
Marginal  ocelli  minute,  black,  forming  several  rows  along  the  front 
border,  but  only  one  row  laterally.  Dorsal  ocelli  larger,  forming  three 
pairs  of  rather  ill-defined  clusters  ;  the  outer  clusters  are  largest,  con 
vergent  backward;  a  pair  of  smaller  clusters  are  situated  a  little  in 
advance,  and  nearer  together;  the  third  pair  is  a  little  farther  forward 


[747]       INVERTEBRATE    ANIMALS    OF    VINEYARD    SOUND,    ETC.        453 

and  closer  together,  often  more  or  less  confused  with  those  next  behind 
them.  Color,  yellowish  brown,  darker  centrally;  or  pale  yellowish, 
thickly  specked  with  yellowish  brown.  Length,  about  71U1U  to  9mm, 
breadth,  5mm  to  6mm. 

Thimble  Islands,  1  to  2  fathoms,  among  algre. 

Bryozoa. 
GEMELLARIA  LORIOATA  Busk. 

Catal.  Mar.  Polyzoa,  Brit.  Mas.,  part  i,  p.  34  ;  Smitt,  op,  cit.,  p.  286,  Plate  17,  fig. 

54.     Sertularia  loricata  Liune,  S3rst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  p.  285  (t.  Soiitt).     Gemellaria 
loriculata  Johnston,  Brit.  Zooph.,  ed.  ii,  pp.  233,  477,  Plate  47,  figs.  12, 13. 

Nautucket  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  northern  coasts  of  Europe  to  Great 
Britain.  Very  common  in  Casco  Bay  and  Bay  of  Fundy,  low-water  to 
110  fathoms. 

The  specimens  from  Nantucket  differ  somewhat  from  the  ordinary 
form.  They  consist  of  rather  dense  tufts  of  stout  stems,  two  or  three 
inches  high,  and  rather  sparingly  branched.  The  cells  are  larger  than 
usual,  elongated  obovate,  five  or  six  times  as  long  as  broad ;  those  of 
the  same  pair  are  not  exactly  opposite.  Aperture  deeply  crescent- 
shaped,  facing  a  little  outward.  Many  of  the  cells,  toward  the  base  of 
the  stems,  give  rise  to  one  or  more  curious  processes  from  near  the  base 
of  the  cell ;  these  are,  at  first,  slender  tubes,  rising  from  a  thin  roundish 
spot  on  the  cell,  but  soon  they  divide  at  the  tip  into  two,  three,  or 
four  forks,  which  are  at  first  regularly  recurved ;  later  these  become 
much  elongated,  and  are  converted  into  slender  rootlets  or  stolons. 


ERRATA. 

Page  307,  line  23,  for  cavaluted,read  convoluted. 

Page  310,  line  8,  page  401,  line  12,  and  elsewhere,  for  Ostrcea,  read  Ostrea. 

Page  383,  line  23,  for  jiEolidia,  read  Montagua. 

Page  383,  line  26,  for  Cavolina,  read  Corypliella. 

Page  392,  line  23,  for  micropthalma,  read  microphthalma. 

Page  393,  last  line,  for  Sargatia,  read  Sagartia. 

Page  399, line  2J,for  Leptochiton, read  Chcetopleura. 

Page  399,  line  32,  for  Leptoohiton,  read  Trachydermon. 

Page  405,  line  27,  for  Eucrate,  read  Eucratea. 

Page  407,  line  38,  for  reproducsive,  read  reproductive. 

Page  415  line  25,  for  Unicola,  read   Unciola. 

Page  427,  line  15,  and  page  429,  line  28,  iovMelitta  testudinaria,  read  MelUta  pentapora, 

Page  433,  line  34,  for  Ampliipholis,  read  Ampliiura. 

Page  444,  line  12,  for  tidentata,  read  tridcntata. 

Page  457,  line  39,  for  Pandaru,  read  Pandarus. 

Page  459,  line  36,  for  Eohthrogalus,  read  Echthrogaleus. 

Page  487,  line  10,  for  A.  planaria,  read  A  Planaria. 

Page  488,  line  4,  for  cantenula,  read  catenula. 

Page  496,  line  28,  for  J.  ternata,  read  C.  ternata. 

Page  498,  line  5,  for  Tedania,  read  Halichondria  panicea. 

Page  498,  line  30,  for  Augustus,  read  angustus. 

Page  504,  line  41,  for  page  433,  read  432. 

Page  508,  line  5,  for  Acutum,  read  ^4.  acutum. 

Page  509,  line  18,  for  Icevigata,  read  discors. 

Page  509,  line  32,  for  thraci-formis,  read  thraciformis. 

Page  509,  line  33,  for  Simpson,  read  Stimpsou. 

Page  547,  line  15,  for  Panopius,  read  Panopeus. 

Page  561,  line  43,  for  pingus,  read  pinguis. 

Page  619,  line  16,  for  Cosco,read  Casco. 

Page  619,  last  line,  for  Cisco,  read  Casco. 

Page  640,  first  line,  for  fig.  127,  read  fig.  124. 

Page  666,  line  15,  after  Montagua  pilata,  insert  Plate  XXV,  fig.  l)B4. 

Page  680,  line  18,  for  185,  B.,  read  184,  B. 

Page  695,  line  34,  for  fig.  238,  read  243. 

Page  716,  line  35,  for  fig.  368,  read  268. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  TO  THE  REPORT  ON  THE  INVERTEBRATA 
OF  SOUTHERN  NEW  ENGLAND. 

fin  the  following;  index  the  first  reference,  for  the  names  of  genera  and  species,  is  to  the  systematic 
catalogue,  where  the  synonymy,  descriptions,  and  references  to  plates  may  be  found.  In  many  cases 
references  to  the  nominal  lists  have  beea  omitted.  The  figures  refer  to  the  inside  paging  of  the  report.] 


Page. 

Abra  requalis 679 

Aealepha? 722 

Acanthocephala 456 

Acelis  crenulata 631 

Acimea  testti  din  alls 661,  307,  333,  485 

Acmostomum  .creimlatum 631 

Acorn-shell 304 

Actfeon  puncto-striata 664,  518 

trifidus    656 

Actiuaria 738 

Actinia  dian thus 738 

marginata 738 

producta 738 

rapiformia 738 

Actinobolus  borealis 683 

Novangliae 684 

Addenda 745 

./Ega  coucharum '. 572 

.Eolidia  pilata 660,  383,  393, 749 

./Eolis  farinacea 666 

papillosa 666,  486  495 

pilata 666 

JEquorea  albida , 729 

Grcenlandica 729 

uEtea  anguinea 710,  405,  411,  424 

Aglaophenia  arborea 730 

Ahnfeltia  plicata #. .       405 

Alcyonaria 737 

Alcyonidium   gclatinosnra 700,  496 

hirsutuni...708,  333,  403,  411, 
424,476,487 

hispidurn...708,  312,  333    04 

411,487 

parasiticum.708,  404,  411,  424 

pelluciduin 703 

raiuosum..  .708,  333,  404,  411, 
419, 424 

Alcyonimn  carneum 737,  485,  497 

gelatinosurn .. 709 

hirsutum 708 

parasitieurn 708 

Alecto  dentata 722 

Alexia  myosotis 662,  383,  393 

Alitta  virens 590 

Allorchestes  littoral  is 556 


Page. 

Alosa  tyrannns 520 

Am  age    pusilla 613 

Auiaroecium  coustellatum 704,  388,  393, 

403,411,424 

pallidnm 705, 496 

pellucidum  .703,  397,  401,  411, 
415,  419,  424 

stellatum  . .  .704,  402,  411,  419, 
424 

Ammochares,   sp 610,  508 

Ammody tes,  sp 521 

Am  mot  ry  pane  firnbriata 604, 508 

Amouroucium  pellucidum 703,562 

stellatum 704 

Anipeli  sea,  species.  .561, 431, 434,  452, 514, 

519 

Ampharete  gracilis 612,  508 

setosa 612,  416,  422,  432,  434 

Amphidesma  rcqualis 679,  518 

Amphipholis  abdita 720,  433,  435,  749 

elegans 720, 420,  424,  447 

teuuis 720 

Amphipoda 555 

Ampbisphyra  debilis 663 

pellucida.  .663,  432,  435,  517 
Amphithoe  conipta . .  564,  370,  377,  382,  392, 

434 

crenulata 557 

inermis 557 

heviuscula 557 

lougimaua  ..  .563,  370,  377,  409, 
452 

maculata 563, 315,  331, 409, 

415,  422,  452,  486,  493 

valida  . . .  .563,  315,  331,  370,  377 

Ampbitrite  ornata. .  .613,  320, 321,  332,  348, 

365,  377,  382, 422,  428,  453 

Auiphiura  abdita 720 

Eugeuias 722 

elegans 720 

squamata 720 

Anachis  avara. .  -643,  306,  313,  333,  383,  392, 
410,  417,  423,  428 

•         similis 644 

Anaperus   Bryareus 715 


458 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Anaperns  Carolinns 715 

unisemita 715 

Anatifa  dentata 579 

Htviata ! 58'0 

Auatiua  fragilia 073 

Leana 673 

papyracea 673,  517 

papyratia 673- 

Anchorella   uncinata 578,  460 

Angler 516 

Angninaria  spatulata 710 

Aligning  modestns 677,  418,  423,  429 

tenellus 677 

teuer .  .677, 358,  365,  372,  378, 423 
426,429,435,519,520 

Annelida 580 

Auoniia  acnleata - —       697 

electrica 696 

epliippinm 696 

glabra.  .696,  311,  333,  393, 401,  410, 
418,  424, 429,  435,  476, 495, 509 

sqnamula 696 

trideiitata 669 

Anomonra 548 

Autedoii  dentatns \       722 

Anteuunlaria  antenuina /73u,  491 

indivisa .;-•-       730 

Antbosoma  crassum 577, 460 

Smithii 577 

Autkostoma  acntum.599,  416,  422,  428, 501, 

508 

fragile 598,  344,  365 

robustum  .  ..597,  343, 348,  365, 
428 

species 600,  416,  422,  508 

Anthozoa 737 

Antbura  bracbiata 573 

bruimea 572, 426,  428 

Anurida  maritima 544,  331,  464,  482 

Apbrodita  aculeata 580, 507 

cirrata 582 

irabricata 582 

punctata 581 

squamata 581 

Appendicularia,  species 707,  446,  454 

Aracbn  actis  bracbiolata 739, 451 

Aracbnida 544 

Arbacia  punctulata 717, 326, 333,  406, 

411, 420,  424,  433 

Area  pexata 692 

ponderosa 692 

transversa 691 

Arenicola  cristata 367 

Argina  pexata. .692, 309, 333, 372, 378,'401, 
410,  424, 435, 515 


Page, 

Argnlus  Alosai 575,  459 

Catostomi 573,  459 

laticanda 574,  452,  459 

latus 574,  452,  459 

megalops 575,  452,  459 

species 439,457 

Aricia  ornata 596,  344,  365 

Artemia  gracilis 573 

Ascaltis  botryoides 741 

Ascaris 457 

Ascidia  ampbora 699 

caruea 170 

ecbinata 702 

Manbattensis 699 

ocellata 698 

tenella 698 

Awci  dians,  larvae  of 454 

Aseortis  fragilis 741 

Aslacns  mariaus 549 

Aslarte  castanea 685,  423, 429,  432,  435 

limulata 685 

lutea 684,509 

mactracea 685,  518 

Portlandica 685 

quadrans 685, 509 

sulcata 684,509 

undata. 684,508 

Asteracantbion  berylinus 718 

Forbesii 718 

pallidns 718 

Asterias  acnleata 716 

arenicola  .  ..718, 326,  333,  363, 366, 

376,  378,  389,  393,  406,  411,  420, 

447,  454,  476,  429,  432,  433, 435, 

438, 424,  427 

berylinus 447 

'compta 719 

Forbesii 718 

ocnlata 719 

pallida 447 

rubens 718 

sanguinolenta 719 

spongiosa 719 

vulgaris  . . .  .718.  389,  432, 447,  454, 
486,  496 

Asterioidea 718 

Astrangia  asteiformis 740 

Danee 740,  330,  334,  397,  408, 

412,421,425,485,494 

Astropby ton  Agassizii 722 

Astyris   limata 645 

luiiata. .  .645,  306,  333,  355,  365,  372 

377, 383, 392, 399,  410,  417,  423, 

428,  463,  479 

rosacea 645, 495, 508 


INDEX. 


459 


Page. 

Astyris  Turubullii 645 

zonalis 645,  396, 410, 4.23, 518 

Atwood's  shark 457 

Atylus  crenul  atus 557 

inermis 557 

vulgaris  . 557 

Aulacomya  harnatus 693 

Amelia  aurita 723 

flavidula 723, 447, 449, 451, 

454 

Auricula  bidentata 662 

denticulata 662 

rnyosotis 662 

Autolytus  cornutus. .  590, 392, 397, 410, 422 

440,  452,  494 

species 590, 746,  410, 422, 452 

Autonoe 562,409,415,422 

Avenella  fusca 710 

Balan  colossus  aurantiacus .  627,351,365,453 

Kowalevskii 627, 352 

Balanus  amphitrite 578 

balauoides.  .579, 304, 331, 381, 392, 
452,  482, 486 

crenatus..  -  579,  381,  392,  396,  409, 
415, 422,  515 

ebnraeus 579,  381, 392,  482 

elongatns 579 

improvisns 579 

ovularis 579 

rugosus 579 

tintiunabulum 578,  381,  392 

larvae 455 

Batrachus  tau 516 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of 300 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  gravelly 

and  shelly  bottoms 412 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  muddy 

bottoms 430 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  muddy 

shores 366 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  piles,  tim 
ber,  vessels,  buoys 378 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  rocky 

bottoms 394 

Bays   and  sounds,  fauna  of  rocky 

shores 303 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  sandy 

bottoms 425 

Bays   and   sounds,  fauna  of  sandy 

shores- 334 

Bays  and  sounds,  fauna  of  surface. .       436 
Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

gravelly  and  shelly  bottoms 421 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

muddy  bottoms 434 

31  V 


Page. 
Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

muddy  shores -  -       377 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

piles,  timbers,  buoys,  vessels 392 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

rocky  bottoms 409 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

rocky  shores 331 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

sandy  bottoms 428 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

sandy  shores 364 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

surface -  -  -  -       451 

Bays  and  sounds,  list  of  species  of 

surface  in  winter 455 

Bdella  marina 544,  331 

oblonga 544 

Bdellodea 624 

Bdelloura  Candida 634,460 

parasitica 634 

rustica 634 

Bela  harpularia 636,  £08 

pleurotomaria 637 

plicata 637,  383,  392,  423, 432,  435 

Bembidiurn  constrictum 541,  464 

contractum 541,  464 

Bicidinm  parasitic  urn ?3(J 

Bittiurn  Greenii 647 

nigrurn.  648,  305,  333,  355,  365,  372, 

377,  383,  393,  410,  417,  423,  428, 

463,479,515 

Black  bass T>14 

Blackrish 515 

Bledius  cordatus 543,  364,  462,  464 

pallipennis 543,  364,  462,  464 

species 335 

Blood-drop 37 1 

Bloody-clams 309 

Blue-crab 367,468 

Blue-fish 516,339 

Blue-shark 521 

Boliua  alata 451 

Boitenia  reuiformis 70  J 

Bonito 516 

Bopyrus 4C7 

Borlasia  olivacea 628 

BotryllusGouldii..702,  375,  375,  378,  381), 

39:5,  483 

var.  albida 3715 

var.  anuulata 37u 

var,  atrox 376 

var.  bicolor 376 

var.  farinacea 376 

var.  Stella... 376 


460 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Botryllus  var.  variegata 376 

Sclilosseri 702 

stellatus 702 

Bougainvillia  superciliaris  ..  .733,  328,  334, 

411,454 

Bowerbankia  gracilis 709 

Brachydontes  hamatus 693 

plicatulus 693 

Brackish  waters,  fauna  of 460 

Brackish  waters,  fauna  of  eel-grass.  478 
Brackish  waters,  fauna  of  estuaries 

and  harbors 460 

Brackish  waters,  fauna  of  muddy 

shores  and  bottoms 465 

Brackish  waters,  fauna  of  oyster- 
beds 472 

Brackish  waters,  fauna  of  piles  of 
wharves,  bridges,  floating  timber, 

&c 481 

Brackish   waters,   fauna   of    sandy 

shores  and  bottoms 462 

Brackish  waters,  list  of  species  of 

eel-grass 480 

Brackish  waters,  list  of  species  of 

muddy  shores  and  bottoms 470 

Brackish  waters,  list  of  species  of 

oyster-beds 476 

Brackish  waters,  list  of  species  of 
piles  of  wharves,  bridges,  floating 

timber,  &c 482 

Brackish  waters,  list  of  species  of 

sandy  shores  and  bottoms 464 

Brachyura  545 

Brada  setosa 606,  431,  434,  508 

Branchellion  Orbiuiensis 624 

Branchiella  Thyimi 578 

Branchiobdella  Ravenellii. . .  624,  458, 460 

Brevoortia  menhaden 520 

Brittle  star-fish 363 

Bryozoa 707 

Buccinum  cinereum 641 

Labradorense 638 

lapillus 642 

lunatum 645 

obsoletum    641 

plicosurn 641 

pyramidale 637 

rosaceum 645 

trivittatum 641 

undatum 638,  494, 508,  521 

undulatum 638 

Wheatleyi 645 

zonale 645,  518 

Bugula  avicularia 711 


Page. 

Bugula  flabellata 711, 333,  389,  393,  411, 

424, 489 

Murrayana 711,  496 

turrita..  712,  311,  333,  361, 366, 389, 
393, 411,  419,  424,  427, 429, 476 

Bulbus  flavus 647, 518 

Bulla  canaliculata    663 

debilis 517,663 

hyalina 663 

insculpta 662 

oryza 663 

pellucida 663 

solitaria. .  .662,  371,  377,  435, 469, 520 

triticea 663,518 

Busycon  caualiculatum 640 

carica 640 

Byblis  serrata 561, 501, 511 

Caberea  Ellisii 711, 420, 424 

Hookeri 711 

Caecum  Cooperi 649 

costatum 649, 417, 423,  428 

pulchellum 649, 417, 423,  428 

Calcareous  sponges 740 

Caligus  Americaims 575 

cnrtus 575,459 

crassus 577 

Miilleri 575 

rapax 575,  452, 457,  459 

species 439 

Callianassa  lougimana 549 

Stimpsoni. . .  549,  369,  377, 434. 
530 

Caliope  laeviuscula 557 

Calliopius  Iseviusculos..  .557, 315, 331, 439, 

452, 455, 519 

Callinectes  liastatns.548, 367,  377, 431,  434, 
438,  451, 458,  468,  479, 516 

Callista  convexa 681,  432, 435, 470,  518 

Calyptrsea  striata 651 

Catnpauularia  caliculata 726 

dumosa 729 

flabellata 728 

flexuosa. .  726,  327,  334,  393, 
411 

gelatinosa 728 

Johnston!    725 

volubilis. .  726, 334, 408, 411, 

424 

Cancer  borealis . .  546, 745,  395, 409,  486,  493 

granulatus 547 

irroratus...546,  312,  331,  338,  364, 

367,  377,  395,  409,  415,  422,  428, 

434,  439,  451,  464,  486,  490,  493, 

514,515,516,520,521,530 


INDEX. 


461 


Page. 

Cancer  ocellatus 547 

Sayi 546 

vocans 545 

Caprella  geouietrica 567,  409 

species. 519,  316,  382,  392,  409, 422, 

494 

Carcinus  granulatus.547,  312,  331,  338,  364 
367,377,464,428,434,467 

mojnas 547 

Carclita  borealis 683 

granulata 684 

Cardium  Groenlaiidicum 518 

Mortoni 683 

pinniilatiim ....  683,  423,  435,  518 

Caudina  arenata 715,  362,  366, 427,  429 

Cavoliua  gyniuota 667,  383,  749 

trideutata 669,  393,  444,  453 

Cecrops  Latreillii 577,  459 

Cellaria  ternata 711 

Celleporina 714 

Cellepora  cocciuea 714 

hyalina 713 

nitida 713 

puniicosa 714 

ramulosa.  714,  312,  333,  405,  411, 
424,  496 

scabra 714,  419,  424 

verrncosa 714 

Cellularia  chelata 710 

densa 711 

fastigiata 712 

Hookeri 711 

ternata 711,496 

turrit  a 712 

Cellularina 710 

Centropristis  fusctis 514 

Cephalopoda  634 

Cepon  distortus 573,  459 

Cerapus  fucicola 565 

minax 565 

rubricornis 565,  396,  409 

Ceratacauthus  aurantiacus  1 520 

Cerebratulus,  species.630,  324,  332,  382,  392, 

410,  434 

Cerithiopsis  Emersonii . .  648,  410, 417,  423, 

428 

Greenii.  647, 333,  383,  393,  410, 
417, 423 

terebralis. . .  648,  393, 417,  423, 
428 

Cerithium  Emersonii 648 

Greenii 647 

nigrocinctura 648 

reticulatum 848 


Page. 

Cerithium  Sayi 648 

terebrale 648 

Ceronia  arctata 679,  426,  429, 518 

Cestodes 456 

Cestum  Veueris 723 

Chsetiopsetta  ocellatus 458, 519 

Cluetobranchus  sanguiueus . .  616,  320,  332, 
371, 377, 434,  468 

Chtetognatha 626 

Chretopleura  apiculata 661 

Chalina  arbuscula 742 

oculata. .742,  391,  409,  412, 425, 497 

Charybdea  periphylla 724 

Chemnitzia  bisuturalis 656 

dealbata 656 

impressa 656 

seminuda 657 

Chernes  oblongus 544,331 

Chilostomata 710 

Chirodota  arenata 716 

oolitica 715 

Chiton  apiculatus 661 

fulmmatus 517 

marmoreus 517,  399 

ruber 662 

Chironomus  halophilus..  .539,  409,  415,  421 

oceanicus.. . .  539, 331, 379, 392, 

519 

Chondracanthus  cornutus 578 

Chondrus   crispus 404 

Chrysodomus  pygm?eus 639 

Cicindela  albohirta 364 

dorsalis 541, 364 

duodecimguttata 541 

generosa 541,  336,  364 

hirticollis 541,  364 

larvre 464 

"  marginata 541 

repanda 541 

Cineras  vittata 580 

Cingula  aculeus 654 

arenaria 654,  517 

laevis. ..-•.; 653 

minuta 653 

modesta 653 

Ciona  tenella 698,  419,  424 

Cirratulus  fragilis 607 

grandis  .  .606,  319,  332,  348,  364, 
371,377,422,468 

tennis 607, 416,  422 

Cirripedia 578 

Cirrhinereis  fragilis.  .607, 332,  397, 410,  422 
Cistenides  Gouldii . .  612,  323,  332,  349,  365, 
371, 377, 422, 428, 434 


462 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Clam, bloody 309 

long ..463,357,309 

maninose 464 

quahog 359 

round 359 

sea 358 

soft-shell 464 

surf 358 

Clam-worms 319 

Clava  leptostyla 734, 328, 334 

multicoruis 734 

Clidiophora  trilineata..  .673,  418,  423, 429, 

432,  435 

Clio  borealis „ 668 

limacina 668 

Miquelonensis 668 

Clioua  retusa 668 

Clioiie  borealis 668 

limacina , 668 

papillonacea 668, 444, 453 

sulphurea 744, 430,  409,  412,  421, 

425, 427 

Clitellio  irrorata 623, 324, 332, 365, 463 

Clupea  elongata 520 

Clytia  bicopbora 725 

cyliudrica 726 

intermedia 726,  408,  411 

Jobustoni 725,  334,  408, 411 

poteriurn 726 

uniflora 726 

volubilis 726,725 

Clymenella 607 

torquata 608 

Clymenetorquatus. .  .608,  343,  365, 422,  428 

urceolata - 610 

Cocklodesina  Leanum. . .  .673, 418, 423, 429 

Cod 516 

Cod-fish,  rnollusks  found  in 517 

Cold  waters  of  tbe  ocean  sbores, 

fauna  of 484 

Coleoptera 540,335 

Collisella  Dalli 661 

Columbella  avara 643 

dissimilis 645 

Gouldiana 645 

•  lunata 645 

rosacea 645 

trauslirata 644 

Common  muscle 307,  361 

Common  prawn . , 339 

Common  skate 521 

Coucboderma  aurita 580,392 

virgata 580,392 

Conilera  concbarum  .572, 746, 426, 428,  459, 

521 


Page. 

Copeopoda 573,  455 

Copepods,  free 451, 452 

Coralliua  officinalis 316 

Corbula  contracta 672, 418, 423, 429 

Cordylopbora,  species 734 

Coronula  diadema 579,  460 

Coropbiunicylindricum.  .566,  392,  382,  377, 
370,  434,  422,  415 

Corymorpba  nutans 736 

pendula 736, 510 

Corynactis  albida 738 

Coryue  gravata 735 

mirabilis 735 

Corypbella  gymnota 667 

Cosmocepbala  ocbracea.  .630,  325,  332,  365, 

410, 423,  434 

Crab,  blue 367 

edible 367,458 

fiddler 336,367 

green 312 

hermit 313,  339, 368,  415 

horseshoe 340, 370 

lady 338 

land 337 

mud 312 

oyster 367 

rock 312, 415 

sand 338 

soft-shelled 368 

spider 339, 368, 395 

Crangon  boreas 400 

septemspinosus 550 

vulgaris. . - . 550,  339,  364,  369, 377, 

395, 400,  409, 415, 422,  428, 434, 

451,  455,  463, 464,  479,  490, 493, 

501, 514, 515, 516,  518,  519, 520, 

521,  529 

Crassina  castanea 685 

latisulca 684 

Crassivenus  mercenaria 681 

Crenella  glandula. . .  695, 418, 424, 435, 518, 

519 

Crepidula  acuta 650 

convexa...650,  333,  355,  365,  371, 

377, 423, 429, 435, 463,  479 

fornicata..649,  333,  355,  365, 410, 

412,  414,  417,  423,  429,  435,  475, 

515 

glauca 650 

plana 650 

unguiformis.  ..650,  333,  355, 365, 
410,  417,  423, 429,  435,  475,  515 

Cribella  oculata 719 

Cribrella  sanguinolenta.719,  407,  411,  420, 
424, 433,  447,  485, 496 


INDEX. 


463 


Page. 

Crinoidea  ... 722 

Crisia  oburuea.  .707,  311,  333,  393,  405, 411, 

419,  424, 496,  515 

Crucibnlum  striatum.651,  399,  410,  417, 423 

Crustacea - 545 

Cryptodon  Gouldii 686, 509 

obesns 637, 509 

Cryptopodia  granulata 548 

Ctenophorae 722 

Ctenolabrus  burgall 521 

Ctenostomata 708 

Cuenmaria  fusiformis 715 

Culex,  species 539,  466 

Cumacea 452,  554 

Cumin  giatellinoides.679,  374,  378,  418,  423, 

435 

Cyaneaarctica  .  -723,  440,  447,  449,  450, 454, 

455, 739 

fnlva 723 

Postelsii 723 

Cyclas  dentata 686,  418,  423,  429 

Cycloeardia  borealis..683,  418,  423,  435,  508 
Cyclocardia  NovangliaB..681,  418,  423, 435, 

508 

Cyclostomata 707 

Cyliclma  alba -  663,  508, 518 

oryza 663,  426,  429,  432,  435 

Cyllene  furciger 533 

lignorum  571 

Cymothoa  ovalis 572 

Cynoscion  regalis 515 

Cynthia  carnea 701 , 495 

echinata 702,495 

gutta... 701 

hirsuta 702 

partita  .701,  311,  333,  388,  393,  401, 
411, 424, 435,  515 

placenta 701 

riignsa 701 

stellifera 701 

Cyprina  Islandica 633,  397,  508,  518 

Cystobranclnis  vividus. 624,  458,  460 

Cy  therea  convexa 681 

morrhnana 681,  518 

Sayana 681 

Sayii 681 

Dactylometra  quinqnecirra  .  .724.  449,  454, 

495 

Darwinia  compressa*- 557 

Defrancia  bicarinata 638 

Vahlii 637 

Delesseriasinuosa 492,  496 

Dendrocccla 632 

Dendronotus  arborescens 665 

Diacria  trispiuosa 669,  444.  453 


Page. 

Diaphana  debilis 663 

Diastopora  patina 707,405,411 

Diastylis  abbreviata 554 

qnadrispinosa 554, 511,  507 

scnlpta  554 

Dibranchiata 634 

Dinematura  coleoptrata 576 

Dinemoura  alta 576 

Dimyaria 669 

Diodon  pilosus 460,578 

Dione  convexa 681 

Diopatra  cuprea.593, 346,  364,  371, 377,  422, 

431, 434 

Diptera 539,335 

Dipurnea  conica 735,  455 

Dieoophorae - 723 

Discopora  coccinea 714,  333,  424,  496 

Docoglossa 661 

Dodecacerea,  species 607,397,422 

Dog-fish 521 

Doliolura,  species 707,446,454 

Donax  fossor 679 

Doridella  obscura  ..  .664,  307,  333,  400,  410, 

423 

Doris  arborescens —       665 

bifida 664,307,333 

coronata 665 

illuminata 665 

pallida 665 

Doto  coronata  . .  .665,  400,  410,  423,  480,  495 

Drill 306,399 

Dusky  shark 520 

Dynamena  cornicina 733, 729 

puraila 733 

Dysmorphosa  fulgurans 734,  448,  454 

Echinarachnius  parma. .  .717,  362, 366,  427, 
429,  490, 503,  515, 578,  520 

Echinaster  oculatus 719 

sanguinoleutus -       719 

Echinocidaris  Davisii 717 

punctulata 717 

Echinodermata 715 

Echinoidea 716 

Echinus  Drobachiensis 716 

granularis - 716 

granulatus 716 

neglectus 716 

pentaporns 717 

punctulatus 717 

Echthrogaleus  coleoptratus  -  -  576, 459, 749 

denticnlatns 576,  459 

Ecrobia  minuta 653 

Ectopleura  ochracea 735,  455 

Edible  crab 357,  458 

Etlwardsia  elegaus 451 


464 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Ed wardsia  farinacea 739,  451,  510 

liueata 739, 421,  425,  497 

Eel-grass 460 

in  brackish  water,  animals 

inhabiting 478 

list  of    species  inhabiting 

the 480 

Elysia  chlorotica 667, 480 

Elysiella  catulus 668,  480 

Embolus  panper 715 

Euchy  tra3us  triventralopectinatus . .       624 

Eugraulis  vittatns 516 

Eusatella  Americaua.674,  356,  365, 426,  429, 

490, 521 

Ensis  Americana 674 

Entouiostraca-...422,  434, 573,  331,  337, 409 

Eolidia  despecta 667 

Eolis  despecta 667 

gymnota 667 

Eone  gracilis 596 

Epelys  montosus-571,  316,  331,  370,  377, 434 

trilobus  ..571, 370,  377, 422, 428,  434, 

452, 464 

Ephydra,  species .540, 464,  466 

Epizoauthns  Araericanus 740, 510 

Ergasilus  labraces 573,  459 

Erichsouia  attennata 570,  370,  377,  479 

nliformis.570, 316,  331,  409,  422, 
452, 494 

Eristalis,  species 540 

Eschara  Pallasiana 713 

pilosa 712 

scabra 714 

Escharella  variabilis  713,  312,  333,  361,  366, 
389,  393;  403,  411,  419,  424,  427,  429,  476 

Escharina 713 

liueata 712 

pediostoma 713 

variabilis 713 

Escharipora  punctata 713, 403,  411, 424 

Eteone  limicola 588 

robnsta 588, 746 

setosa 588 

species- .  .589,  349,  364,  397, 428,  452 

Eucheilota  duodecimals 725,  454 

veutricularis  725,  454 

Euchone  elegaus 618, 432,  434,  508 

species 422,  392,  416 

Eucope  alteruata 727 

diaphana 727 

pentapora Tltf 

polygeua 727 

Eucoryne  elegans 735 

Eucratea  chelata 710,  405.  411,  424, 749 

Eudendriurn  dispar 734,  408,  411,  425 


Page. 

Eudendrium  ramosum 734,  408,  411 

tenue 734 

Eudorella  hispida 555 

pusilla 554 

Eugomphodus  littoralis 521 

Eugy ra  pilularis 700, 509 

Eulalia  anuulata 585 

gracilis 586 

grauulosa 585 

species  .  .452,  332,  349,  392,  397,  410, 
422,  434 

Eulamia  Milberti 521 

obscura 520, 576 

Eulima  oleacea . .  655,  418,  420, 423, 427,  460 

Euiuidia  Americana 584,  494 

papillosa 584 

pistacia 584 

species 452,  332,  349,  392,  397, 

410,422,452 

vivida 584 

Eunice  sanguiuea 593 

Eupagurus  Bernhardus 548,  501 

Iarva3 451, 

lougicarpus  .  .549,  313,  331, 339, 

364,  368,  395,  377,  409,  415,  422, 

426,  428,  434, 463,  464,  479,  515, 

pollicaris.548,  313,  331,  364,  368, 

377, 395, 409, 415, 417, 422,  426, 

428,  434,  515,  521 

pubescens 549 

Eupleura  caudata. .  .642,  332, 371,  377,  423, 

428,  435 

Euryechinus  Drobachiensis 716 

granulatus 716. 

Euthora  cristata 492 

Eutima  limpida 729,  454 

Fabricia  Leidyi..619,  323,  332, 397,  410,  422 

False  scorpion 331 

Farrella  familiaris 710,  487 

pedicellata 710 

Fasciolaria  ligata 642,  517 

Fiddler  crabs 336,  457, 467 

File-fish 520,327 

Fishes,  food  of 514 

list  of  external  parasites  ob 
served  on 459 

parasites  of 455 

Flounder,  ocellated,  or  summer.  ..519,  339 

spotted 520 

winter 520 

Flustra  avieuhiria 711 

Ellisii 711 

hispida 708 

liueata 712 

Murrayana 711 


INDEX. 


465 


Page. 

Flustra  pilosa 712 

setacea 711 

truncata 711 

Flustrella  bispida 708 

Flustrina 712 

Fog-fish 521 

Food  of  fishes 514 

Foramiuifera 745,  425,  430,  412 

Fovia  Warrenii 633 

Free  swimming  and  surface  animals      436 

Fringed  sea-anemone 329 

Frost-fish 519 

Fucus  uodosus 303 

vesiculosus 303,  487 

Fulgur  canalicnlata 640 

carica . .  .640,  313,  332,  355, 365,  399, 
410,  417, 423,  428 

eliceans 640 

Fundulus  pisculentus 520,  458 

Fusus  ciuereus 641 

corneus 638,517 

curtus 638 

harpularius 636 

Holbolli 645 

Islaudicus 638 

pleurotomarius 637 

pygmaeus 639 

rufus 637 

Trumbullii 639, 645,  518 

Gad  us  niorrhua 516 

Galerocerdo  tigrina 521 

Gammaracanthus  mucronatus 559 

Gammarus  aunulatus 553,  314,  331,  586 

519 

locusta 557 

ruarmus 559,  314, 331,  486 

mucronatus..  559,  370,  377,  466, 
479, 519,  520 

natator..  558,  439,  452,  455, 518, 
519, 520 

ornatus. .  557, 514,  331,  382,  392, 
455, 486, 519 

pulex 557 

Gastranella  tunrida 678,  418,  423 

Gastropoda 636 

Gattiola,  species 590.  453 

Gebia  affiuis  . .    -549, 368, 377,  451,  468,  519, 

520, 530 

Gelasinms  minax 545,  337 

pugilator.  545, 336,  364,  462,  464, 

467 

pugnax  . . .  545,  367,  377, 466,  468 

vocans 545 

Gemellaria  loricata 747 

loriculata 747 

Gemma  Totteni  682 


Page. 

Gemma  Manhattensis 682 

Gemmaria  Americana 740 

gemmosa 735 

Geopinus  incrassatus 541,  364 

Glandula  arenicola 701,  502 

Globiceps  tiarella 735 

Glycera  Americana 596 

dibranchiata 596 

Goose-barnacles 381 

Goose-fish 516 

Gorgouia  tennis 737,  457 

Gouldia  lunulata 685 

mactracea  . .  .685,  418,  423,  429,  518 

Grautia  botryoides 741 

ciliata. .  740,  330, 334,  391,  394,  412, 

425 

coronata 741 

Gravelly  and  sandy  bottoms  off  the 
open  coast,  list  of  species  inhabit 
ing  504 

Gravelly  and  shelly  bottoms  of  bays 

and  sounds,  fauna  of  the 412 

Gravelly  bottoms  off  the  open  coast, 

fauna  of . . . , 500 

Green-crab 312 

Gribble 381 

Gymnocopa 626 

Gy  mnosomata 668 

Gymnolsemata 707 

Haddock,     mollusks     taken     from 

stomachs  of 518 

Halcampa  albida 738 

Halcyonium  carneuin 737 

Halecium  gracile. .  ..729,  328,  334,  376,  378, 
391,393,411,425,476 

Halichondria  oculata 742 

panicea 743, 749 

species 743 

Halisarca,  species 744 

Halocarnpa  producta.738,  330,  334,  363,  366 
Halodrillus  littoralis.623, 324,  332, 338, 365, 

•463 

Harbors,  fauna  of  the 460 

Harger,  Oscar,  on  Isopod  Crusta 
cea  545,  567 

Harmothoe  imbricata 582,  321,  332,  392, 

397, 410, 422 

Hemimactra  solidissima 680 

Hermit-crabs 313,  339,  368,  371 

Hermaea  cruciata 667 

Heterocerns  undatus 543,  364,  464 

Heterocrypta  granulata 548,  415, 422 

Heteromyaria 692 

Heteromysis  forrnosa 553,  396,  409,  415, 

422, 452 
Heterouereis  arctica 59 


466 


INDEX. 


Heteronereis  assimilis  ... 

glaucopis  .. 

grandifolia 
Heterofusus  Alexaudri  .. 

balea... 


Page. 

591 

591 

591 

689 

669 

Hickory  shad 520 

Hippa  talpoida.,548,  338,  364,  428, 451,  490, 

530 

Hippocrene   Carolineusis 733 

superciliaris 733 

Hippolyte  pusiola. . .  550,  395,  409,  422,  457, 

493,  511^ 

Hippothoa  rugosa 712 

Holothuria  Briareus 715 

physalis 737 

Holothurioidea 715 

Hornarus  Americanus 549,  313,  331,  395, 

409, 415, 422, 426, 428, 451, 492, 515, 
520, 521, 745 

Horseshoe-crab 340,  468 

Horse-mackerel 516 

Horse-muscle 309 

Hy as  coarctatus 548 

Hy  alaea  cornea 669 

tridentata 669 

trispinosa 669 

Hyale  littoralis 556,315,331,392,486 

Hybocodon  prolifer 736, 328,  334 

Hydractinia  echinata 736 

poiyclina. . .  736, 328,  334, 363, 

376, 378, 407, 411,  425,  427,  429 

Hydrallmania  falcata . . .  .733, 408, 411, 425 

Hydroidea 725 

Hydrophilus  quadristriatus .541,  466 

Hymeuiacidoii 743 

suberea 744 

Hyperia,  species 567,  439, 452, 459 

Ichthyobdella  Ftmduli 624,  458,  460 

Idotea  creca 569,340,364,428 

irrorata  .569,  316, 331, 340,  364,  370, 

377,  392, 439,  452,  479, 486, 

494, 514 

tnontosa 571 

phosphorea.  .569, 316, 331,  392,  409, 
422, 452 

rolmsta 569, 439, 452 

triloba  571 

Tnftsii    569,  340,  364, 501 

Tdyia  roseola 723,  448, 451, 454 

Ilyaiiassa  obsoleta. .  641, 313,  339,  354,  355, 

365,368,371,377,383,  392,  428,435, 

463,  469,  479, 516 

Infusoria,  ciliated 455 

Insecta..  539 


Page. 

Invertebrate  animals,  habits  and  dis 
tribution  of  the 294 

Imphimedia  vulgaris 557 

Irish  moss 404 

Isodictya  palmata 742 

species 742 

Isopoda 567 

Ivory-barnacle 381 

Jaera  copiosa...  571,315,331,382,392,486 

nivalis 571 

Jaminia  exigua 656 

producta 656 

.  semiuuda 657 

Janthina  fragilis 660 

Jingle-shell 311 

Kellia  planulata.688, 310, 333, 374, 378, 418, 

423, 435 

rubra 688 

King-crab 340 

King-fish 515,339 

Lacuna  divaricata 652 

frigida 652 

labiosa 652 

neritoidea 653,  495 

solidula 652 

vincta . . 652, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372, 
377,  410,  417,  423, 485 

Lady-crab 338, 426 

La3vicardium  Mortoni . . .  683, 358, 3G5, 4:26,, 

429 
Lafosa  calcarata.729,  334,  408,  411, 425,  454 

coruuta - 729 

Lamellibranchiata 669 

Laminarin  digitata 492. 

longicrura 492 

saccharina 492 

Laodicea  calcarata 729 

Laomedea  amphora 727 

dichotoma 728 

divaricata 727 

flexuosa 726 

gelatiuosa 728, 727 

geniculata 727 

gigantea 728 

longissima ,=  . . 728 

Laphystitia  stnrionis 557,457,459 

Larva}  of  balanus 455 

Larvalia 707 

Larval   imicroura 452 

Leda  limatula 689 

obesa -.       690 

sapotilla 689 

tenuisulcata 690, 509, 519 

thraciajformis 690 


INDEX. 


467 


Leguminaria  Floridana. 
Lepas  anatifera 

aurita 

anserifera 

balauoides . . 


Page. 

67fi 

.580,382,392 

580 

.588,  382,  392 
579 


diadema 579 

fascicularis 579,  382,  452 

pectiuata 579,  382,  392 

virgata 580 

Lepeophtheirus  salmonis 576 

species 575,  459 

Lepidactylis  dytiscus 556,  339,  364,  409; 

42-2, 428 

Lepidonote  armadillo   581 

cirrata 582 

Lepidouotus  angustus 581,494 

sublevis..  .581,  320,  332,  397, 
410,  422 

squamatus 581,  320,  332, 

392, 397, 410, 422 

Lepiwa  rubra 615,  382,  392,  453 

Lepralia  hyalina 713 

Pallasiana 713,  420 

Peachii 714 

pediostoma 713 

punctata 713 

species 496,  424,  333 

variolosa 713 

Leptasterias  compta 719 

Leptochiton  apiculatus . .  661,  423,  399,  410, 

749 

r nber..  .662,  399,  410,  495, 749 
Leptoclinum   albidum..  .705,  403,  411,  424, 

515 
luteolum. .  .706,  403,  411,  424 

Leptogorgia  tennis 737 

teres „       737 

Lepton  fabagella 688 

Leptoplana  folium 632,  487 

Leptosynapta  Girardii. .  .716,  366,  361,  490 

roseola 716,  366,  302 

tennis  ., 716 

Leruioa  branchialis 578,  460 

nncinata 578 

Lerneocera  radiata 578 

Lerneonema  radiata 578,  458,  465 

Lesueuria  hyboptera 722,  454 

Lencosolenia  botryoides.,741,  334,  391,  394 

thamnoides 741 

Libinia  canaliculata.548,  339,  364, 368,  377, 
431,434,511,521 

dnbia 548,  368,  377,  431,  434 

Limacina  balea 669 

Limax  papillosus 666 


Page. 

Limnoria  lignoruui . .  571,  360,  377,  379,  392, 

482 
terebrans 571 

Limpet 306 

Limnlus  australis 580 

Polyphemus ....  580,  340,  355,  364, 
370, 377, 423, 431, 
434,  452,  464,  468 

Linkia  oculata 719 

pertusa 719 

Liocardinni  Mortoni 683 

Lissa  fissirostra 548 

Lists  of  species  found  in  the  stomachs 

of  fishes 514 

List  of  parasites  observed  on  fishes.       459 

List  of  species  inhabiting  eel-grass 

in  brackish  waters 480 

List  of  species  inhabiting  gravelly 

bottoms  of  the  outer  waters 504 

List  of  species  inhabiting  gravelly 
and  shelly  bottoms  of  the  bays 
and  sounds 421 

List  of  species  inhabiting  muddy 

bottoms  of  bays  and  sounds 434 

List  of  species  inhabiting  muddy 

bottoms  of  brackish  waters 470 

List  of  species  inhabiting  sandy  or 
soft  muddy  bottoms  of  outer  wa 
ters  511 

List  of  species  commonly  found  on 

muddy  shores  of  bays  and  sounds      377 

List  of  species  inhabiting  muddy 
shores  and  bottoms  of  brackish 
waters 470 

List  of  species  inhabiting  oyster- 
beds  in  brackish  waters . . .  476 

List  of  species  inhabiting  piles  of 
wharves  and  bridges,  buoys,  bot 
toms  of  vessels,  &c.,  in  bays  and 
sounds 392 

List  of  species  inhabiting  piles  of 
wharves,  floating  timbers,  &.c.,  in 
brackish  waters 432 

List  of  species  inhabiting  rocky  bot 
toms  of  the  bays  and  sounds 409 

List  of  species  inhabiting  rocky  bot 
toms  of  the  outer  wat  ers 498 

List  of  species  inhabiting  the  rocky 

shores  of  the  bays  and  sounds 331 

List  of  species  found  on  the  rocky 

shores  of  the  outer  coast 487 

List  of  species  inhabiting  sandy  bot 
toms  of  bays  and  sounds 428 


468 


INDEX. 


Page. 

List  of  species  inhabiting  sandy  bot 
toms  of  estuaries 464 

List  of  species  inhabiting  sandy  bot 
toms  of  outer  waters 504 

List   of   species    inhabiting    sandy 

shores  of  bays  and  sounds 364 

List  of   species    inhabiting    sandy 

shores  and  bottoms  of  estuaries..       464 
List  of   species    inhabiting    sandy 

shores  of  the  outer  coast 490 

List   of   species  inhabiting  surface 

waters 451 

List  of   species  inhabiting  surface 

waters  in  winter 455 

Lithodomus 309 

Lithothamnion  poly morplmm. 399,  492,  495 

Littorina  arctica 652 

Grceulandica 651 

irrorata 651,372,377 

lirnata '..       652 

littoralis 652 

marmorata 652 

neglecta 652 

neritoidea 652 

palliata  652,  305,  333,  383  393, 485 

Peconica 652 

rudissima 652 

rudis. .  651,  305,  333,  383,  393,  485 

saxatilis 652 

sulcata 651 

tenebrosa 651 

zoua.ria* 652 

Littorinella  Ia3vis 653 

minuta 383,  392,  469,  653, 

Livoneca  ovalis 572,  459 

Lizzia  grata 448 

Lobster  and  other  Crustacea,  meta 
morphoses  of.     By  S.  I.  Smith  . . .       522 

Lobster,  habits 395,  492, 745 

Loligo  illecebrosa 634 

pallida 635,  441, 453,  514 

Pealii  . .  635,  416,  423,  440, 453,  515 
516, 520,  521 

punctata 635 

Long  clam 309,  357,  458,  490 

Long-tailed,  sting-ray 521 

Lophius  Americanus 516,  457 

Lophopsetta  maculata 520 

Lophothuria  Fabric!! 519 

Lottia  testudinalis 661 

Lucina  contracta 686 

dentata 686 

di  varicata 686 

filosa 686,  509 

flexuosa  . .  686 


Page. 
Lucina  Gouldii ggg 

radula 686 

strigilla 686 

Lumbriconereis  fragilis 594,  501,  507 

opalina  .  594,  320,  352,  342, 

364,  371,  377,  397,  410, 

422,  428, 43^,  468 

splendida 594 

tennis  . .  594,  320,  332,  342, 
364,  371,  377,  422,  463 

Lumbriculus  tennis 623 

Lumbricus  fragilis 594 

Lumbrinereis  fragilis 594 

Luuatia  triseriata 646,  365 

heros  .  646,  313,  353,  354,  365,  423, 
426, 429, 490,  417,  521 

immaculata 646,  508,  517 

Lupa  diacantha 548 

hastata 548 

Lycidice  Americana 593,  508 

Lycoris  fucata 591 

Lyonsia  hyalina 672,  358,  365,  423,  426, 

429, 435 

Lysianassa,  species 556,  434,  452 

Ly  sianassinse 431 

Macha  divisa 676 

Macliflera  costata 675 

Mackerel 442,  516 

Macoma  calcarea 677 

fragilis 676 

fusca. .  .676,  359,  365,  372,  378,  429, 
435, 463,  469, 508 

Grceulandica 676 

proxima 677 

sabulosa 677 

Macroura 549 

Mactra  arctata 679 

gigantea 680 

lateralis 680 

similis 680 

solidissiina..  680,  358,  365, 412,  418 
423,  426,  429,  490 

tellinoides 679 

Madreporaria 740 

Malacobdella  grossa 625 

mercenaria  - .  „ .  625,  458, 460 

obesa 625, 458,  460 

Maldane  elongata. . .  609,  343,  365,  371,  377 

Mamma  immaculata 646 

Marnmaria  Manhattensis 445 

Mangelia  bicarinata 638 

ceriua 637,432,435 

harpularia 636 

pyramidalis 637 

Margarita  Gixenlaudica 519 


INDEX. 


469 


Page. 

Margarita  obscura 661, 508, 518 

oriiata 661 

Margelis  Carolinensis  ...  733,  334,  450,  454 

Marpbysa  Leidyi  . . .  593,  319,  332,  347,  364, 

410, 422, 434, 517 

Marshes,  fauna  of  the 460 

Martesia  cuneiformis 671 

Meckelia  ingens .  630, 324, 332, 349, 365, 423, 
428,  432,  434,  453 

lactea 630,350,365 

lurida 630,502,508 

Pocahontas 630 

rosea. .  630, 324, 332, 350, 365, 428 

Medusa  digitale 725 

earavella 737 

velella 737 

Megalops  and  zoea  - 451 

Melampus  bideutatns  . . .  662,  4G3,  469, 520 

Melanogramnms  seglifmus 518 

Melinua  cristata 613,  432,  434,  507 

Melitanitida.560,  314, 331,  382,  392, 434,  479 

Mellita  pentapora 717 

quinquefora 717 

testudiuaria 717, 427, 429, 749 

testudinata 717 

Membrauipora  lineata  . .  712,  333,  406,  411, 

424, 427,  429 

pilosa....  712,333,393,406, 
411, 424, 496 

tennis 712,420,424 

Menestho  albula 670 

Menhaden 520 

Menipea  ternata 711 

Menticirrus  nebulosns 515 

Mercenaria  mercenaria 681 

violacea 681 

Mesodesma  arctata 679,  518 

Mesopienra  bidentata 676 

Metamorphoses  of  the  lobster  and 

other  Crustacea.     By  S.  I.  Smith .       522 
Metridiuni  marginatum.  738,  329,  334,  391, 

393, 412,  425 

Microciona  prolifera 745,  741 

Microdeutopus  miuax 562,  479,  519 

Microgadus  toin-codus 519 

Millepora  reticulata 714 

Minnow 520 

Mnemiopsis  Leidyi. .  .722,  449,  450,  454, 457 

Modeeria,  species 454 

Modiola  discrepans 694 

glandula 695, 518 

hamatus 693,  374,  378,  472,  475 

laivigata 694 

modiolus. . .  693,  309, 333,  401, 410, 
418, 424,  495, 515 


Page. 

Modiola  nexa 694,  518 

nigra  

papuana 693 

plicatula  . . .  .693, 307, 333, 374,378 
469, 475 

semicosta 693 

Modiolaria  corrugata 694, 509, 

discors 649 

Isevigata 694, 509, 749 

nigra.694,  418,  424, 433,  435,  518 
Mcera  levis. .559, 315, 331, 409, 422, 452, 51g 

Molanna,  species 543,  379, 392 

Molgula  areuata-699,  419,  424,  426,  429,  502 

Manhattensis  . .  699, 311,  333,  361, 

366,  378,  388,  393,  375,  401, 

411,424,427,429,435,445 

papillosa 699, 495 

pellucid  a 699,  426,  429 

pilularis 700 

producta 699, 502, 510 

Mollia  hyaliua 713,  405, 411,  420,  424 

Mollusca 634 

Mollusks  found  in  stomach  of  cod 
fish 517 

Mollusks  found  in  stomach  of  had 
dock  '. 518 

Molpadia  oolitica 715, 510 

Mouocelis  agilis 631  325,  332 

Monoculodes,  species 556, 452,  455 

Moiioculus  Polyphemus 580 

Mouops  agilis 631 

Moutacuta  bidentata 688, 518 

elevata  . .  .688,  418,  423,  435,  518 

Montagua   Gouldii 667 

gymnota 667 

pilata  ...._'. 666 

vermifera 666 

Monomyaria 695 

Morone  Americana 514 

Mud-crabs 468 

Muddy     bottoms     of     bays      and 

sounds,  list  of  species  inhabiting.       434 
Muddy  bottoms  of  the  open  coast, 

fauna  of 506 

Muddy  shores  and  bottoms  of  brack 
ish  waters,  fauna  of 465 

Mulinia  lateralis. . . .  680, 373,  378,  423,  429, 

432, 435,  470 

Murex  caualiculatus 640 

carica -  -       640 

MnscidsB --       540 

Iarva3 364,421,464 

Muscle,  common 432 

horse 432 

ribbed 432 


470 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Mustelus  canis 521 

My  a  acuta 672 

arctica 671 

arenaria  . . .  672,  309,  333,  357,  359,  365, 

372,  378,  410,  423,  429,  435,  458, 

463,469,490,515,521 

byalina 672 

mercenaria 672 

Myliobatis  Fremiuvilloi 521,  624 

Mysis  Americana. . .  552,  370,  377,  396,  409, 

415,  422,  431,  434,  452,  455,  458, 

479, 519,  520 

stenolepis 551.  370,  377,  479 

vulgaris 552 

Mytilus  borealis 692 

corrngatus 694 

decnssatus 695 

demissus 693 

discors  . , 694 

discrepans 694 

edulis  . .  692,  307,  333,  361,  365,  372, 

378,  388,  393,  401,  410,  418,  424, 

426,  429,  432,  435,  453,  470,  475, 

515, 546 

levigatus 694 

lugubris 460 

modiolus 693 

notatns  692 

pellncidus 692 

pholadis , 671 

plicatus 693 

rugosns 671 

Myzobdella  lugubris 625 

Nanomia  cara 736,  455 

Naraganseta  coralii . .  607,  397,  410,  422,  494 

Natica  clausa 1 647,  519 

dnplicata 646 

flava 518 

lieros 646 

immaculata 646, 517 

pusilla 647,  417,  423, 426,  429 

triseriata 646 

Nassa  fretensis 640 

liraata 645 

obsoleta 641 

tri  vittata 641 

vibex 640,  371, 377,  479 

Nectonereis  megalops 592, 440,  453 

Nematodes 634,  453,  455, 456 

Nomatonereis 594, 508 

Nemerteans 627,  324 

Nemertes  obscura 628 

olivacea 628 

species 629 


Page. 

Nemertes  socialis 628,  324,  332,  392 

viridis 628 

Nemopsis  Bacbei 733,  454 

Gibbesi 733 

Nephtbys  borealis 583 

bucera 583,  416,  422 

ciliata 583 

pieta 583,  348,  364,  422,  428 

ingens 583,  431,  434, 507,  521 

Neptunea  curta 638 

pygmasa 639,  508, 518 

Nereilepas  fncata 591 

Nereis  ciliata 583 

cnprea 593 

fucata 591,  494 

grandis 590 

limbata..590  318,  332,  341,  364,  371, 
377,  382,  392,  422,  440,  453,  463, 516 

pelagica 591,  319,  332,  397,  410, 

422,  428,  434, 453 

virens  . .  .590,  317,  332,  341,  364,  367, 

371,  377,  440,  453,  455, 463,  468, 

487,  514, 519 

Yankiana 590 

Nerine  agilis 600,  346, 365, 490 

cirrata 602 

coniocepliala 602 

Nerocila  nmnda 571,  459 

Nenroptera 543 

Neverita  duplieata  ..646, 354, 365, 426, 429, 

490 

Nicoraacbe  .dispar 608, 508 

Nicolea  simplex 613,  321,  332,  382,  392, 

397, 410,  422, 453,  494 

Ninoe  nigripes 595,  508 

Nogagus  Latroillei 576,  457,  459 

tenax 577,  457,  459 

Notomastus  filiformis.611, 342, 365, 371, 377 
luridus. .  610, 342, 365, 371, 377 

Notospernms  viridis 628 

Nucula  corticata 691 

delphinodouta 691, 509 

Gouldii 690 

limatula 689,518 

niinuta 690 

navicularis 690 

proxima 691,  418,  424,  432,  435, 

515, 518, 519, 520 

radiata 691 

sapotilla 689,518 

tennis ....691,518,519 

tenuisulcata 690 

thraciaeformis 690 

tbraciformis .690, 749 


INDEX. 


471 


Page. 

Nudibranchiata 664 

Obelia  commissuralis 728,  327,  334, 393, 

407, 411, 425 

diaphana 727,  327, 334, 429 

dichotoma 728, 407, 411, 425 

divaricata -  -  - 727 

flabellata 728,  390,  393,  497 

fusiformis 407,411,424 

gelatinosa 728, 391, 393, 482 

geniculata  - - -727,  334, 393, 407, 411, 
424,  487, 494,  495, 496 

longissinia 728 

polygena 727 

pyriformis 727,  334,  390,  393 

species 476,  363,  376,  447,  454 

Oceania  languida 725, 454 

Ocean  shores  and  outer  cold  waters, 

fauna  of ------       484 

Ocellated  flounder 519 

Ocypoda  arenaria  . .  .545, 745,  336,  337,  364, 

534 

Ocypode  pugilator 545 

Odostomia  bisuturalis  . .  .656, 307, 333, 383, 

393,  423 
dealbata 656 


exigua 


656 


fnsca  .656,  307,  333,  393,  423,  435 
impressa..660,  656,  333,  418,  423 

iiisculpta 656 

limuoidea • 653 

prod  n  ota 656, 333,  418,  423 

seminnda  -657,  418, 423,  428,  435 
trifida  656,  307,  333,  393,  418,  423 

OligochcBta - .    622 

Ommastrepbes  Bartrauiii 635 

illecebrosa 634,  441,  453 

sagittatus 634 

Onchidoris  pallida 665, 495 

Oniscus 399 

Open  coast,  fauna  of  gravelly  bot 
toms  50( 

Open   coast,  fauna  of  muddy  bot 
toms  506 

Open    coast,   fauna   of   rocky   bot 
toms  491 

Open   coast,  fauna   of  sandy    bot 
toms  50( 

Open  coast,  fauna  of  rocky  shores..       48t 
Open  coast,  fauna  of  sandy  shores..       48 

Ophelia  simplex 603,  319,  332,  41 

Ophidium  marginatum 33 

Ophiocoma  bellis 71 

neglecta  72 

Ophioderma  olivuceum 71 

Ophiolepis  scolopendrica 71 


Page. 

phiolepis  tennis 720 

phiopholis  aculeata 719,  400,  496, 517 

bellis 719,400 

scolopendrica 719 

)phiura  bellis 719 

elegans 720 

olivacea 719,  363,  366,  427,  429 

)phiuroidea 719 

)rchestia  agilis  .555,  314,  331,  336, 364,  462, 

464,  486 

longicornis 556 

megalophthalma 556 

palustris 555,  468 

Orcyuus  thunuina 516 

)rthagoriscu8  mola 578 

Drthopyxis  caliculata  . . .  726,  334,  408,  411, 

424 

poteriurn 726 

3steodesma  hyaliua 672 

Dstrea  borealis 697 

Cauadeusis 697 

Islaudica 698 

Virgiuiana  . .  .697, 748,  310,  333,  374, 
378,  388,  393,  401,  410,  424, 435,  453 

Virginica 697 

Otion  Cuvieri 580 

Outer  coast,    fauna    of,    on    rocky 

shores 485 

Outer    coast,  fauna    of,    on    sam'.y 

shores 489 

Outer  coast,  fauna  of,  ou    gravelly 

bottoms 500 

Outer    coast,   fauna    of,    on    rocky 

bottoms 491 

Outer  coast,    fauna    of,    on    sandy 

bottoms 500 

Outer    coast,    list     of     species     of 

muddy  bottoms 511 

Outer    coast,    list    of     species    of 

rocky  bottoms 498 

Outer  coast,  list  of  species  of  rocky 

shores 487 

Outer  coast,  list  of  species  of  sandy 

and  gravelly  bottoms 504 

Outer  coast,  list  of  species  of  sandy 

shores 490 

Oyster 472,  355 

Oyster-beds    in    brackish     waters, 

animals  inhabiting 472 

Oyster-beds  in  brackish  waters,  list 

of  species  inhabiting 476 

Oyster-crab 367 

Pagurus  Bernhardus 548 

lougicarpus 549 

pollicaris 548 


472 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Pagurus  pnbeseens 549 

Palseniou  vnlgaris 550 

Palamionetes  vulgaris  ..  .550,  339,  364,  389, 
377,  452,  463,  464,  466,  479,  516,  519,  520, 

529 

Palinurichtbys  perciformis 515 

Pallene,  species 544,  409,  421 

Pandalus  anntilicornis  ...550,493,511,519 

Paudarus,  species 457, 459 

brancliii 576, 459 

sinuatus 577,  459 

Pandora  trilmeata 673 

Panopeus  deprcssus  .547,  312,  331,  367,  377, 
382,  392,  395,  409,  415, 422, 
431,  434,  468, 479, 514,  515 

Harrisii 547,  313,  331, 468 

Herbstii 547,472 

Saji  .  .547,  312,  331,  367,  377,  382, 
392,  395,  409,  415,  422,  431,  434, 
468,  479, 514, 515,  516, 749 
Parasites,     external,    observed    on 

fishes,  &c 459,  455 

Paractis  rapiformis 738,  363,  366,  430 

Parypba  cristata 736 

crocea 736,  390,  393,  482 

Pasithea  nigra 648 

Patella  alveus 661 

fornicata 649 

testudinalis 661 

Peacbia  parasitica 739 

Peaked-nosed  skate 521 

Pec  ten  brnnneus 696 

concentricns 695 

fnscns 696, 518 

irradians  ....  695, 361,  365, 372,  374, 
378,418,424,426,429,515 

Islandicus 696 

Magellan!  ens 696 

Pealii 696 

tenuicostatns 696,  397, 509,  518 

Pectin  aria  auricoma 612 

Belgica 612 

Pectinibrancbiata 636 

Pedicellina  AmeFicaua.  ..707, 333, 405, 411, 

424 

Pelagia  cyanella 724 

quinquecirrha 724 

Pelia  mntica 548,  395,  409,  415,  422, 515 

Pensons  Brasiliensis 551 

Penella  filosa 578 

plnmosa • 578,  460 

Pennaria  tiarella 735,  327,  334,  393,  411, 

425, 455, 520 

Pentamera  pulcberrima..715,  420,  424,  427, 

429 


Page. 
Periploma  papyracea.673, 429, 435,  509, 517 

Perophora  viridis 702,  388,  393,  401,  411, 

424 

Petricola  dactylus  680 

fornicata 680 

£ holadiformis . .  680, 372,  378, 435, 
470, 515 

Phaleria  testacea ,543,  464 

Pbascolosoma  Bernhardus 627 

csenientarium 627,  422, 

428,  434 
Gouldii . . .  .627,  353, 428, 521 

Pbasianella  bifasciata 652 

cornea 652 

fasciata 652 

striata 652 

sulcata 651 

Pbilbydrus  perplexus 542 

refl  exipennis 542 

Pbiloscia  vittata 569 

Pbolas  costata 670,  433,  435 

crispata 671 

cuneiformis 671,  517 

truneata..670,  372, 378,  433, 435,  470 

Phoxicbilidiuni  maxillare 544,  415,  421 

Pboxus  Kroyeri 556, 434,  501, 511 

Phronima,  species 567,  439,  452 

Pbylactolaemata 707 

Phyllobrancbns  Ravenelii 824 

Phyllodoce  catennla 587,  494 

gracilis 586,  494 

.inaculata 586 

species . . .  332,  349, 382,  397, 410, 
422, 434,  452 

Phyllopoda 573 

Phyllophora  Brodiaei 492,  496 

ineinbranifolia  . .  492, 496, 404 

Phy salia  aretbnsa 737,  450,  455 

aurigera  737 

caravella 737 

pelagica 737 

Physalis  pelagica 737 

Physophorre 736 

Phy tosus  Balticus 542 

littoralis 542,  364,  46.4 

Pill-bug 399 

Pilumnns  Harrisii  547 

Piimixia  cylindrica 546,367,377,520 

Pinnotheres  maoulatus. .  .546,  309,  434,  459 

ostremn 546,  309,  317,  377, 

434,  438,  451,  459 

Pisa  mntica 548 

Placobrancbus  catulus 668 

Planaria  freqnens 633 

grisea 633 


INDEX. 


473 


Page. 

Planaria  species :  . .  -       487 

Plauaria  viridis 628 

Planarians 632 

Planocera  nebulosa 632,  325,  332 

Platy  carcinus  irroratus 546 

Sayi 546 

Platyonichusocellatus.547,338;364,426,428, 

438, 457, 490, 501, 515, 

516, 533 

Platypyxiscylindrica.726, 334, 408, 411,  424 

Pleurobracbia  rhododactyla 722,444,448, 

450 , 454,  455 

Pleurotoma  bicarinatum 638.  418,  423 

brunnea 637 

cerinuin 637 

plicata 637 

plicosa 637 

Plumatella  familiaria 710 

Pluniularia  arborea 730 

Catharines 732 

cornucopias 732 

falcata 733 

species 407,411 

tenella 731 

Podarke  obscura  ...589,319,  332,  382,  392, 

410, 440, 453 

Podocerus  cylindricus 566 

fucicola 561,493 

Polia  obscura 628 

Poliuiaglutinosa..631,  324,  332,  382,  392, 

410,  423 
Polycera  Lessonii  . .  .665,  333,  400,  410,  423, 

Polycbseta 580 

Polycirrus  eximius.  616,  320,  332,  371,  377, 
382,  392,  410,  422;  434,  453,  468 

Polycystina * 451 

Polydora  ciliatum 603,  345,  364,  453 

species 428,416,422 

Polymastia  robnsta 744 

Polyuoe  cirrata 582 

dasypus 581 

squaraata 581 

Polyphemus  occidentalis 580 

Polypi 737 

Polyplacopbora 661 

Polyzoa 707 

Pom  atom  us  salt  atrix 516 

Pomolobus  mediocris 520 

Ponds,  brackish,  fauna  of 460 

Pontobdella  rapax 625,  458,  460 

Pontogeneia  inermis 557,  452,  455,  519 

Pontonema  marinum..  634,  325,  332,  434, 

453,  455 

vacillatnm  .  .634,  326,  332,  434 
Porgee 514 


Porifera 740 

Poronotus  triacanthus 449 

Porpitao 737 

Portunus  pictus 547 

Potamilla  podophtbalmia 382 

oculifera  .617,  322,  332,  382,  392 
397, 410, 422, 476 

Prawn,  common 339 

Prionotus  Carolinus 516 

Procerodes  frequens 633,  325,  332, 

Wheatlandii 633 

Protomedia  pinguis 561 

Protozoa 740 

Psammobia  fasca 676 

Pseudopleurouectes  Americanus  ...       520 

Psolus  phantapns 519 

Pteropoda 668 

Ptilota  elegaus 492 

Ptilocheirus  pinguis  .561,  431,  434,  501, 507, 

519 

Ptychatractus  ligatus 642, 517 

Pulmouata 662 

Purpura  lapillus 642,  306,  332,  485 

Py  cnogonidea 544 

Pyrula  caualiculata 640 

carica 640 

Pyramis  fusca 656 

Quahog-clam 359,  463 

Rabbit-fish 521 

Radiata 715 

Raia  diaphana 521 

laevis 521 

Rauella  caudata 642 

Razor-shell 356,  490 

Reuiera,  species 744,  334.  394 

Rhabdocrela 627 

Rbegmatodes  tennis 729,  454 

Rhipidoglossa 661 

Rhodiue  attenuata 609,  508 

Rhodymeuia  palmata 496,  492 

Rhyuchobolus  Americanus  ..596,  332,  342 

364,  371,  377,  428,  434,  453, 

463 

dibranchiatus~-596,  332,  341, 
364,  371,  377,  428,  431,  434,  463, 

Rbynchoprobolus  papillosus 746 

Rhynchoscolex  papillosus 746 

Rissoa  aculens 654,  306, 333, 383,  392 

arctica 654 

exarata 654,  495,  517 

Mighelsil 654 

minuta 653 

Stimpsoui 653 

Roccus  liueatns 514 

Rock..  ...       514 


474 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Rock-barnacle 304 

Rock-crab 312 

Rock-fish 514 

Rock-weeds 303 

Rocky  bottoms    of   the  bays    and 

sounds,  fauna  of 394 

Rocky  bottoms  of  the  open  coast, 

fauna  of 491 

Rocky  bottoms  of  bays  and  sounds, 

list  of  species  of 409 

Rocky  bottoms  of  outer  waters,  list 

of  species 498 

Rocky  shores  on  open  coast,  fauna  of.  485 
Rocky  shores  on  bays  and  sounds, 

fauna  of 303 

Rocky  shores  of  bays  and  sounds, 

list  of  species  of 331 

Rocky  shores  on  the  outer  coast,  list 

of  species 487 

Round  clam 359,  458,  469 

Rudder-fish 515 

Sabella  oculifera 617 

microphthalma  .  .618,  323,  332,  392, 
397, 410, 422 

Sabellaria  vulgaris.611,  321,332,  349,  365, 
392,  397,  4 10,  422, 428,  426,  476 

Sabellides  cristata 613 

Saccobraiichia ~ 698 

Sagartia  leucoleua.  .738,  329,  334,  3G3,  366, 

391,393,412 
modesta  .738,  330, 334.  365,  366,  425 

Sagitta  elegans 626,  440,  453 

species  . .453, 455, 456,  457 

Salpa 507,430,436 

Caboti 706,  43*,  439,  445, 454 

var.  cyanea 706 

Samytha 416,  422 

Sand-crab 338 

Sand-dollar 362,427 

Sand-shark 521 

Sand-shrimp 339 

Sandy  bottoms  in  bays  and  sounds, 

fauna  of 425 

Sandy  bottoms  in  brackish  waters, 

fauna  of 462 

Sandy  bottoms  in  outer  waters,  fauna 

of 500 

Sandy  bottoms  in  bays  and  sounds, 

list  of  species 428 

Sandy  bottoms  in  brackish  waters, 

list  of  species 464 

Saudy  bottoms  in  outer  waters,  list 

of  species 504 

Sandy  shores  in  bays  and  sounds, 

fauna  of . .  334 


Sandy  shores  in  outer  waters,  fauna 

of 462 

Sandy  shores  in  outer  waters,  fauna 

of 489 

Sandy  shores  of  bays  and  sounds,  list 

of  species 364 

Sandy  shores  of  brackish  waters,  list 

of  species 464 

Sandy  shores  of  outer  waters,  list  of 

species 490 

Sauguinolaria  fusca '.       676 

sordida 677 

Saphenia  apicaia 734 

Sapphiriua,  species 573,  439, 452 

Sarda  pelaniys 516 

Sarsia  ruirabilis 775 

Saxicavaarctica..  671,  309,  333,  401,  410, 

423 

distorta 671 

pholadis 671 

rugosa 671 

Scalaria  angulata 660 

clathrus 660 

Groenlandica 660 

Humphreys!! 660 

lineata 660,  418,  423, 435 

multistriata 660,  418,  423, 435 

subulata 660 

Scalibregma  brevicanda 605,  416, 422 

Scapharca  transversa  691,  309,  333,  401,  410, 

408, 424 

Scionopsis  palinata..G14,  321,  332,  397,  410, 

476 

Sclerodactyla  Briareus 715 

Scolecida ^ 627 

Scolecolepis  cirrata.  -602,  416,  422,  428, 501, 

507 

tennis 601,345,364 

viridis  .  .600,  345,  364, 453,  463 

Scolex 457 

Scollop 361,374 

Scomber  vernalis 516 

Scup 514 

Scutella  parma 717 

quinquefora 717 

Scyphacella  areiiicola  . . .  .568, 543,  337, 364 

species 567 

Scy  phax 567 

Sea-anemones 329 

Sea-bass 514 

Sea-cabbage 303 

Sea-clam  358 

Sea-herring 520 

Sea-pork 402,419 

Sea-robin..  516 


INDEX. 


475 


Page, 

Sea-urchin 326,438,447 

Semele  equalis 679,  518 

Serpula  dianthus. . .  .620,  322,  332,  392,  397, 
410,  416,  422,  426,  428,  476 

porrecta 622 

lucida 622 

spirorbis 621 

Serripes  Grcenlandicus 518 

Sertularia  anguina 710 

antennina 730 

argentea. .732, 334, 408, 411 ,  425 

chelata 710 

cornicina 733, 729,  408,  411 

cuscuta 709 

cupressina 732,  408,  411,  425 

dichotoraa 728 

eburnea 707 

falcata 733 

gelatinosa 728 

geniculata 727 

loiigissima 728 

loricata 747 

pumila  . .  .732, 327,  334, 391,  393, 
408, 487 

tenerissima 733 

uniflora 725 

volubilis 726 

Sertularina 725 

Sesarma  reticulata 546, 367, 377, 467 

Shad 520 

Ship-worm 379,383 

Shrimp,  common 369 

sand 339 

Sigalion  Mathilda 582 

Silicea 741 

Siliqua  costata 675, 358, 365, 426, 429 

Siliquaria  gibba 675 

notata 675 

Sipho  Islandicus 517 

Siphoncecetes  cuspidatus 566, 501, 511 

Siphonostoma 573 

Siphonostomum  affine 605 

Sipuuculoids 627,353 

Sipimcnlus  Bernhardus 627 

c:ementarius 627 

Gouldii 627 

Skate,  common 521 

Skenea  planorbis 655,  333,  383 

serpuloides 655 

Small  tunny 516 

Smith,  S.  I.    Catalogue  of  Crustacea .       545 
Smith,  S.  I.     Metamorphoses  of  the 

lobster  and  other  Crustacea 522 

Soft-shelled  crabs 367 

Solecurtus  bidens .'. 676 

32  v 


Page.    \ 

Solecurtus  Caribous 675 

divisus 676 

iragilis 518 

gibbus 675 

Solemya  borealis 689 

Solen  Americanus 674 

bidens 676 

Caribceus 675 

centralis 676 

costatus 675 

divisus 676 

eusis 674 

fragilis 676 

gibbus 675 

Guineensis 675 

Say  ii 675 

viridis 675 

Solenomya  borealis 689 

velum ....  688,  360,  365,  429, 435, 
470 

Sphoeroma  quadrideutata 569,315,331 

Spider-crab 339,368 

Spio  robusta 603, 345, 365 

setosa 602,  344,  365,  453 

Spirialis  Flemingii 669 

Gouldii 669, 443,  453, 516 

Spirorbis  borealis 621 

lucidus 622 

sinistrorsa 622 

species 397, 323, 410, 453 

spirillum 621, 332, 392, 422 

Spirula  Peronii 636 

Spisula  Sayii 580 

solidissima 680 

Sponge,  massive  siliceous 430 

red 412 

Spongia  botryoides 741 

ciliata 740 

coronata 741 

prolifera 741 

oculata 742 

panicea 743 

sulphurea 744 

urceolata 745 

Spongire 740 

Springtails 331 

Squeteague 515 

Squid 440,441 

Squilla  empusa. . 551,  369,  377,  434,  439,  452, 

468, 515,  536 

Squilloidea 551 

Standella  lateralis 680 

Staphylinidre 335 

Star-fish 438 

Stanrocephalus  pallidus 595,  348,  364 


476 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Steuosonia  irrorata 569 

filiformis 570 

Stereoderma  unisemita 715, 503 

Sternaspis  fossor 606, 507 

Steuotomus  argyrops 514 

Stimpsonia  aurantiaca 627,  352 

Stheuelais  Leidyi 582 

picta  582, 348, 364, 422, 428, 501 

Sting-ray....... 521,458 

Stomachs  of  fishes,  species  found  in.       514 

Stomolophus  meleagris 724 

Stomotoca  apicata 734 ,  455 

Striped  bass 514,  339 

Strqngylocentrottis  chlorocentrotus.      716 

Diobachiensis  716, 326, 

406,411,420,424,438, 

454, 486,  496,  447 

Stylifer  Stimpsouii 655,  460 

Styliola  vitrea 668, 443,  453 

Stylochopsis  littoralis 632,  325,  332 

Suberites  compacta 744 

suberea 744 

Surface  and  free  swimming  animals      436 

Surface  species  in  winter 455 

Surf-clam 358,490 

Summer  flounder 458,  519 

Summer  skate 521 

Sycandra  ciliata 740 

Sycotypus  caualiculatus  .640,332/355,3655 
399,  410, 417,  423,  428 

Syllis,  species 590,453 

Sy ncoryua 734 

Synapta  Ayresii 716 

Girardii 716 

gracilis 716 

tenuis 716 

Syucoryne  gravata 735 

Syuguathus  Peckianus 516 

T.eniobranchia 706 

Tagelus  divisus 676,  435, 518 

gibbus 675,  373,  378,  435,  470 

Talitrus  longicornis 556 

quadrifi  dus 556 

Talorchestia  longicornis  .556,  336,  364,  462, 

464,  489, 543 

megalophthalma  556,  336,  364, 
462,  464,  490 

Tamils  iilnin 573,  381,  392,  452 

Tape-worms 456 

Tan  tog 515 

Tautoga  onitis 515 

Tectibranchiata - 662 

Tectura  alveus 661 

testudiualis 661 

Tedauia,  species. 743, 334, 391, 394, 412, 425, 

498, 749 


Tellina  calcarea 677 

Fabricii 676 

Gro3nlandica 676 

lata 676 

proxirua 677 

tenera 677 

tenta 678,  429,  432,  435, 470 

sabulosa 677 

sordida 677 

versicolor 678 

Temperature  of  water  298, 299, 436,  485, 506 

Terebella  ornata 613 

Terebellides  Stroemi 613,  507 

Teredo 378,380,383 

dilatata 670 

navalis 669,  384,  393,  453, 482 

megotara 670,  387,  393 

palmulata 670 

Thomsonii 670,  387, 393 

Tergipes  despectus 667,  495 

Tetrastemma  arenicola 629,  351,  365 

Thamnocnidia  tenella 736,407,411,425 

Thaumantias  diaphana 727 

Thecosomata 668 

Themisto,  species 745 

Thracia  Conradi 673,  426,  429 

truncata 674, 509,  517 

Thyasira  Gouldii 686 

Thyoue  Briareus715,  362,  366,  376,  378,  418, 
420,  424,  427,  429,  433,  435 

Thyropus,  species 567 

Thysanopoda,  species 554,  452, 516 

Tiaropsis  diademata 725,  454 

Tiger-beetles 335 

Tiger-shark 521 

Tima  formosa 729,  448,  454,  455 

Toad-fish 516 

Tom-cod 519,331 

Tomopteris,  species 626, 453 

Tornaria 352 

Tornatella  puncto-striata 664,  518 

Tornatina  canaliculata 663 

Torquea  eximia 616 

Tottenia  gemma. 682,  359,  365,  426,  429,  445 

Manhattensis 682 

Toxopneustes  Drobachiensis 716,  447 

Trachydermou  niber 662 

Trachynema  digitale 725,  454 

Travisia  carnea 604,  431,  434,  508 

Trematodes 456 

Trichina 456 

Triforis  nigrocinctus.648, 305,  333,  372,  377, 
383,  393,  410, 417,  423,  428,  515 

Tritia  obsoleta 641 

trivittata.641,  332,  354,  365, 283,  392, 
410,  423, 428,  435,  463,  515, 519 


INDEX. 


477 


Page. 

Tritonia  arborescens 665 

Reynolds!! 665 

Tritonium  pygmamm 639 

Trochus  divaricatus 652 

striatellus 654 

Trombidium 331 

Trombidium,  species 544 

Trophonia  affinis 605,  432,  434,  507 

Trumbull,  J.  H.,  mollusks  found  in 

stomach  of  cod-fish 517 

Trumbull,  J.  H.,  mollusks  found  in 

stomach  of  haddock 518 

Trygon  centroura 521 

Tubipora  eaten  ularia 712 

Tubnlarina 733 

Tubularia  cristata 736 

ramosa 734 

stellifera 735 

Tubnlipora  flabellaris  . .  .708,  333,  405,  41 1, 

425,  496 

phalaugea 708 

patina 707 

Tunicata 698 

Tunny,  small 516 

Turbellaria 627 

Turbo  caualis 652 

irroratus 651 

jugosus 652 

littoralis 652 

miuutus 653 

obligatus 651 

obscurus 661 

palliatus 652 

planorbis 655 

quadrifasciata 652 

rudis 651 

sulcatus 652 

tenebrosus 651 

ventricosus 652 

vestitus 651 

vincta 652 

Turbonilla  areolata . 658 

costulata 658 

elegans  ...657,418,423,432,435 

equalis 659 

interrupta  . .  .657,  418,  423,  428, 
432,  435,  517 

seminuda 657 

stricta 659 

Turritella  sequalis 659 

erosa 517 

bisuturalis ,       656 

impressa 656 

iuterrupta 657,  517 

Turritopsis  mitricula 734,  454 


Page. 

Turtouia  inhmta 687 

nitida 687 

Ul  va  latissima 303,  315 

Unciola  irrorata  567,  340,  364,  370,  377,  409, 
415,  422,  426,  428,  431,  434,  493, 501, 507, 

514, 749 

Urosalpinx  cinerea  ..641,  306,  332,  372, 377, 
383,  392,  399,  410,  423,  428,  476 

Urothoe,  species 556,  452 

Utriculus  canaliculatus 663 

Valkeria  cuscuta 709 

pustnlosa 709 

Velella  mutica 737,  455 

Venericardia  cribraria 684 

granulata 684 

Venus  castanea 685 

fragilis C76 

gemma 682 

Islandica 683 

Manhattensis 682 

mercenaria  .  .681,  359,  365, 372,  378, 
429,435,  458,  463,  469 

minuta 687 

notata 681 

praaparca 681 

Vernietus  lubricalis 649 

radicula 649 

Verm  ilia,  species 621,416,422 

Vesicnlaria  armata 710, 405, 411, 424 

cuscuta  .709,  333,  389, 393, 404^ 
411, 424 

dichotoina   . .  709,  333,  389,  393, 
404,  411,  419, 424,  476 

familiaris 710 

fusca 710,420,424 

gracilis  .709, 333, 389, 393, 411, 
424 

Virbius  pleuracanthus 550 

zostericola.  .550, 369, 377, 396, 452, 
479, 519, 530 

Volvaria  alba 663 

caualiculata 663 

Vortex  Candida 634 

Warrenii 633 

Weak-fish 515, 339 

White-armed  anemone 329 

White  perch 339, 514 

Willia  ornata 735,455 

Winter  fiouuder 520 

Xiphosura *...,..       580 

Polyphemus 580 

Xylotrya  fimbriata 670,  379,  387,  393 

palmulata 670 

Yoldia  angularis 690 

arctica 689 


478 


INDEX. 


Pa<?e.  1 

Yoldia  Oouklii 690 

liinatula 689,  432,  435,  518 

obesa 690  509 

sapotilla 689,  509,  518, 521 

thraciformis 690,  509 

Zanclea  gernmosa 735 

Zirfiea  crispata 671,  433 


Page. 

Zirpha>a  crispata 671 

Zoanthus  Americanns 740 

parasiticus 740 

Zoea  and  megalops 451 

Zostera  marina 460 

Zygodactyla  Grcenlandica. .  ..729  449,  454 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  I. 


FIGURE  1. — Pinnixa  cylindrica  Say,  (p.  546;)  male,  enlarged  four  diameters. 
2. — Pinnotheres  ostreurn  Say,  (p.  546  ;)  male,  enlarged  four  diameters. 
3. — Panopeus  depressus  Smith,  (p.  547  ;)  male,  natural  size. 
4. — Platyonichus  ocellatus  Latreille,  (p.  547  ;)  male,  slightly  reduced  in  size. 

(All  the  figures  were  drawn  by  J".  H.  Eraerton.) 


Plate  I. 


Fig.  1. 


No.  501 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  2. 


No.  502 


Fig.  4. 


iNb.  504 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  II. 


FIGURE  5. — Hippa  talpoida  Say,  (p.  548;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  about  two  diameters. 
6. — Pandalus  armulicornis  Leach,  (p.  550 ;)  dorsal  view,  slightly  reduced  in 

size. 

7.— Gebia  affinis  Say,  (p.  549;)  female;  lateral  view,  slightly  enlarged. 
8. — Callianassa  Stimpsoni  Smith,  (p.  549 ;)  larger  cheliped  ;  outside,  natural 

size. 
9.— Palaemonetes  vulgaris  Stimpson,  (p.  550;)  male;  lateral  view,  enlarged  one 

and  one-half  diameters. 

(All  tLe  figures  were  drawn  by  J.  H.  Emerton.) 


Plate  II. 


Fiji.  5. 


Ft.;.-,  ti. 


Jfo.  515 


Fig.  7. 


508 


Fig-. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  III. 


FIGURE  10. — Crangon  vulgaris  Fabr.,  (p.  550 ;)  male  :  dorsal  view,  natural  size. 

11. — Virbius  Zostericola  Smith,  (p.  550  ;)  female  ;  lateral  view,  slightly  en 
larged. 

12. — Mysis  stenolepis  Smith,  (p.  551;)  young  female;  lateral  .view,  enlarged 
four  diameters.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  carapax  is  not  well  repre 
sented  in  this  figure ;  see  description. 

13. — Diastylis  quadrispinosa  G.  O.  Sara,  (.p.  554  ;)  lateral  view,  enlarged  seven 
diameters. 

(All  the  figures  were  drawn  by  J.  H.  Eruertoii.) 


Plate   III. 


Kip.  10. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


!No.  520 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IV. 


FIGURE  14.— Orchestia  agilis  Smith,  (p.  555;)  male;  lateral  view,  enlarged  five  di 
ameters. 

15. — Gammarus  ornatus  Edwards,  (p.  557;)  male;  lateral  view,  enlarged  two 
diameters. 

16. — Amphithoe  maculata  Stimpson,  (p.  563 ;)  male ;  lateral  view,  enlarged 
two  diameters. 

17. — Ampelisca  sp.,  (p.  561 ;)  lateral  view,  enlarged  five  diameters. 

18. — Cerapus  rubricornis  Stimpson,  (p.  565  ;)  female  ;  lateral  view,  enlarged 
five  diameters;  and  hand  of  th'e  second  pair  of  legs  of  the  male,  en 
larged  the  same  amount. 

19.— Unciola irrorata  Say,  (p.  567;)  male;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  six  diameters. 

(All  ttie  figures  were  drawn  by  J.  H.  Emerton  and  S.  I.  Smith.) 


Plate  IV. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PL  ATE  'V. 


FIGURE  20. — Caprella  geometrica  Say,  (p.  567;)  lateral  view,  enlarged  about  three 
diameters. 

21. — Sphseroma  quadridentata  Say,  (p.  569  ;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  five  diam 
eters. 

22. — Idotea  cseca  Say,  (p.  569  ;)  male  ;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  three  diameters. 

23.— Idotea  irrorata  Edwards,  (p.  569;)  male;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  two 
diameters. 

24.— Idotea  robusta  Kroyer,  (p.  569;)  male;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  two  diam 
eters. 

(rig-ores  20,  21,  23,  and  24,  were  dravrn  by  J.  H.  Emerton ;  iignre  22  by  O.  Harger.) 


Plate  V. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VI. 


.FIGURE  25. — Liinnoria  lignorum  White,  (p.  571;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  ten  diameters 
26. — Erichsonia  filiformis  Harger,  (p.  570  ;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  five.,  diain 

eters. 

27.— Erichsonia  attenuata  Harger,  (p.  570 ;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  three  diam 
eters* 

28. — Epelys  trilobus  Smith,  (p.  571  ;)^dorsal  view,  enlarged  ten  diameters. 
29.— Livoneca  ovalis  Harger,  (p.  572  ;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  three  diameters 
(Figure  25  was  drawn  by  S.  I.  Smith ;  26  and  23  by  0.  ILarger ;  27  and  29  by  J.  H.  En  ertori.) 


Plate  VI. 


Fig.  26. 


Fig.  27 


No.  535 


Fig.  28. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VII. 


FIGURE  30.— Lerueonema  radiata  Steenstrup  and  Liitken,  (p.  578 ;)  female,  enlarged  two 

diameters. 

31. — Pandarus,  (p.  576 ;)  female  ;   dorsal  view,  enlarged  five  diameters. 
32.— Nogagiis  Latreillit,  (p.  576;)  male;  dorsal^view,  enlarged  five  diameters 
33. — Sapphirina,  (p.  573  ;)•  male ;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  ten  diameters. 
34. — Lepas  fascicularis  Ellis  and  Solander,  (p.  579;)  lateral  view  of  a  single 

animal  from  a  large  cluster,  slightly  enlarged. 
35.— Phoxichilidium  maxillare  Stimpson,  (p.  544;)  male  ;  dorsal  view,  enlarged 

two  diameters. 
(Figure  33  was  drawn  by  S.  I.  Sraitli :  all  the  others  by  J.  H.  Emerton.) 


Fig.  30. 


Plate  VII. 


Fig.  31 


Fig.  33. 


INo.  53C 


Fig.  35. 


Fig.  34 


ISTu.  5-10 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIII. 


FIGURE  36.— Squilla  empusa  Say,  (p.  536;)  lateral  view  of  the  free-swimming  larvao 
in  one  of  its  later  stages,  enlarged  ten  diameters. 

37. — Zoea  of  the  common  crab,  Cancer  irroratus,  (p.  530 ;)  in  the  last  stage  just 
before  it  changes  to  the  megalops  condition ;  lateral  view,  enlarged 
seventeen  diameters. 

38. — Megalops  stage  of  the  same,  just  after  the  change  from  the  zoea  condi 
tion  ;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  thirteen  diameters. 

(All  the  figures  were  drawn  by  J.  H.  Eraerton.) 


Plate  VIII. 


Fie.  36. 


Ub.  519 


Fig.  37. 


:NO.  .005 


Fig.  37  a. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 


Larval  young  of  the  Lobster,  Homarus  Amcricanus  Edwards,  (p.  522.) 
FIGURE  38. — A.  Lateral  view  of  the  larval  young  in  the  first  stage  observed,  enlarged 
seven  diameters. 

B.  The  same  in  a  dorsal  view,  the  abdomen  held  horizontally. 

C.  Antennula,  enlarged  fourteen  diameters. 

D.  One  of  the  thoracic  legs  of  the  second  pair,  enlarged  fourteen  diam 
eters  ;  a,  exopodus  ;   &,  epipodus ;  c,  branchiae. 

39. — E.  Lateral  view  of  the  larval  young  in  the  third  stage,  enlarged  five  and 
one-half  diameters. 

F.  Terminal  portion  of  the  abdomen  seen  from  above,  enlarged  ten  diam 
eters  ;  a,  one  of  the  small  spines  of  the  posterior  margin  of  the  terminal 
segment,  enlarged  fifty  diameters. 

G.  Basal  portion  of  one  of  the  legs  of  the  second  pair,  showing  the  epip 
odus  and  branchias,  enlarged  fourteen  diameters. 

(All  the  figures  were  dra\vu  from  alcoholic  specimens,  by  S.  I.  Smith.) 


Plate  IX. 


Fig.  3 


No.  512 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  X. 


FIGURE  40. — Lepidonotus  squarnatus,  (p.  581;)  anterior  part  of  the  body,  head,  and 
proboscis ;  dorsal  view. 

41. — The  same;  end  of  the-"  proboscis ;  front  view,  showing  the  jaws  and 
papillae. 

42. — Lepidonotus  sublevis,  (p.  581.;)  dorsal  view. 

43. — Rhynchobolus  dibranchiatus,  (p.  596;)  anterior  part  of  body,  mouth  and 
head ;  lower  side. 

44. — The  same;  lateral  appendage,  showing  the  dorsal  cirrus,  the  upper  and 
lower  branchiae  and  the  setigerous  lobes  between  them. 

45.— Rhynchobolus  Americanus,  (p.  596;)  anterior  part  of  the  body  and  ex 
tended  proboscis ;  dorsal  view. 

46.— The  same;  lateral  appendages,  showing  the  dorsal  cirrus,  the  branched 
gill,  the  setigerous  lobes,  and  the  ventral  cirrus. 

(Figures  40,  41,  42,  45,  were  drawn  from  nature  by  J.  H.  Emerton;   44  by  A.  E.  Verrill;  43  and  46 
•were  copied  from  Ehlers.) 


Plate  X. 


Fig.  40. 


Fig.  43. 


Fig.  45. 


Fig-.  42. 


No.  543 


Fig.  41. 


No.  545 


Fig.  44. 


No.  558 


Fig.  46. 


No.  559 


.  560 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XL 


FIGURE  47. — Nereis  virens,  (p.  590;)  Lead  little  more  than  natural  size  ;  dorsal  view. 
48. — The  same  ;  extended  proboscis ;  dorsal  view. 
49. — The  same ;  probosci ;  sventral  view. 
50. — The  same ;  lateral  appendage. 
51. — Nereis  liinbata,  male,  (p.  590;)  a  few  segments  of  the  middle  region  of  the 

body,  anterior  region,  head  and  extended  proboscis  ;  dorsal  view. 
52. — Nereis  pelagica,  female,  (p.  591 ;)  natural  size ;  dorsal  view. 
53. — The  same ;  male,  natural  size ;  dorsal  view. 
54. — The  same ;  head  more  enlarged  ;  dorsal  view. 
55. — The  same ;  proboscis  ;  ventral  view. 
56. — Phyllodoce  gracilis?,  (p.  586;)  head  ;  dorsal  view. 

(Figure  51  was  drawn  from  nature  by  J.  H.  Emerton;   47,  43,  49,  50,  52,  53,  wore  copied  from  Ehlers; 
54,  55,  from  Malrugren;  56,  from  A.  Agassiz.) 


Plate  XI. 


Fig.  47. 


Fig.  51. 


Fig.  53.  Fig.  52. 


Fig.  48.        Fig. 


STo.  552 


'Fig.  50. 


Fig.  54. 


No.  518 


Fig.  55. 


565 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XII. 


FIGURE  57.— Nephthys  picta,  (p.  583 ;)  anterior  part  of  body  and  head,  ranch  enlarged 

dorsal  view. 
58. — Nephthys  bucera,  (p.  583 ;)  anterior  part  of  body  and  head,  enlarged ;  ven 

tral  view. 
59. — Nephthys  iugeus,  (p.  583;)  anterior  part  of  body  and  extended  proboscis 

ventral  view.  * 

60. — The  same  ;  dorsal  view. 
61. — Podarke  obscura,  (p.  589  ;)  dorsal  view,  from  a  specimen  preserved  ir 

alchohol  and  much  contracted  in  length. 
62. — Nectonereis  megalops,  (p.  592;)  ventral  view. 
63. — The  same  ;  anterior  region  of  body  and  head ;  dorsal  view. 
64. — Marphysa  Leidyi,  (p.  593;)  anterior  part  of  body  and  head,  enlarged  abou 

three  diameters ;  dorsal  view. 

(figures  57  and  58  were  copied  from  Elilers  ;  all  the  rest  were  drawn  from  nature  l>y  J.  H.  Emerton 


Plate  XII. 


Fig.  61. 


Fig.  57. 


Fig.  5*. 


No.  ;>06 


Fig.  63. 


F        62. 


Ho.  567 


No.  564 


Fig.  64. 


Fig.  60. 


No.  779 


No.  563 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIII. 


FIGURE  65. — Autolytus  cornutus,  (p.  590;)  an  asexual  individual,  from  which  a  male  is 
about  to  separate ;  dorsal  view,  enlarged  about  six  diameters ;  A,  A,  A, 
antenna?  of  the  former;  C,  C,  C,  C,  two  tentacles  and  one  tentacular 
cirrus  on  each  side,  followed  by  the  dorsal  cirri ;  F,  the  intestine ;  d,  the 
long  setoB  and  dorsal  cirri  of  the  male. 

66. — The  same ;  anterior  part  of  a  female,  more  enlarged  ;  the  letters  as  before  ; 
&,  the  eyes;  c,  the  eggs;  /,  the  intestine ;  3,  one  of  the  appendages  of 
the  anterior  region  of  the  body ;  c,  the  dorsal  cirrus ;  h,  the  setigerous 
tubercle,  supporting  hooked  setse. 

67.— Diopatra  cuprea,  (p.  593  ;)  head  and  anterior  part  of  body,  showing  part 
of  the  branchiee  ;  side  view. 

68. — The  same ;  ventral  view,  showing  the  mouth  open  and  jaws  thrown  back. 

69. — Lumbriconereis  opalina,  (p.  594  ;)  anterior  part  of  body  ;  dorsal  view. 

70. — The  same ;  lateral  appendage  and  setse. 

(Figures  65  and  66  were  copied  from  A.  Agassiz  ;  67,  68,  69  were  drawn  from  nature  by  J.  H.  Emer- 
ton  ;  70,  by  A.  E.  Verrill.) 


Plate  XIII. 


Fig.  65. 


:NTo.777 


Fig.  70. 


^o.  556 


Fig.  68. 


Fig.  67. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIV. 


FIGTJKE  71. — Clymenella  torquata,  (p.  608;)  natural  size;  lateral  view. 

72. — The  same;  head  and  extended  proboscis^'  front  view. 

73. — The  same ;  posterior  and  caudal  segments ;  dorsal  view. 

74. — Sternaspis  fossor,  (p.  606  ;)  dorsal  view. 

75. — Trophonia  affinis,  (p.  605 ;)  anterior  portion  ;  dorsal  view. 

76. — Anthostoma  robustum,  (p.  597  ;)  anterior  portion  of.  body,  head,  and  ex 
tended  proboscis ;  dorsal  view,  natural  size. 

77. — Spio  setosa,  (p.  602;)  anterior  segments  and  head;  side  view;  only  one  of 
the  two  large  tentacles  is  represented. 

78. — Polydora  ciliatum,  (p.  603;)  anterior  and  posterior  parts  ;  dorsal  view. 

(Figures  71, 72,  73,  75, 76,  were  dr'awn  from  nature  by  J.  H.  Eincrton ;  74,  by  A.  E.  Yerrill ;  77,  78,  were 
copied  from  A.  Agassiz.) 


Plate  XIV. 


Fie.  71. 


Fig.  72. 


Fiji.  74. 


If  o.  378 


Fig.  73. 


No.  579 


Fig.  75. 


stag? 


570 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XV. 


FIGURE  79.—  Ammotrypane  fimbriata,  (p.  604;)  ventral  view. 

80. — Cirratulus  grandis,  (p.  606;)  natural  size,  from  a  living  specimen ;  lateral 

view. 
81. — The  same ;  natural  size,  from  a  preserved  specimen  ;  dorsal  view. 

(Figures  79  and  81  were  drawn  from  nature  by  J.  H..Emerton  ;  flgnre  80,  by  A.  E.  Yerrill.) 


Plate  XV, 


Fig.  79. 


Fig.  80. 


Xo.  571 


573 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVI. 


FIGURE  82. — Amphitrite  ornata,  (p.  613 ;)  lateral  view,  somewhat  reduced,  from  a 

living  specimen. 

83. — Ampharete  gracilis,  (p.  612 ;)  lateral  view. 
84. — Euchone  elegans,  (p.  618  ;)  lateral  view. 
85. — Polycirrus  eximius,  (p.  616;)  dorsal  view  of  a  living  specimen  creeping 

by  means  of  its  tentacles ;  natural  size. 
(Figures  82,  84,  85,  were  drawn  from  nature  "by  A.  E.  Verrill ;  83,  by  J-  H.  Ernerton.) 


Plate  XVI. 


Fig.  82- 


.No.  586 


Jib.  ">65 


Fig.  83. 


Fig.  85. 


.  587 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVII. 


FIGURE  86.—  Potamilla  oculifera,  (p.  617  ;)  in  its  tube,  with  branchiae  fully  expanded, 

from  a  living  specimen,  found  at  Eastport,  Maine. 
87. — Cistenides  Gouldii,  (p.  612  ;)  lateral  view. 
87 a. — The  same  ;  head  and  branchiae,  dorsal  view. 


88. — Sabellaria  vulgaris,  (p.  611 ;)  lateral  view. 
88a. — The  same ;  view  of  the  operculi 


lum  and  tentacles,  from  above. 
(Figures  84,  88,  88«  were  drawn  from  nature,  by  J.  H.  Emerton  ;  87,  87a  by  A.  E.  Yerrill.) 


Plate  XVII. 


FiR.  86. 


Fig.  87. 


Uo.  581 


Fig.  88a. 


No.  583 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVIII. 


FIGURE  89. — Branchiobdella  Ravenelii,  (p.  (524  ;)  dorsal  view,  natural  size. 
90. — Malacobdella  obesa,  (p.  625;)  dorsal  view. 
91. — Pontolxlella  rapax,  (p.  625  ;)  dorsal  view. 
92. — Phascolosoma  ccementarinm,  (p.  627;)  lateral  view. 
93. — P.  Gouldii,  (p.  627  ;)  lateral  view,  reduced  one-half. 

94. — Pontonema  inarinum,  (p.  634;)  female,  lateral  view,  enlarged  15  diam 
eters;   Oj  eggs;  v,  genital  orifice. 

(Figure  94  was  drawn  from  a  living  specimen,  by  A.  E.  Verrill ;  all  f\e  others  were  drawn  from  pre 
served  specimens,  by  J.  H.  Emerton.) 


I 


Plate  XVIII. 


Fig.  89. 


Fig.  90. 


Fig.  91. 


No.  781 


Fig.  92. 


Fig.  93. 


.  596 


Fig.  94. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIX. 


FIGURE  95.— Cosmocephala  ochracea,  (p.  630  ;)  anterior  portion,  enlarged  nearly  three 

diameters,  dorsal  view. 
95a. — The  same ;  ventral  view. 
96. — Meckelia  iugens,  (p.  630  ;)  anterior  portion  of  a  specimen  not  full  grown, 

natural  size. 
96a. — The  same;  ventral  view  of  the  anterior  portion  and  head  of  a  larger 

specimen,  in  a  different  state  of  contraction,  natural  size. 
97. — Polinia  glutinosa,  (p.  631 ;)  dorsal  view,  enlarged  two  diameters. 
98. — Tetrastemma  arenicola,  (p.  629  ;)  dorsal  view. 
99. — Stylochopsis  littoralis,  (p.  632  ;)  dorsal  view. 
100. — Planocera  nebulosa,  (p.  632;)  dorsal  view. 
(All  the  figures  were  drawn  from  living  specimens,  by  A.  E.  Verrill.) 


Plate  XIX. 


Fig.  96. 


Fig.  98. 


Fig.  95. 

€ 


Fig.  97. 


Fig.  93a. 


/    ' 


Fig.  96a. 


Fig.  99. 


!No.  096 


Fir.  100. 


No.  595 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XX. 


FIGURE  101. — Loligo  pallida,  (p.  635  ;)  dorsal  view,  about  one-third  natural  size. 
101«. — The  same  ;  the  "pen  "  dorsal  side. 
102.— Loligo  Pealii  ?,  (p.  635  ;)  a  cluster  of  the  eggs. 
103. — The  same;  an  embryo  just  before  hatching,  much  enlarged;  a',  a",  a1", 

a"',  the  right  "arms'7  belonging  to  four  pairs;  c,  the  side  of  the  head; 

e,  the  eye  ;  /,  the  caudal  lins;   h,  the  heart ;  ?«,  the  mantle  in  which 

color-vesicles  are   already  developed  and  capable  of  changing  their 

colors  ;  o,  the  internal  cavity  of  the  ears ;  s,  the  siphon  ;  i/,  the  portion 

of  the  yolk  not  yet  absorbed. 
104. — The  same;  an  embryo  in  an  earlier  stage  of  development,  more  highly 

magnified  ;  the  letters  are  the  same  as  before. 
105. — The  same;  a  young  specimen,  recently  hatched,  found  swimming  at  the 

surface,  dorsal  view. 

(Figures  103,  104  are  camera-lucida  drawings  made  from  the  living  specimens,  by  A.  E.  Yerrill; 
all  the  others  were  drawn  from  preserved  specimens,  by  J.  II.  Emertou.) 


Plate  XX, 


Fig.  103. 


Fig.  101. 


"So.  622 
Fig.  102.  Fig.  101a. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXI. 


FIGUIIE  106. — Pleurotoma  bicarinaturu,  (p.  638;)  natural  size. 
107. — Bela  plicata,  (p.  637  ;)  natural  size. 
108. — Bela  harpularia,  (p.  636;)  natural  size. 
109. — Auacliis  similis,  (p.  644  ;)  natural  size. 
110.— Astyris  lunata,  (p.  .645;)  enlarged. 
111. — Astyris  zonalis,  (p.  645  ;)  enlarged. 
112.— Tritia  trivittata,  (p.  641;)  natural  size. 
113. — Ilyauassa  obsoleta,  (p.  641 ;)  natural  size. 
114. — Nassa  vibex,  (p.  640  ;)  natural  size. 
115. — Neptunea  pygmrca,  (p.  639  ;)  natural  size. 
116. — Urosalpiux  cinerea,  (p.  641 ;)  natural  size. 
117. — Eupleura  caudata,  (p.  642  ;)  natural  size. 
118. — Purpura  lapillus,  (p.  642;)  natural  size. 
119. — The  same  ;  banded  variety. 
120. — The  same;  egg-capsules,  enlarged  one-third. 
121. — Buccinum  undatum,  (p.  638  ;)  natural  size. 
122. — Scalaria  multistriata,  (p.  660;)  enlarged. 
123. — Scalaria  lineata,  (p.  660;)  enlarged. 

(Figure  120  was  drawn  from  nature  by  J.  II.  Emerton  ;  the  rest  are  from  Binney's  Gould,  drawn  by 
E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXI. 


Fig.  107. 


Fig.  106.  Fig.  109. 


Fig.  111. 


Fig.  110. 


* 


Fig.  112. 


Fig.  114. 


Fto.  113. 


Fig.  118. 


Fig.  119. 


Fig.  120. 


Fig.  115. 


No.  78.0 


vis.  in. 


Fig.  116. 

I 


Fig.  132. 


Fig.  1-J3. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXII 


FIGURE  124.— Fulgur  carica,  (p.  640  ;)  natural  size. 
(From  Binney's  Gould,  drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXII. 


Fig.  124. 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   XXIII. 


FIGURE  1*25.— Crucibulum  striatnui,  (p.  651 ;)  natural  size. 
126. — The  same  ;   side  view. 
127. — Crepidula  plana,  (p.  650 ;)  natural  size. 
128. — C.  convexa,  (p.  650  ;)  natural  size. 
129.— C.  fornicata,  (p.  649;)  natural  size. 
129a. — The  same;  young  specimen. 
130.— Xeverita  duplicate,  (p.  646  ;)  natural  size. 
131. — Lnuatia  immaculata,  (p.  646  ;)  natural  size. 
132.—- Natica  pnsilla,  (p.  647  ;)  slightly  enlarged. 
133.— Luuatia  heros,  (p.  646;)  natural  size. 

134. — The  same;  with  the  animal  extended,  as  in  crawling;  dorsal  view. 
135. — The  same,  variety  triseriata,  (p.  354;)  young,  natural  size. 
136. — The  same  variety  ;  natural  size,  lower  side. 
(From  Binney's  Gonlil,  drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXIII. 


Fig.  125. 


Fig.  126. 


Fig.  127. 


Fig.  128. 


Fig.  129. 


Fig.  130. 


Fig.  13").     Fig.  131) 


Fig.  134. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIV. 


FIGUIIE  137. — Littorina  rudis,  (p.  651 ;)  natural  size. 

138. — Littorina  palliata,  (p.  652  ;)  natural  size. 

139. — Lacuna  vincta,  (p.  652;)  enlarged. 

140. — Littorinella  miuuta,  (p.  653  ;)  enlarged. 

141. — Rissoa  aculeus,  (p.  654  ;)  enlarged. 

142. — Skenea  plauorbis,  (p.  655;)  enlarged. 

143. — Odostoinia  producta,  (p.  656;)  enlarged. 

144. — O.  fusca,  (p.  656;)  enlarged. 

145. — O.  trifida,  (p.  656  ;)  enlarged. 

146.— O.  trifida,  var.,   (p.  656  ;)  enlarged. 

147. — O.  inipressa,  (p.  656;)  enlarged. 

148.— O.  semimida,  (p.  657;)  enlarged. 

149. — Eulima  oleacea,  (p.  655;)  natural  size. 

150. — Cerithiopsis  terebralis,  (p.  648  ;)  enlarged. 

151. — C.  Emersouii,  (p.  648;)  enlarged. 

152. — Triforis  nigrocinctus,  (p.  648  ;)  enlarged. 

153. — Cerithiopsis  Greeuii,  (p.  647;)  enlarged. 

154. — Bittiura  nigruni,  (p.  648;)  enlarged. 

155. — Turbouilla  elegans,  (p.  657;)  much  enlarged. 

156. — Margarita  obscura,  (p.  661 ;)  natural  size. 

157. — Vermetus  radicula,  (p.  649;)  natural  size. 

158. — Caecum  pulchellum,  (p.  649  ;)  natural  size  and  enlarged. 

159. — Acnuea  testudinalis,  (p.  661  :)  natural  size. 

159a. — The  same  ;  lower  side, 

1596. — The  same,  variety  alveus  ;  natural  size. 

(Figure  155  was  drawn  from  nature,  by  A.  E.  Verrill ;  the  others  are  from  Binney's  Gould,  mostly 
drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXIV. 


Fig.  137.  Fig.  138.  Fig.  139.  Fig.  140.  Fig.  141.  Fig.  142. 


Fig.  143.  Fig.  144.  Fig.  145.  Fig.  146.  Fig.  147.  Fig.  148.  Fig.  149. 


Fig.  150.  Fig.  151.  Fig.  152.  Fig.  153.  Fig.  154.  Fig.  155. 


Fig.  156. 


Fig.  157. 


Fig.  158. 


Fig.  159. 


Fig.  159&. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXV. 


FIGURE  160. — Utriculus  canaliculatus,  (p.  663 ;)  enlarged. 
161. — Bulla  solitaria,  (p.  662;)  natural  size. 
162. — Ampliisphyra  debilis,  (p.  663;)  enlarged. 
163.— Cyliclma  alba,  (p.  664  ;)  natural  size. 
164. — Cylichna  oryza,  (p.  664  ;)  enlarged. 
165. — Action  puncto-striata,  (p.  664;)  enlarged. 
166.— Trachydermon  ruber,  (p.  662  ;)  natural  size. 
167. — Cheetopleura  apiculata,  (p.  661 ;)  natural  size. 
168. — Alexia  myosotis,  (p.  662;)  natural  size. 
169. — Melampus  bidentatus,  (p.  662  ;)  natural  size. 
169a. — The  same;  banded  variety,  (p.  662;)  natural  size. 
170.— Doto  coronata,  (p.  665;)  a,  dorsal  view,  enlarged;  I,  liead,  from  above; 

c,  one  of  the  branchiae 

171.— Elysiella  catulus,  (p.  6(58;)  enlarged  three  diameters. 
172. — Elysia  clilorotica,  (p.  667  ;)  enlarged  two  diameters. 
173. — Doridella  obscura.  (p.  664 ;)  o,  dorsal  view  ;  &,  ventral  view,  enlarged. 
174.— Montagua  pilata,  (p.  666;)  natural  size. 
175. — Henna? a  cruciata,  (p.  667;)  enlarged. 
176. — Doris  bifida,  (p.  664  ;)  enlarged  three  diameters. 
177. — Cavoliua  tridentata,  (p.  669;)  natural  size. 
178. — gtyliola  vitrea,  (p.  668;)  enlarged  three  diameters. 

(Figures  171, 172,  173,  174,  178  were  drawn  from  nature,  by  A.  E.  Verrill:  1G9«,  170  by  E.  S.  Morse ; 
175  by  A.  Agassiz;  17(>,  by  J.  IT.  Emerton  ;  177  was  copied  from  Cuvier.  (last  ill.  ed.).  The  rest  are  from 
Binney's  Gould,  mostly  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXV. 


Fig.  160.  Fig.  161.  Fig.  162.  Fig.  163.        Fig.  164.  Fig.  165.  Fig.  166. 


Fig.  170. 


Fig.  168.  ig.  169.  Fig.  169a.  Fig.  167. 


Fig.  172.  Fig.  171. 


Fig.  177. 


Fig.  178. 


Fig.  176. 


Fig.  175. 


:NO.  770 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVI. 


FIGURE  179.— Mya  areuaria,  (p.  672;)  with  animal  in  extension,  reduced  to  one-half 
the  natural  size. 

180. — Augulus  tener,  (p.  677;)  animal  reduced  one-half. 

181.— Tagelus  gibbus,  (p.  675;)  with  animal,  the  siphons  not  fully  extended, 
one-half  natural  size. 

182. — Ensatella  Americana,  (p.  674;)  •with  animal  extended,  one-half  natural 
size.  The  figure  at  the  right  shows  some  of  the  terminal  papillte  en 
larged. 

183. — Teredo  navalis,  (p.  669;)  enlarged  two  diameters. 

184,  A. — Venus  mercenaria,  (p.  681 ;)  natural  size. 

184,  13. — Mulinia  lateralis,  (p,  680;)  natural  size. 

(The  figures  were  all  drawn  from  nature,  by  A.  E.  Yerrill.) 


Fig.  179. 


Fig.  183. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  4 


Plate  XXVI. 


No.  705 


lsro.  ass 


Fig.  183. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVII. 


FIGURE  186.— Teredo  navalis,  (p.  669;)  shell  and  pallets. 

187.— Teredo  Thomsoni,  (p.  670;)  shell  and  pallets. 

188. — Teredo  megotara,  (p.  670;)  shell  and  pallets. 

189.— Xylotrya  fimbriata,  (p.  670;)  shell  and  pallets. 

190. — Gastranella  tumida,  (p.  678;)  shell,  enlarged  six  diameters. 

191.— Corbula  contracta,  (p.  672;)  natural  size. 

192. — Saxicava  arctica,  (p.  671 ;)  natural  size. 

193. — Clidiophora  trilineata,  (p.  673;)  natural  size,  with  animal. 

194. — Lyonsia  hyalina,  (p.  672;)  natural  size. 

195. — Thracia  truncata,  (p.  674 ;)  natural  size. 

196. — Thracia  myopsis,  (p.  673;)  natural  size. 

197.— Peri ploma  papyracea,  (p.  673;)  natural  size. 

198. — Cochlodesma  Leanum,  (p.  673  ;)  natural  size. 

199. — Petricola  pholadiformis,  (p.  680  ;)  natural  size. 

200.— Pholas  truncata,  (p.  670  j)  natural  size. 

(Figure  190  was  drawn  by  A.  E.  YerriU  :  all  the  rest  are  from  Binney's  Gould,  mostly  drawn  by  E. 
S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXVII. 


Fig.  186. 


Fig.  188. 


Fig.  187. 


Fig.  TO. 


Fig.  192. 


Fig.  189. 


Fig.  191.  Fig.  195. 


Fig.  193. 


Fijr.  194. 


Fig.  196. 


Fig.  200. 


Fig.  198. 


EXPLANATION   OF  PLATE  XXVIII. 


FIGUKE  201.— Cyprina  Islandica,  (p.  063;)  natural  size. 
202.— Mactra  solidissima,  (p.  680;)  natural  size. 

(The  figures  are  both  from  Binney's  Gould,  drawn  liy  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXVIII. 


201. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIX. 


FIGURE  203. — Astarte  uudata,  (p.  084;)  somewhat  reduced. 
204. — Astarte  castanea,  (p.  685  ;)  natural  size. 
205. — Astarte  quadraus,  (p.  685;)  natural  size. 
206. — Gouldia  mactracea,  (p.  685;)  natural  size. 
207. — The  same,  inside  of  one  valve,  enlarged. 
208. — Loevicardium  Mortoni,  (p.  683;)  natural  size,  with  animal. 
209. — Cardium  pinnulatum,  (p.  683 ;)  natural  size. 
210. — Solenomya  velum,  (p,  688;)  natural  size. 
211. — Cyclas  dentata,  (p.  686  ;)  natural  size. 
212. — Lucina  filosa,  (p.  686;)  natural  size. 
213. — Cryptodon  Gouldii,  (p.  686;)  enlarged  two  diameters. 
214. — Cryptodon  obesus,  (p.  687;)  enlarged  three  diameters. 
215. — Cyclocardia  Nbvanglice,  (p.  684;)  natural  size. 
216. — Cyclocardia  borealis,  (p.  683;)  natural  size. 

(Figures  203,  207,  214  "were  drawn  by  A.  E.  Ten-ill :  215  by  E.  S.  Morse ;  the  rest  from  Binney's  Gould, 
and  mostly  drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXIX. 


Fig.  203. 


Fig.  208. 


Fig.  SlO. 


Fig.  204. 


Fig.  205. 


Fig.  209. 


Fig.  211. 


Fig. 


Fig.  206. 


Fig.  212. 


Fig.  213. 


Fig.  210. 


Fig.  214. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXX. 


7. — Tagelus  gibbus,  (p.  675;)  natural  size. 
218. — Tagelus  divisus,  (p.  676;)  natural  size. 
219. — Callista  couvexa,  (p.  681 ;)  natural  size. 
220.— Totteiiia  gemma,  (p.  682;)  enlarged. 
221. — Cumingia  tellinoides,  (p.  67J;)  natural  size. 
222.— Macoma  fragilis,  var.  fusca,  (p.  676 ;)  natural  size. 
223. — Angulus  teuer,  (p.  677  ;)  natural  size. 
224. — Augulus  tenellus,  (p.  677 ;)  natural  size. 
225. — Tellina  tenta,  (p.  678  ;)  natural  size. 
226. — Kellia  planulata,  (p.  688;)  enlarged. 
227. — Argina  pexata,  (p.  692:)  natural  size. 
228.— Scapharca  transversa,  (p.  691 ;)  natural  si/e. 
229. — Xueula  delphinodonta,  (p.  691 ;)  enlarged. 
230. — Nucula  proxima,  (p.  691 ;)  natural  size. 
231.— Yoldia  sapotilla,  (p.  6*9  ;)  natural  size. 
232. — Yoldia  limatula,  (p.  689;)  natural  size. 

(Figure  22i  \v.is  diM-,v:i  l»y  A.  E.  V.M-rill ;  tin  rost  are  fi:r\\  IVuni  \v'.s  G  >;iM.  by  E.S.  Mors?.) 


Plate  XXX. 


Fig  217. 


Fig.  218. 


Fig.  219. 


Fig.  220. 


Fig.  221 


Fig.  222. 


Fig.  224. 


is.  223. 


Fig.  227. 


Fig.  228. 


Fig.  232. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXI. 


FIGURE  233.—  Crenella  glaudula,  (p.  695.) 
234._Mytilu8  edulis,  (p.  692.) 
235.—  Modiolaria  corrugate,  (p.  694.) 
236.—  Modiolaria  nigra,  (p.  694.) 
237.—  Modiola  modiolus,  (p.  693.) 
238.—  Modiola  plicatula,  (p.  693.) 


(All  the  fissures  are 


of  natural  size,  and  from  Binney's  Gould,  drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXXI. 


Fiji  2:14. 


Fig.  235. 


Kig.  236. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXII. 


FIOVKE  -m-Anomia  aculeata,  (p.  097  ;)  lower  side,  natural  size, 
040. — The  same,  upper  side. 

•>40a.— The  same,  portions  of  the  upper  side  magnified. 
•Ml  —  Anomia  glabra,  (p.  (596;)  profile  view,  natural  size. 
;>42  —The  same,  (p.  696  ;)  lower  side. 
242a.— The  same,  (p.  696;)  young,  natural  size. 
243.— Pecten  irradiaus,  (p.  695;)  natural  size. 
244.— Silimia  costata,  (p.  675  ;)  natural  size. 
245.--Ensatella  Americana,  (p.  674  ;)  natural  size. 

(The  figures -are  from  Humpy's  Gould,  drawn  l.y  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXXII. 


Fig.  239.         Fig.  240. 


Fig.  241. 


Fig.  242a. 


Fig.  240a. 


Fig.  242. 


Fig.  245. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIII. 


FIGURE  246.— Cynthia  partita,  variety  stellifera,  (p.  701;)  natural  size. 

247. — Cynthia  caruea,  (p.  701 ;)  natural  size. 

248. — The  same,  (p.  701 ;)  younger  specimens,  natural  size. 

249. — Eugyra  pilnlaris,  (p.  700  ;)  natural  size. 

250. — Molgula  Manhatteusis,  (p.  699;)  smooth  variety,  natural  size. 

251. — Molgula  areuata,  (p.  699;)  natural  size. 

252.— Botryllus  Gouldii,  (p.  702 ;)  colony  incrusting  the  stem  of  Tubularia, 
somewhat  enlarged. 

253. — The  same ;  one  of  the  zooids,  enlarged  ten  diameters ;  a,  anal  tube  and  ori 
fice;  s,  somach  ;  g,  groove  and  vessels  along  the  edge  of  the  branchial 
sac,  inside  ;  o,  left  ovary  :  &,  bud,  attached  by  a  slender  stolon. 

254. — Salpa  Cabotti,  (p.  706 ;)  solitary  individual,  from  the  dorsal  side,  enlarged  ; 
h,  heart;  s,  small  chain  of  salpu3  budding  within  the  old  one. 

255. — The  same ;  one  of  the  individuals  from  a  mature  chain,  three-quarter 
view  enlarged ;  a,  posterior  or  anal  opening;  &,  anterior  or  branchial 
opening;  c,  processes  by  which  the  individuals  of  the  chain  were 
united  ;  h,  heart ;  n,  nervous  ganglion  ;  o,  nucleus  ;  r,  gill. 

256. — Escharella  variabilis,  (p.  713  ;)  few  of  the  cells,  much  enlarged. 

(Figure  2515  was  drawn  by  A.  Hyatt ;  254  and  25,1  were  copied  from  A.  Agassiz  ;  the  others  were 
drawn  by  A.  E.  Verrill.) 


Plate  XXXIII. 


Fig.  246. 


Fig.  254. 


Fig.  249. 


Fig.  251. 


750 


Fig.  252. 


751 


- 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIV. 


FIGURE  257. — Alcyonidium  ramosum,  (p.  703  ;)  a  young  unbranched  specimen,  enlarged 

two  diameters. 

258. — Bugula  turrita,  (p.  712;)  extremity  of  a  branch,  enlarged. 
259. — The  same ;  a  branchlet  more  highly  magnified. 
259a. — The  same ;  a  branchlet  bearing  ovicells. 
260. — Crisia  eburnea,  (p.  707;)  a  cluster  of  branches,  enlarged. 
261. — The  same  ;  a  branch  bearing  an  ovicell,  more  highly  magnified. 
262. — Membranipora  pilosa,  (p.  712 ;)  a  few  of  the  cells,  seen  from   above, 

magnified. 

262a. — The  same ;  a  single  cell,  seen  in  profile. 
263. — The  same  ;  one  of  the  zooids  expanded. 
264.— Mollia  hyalina,  (p.  713  ;)  one  of  the  zooids  in  expansion,  highly  magnified. 

(Figures  257,  259,  259a  -were  dravn  by  A.  E.  Yerrill ;  the  rest  were  furnished  by  A.  Hyatt.) 


Plate  XXXIV. 


Fig.  -258. 


Fig.  259.  Fig.  2o9a. 


Fig.  2fil. 


:No.  766 


INb.  769 


Fig.  257. 


Fig.  262.  Fig.  2«2a. 


Fig.  264. 


754 


No.  763 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXV. 


FIGURE  265. — Leptosynapta  Girardii,  (p.  71C ;)  anterior  part  of  the  body,  enlarged  one- 

lialf. 
266. — The  same ;  perforated  plates  from  'the  skin,  and  the  "  anchors,"  highly 

magnified. 
267.— Echinarachnius  parma,  (p.  717  ;)  upper  surface  with  the  spines  partly 

removed,    natural  size;     a,   arnbulacral  zones;    &,  interambulacral 

zones. 

263. — Strongylocentrotus  Drobachiensis,  (p.  716 ;)  side  view,  natural  size. 
269. — Asterias  arenicola,  (p.  718  ;)  dorsal  view,  somewhat  reduced. 
270. — Ophiopholis  aculeata,  (p.  719;)  dorsal  view,  about  one-half  natural  size 

(Figures  265,  266  wore  drawn  "by  A.  E.  Yen-ill ;  267,  269  were  copied  from  A.  Agassiz;  268,  270  were 
drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse.) 


Plate  XXXV. 


Fig.  207. 


Fig.  270. 


:No.  615 


617 


Fig.  269. 


Fig.  265. 


C.16 


Fig.  266. 


Fig.  268. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVI. 


FIGURE  271. — Aurelia  flavidula,  (p.  723;)  upper  side,  albout  one-fourth  the  natural 

size. 
272. — Dactylometra  quinquecirra,  (p.  724 ;)  lateral  view,  one-fourth  the  natural 

size. 

273.— Corymorpha  pendula,  (p.  736;)  natural  size. 
274. — Parypha  crocea,  (p.  736;)  natural  size. 

(Figure  272  was  copied  from  A.  Agassiz,  Catalogue  Acalephs;  the  others  were  copied  from  L.  Agassiz, 
Contributions  to  Natural  History  of  United  States.) 


Plate    XXXVI. 


Fig.  271. 


:No.  613 


No.  608 


Fig.  274. 


.No.  607 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVII. 

FIGURE  075.— Zygodactyla  Grceulandica,  (p.  729;)  profile  view,  one-half  natural  size, 
276.— Bougainvillia  superciliaris,  (p.  733  ;)  a  branch,  much  enlarged. 
277.— Pennaria  tiarella,  (p.  735  ;)  a  branch,  natural  size. 
278.— The  same ;  one  of  the  hydroids,  with  medusa},  buds  developing  at  the 

base  of  the  proboscis. 
279.— Sertularia  pumila,  (p.  732  ;)  part  of  a  colony  on  a  frond  of  sea- weed 

natural  size. 
280.— Sertularia  argentea,  (p.  732 ;)  a  branch  bearing  reproductive  capsules 

(gonothec«,)  with  the  soft  parts  removed,  much  enlarged. 
281.— Obelia  commissuralis,   (p.  728;)   a  branch  bearing  hydroids  and  one 

female  gonotheca,  much  enlarged. 

(Figures  275  and  279  were  copied  from  A.  Agassiz  ;  276  and  281  from  L.  Agassiz  ;  278  from  J.  Leidy  ; 
77  and  230  were  drawn  by  A.  E.  Verrill.) 


Plate  XXXVII. 


Fig.  275. 


Fin.  276. 


Fig.  279. 


Fig.  280. 


2*0.605 


No.  610 


^ 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVIII. 


FIGUEE  282. — Hybocodon  prolifer,  (p.  736  ;)  natural  size,  the  head  seen  from  the  back 
side. 

283.— Alcyonium  carneum,  (p.  737  ;)  three  of  the  polyps  fully  expanded,  much 
enlarged. 

284.— Sagartia  leucolena,  (p.  738  ;)  natural  size,  in  expansion,  but  the  tentacles 
are  not  fully  extended ;  the  *  indicates  the  long  odd  tentacle. 

285. — Halocampa  producta,  (p.  738  ;)  natural  size,  well  expanded,  but  the  body 
may  be  much  more  elongated. 

286. — Epizoanthus  Americanus,  (p.  740 ;)  a  colony  which  had  completely  cov 
ered  and  absorbed  a  shell  occupied  by  a  hermit-crab,  (Eupagurus 
pubescens,)  which  still  lived  \vithin  the  cavity;  the  polyps  are  not 
expanded,  natural  size. 

287. — The  same ;  one  of  the  polyps  in  full  expansion,  natural  size. 

(Figure  282  was  copied  from  L.  Apnssiz  ;  28G  is  from  the  American  Naturalist,  drawn  by  E.  S.  Morse; 
the  rest  were  drawn  by  A.  E.  Verrill.) 


Plate  XXXVIII. 


Fig.  283. 


Fig.  282. 


INo.  598 


Fig.  285. 


No.  000 


' 


< 


LIBRARY    OF 


LIBRARY    OF 


LIBRARY    OF 


RETURN  TO  the  circulation  desk  of  any 
University  of  California  Library 
or  to  the 

NORTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 
Bldg.  400,  Richmond  Field  Station 
University  of  California 
Richmond,  CA  94804-4698 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 
2-month  loans  may  be  renewed  by  calling 

(415)  642-6753 
1-year  loans  may  be  recharged  by  bringing  books 

to  NRLF 
Renewals  and  recharges  may  be  made  4  days 

prior  to  due  date 

DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 


IRARY   OF   THE   UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA          LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 


iRARY    OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA          LIBRARY    OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA 


9RARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA          LIBRARY   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 


